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JUNE, 1971, Volume 48, No. 6 AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION THEODORE L. ELIOT, JR., President JOHN E. REINHARDT. First Vice President 14 Life as a Russian Worker C. WrLLlAM KONTOS, Second Vice President Richard H. Sanger

BOARD OF DIRECTORS 20 Embassies and Ambassadors WILLIAM HARROP, Chairman F. ALLEN HARRIS. Vice Chairman Chester Bowles ERLAND HEGINBOTHAM, Secretary-Treasurer BARBARA GOOD, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer DONALD EASUM 24 The Miracle of Austria GEORGE B. LAMBRAKIS PRINCETON LYMAN Ware Adams MICHAEL PISTOR JOHN C. SCAFE THOMAS M. TRACY 30 Diplomatic List JAMES D. WILSON Charles and Lisa Cerami

STAFF JAMES K. PALMER, executive Director 33 Embassy Marines MARGARET S. TURKEL, Executive Secretary Raymond J. Barrett C i ARKE SLADE, Educational Consultant

JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD ARCHIE BOLSTER. Chairman AMBLER MOSS, Vice Chairman CUNT E. SMITH OTHER FEATURES: Poems, by P. B., page 2; T he Rolling Think M. TERESITA CURRIE Tank, by James H. Webb, page 4; Perahera, by Martin T. JAMES D. PHILLIPS JOHN D. STEMPEL Hutchinson, page 10: Some American Poets, page 42. MICHAEL P. CANNING

JOURNAL SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor DONALD DRESDEN. Associate Editor DEPARTMENTS MCIVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction 36 The Bookshelf ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES JAMES C. SASMOR. 295 Madison Ave.. New York N.Y. 10017 (212) 532-6230 50 Letters to the Editor ALBERT D. SHONK CO.. 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 5 Winsley Street, London 55 AFSA News W. 1. 01-580 6594/8. International Representatives.

©American Foreign Service Association, 1971. The Foreign Service Journal is published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Service Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20037. PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS: David G. DuLavey, cover,

Second-class postage paid at Washington. D. C. “Nefta °asis”; Richard H. Sanger, photographs, pages 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19; Henry J. Paoli, “Statuary Rape,” page 38; S. L. Printed by Monumental Printing Co., Baltimore Nadler, “Life and Love in the Foreign Service,” page 52.

THE FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in foreign affairs, published twelve times a vear bv the American Foreign Service Association, a non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, the United States Information Agency, the Agency for International Development or the United States Government as a whole. Membership in the AMERICAN FOREICN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is open to the professionals in foreign affairs serving overseas or in Washington, as well as to persons having an active interest in, or close association with, foreign affairs. Dues are $30 annually for members earning over $15,000; for those earning less, dues are $15.00. For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $6.00; two years, $10.00, For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually for overseas postage. CONSTANTINE

He left great things—the Church, the great ruined hall At the Forum, and his own huge marble head In the Capitol museum. Most of all, He left great marble Rome, and built instead Byzantium. And Rome behind its wall P. B. Began to cringe, delirious and scared Of fevers and the Huns, no help to call, The legions full of thugs: sick Rome lay bared To every raider greedy for the feast To every roaming kinglet with a dream JULIUS CAESAR But Constantine lay happy in the East And studied Greek, and clever things that gleam. The wind that pushes spring, sets hearts on edge The moral is that nothing stays the same; Is dangerous, is murderous; it blew He died, and hungry Goths ate Rome’s great name. Caesar to pieces. The murderers allege He sought a crown, but all that sheer crew Could only build on Brutus. Beauty’s dead SERENATA And all the Roman glory goes to rot From now, from this foul time, and what’s ahead At sixes and sevens all is calm Is only all the hate the knives begot In the Via dei Banchi Vecchi Bringing down savagery like Borgia popes No alarm of Vespas, and the bats Until the whole green world has turned to rock That soared the twilight sleep in their dirty beds; And leers and fears, and wars instead of hopes, The Counselor is sleeping frowning, And heaven is a Fiat and a cock: He dreams of office fears. The wind-of-knives that rots the hearts of men As far as Cap Gonave or Darien. Yet in Umbria the dear beeches And in Tuscany and Abruzzi the oaks Moan softly, goat-bitten but beautiful HADRIAN In the tender time of year, The first bucolic hills. For sins the stars condemned my dust to Rome. It lingers in the alley-ways and air The Counselor Though half a million suns have lit the dome Has no advice for Umbria, Beside Agrippa’s porch. But dust won’t bear No argument to stand against the mountains; The weight of feet, it swirls before the rain And rises and calls on a Cardinal In winter streets; there is no god to lose And talks of dirty creatures, But all the little people fear the pain Dirty creatures, said the girl in Grimm’s fairytale Of God, the wrath of Night, they shake their shoes Damned for dirty-mindedness. To rid me from their minds. No use; my dust But the trees wave in the winds Just giggles at the proud corrupt of Rome Inhumanly and sweet. And gvres in little circles mocking lust And life and all this show till you come home And see the sad bad citizens of Hell In caverns deeper than bad dreams can tell.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 3 ‘To what extent do Washington car pools, for example, bear the burden of an information exchange that should follow more rational paths?—Grant G. Hilliker The Rolling Thinktank: An Underappreciated Resource

rA m N interesting institution recently JAMES H. WEBB, JR. to our cluster. He did so, and the came into being at Dacor House, The author retired as a FSR (USIA) first meeting of Dacor Dialogues at known as Dacor Dialogues at Twi¬ in 1967 and lives with his wife Twilight was on its way. Margot at "Telaraha” (Spanish for Madison opened the conversation light or, DDT. I was fortunate spiderweb) in Albemarle County, enough to be present late one after¬ Virginia. He worked as a part-time by wondering why greater advan¬ noon when it came into being. consultant with the Bureau of Edu¬ tage was not taken, at the close of I was mixing a small quantity of cation and Cultural Affairs through day, of this charming little sanc¬ March, 1970. dry vermouth with a large quantity tuary. The quiet surroundings were of dry gin at the Dacor bar when a ideal for relaxation; and drinks, pur¬ medium sized, undramatic but hon¬ our stimulants, and there we found chased at Washington’s rock-bottom est-looking individual possibly 20 J. Walter Madison, a middle-grade prices and stored in one’s private years my junior approached, clutch¬ USIA officer, sipping a martini. He locker, were absurdly inexpensive. ing a bottle of bourbon. He intro¬ was alone but, when invited, quite I remarked that I, too, had won¬ duced himself as Ewer Calmer, of willing to join Calmer and me. Just dered why more of Foggy Bottom’s the State Department’s Management then I saw my old friend FSO-1 toilers did not take advantage of this Staff, known bureaucratically as Sage Willoughby sitting in the ad¬ attractive hideaway. The Foreign OM/MS. At my suggestion we joining solarium, and invited him Service Club, incidentally, although moved to the library to relax with to bring his Scotch-based concoction located only a block from Main

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FOREIGN SERVICI JOURNAL, Junt, 1971 5 State, had proven to be equally un- international relations in particular, ously or to laugh at what might turn magnetic at the close of the office and its incredibly magnetic appeal out to be a gigantic leg-pull, sat day. Why, the consensus seemed to to its participants. waiting for more. Willoughby asked be, this mad rush homeward? Sure¬ No one, apparently, had given the Calmer who the hell he thought he ly, considering the well-known ma¬ subject much thought. Madison was kidding. Calmer assured us he chismo of the Foreign Service male, stated flatly that he considered the was telling the gospel truth as re¬ it could not be fear of disapproval carpool a stupid abomination which vealed by the AID-sponsored sur¬ by wives. An irrevocable commit¬ tended to regiment people into a vey. These facts, incidentally, were ment to home and garden care, pos¬ rigid behavior pattern in an already well known to most Class 7 and 8 sibly, or the incompleteness of the over-regimented society. Foreign Service officers interested in day if a single minute of Brinkley or Calmer nodded sympathetically. getting ahead. Juniors arriving from Cronkite were lost? That, he said, was a widely-held the field were choosing homes in The consensus, as it developed, opinion, and one he had shared un¬ areas from which the better pools did not include Ewer Calmer. Now til he learned the results of a survey were known to emanate. This neces¬ he leaned forward in his chair and that had just been completed for the sitated, among other things, a con¬ said, quietly, that if all present Agency for International Develop¬ stant awareness of year-to-year would listen carefully he thought he ment. The startling truth, he said, shifts and trends. Just at that mo¬ could shed some light on this ques¬ was that the carpool was the source ment, for example, the IF (intelli¬ tion. of inspired thought and spiritual gence focus) appeared to be moving The main cause for the home¬ stimulus. The survey showed that from Montgomery County, Mary¬ ward rush, explained Calmer, was more constructive ideas emanated land to the Virginia side of the the irresistible lure of the carpool. from carpools than from all sched¬ Potomac. He wondered whether anyone pres¬ uled meetings in Washington com¬ One case had come to light which ent had ever stopped to ponder the bined, and that the on-the-job mor¬ involved the use of a phony address depths to which that institution had ale of pool participants was 17 per¬ by a young officer who, in order to penetrated the Washington area’s cent above the government-wide av¬ participate in a carpool famous for thought and living pattern, its enor¬ erage. spawning ideas of extraordinary mous contribution to the conduct of Madison and I, not knowing merit, was driven 12 miles by his Government business in general and whether to take our informant seri¬ wife every morning and left standing

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 sistance program for the next fiscal AS TO THE SOLUTION OF THIS PROBLEM, CONSIDERING THE MANY VARIABLES RELATED TO A VIABLE SOLUTION, IN A MANNER INTENDED TO LEND CREDIBILITY year. TO THAT SOLUTION, I CANNOT, IN ALL GOOD CONSCIENCE, STATE, CATEGORICALLY We sat, stunned and speechless, AND WITHOUT RESERVATION, THE EXACT MOMENT WE'LL as Calmer relit his pipe. Then Madison, as if a nail had been driv¬ en suddenly through the seat of his chair, jumped up, ran to the tele¬ phone, and called USIA’s director. Practically screaming with excite¬ ment, Madison plunged into the pos¬ sibilities of overseas exploitation of the carpool theme as an illustration of Yankee efficiency and ingenuity. Feature stories, a radio serial, TV clips, and a documentary film should be rushed into production. Follow- on a designated corner for the of discreetly controlled romance not a brief pause for the director’s com¬ pickup. infrequently made their appearance. ments, he shouted over his shoulder, By now all skepticism was gone. The main reason the survey had “The Director wants to know if Devout believers, we sat forward in not been given much publicity, inci¬ the Secretary of State knows about our chairs, thirsty for more. dentally, was concern by the Gov¬ this.” Nor, continued Calmer, could the ernment that the AFGE might start “Knows about it?” snorted Cal¬ social advantages be ignored. Port¬ pressuring for portal-to-portal pay. mer. “Tell Mr. Bacon that the able bars with morning coffee and Calmer wound up by stating that Secretary has his application in for afternoon cocktails were well on AID, greatly impressed by the insti¬ membership in a certain carpool their way to becoming standard tution as a potential builder of from West Falls Church, to be acted equipment. And when a female worldwide morale, was planning a upon if and when a vacancy oc¬ found her way into a pool, overtones carpool project in its technical as¬ curs.” ■

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FOMIGN SIBVICH JOURNAL, June, 1971 ,9 men, women, and children, seated on ragged white turbans and silvery walls and on the low parapet along beards, extend the flames to the sky. the lake, talking, smiling, and waiting. Even the men who push the carloads Sellers of soft drinks and sweetmeats of coconut shells to feed the torches move slowly through the crowd. All share in the general intoxication of the ordinary man who is for this one MARTIN T. HUTCHINSON about are splashes of color in the slanting light of afternoon. magic night a center of attention for TUCKED away in the central foothills, As evening advances into night, the thousands. Kandy (from Kande—-a hill) is a crowds grow more restive in anticipa¬ Then pass the twirlers of long name to conjure with. The swaying tion, and distant noises from the Tem¬ batons tipped with flaming kerosene elephant, the Temple of the Tooth, a ple of the Tooth heighten the excite¬ rags, balancers of semi-circular lake whose waters can hold reflections ment. frames of paper that pivot on their that make this place the setting of a At last, with sharp, explosive shoulders, and then again, the drum¬ dream from the Arabian Nights— sounds, twelve whip-crackers advance mers. these are Kandy. Always some sense in ranks of three, and on signal twist The Kandyan drum tapers toward of fairyland can be found under the their bodies sharply as they slash the the ends, and the two unequal cool rain trees that overarch the road, air with eight foot whips of braided drumheads are stretched with wide or in the crowded bazaar streets with coconut fiber ending in short pieces of thongs. Bare-chested, with closely- their sellers of betel chews, and the leather thong. They are far in advance wrapped white turbans, the drummers women in saris ruffled at the waist. of the procession, to remove evil spir¬ wear a sarong that is white with red But once a year, the enchantment its from its path, and only the sound borders at the waist. They advance at gathers itself together in that proces¬ of drums shows that there are others a walk, and stop at intervals, the sion with few equals—the Kandy to follow. But after a wait of some drums slowing their beat or picking up Perahera—a memory of military fifteen minutes, the watchers are speed to complement the motion—a prowess, a homage to the Lord Bud¬ caught up in a kaleidoscope of color, dozen or more drummers in unison dha, and a barbaric spectacle to en¬ sound, and motion. producing the sound of a sea washing thrall the eye, the ear, the mind, and First are the massed drummers—• upon a rocky shore. the spirit. some two dozen of them—the roll of Each temple affiliated with the All day long, the people have been their drums a concentrated, compell¬ Temple of the Tooth is represented by gathering from miles around. Many ing sound. Basket torches like those its own drummers, dancers, and ele¬ have been waiting since mid¬ at the entrances of medieval castles phants; the decorations being simple afternoon, to be certain of a view. flare smokily as the coconut charcoal or elaborate, depending upon the The streets through which the proces¬ drops glowing embers onto the street. wealth of the temple. The Indian ele¬ sion will pass are lined five deep with The torch bearers, old men with phants, tall and stately and as proud

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EXPORT DIVISION 4W CHRYSLER To us, everybody’s the Ambassador. CORPORATION Being the odyssey of a young couple who went to the workers’ paradise in the ’30s Life as a Russian Worker

D,’ EPRESSION hung heavy over the RICHARD H. SANGER New York I met the top command Western world in the early 1930s. The author, a native New Yorker, of the Communist Party including received his bachelor's from Har¬ Earl Browder and “Mother” Bloor. In the United States, 13 million vard, and a masters in business ad¬ were unemployed. On street corners ministration from Harvard Business Much of the winter of 1932-33 from New York to San Francisco School. He retired from the For¬ my wife Marion and I devoted to eign Service as an FSO 1. Mr. San¬ jobless men and women, many of ger’s early experience centered on studying Russian and arranging for them college graduates, sold apples. reporting and writing, along with worker’s visas through the Russian analytical work for the Department Half the factories were shut; banks of Commerce. Trade Mission in Washington, D.C. failed every day; good farmland sold I also attended a study group, sup¬ for $5 an acre, while in a thousand posedly on world history, but actual¬ parks unemployed on relief raked essential to get the correct answer to ly devoted to the Russian and other leaves across lawns one day and this Communist riddle. The few revolutions. I did not know it at the raked them back the next. Some¬ tourists allowed in Russia in those time, but I was on the “Fellow- thing was very wrong with the days saw only what the Communists Traveler Conveyor Belt.” United States of America. let them see. Even students had little Then after many delays and ex¬ At the same time, contradictory freedom. I decided that the only cuses, in May, 1933 our clearances reports came from the USSR, not way to find a clear answer was to go came through from Moscow. We yet recognized by the United States. to the USSR as a worker. promptly packed our oldest clothes, One story depicted Russia as a I therefore “resigned” from the plus a basic supply of necessities worker’s paradise with no unem¬ Foreign Service of the Department ranging from soap to toilet paper, ployment, every farm and factory of Commerce, checked with friends and sailed from New York for operating overtime and more and high up in the United States Gov¬ Sweden on the steamer Kungsholm. better goods being made. Other ac¬ ernment, and began contacting left- A surprising number of people came counts had Russia in the grip of a wing acquaintances. They put me in down to see us off, from stockbro¬ terrible and unnecessary famine, touch with working level Commu¬ kers who were sure we would never with trainloads of peasants being nists including an old school friend return, to members of the Commu¬ sent to Siberia because they objected who, to my surprise, turned out to nist Party who said they wished they to having their farms collectivized be a Communist leader in the farm were going with us. The largest and the real power in the country movement. Through him I spent group were liberals such as invested in the secret police. some time in a Communist head¬ Lawrence Duggan, destined to die Since I planned to spend my life quarters near the present location of not long afterwards under suspicious working in foreign affairs, I felt it the Foreign Service Institute. And in circumstances, who repeated time

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 and again, “You must find out what is really happening in the USSR.”

Housekeeping in Moscow There was an expression in Mos¬ cow “find a room and the rest is easy.” We did not find the rest easy but getting a room was almost im¬ possible. The city’s population had doubled in the last ten years, while little private housing had been built; we heard of people who slept on their desks. There was a govern¬ ment run Central Room Exchange but red tape and delays made it practically useless. Entrance to our rooms in Moscow As soon as we arrived in the capital, we set about running down every lead on rooms we heard one night, meatballs, soggy mac¬ who did peasant girl types. After a about. The search was not encour¬ aroni and cucumbers the next, and few glasses of vodka she told rare aging. One room was too small for undercooked cauliflower with burnt tales of coming to Moscow in a any furniture but a single bed. An¬ breadcrumbs the third night. Dessert boxcar with 60 other peasants dur¬ other was seven stories up in a was tea without lemon or cream, ing the Civil War. Her older sister windblown and leaky attic. A third, served so hot it had to be drunk and the latter’s author husband, re¬ said to be “just around the corner,” from a saucer. Black bread (at high cently returned from a detention turned out to be an hour and a half prices) was rationed and we got camp where he worked on building away by crowded streetcar. Even so, fond of it. On nights when friends the Baltic-White Sea Canal, spent we were about to settle for this came in, or for a birthday or holi¬ much time in the flat. He was lucky patch of suburbia when a archivist day, we had vodka as an aperitif, a to have come back alive. A family from the Comintern Library whom raw brand that took a lot of getting retainer also lived there as a house we met at a party said he knew a used to. This diet seemed dull and worker, a job which does not have place only five blocks from the monotonous. But as we were to the capitalist stigma of a servant. Kremlin. learn, only the top tenth of the All told the arrangement worked We finally located it in the con¬ population in Moscow ate as well, well for us, even though we knew verted attic of a carriage house be¬ and Moscow was the best fed city in our words and comings and goings hind the dilapidated mansion of a the country. were reported regularly to the secret former sugar king. It was occupied The English speaking doctor who police. by a Russian-American doctor, his was often out of town was an ardent family and some of his relatives, and defender of Communism: as well he Getting Jobs consisted of six rooms in a row might be since he lived on a scale of The next step was to find jobs. I rather like compartments in a rail¬ a general or a deputy Commisar. started at the offices of the State way train. The last of these, com¬ His pretty wife was a movie actress Planning Commission in a 1900 plete with a tiled wall stove, an oversupply of heavy furniture, and two windows looking out on a mud¬ Five families used this stove which had limited fuel dy courtyard was available, and we signed up for $25 American a month. The rent included use of the family kitchen where five separate groups sometimes cooked, and a small community bathroom. We had breakfast every morning before the rest of the family was up, eating kasha, a coarse grained brown cereal, and poor coffee one day, and boiled eggs and synthetic chocolate the next. Marion bought raspberries and plums from the peasants’ market which she made into jam. We had supper with the family. It began with soup, usually beet borscht. This was followed by tasteless boiled chicken and potatoes phere, to greeting a team of Spanish soccer players, all of whom were active Marxists. As my articles be¬ came more acceptable, I moved on to attending “stimulation” meetings at the Clothing Trust which was working at a low level of production and turning out goods of poor quali¬ ty. Next I did a series of how pro¬ posals by workers had raised pro¬ duction at the First State Ball Bear¬ ing Plant, followed by two articles on the success of a campaign for better use of the seven hour day at the giant Stalin Automobile Works. After six weeks I was put on the regular staff at 250 rubles a month based on a normal output of two columns a week. (At the black mar¬ ket rate of 50 rubles to the dollar my monthly wage was $5). Once I got the trick of writing a challenging Holiday traffic on our street in Moscow opening, a “frank” discussion of problems (usually caused by “capi¬ talist remnants,” bureaucrats or sab¬ oteurs), the constructive proposals style office building whose large gested I write three articles on the of the Party members involved and rooms had been subdivided into cub¬ economic crisis in America. After a an optimistic close, I exceeded my byholes. There I was passed up the few days delay they were accepted norm regularly and often made line to the short bald director who in a somewhat toned down version; from 400 to 500 rubles. The aver¬ gave me a 30 minute speech on the the editing was necessary because age wage for office worker at that importance of planning. Just as I nothing detrimental to possible rec¬ time was under 200 rubles a month. thought I was hired he said that I ognition by the United States could could be of no use to them until I be published. The next week I was Marion, whose Russian was much knew more than beginner’s Russian. told to start work on piece rates. better than mine, had less difficulty Next I spent a day in the offices of I was assigned a cheerful girl in¬ in finding work. After trying various the Foreign Trade Monopoly which terpreter named Anna, who went offices, and obtaining letters of rec¬ presented an air of business-like everywhere with me. Assignments ommendation from two members of efficiency. No luck there either; ranged from meeting the Lind¬ the Communist Party, she got a job there were no jobs available. On berghs, Paul Robeson, or covering in a branch of the Comintern Pub¬ another day I found my way to the the return of three Russian balloon¬ lishing Company at 150 rubles a office of the Russian-American ists who had reached the stratos- month, typing the classics such as Chamber of Commerce where Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin, Spencer Williams, a pleasant mid- Scene in Moscow clothing shop, ban¬ plus histories of the Party. Her western American, had carried on a ner is awarded the best workers’ bri¬ hours were 10:00 to 4:30 and she struggling operation for three years gade in the factory worked in a room with eight other while awaiting United States recog¬ f secretaries including Violet Lans- nition of the USSR. berry, the daughter of the British At Party headquarters in New \ H \ Labor Leader, who, as a full fledged York I had been given a letter to member of the Russian Communist Mikhail Borodin, for many years the Party felt ashamed of her father’s top Communist in the Far East, now “Socialist-Fascist” beliefs. Marion reduced to being editor of the Eng¬ had trouble meeting her norm of 24 long pages a day, but typists who lish language paper, THE MOSCOW could handle English were in short DAILY NEWS. I found him in a pala¬ supply, and she was encouraged to tial office, the study of a former stay on. millionaire’s mansion, on Petrovski Pereulok. He wore black boots, dark The half hour lunch period gave trousers and a white jacket, spoke her a chance to get to know the English with a pleasant Russian ac¬ other girls including Russians, Ger¬ cent and looked a little like Stalin mans, and three young American with long unbrushed brown hair and wives who had moved to Russia a straggly black mustache. He was with their husbands and children noncommittal about a job but sug¬ and all they owned, after giving up their American citizenship. Her jam sandwiches proved welcome for lunch as the dirty and crowded cafe¬ teria offered little except tea with¬ out cream or sugar, cold sardines, wilted lettuce, and black bread topped with stale yellow cheese. For me the high points of each week were two conferences with Bo¬ rodin who kept us up to date on broad policy matters and often gave the feeling he had just come from a meeting in the Kremlin. The real groundwork was done over tea and black bread, around the desk of our unit manager, a member of the Eng¬ Interviewing workers in Moscow clothing factory lish Communist Party. There every¬ one was free to toss in sugges¬ tions for articles on topics ranging The man in charge told us that laughing for once and begged that from building the Moscow subway another course in Russian had been the press refrain from featuring such to the production of the first Rus¬ started, and that a study group on special drives. “As you know,” he sian-made trolley-bus. Each story Leninism (Marxism in the period of said, “everyone has to contribute to was different and many exciting, for imperialism) was to begin soon. 1 these voluntary funds, and between in Moscow, among Party members took the names of three English you and me, we are broke for weeks at least, there was a feeling that since workers who had been given promo¬ after them.” the factories belonged to the workers tions and access to the special facto¬ After another identity check and every improvement in production ry store. Great plans were being a long detour across a courtyard was a gain for the broad and toiling drawn up for the “conspicuous par¬ filled with pieces of cable, rusty py¬ masses. ticipation” by the foreign contingent lons for high-tension wires, and in the November 7 Parade. parts of broken dynamos, we came A Day at a Factory After having our passes checked to the magneto shop. Thanks to a Typical of my work were visits to again we moved into the factory fine display of “socialist tempo,” the Electro-kombinat, the General proper, to the office of the Inventors monthly production had been raised Electric of the USSR. To get there Society whose membership had 50 percent so far that year and we took an hour on a street car so reached 2,500. The distinguished got photographs of the two Ameri¬ crowded that Anna and T often had looking engineer who headed it cans who worked there. Disre¬ to stand outside on the steps for the showed us a model of a machine garding the complaints of one of first part of the trip. At the gate we recently developed by one of the them who said production could eas¬ were always stopped by a Red American workers to automate the ily be pushed higher were it not for Army man in a floor-length over¬ cutting of crystal rings for the bu eaucratic attitude and lack of coat, and a pointed cap which was sparkplugs. The saving was expected technical knowledge of the older said to have been designed by Trot¬ to be about 20,000 rubles per year Party veteran in charge of the sky to resemble the helmets of the and the inventor, who was earning brigade, I made notes for another old Tartar horsemen. He inspected 350 rubles a month, would get 3,- Story on “Americans push produc¬ our pass books and nodded us into 000 rubles as a bonus. This was a tion over the top.” the reception office where Anna good story and I took careful notes. Our last stop was at the desk of pushed to the head of the line and After our passes had been an Italian-American in the designing presented a letter from the paper stamped once more we went to the room. Along with three other young asking permission for us to visit var¬ headquarters of the factory’s Avia¬ engineers he had spent a month ious parts of the plant. Once tele¬ tion Society headed by a jovial com¬ preparing plans for a machine to phone okays had been received rade who looked like a Roman wind the coils of a transformer. from each of these sections, we were gladiator. He said the Society was Talking under his breath he said he moved on to another guard who training its second class of 40 pilots, knew there were six such machines stamped our letter of admission. one of them an American. This was from Germany still uncrated in the fn a large room on the top floor another item for the NEWS, especial¬ storeroom, kept there because the were the general offices of the Kom- ly since three of the class were girls, Brigade Leader, another old timer, binat where rows of young women a fact which seemed to amuse the did not know enough to assemble sat clicking away on abacuses, the round-faced comrade greatly. There them. I checked on his information ancient beaded “adding machines.” f also learned that the workers of and did a short editorial which got Anna was disdainful of such work, the Kombinat had over-fulfilled their results in less than two months, a and said many of the clerks were quota of a fund to build a special near record for Moscow in those former petty bourgeoisie. Three type of giant bomber to be known as days. desks in a corner served as the the Gorki. This was good for a short Going out into the early Moscow headquarters of the Foreign Bureau. story but the comrade stopped twilight we joined the crowds milling

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1071 17 around a wall newspaper near the of the world, and the importance of Life on a State Farm main gate. It featured large photos minorities and their grievances. The On completing four months in of the two most noteworthy workers final lecturer listed the three main Moscow offices, we accepted an of the past week. One with the stabilizing forces which held the offer of work on a state farm 180 worst record in the plant had pro¬ Western world together. These were kilometers out of the city. After six duced only 14 percent of his quota. the British Navy, the Roman Catho¬ hours on the wooden benches of a The other had received a 100 ruble lic Church, and the savings of the “hard car” surrounded by unwashed bonus for overfulfilling his norm 136 American people. Every effort must peasants, we climbed stiffly down percent. Much of the talk on the be made to discredit and tear down from the train and set off across the crowded streetcar back to town was these pillars of capitalism. wind-swept snow fields carrying our about this Hero of Socialist Labor. When we could, we went to the suitcases, blanket rolls and some ballet, the opera, and the traditional canned foods. We were put into a Culture and Rest and experimental theatres. But the small room in one of the workers’ We had a Free Day once a week, most dramatic spectacle of all was dormitories where furniture, running but this did not mean we could sit at the pageant on November 7th when, water, and even heat were at a home: everyone was expected to along with other workers ten minimum. The roof leaked and the volunteer for a project and I spent columns deep, we marched through farm generator could not meet the many hours making and putting up the Red Square. Our group was in winter load, so we spent about 18 wall newspapers, planting trees in the column nearest Lenin’s tomb hours a day in dim twilight. and I had a good view of the top the courtyard of our office building, The darkest place on the farm, and even sorting potatoes in the Party leaders standing upon it. Stalin however, was the workers dining paper’s cooperative food store. in his great coat looked bigger than room which may have been a com¬ Marion sometimes worked in a chil¬ life. Beside him were Voroshilov, fort, for one could hardly see how dren’s nursery. But her main Free the prototype of a Red Army man, poor the food was. A typical meal Day project was helping to dig the Grandpa Kalinin with his glasses consisted of hot water with four cab¬ Moscow subway which was far be¬ and white goatee, and such other bage leaves floating in it, and a hind schedule and was being pushed well known figures as Kaganovich, starchy cake of coarse grained kasha Ordzhonikidze, Molotov, Litvinov, under the direction of a rising Party covered with evil smelling gravy, and even the great writer Gorky with leader named Khrushchev. There The black bread was so rough you drooping mustache and the sad face were few wheelbarrows in Moscow could see the grains of rye, and so of a master carpenter. Many of then and Marion spent the time soggy one could squeeze out drops them were to be liquidated in the moving dirt at a subway station near of moisture onto the table. There purges of the 1930s. the Bolshoi Theatre in a tote-box was tea of a sort, served without I went back to the office with our which she and another woman car¬ sugar or lemon and the place was so contingent for vodka and caviar, ried between them. cold this froze on the table if any On other Free Days I attended a which were plentiful and cheap at was spilt. series of lectures, most of them giv¬ that time. But after crossing the Everyone ate in outdoor clothing great Square, Marion slipped out of en by members of the faculty of the including hats, boots, and one glove. Lenin School for World Revolution, her section of the line, made a de¬ Meals cost a ruble or two cents; for a part of Moscow University. There tour around behind the Gum De¬ an additional 40 kopeks (less than a were talks on the inevitability of partment Store, and achieved the penny) we often bought two glasses Communist victory, on problems rare feat of marching through the of grade C milk, a luxury most of and inner tensions in different parts Red Square twice on the same day. the workers could not afford. I High pressure propaganda remember how, when we left the table the first night, an old worker slipped quickly into our places and gulped down the rice cake and black bread which we had left uneaten. While we ate, the scratchy loud¬ speaker regaled us with a recorded address by Stalin on the “Cultural Advances under Communism.” FQW of the peasants seemed interested; nor were the group of Americans who had been on the farm about six months. Many of them were discon¬ tented but could not leave since they had sunk their life savings in ma¬ chinery for the farm before they left the United States. A Polish-Ameri- can woman with a peasant back¬ ground, however, just said, “This is life and the worst is past. Last year we were on a farm in the Ukraine tractors on piece rates. He said the was turning out nine pound loaves where a man dropped dead of star¬ set wage scale was fair under nor¬ which were too big for the oven so vation in the dining room.” mal conditions but that he often had they came out burnt outside and When the Assistant Director got to make spare parts himself so that uncooked within. Marion made use¬ back from Moscow he gave me a it took a day to complete a 30 ful suggestions about baking smaller Party line tour. In spite of the dim minute job. The farm owed him loaves, heating a room in which the lighting and the cold buildings he two months back pay. His friends bread could rise and keeping the was full of enthusiasm as he pointed were as broke as he; he could eat flour bins locked against theft, but out recent improvements such as the only twice a day and felt himself most of her suggestions were disre¬ laying of rails for the transportation getting weaker all the time. He said garded. For her it was a particularly of heavy parts from the storeroom to that except for carburetors and axles frustrating experience. the machine shop. “Over 18 inches the central machine shop was far During our second month on the of mud had to be scraped off the behind its schedule of repairs. He farm the electric light plant broke floor before we could do that. Since was not an admirer of the Assistant down completely, wood for the spring we have installed a magneto Director who, he said, spent a third stoves became scarcer and the cab¬ shop and a machine for rounding of his time in Moscow, lived too bage soup grew thinner than ever. used ball bearings.” He was particu¬ well on the farm, and was a poor Furthermore, pay for the workers larly proud of inventions made by organizer. was running six weeks late. A group the workers including a stamp for The third member of our group of us got together to protest this sit¬ making battery plates, and a grain around the small stove in the shop uation, but the Assistant Director dryer, for which the inventor had was a Czech by origin who had left found out about our talks, called me received 500 rubles. It was not until a $35 a week job in the United in and said no meetings could be several days later that I learned the States to come to Russia and build held without the consent of the Tri¬ inventor was the Director and that Socialism. He said, “Any talk about angle—the Directorate, the Party, the dryer did not work. eight hour days was rubbish. Some and the Trade Union. I was put to work in the machine of them run to 18 hours.” The After that I talked to individuals, shop repairing carburetors at 90 fourth comrade was a fine looking particularly a Russian worker who rubles a month under a Russian- proletarian who had been a revolu¬ was to be transferred to another American supervisor who had tionary terrorist under the Czars. He farm via Moscow. He left the farm learned his trade in a garage in had given up a good position in all right, but we never heard of him Brooklyn. He got results by hard Rochester, New York, to help the again. Then I wrote a letter to the work, know how, and cannibalizing. Revolution. “This farm,” he said, “is Moscow DAILY NEWS explaining Our schedule required that we re¬ being badly mismanaged. It is not how bad things were on the pair, clean, and test four carburetors typical.” Sovkhoz. It came out over my signa¬ a day, a norm which we usually Before leaving Moscow, Marion ture saying I was an agricultural over-fulfilled thus becoming eligible had learned that the bread on the expert—which I am not—and that I for a bonus which apparently went Sovkhoz was poor and she went to had never seen such a fine farm. to the supervisors for I never saw a the Bread Baking Institute-to learn When our agreed upon working ruble of it. how to improve it. On the farm she time was up, the Assistant Director Over the next week I got to know found the kitchen area dark, dirty tried to convince us to stay on, “to many other workers, most of them and overcrowded with workers see how much better things would Americans, in the repair shop and stealing vegetables and meat when¬ be in the spring.” But we felt we stockroom. My best friend had come ever they could get away with it. In could help the other workers more from the Bronx and was repairing order to meet its norm the bakery by getting back to Moscow and pro¬ testing in person. We went by slow train: the Assistant Director went by plane; so when we got there most of our contacts had been “inoculated” against us, as the Communists say. I Machine shop on the state farm where the carburetors were repaired could no longer get appointments with upper level officials in the Commissariat of Agriculture, the Foreign Office, or Russian press. My last hope was Borodin, but even he had changed. I told him morale was low, that the farm had delivered only 50 percent of its planned production, largely due to poor management, and that thou¬ sands of dollars worth of farm ma¬ chinery (bought with the savings of expatriate American Communists) was rusting under the winter snows. (Continued on page 46) In my mind Benjamin Franklin was a model of what a modern ambassador should be. EMBASSIES and AMBASSADORS

rRADiriONALLY, ambassadorships in many US mis¬ CHESTER BOWLES sions abroad had been viewed by the party in power as From the book "Promises to Keep” Copyright © 797/ by Chester Bowles. Reprinted by permission of Harper & political plums with which to reward its most generous Row. The author has held a number of high-ranking posi¬ campaign contributors. This practice was hard to defend tions in government following a distinguished career in even in the relatively quiet past when our involvement in Benton & Bowles, the advertising agency he helped to world affairs was marginal. In a world buffeted by found, including Congressman, Governor of Connecticut, unpredictable new political forces, the choice of ambassa¬ Ambassador to India and Nepal and Under Secretary of State in John F. Kennedy’s administration. dors on this basis would be totally irresponsible. I had discussed with Kennedy the need to strengthen our over¬ the President should be prepared to ask Congress for seas missions and found that he shared my views. Al¬ additional entertainment funds, so that we could appoint though Kennedy naturally left the door open to make a the best man for the post—not the best rich man. few appointments on personal grounds, he and to some In our review we should isolate those senior Foreign extent even Rusk agreed that recruiting a new breed of Service officers in their fifties and early sixties who were envoy should be at the top of our agenda; I was given simply marking time in unimportant tasks until retire¬ primary responsibility for recruitment. ment. It was my view that, in their own interest as well as The career officers who had risen most quickly in the the government’s, men in this category should be encour¬ State Department hierarchy during the 1950s and who aged to retire from the service with a generous pension. now headed many important missions abroad had, with With several years of active life remaining, most of them several notable exceptions, largely accepted the Dulles could develop stimulating and rewarding second careers perspective of a world in which the good guys (the in university teaching, international trade or the like. This Americans) and the bad guys (the Soviets) would remain would help clear the way for the more rapid promotion of locked in combat for the foreseeable future. Normally, talented young officers. these men would expect to continue as ambassadors, no At the same time I felt we should also consider retired matter what the changes in Administration. However, I Foreign Service officers, still in the active age group, who believed it essential that we distinguish between those had resigned for reasons that did not reflect on them who could be expected conscientiously to carry out the personally, and who might now be persuaded to return to policies of the Kennedy Administration and those who service. A prime example in this category was George F. were so committed to the old policies they could not be Kennan, then at Princeton’s Institute for Advanced expected to change direction. Study, who was clearly capable of making an important I decided that the abilities of all Foreign Service contribution in a challenging new post. officers qualified for ambassadorial posts should be care¬ In addition, those Foreign Service officers who had fully reviewed. This review should include outstanding been unjustly forced to resign or passed over for promo¬ employees of the United States Information Agency and tion under the depredations of Joe McCarthy should now the Agency for International Development, which, while have their clouded records cleared. closely associated with the State Department, had previ¬ There were also sources of ambassadorial talent out¬ ously been bypassed in regard to ambassadorial appoint¬ side the Foreign Service which were relatively untapped. ments. We needed to place particular emphasis, I In the universities, the foundations, business and labor thought, on the younger officers. At that time no one unions there were many able men with both a broad under fifty held the rank of career minister or career understanding of world affairs and a desire to serve their ambassador. (I once startled President Kennedy by re¬ country. They should be considered together with men marking that under the existing Foreign Service promo¬ already in the Foreign Service. tional system the highest grade he could expect-to achieve at his age, forty-three, was an FSO-3, a little more than THE actual selection of ambassadors turned out to be a halfway up the promotional ladder.) huge task which required checking hundreds of individu¬ To reward outstanding service, we should assign a als, making thousands of telephone calls and conducting number of Foreign Service officers to prestigious embas¬ many long interviews. Between January and April of sies in Europe. Most of these posts had previously gone to 1961 it absorbed at least one-third of my time. Although wealthy campaign contributors on the spurious grounds some of my associates felt that in view of all our other that a Foreign Service officer with a relatively modest problems the time that I spent in this effort was out of salary and a limited expense account could not afford to proportion, I do not agree. The result was a significant carry on the necessary entertaining. Based on my own strengthening of American representation abroad and ambassadorial experience, I felt this argument had been eventually a far better-coordinated and efficient adminis¬ grossly overdone. (In addition to his salary and entertain¬ trative performance. ment allowance, an ambassador was provided with a fully The first step was a decision that any ambassador who furnished house, servants, a car and travel expenses. Steb had performed effectively and who had served less than and I had no difficulty living within my salary and - three years at his present post would be asked to remain. allowances.) In the very few situations where it was valid With one or two exceptions, these were all Foreign

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 Service officers. However, this left more than half of the support. Nevertheless, he had demonstrated great compe¬ ambassadorial posts to be filled. Most of the appointments tence and wanted to pursue a Foreign Service career. we made to fill these vacancies were also Foreign Service When Democratic leaders in Pennsylvania heard he was officers, many under forty-five years of age. The remain¬ about to be promoted by a Democratic Administration, der were men with academic or professional experience they raised an uproar. Some members of Kennedy’s staff particularly relevant to the nation in which they were suggested that it was not worth a battle, but I felt that a posted. question of principle was involved and insisted on going One of my most difficult tasks was to reverse a decision ahead. After a long telephone talk with Pennsylvania’s of our predecessors, made just before we took over, to Democratic Governor David L. Lawrence, we finally assign seven senior, tradition-minded Foreign Service managed to clear the way. officers to serve in seven newly independent African Our appointments to other countries reflected a similar states headed by radical young leaders. Instead, we chose pattern of expertise combined with a capacity for fresh young, energetic men, eager to live and work in the new thinking. For our mission in Tokyo, Jim Thomson, my Africa, who understood and respected the political assistant, who had just secured his Ph.D. in Chinese changes taking place there. history, suggested Edwin O. Reischauer, professor of As Ambassador to Guinea we nominated William Japanese history and far Eastern languages at Harvard. I Attwood, foreign affairs editor of LOOK magazine, who had some difficulty in persuading Reischauer to accept worked with Stevenson and me during the 1950s on the post, and when I finally succeeded, I ran into strong speeches and Democratic programs. I first asked Bill to opposition, much of it covert, from senior Foreign Service head my personal staff, but his wife was determined not officers who felt that by tradition this embassy should be to live in Washington. When I asked what job would assigned to one of the old career China Hands. Ironically, interest him, he replied, “There is only one thing I’d among the arguments used against Reischauer was the really like to do and that is to become Ambassador to fact that he had a Japanese wife. Although Kennedy Guinea. I know President Sekou Toure and I believe I wavered at one point, Senator William Fulbright gave me can work with him.” strong support and this appointment was finally confirmed. Our relations with Guinea at the foment were at the I was particularly pleased to persuade George Kennan lowest possible ebb, and no one in the State Department, to take a leave of absence from Princeton to become as far as I knew, was on speaking terms with Sekou Ambassador to Yugoslavia. His internationally known Toure. But Attwood was able to accomplish far more in writings and his knowledge of the USSR enabled him to Guinea than anyone, including himself, anticipated. On establish a close relationship with President Tito which his visit to Washington in late 1961, Toure was so did much to improve US-Yugoslav relations. impressed with Kennedy that, to the surprise of most For my old post in New Delhi, Kennedy had already Washington observers, he supported him during the Cu¬ settled on John Kenneth Galbraith, whom I had first met ban missile crisis in October, 1962, rejecting a request by in OPA days. Ken’s competence in economic develop¬ the USSR for air traffic rights for Soviet planes flying to ment and his eagerness to challenge official myths made Cuba. Later, Attwood served as Ambassador to Kenya him an ideal choice for New Delhi. If any ambassador before returning to LOOK as editor in chief. could focus White House attention on the long-neglected Edmund A. Gullion, a Foreign Service officer whom I South Asian area, I knew it would be Galbraith. had met in Saigon in August, 1952, and whom Kennedy David Bruce, former Under Secretary of State under also knew and respected, was posted to the Congo, a Truman, went to London at the President’s special be¬ major trouble spot. He played a key role in support of the hest, and Kennedy appointed General James M. Gavin to United Nations’ effort to prevent the secession of Ka¬ France. Other examples of successful ambassadorial ap¬ tanga. Gullion later became Dean of the Fletcher School pointments include John Badeau, for ten years president of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. of the American University in Beirut, to the United Arab For newly independent Senegal, we nominated Philip Republic; William Stevenson, former president of Oberlin M. Kaiser, whom I had known when he was Assistant College, to the Philippines; Kenneth Young, an ex¬ Secretary in the Labor Department in the Truman Ad¬ businessman with experience in Asia, to Thailand; and ministration. He was experienced in economic affairs and William B. Macomber, a Republican who had served particularly sensitive to the attitudes of the newly inde¬ under Eisenhower as Assistant Secretary for Congression¬ pendent nations. al Affairs, to Jordan. As Ambassador to Togo I selected Leon B. Poullada, a In Latin America, American representation was seri¬ relatively junior Foreign Service officer whom I had met ously ingrown. Once a Foreign Service officer became in Afghanistan a few years before. When I asked him on proficient in Spanish and was recognized as a “Latin the telephone if he would accept the appointment, he America expert,” he was likely to spend his entire career could not believe I was serious. William J. Handley, a shuttling around the continent from capital to capital. As career Foreign Service officer who had served outstand¬ a result many had become committed to the status quo ingly with USIA in the fifties, became Ambassador to and were out of touch with the new political forces which Mali. were challenging the established power structures, partic¬ Robinson Mcllvaine, who had been with the State ularly in the rural areas. (As we considered the parochi¬ Department since 1954, went to Dahomey, but only after alism of many of our Latin America specialists and the a hassle. Previously, Bob had published a small Pennsyl¬ equally parochial qualities of our Middle East specialists, vania newspaper, the Downingtown ARCHIVE, which one of my associates remarked wryly that we might be strongly supported Eisenhower, and his original appoint¬ better off simply to reverse their assignments, with the ment in the Department had been a reward for his Arab experts going to Latin America and the Latin

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 21 America experts to the Middle East.) word that Smith would be difficult to swallow, Kennedy I shared my concern over this situation with Puerto blew up. Soon the word was passed that members of the Rico’s Governor, Munoz Marin, during a weekend visit Administration should demonstrate their distaste for the Steb and I paid him in early January, 1961. A personal Swiss Government reaction by blackballing all functions friend of long standing, Munoz was known and respected of the Swiss Embassy. It was a childish performance, throughout most of Latin America. He told us he was which reflected no credit on Kennedy and was not in encouraged by the liberal approach the Kennedy Admin¬ character. istration was striving to introduce into US-Latin- It is hard to think of a more qualified group of American relations. At my request he agreed to make ambassadors than those we selected. Although I was available two of his ablest associates, Teodoro Moscoso, charged with bypassing the Foreign Service, the record to become US Ambassador to Venezuela, and Arturo shows that by May 1, 1961, four months after the Morales-Carrion, to fill an important staff position in the Kennedy Administration took office, the number of em¬ Latin American Bureau. These appointments created an bassies headed by Foreign Service officers was at an uproar in various echelons of the State Department. The all-time high—a little more than three out of four. The appointment of a Puerto Rican as US Ambassador to a opposite impression was no doubt created by the fact that major Latin American nation in particular was looked on during this period some thirty ambassadors or former as a dangerous break with tradition. ambassadors were persuaded to retire. Another factor The most outstanding of new Latin American ambas¬ that was often overlooked was that the ambassadors sadors was a Foreign Service officer who had been one of chosen from outside the Foreign Service were not the McCarthy’s targets a few years earlier. Fulton J. usual influential businessmen or campaign contributors, Freeman, whom we sent to Colombia, succeeded in Latin but men experienced in foreign affairs and with unusual America largely because he was not a member of the qualifications. State Department’s “Latin American Club,” having previ¬ ously served in Europe. An experienced liberal diplomat, CLOSELY associated with the selection of ambassadors Freeman saw Latin America from a fresh and realistic was the redefinition of the function and responsibilities of perspective, with its growing revolutionary ferment as the ambassador. As the personal representative of the well as its vested interests. President of the United States in a foreign country, an Other Latin America appointments which I look back ambassador was expected to know not only the country on with some pride include James I. Loeb, a founder of and its leaders but also its people and to win their Americans for Democratic Action, who became Ambas¬ confidence and respect. sador to Peru; John O. Bell, former Deputy Director of In many national capitals even our ablest chiefs of the economic assistance program, who almost singlehand- mission were also hampered by a tradition of social edly had kept this agency going in spite of the opposition exclusiveness and artificiality which contributed to an of Congress and public indifference, as Ambassador to aloof and autocratic impression. This tradition placed too Guatemala; Ben S. Stephansky, who had served as US much emphasis on entertaining the capital elite and too Labor Attache in Mexico for ten years and had a little on the ambassador’s less glamorous responsibilities, profound understanding of Latin-American revolutionary including the primary need for getting to know the forces, as Ambassador to Bolivia; Lincoln Gordon, a country, its institutions and its people. Harvard economist, as Ambassador to Brazil; Charles W. In my mind Benjamin Franklin, perhaps the most Cole, former president of Amherst College, as Ambassa¬ effective American ambassador of all time, was a model dor to Chile; and John Bartlow Martin, a former journal¬ of what a modern ambassador should be. Although ist, as Ambassador to the Dominican Republic. Franklin had represented the American people at Eu¬ Traditionally, Ireland was looked upon as a political rope’s most aristocratic and glittering court, Versailles, he plum, and I was unable to persuade Kennedy to break rejected the pomp and artificiality of diplomatic living the tradition. His choice was Matthew McCloskey, a and brought a fresh approach to his dealings with diplo¬ Philadelphia contractor and long-time Democratic Party matic colleagues and government officials. His manner contributor. was direct and genuine, and its effect was dramatic. Israel as well was normally a purely political appoint¬ According to one biographer, Bernard Fay, “Franklin ment, but in view of the importance of the post, I felt that couldn’t step on to the street without being surrounded by the safest appointment would be a Foreign Service officer an enthusiastic crowd. They were overjoyed to find the with no political ambitions or connections. This time Ambassador from America simple and dignified. They Kennedy agreed, and I nominated Walworth Barbour, the were delighted that he should wear a plain brown suit Deputy Chief of Mission in London, who at the end of without ribbons and that he should go without a wig.” 1970 was still in Tel Aviv. While the temptation to wear a wig no longer existed, In all of our appointments there was only one major in many other respects diplomatic life still resembled the blunder. Apparently in a weak moment, Kennedy prom¬ court of Louis XV. I believed that American representa¬ ised his personal friend, Earl E. T. Smith, who had served tives abroad in the 1960s who conducted themselves with briefly and ineptly in Cuba in the last stages of the Franklin’s warmth and simplicity—who got to know the Batista era, that he would be named as Ambassador to people as well as their leaders—would receive an equally Switzerland. Since Switzerland had just agreed to handle warm response and would be in a position to act with US interests in Cuba and since Smith was bitterly op¬ equal effectiveness. posed to the Castro regime and it was bitterly opposed to Before I became Ambassador to India in 1951 I had him, this was not a happy choice. made two requests of President Truman. First, I would When the Swiss Government discreetly passed the want not only to deal officially with India’s central

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 government but also to meet and know the regional and tant to settle conflicts between American agencies oper¬ local government leadership and, indeed, the Indian ating in the countries to which they were assigned was the people themselves; this meant that I should be free to fear, often justified, that the State Department could not travel extensively throughout India. be counted upon to support them in Washington. Second, since I would be responsible for the effec¬ A first essential step, I thought, would be an edict tiveness of all United States Government programs there directly from the President to each ambassador clearly —the United States Information Service, our economic establishing his authority and his responsibilities. The development program and other activities—I should be President agreed, and I set out to secure agreement from authorized to select all key personnel and generally to the various agencies affected on a memorandum estab¬ direct their operations. lishing the new lines of authority. Truman had agreed on both of these points, and, as a I discussed the problem with representatives of the result, my role had been considerably broader than that Departments of Defense, Agriculture and Labor, the of most other American ambassadors. Now, ten years Peace Corps, United States Information Agency, Central later, the proliferation of American Government pro¬ Intelligence Agency and other agencies whose overseas grams in many parts of the world in the late 1940s and personnel were to be subject to greater ambassadorial 1950s had further increased administrative confusion and direction. It became clear that complete agreement on a duplication. Since World War II, agencies such as the change of the dimensions I had proposed would be Central Intelligence Agency, Food for Peace, the United almost impossible to achieve, since nearly every agency States Information Agency, the Peace Corps and the insisted that it should be considered a special case. If we Agency for International Development had been created, were to wait to negotiate an agreement with each of them all with sizable overseas missions, while the old-time before taking action, it was evident that the action might departments, Labor, Commerce, Agriculture, Treasury never be taken. Kennedy again agreed that we should go and, particularly, the Defense Department, had gradually ahead and then settle on an ad hoc basis any conflicts expanded their overseas operations. For example, on the which might develop. eve of World War II the United States Embassy in Paris On May 29, 1961, President Kennedy sent a letter to employed only 78 people, including the staffs of four each ambassador directing him to expand his traditional non-State Department agencies. But early in the Kennedy duties and to secure a firm grip on all the activities of his Administration the Embassy had over seven hundred mission. Several paragraphs follow: employees, including the staffs of 23 agencies. The practice of modern diplomacy requires a close This meant that an effective ambassador could no understanding not only of governments but also of longer limit his role to the traditional reporting, negotiat¬ people, their cultures and institutions. Therefore, I ing and entertaining; he must become involved in the hope that you will plan your work so that you may entire range of American operations in the country to have the time to travel extensively outside the nation’s which he was assigned. If the United States Information capital. Only in this way can you develop the close, Service was being poorly handled or if the Foreign Aid personal associations that go beyond official diplomatic program was ineptly and insensitively administered, for circles and maintain a sympathetic and accurate under¬ example, I believed the ambassador should have the standing of all segments of the country. primary responsibility to take whatever administrative In regard to your personal authority and responsibil¬ measures, including changes in personnel, might be re¬ ity, I shall count on you to oversee and coordinate all quired to change the situation. the activities of the United States Government. I shall One factor that I had not foreseen was the reluctance give you full support and backing in carrying out your of some professional diplomats to assume responsibilities assignment. beyond their traditional duties. The broader role we If in your judgment individual members of the prescribed for the ambassadors gave them responsibility Mission are not functioning effectively, you should take for activities involving the risk of error which they might whatever action you feel may be required, reporting have preferred to leave to someone else. Under the old the circumstances, of course, to the Department of system they had been allowed more or less to ignore such State. activities as economic development programs, United I have informed all heads of the departments and States information activities, cultural exchange and the agencies of the Government of the responsibilities of like, where they felt their competence and experience the Chiefs of American Diplomatic Missions for our were limited. combined operations abroad, and I have asked them to Another reason many of our ambassadors were reluc¬ instruct their representatives in the field accordingly. The next step was to hold a series of regional meetings of ambassadors to discuss the implications of the Pres¬ ident’s directive. These meetings were critically impor¬ tant. Although the ambassadors by and large were pleased to be armed with a Presidential directive strengthening their authority and responsibility, most of them were doubtful that the new directive really meant what it said. Already the various agencies and depart¬ ments were, as might be expected, beginning to interpret the directive each in its own way. I was accompanied to each regional meeting by high- (Continued on page 45)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 23 Out of this seemingly hopeless situation came a free and independent country. The Miracle of Austria— A Diplomatic Success Story A ^^USTRIA was the scene of one of WARE ADAMS OPERATING under the new control the most remarkable international Ware Adams is a retired Foreign Agreement, the Allied Council for developments to follow World War Service officer whose career Austria proceeded uniquely to ad¬ II, namely the emergence of a spanned several decades. minister occupied areas jointly. At the beginning of the occupation unified, flourishing, free and inde¬ era following World War II, he Among all the postwar allied com¬ pendent nation from the seemingly was attached to General Mark missions, from Europe to Asia, the impossible circumstances of a di¬ Clark’s headquarters as Chief of only occupied area that turned out vided and mixed foreign military oc¬ the Political Division of Military as planned, and satisfactorily to all cupation. It also comprises the only Government in the Allied Com¬ those concerned, was Austria. This mission for Austria. It was about area that Soviet troops completely this experience that he wrote ‘‘The is a casual account of some aspects controlled and then abandoned. Allied Council for Austria—A of the occupation from the memory Between World Wars I and II Study in International Organiza¬ of one who worked in it at the Austria was a remnant of the Em¬ tion, Conflict and Cooperation," beginning, as a young Foreign Serv¬ pire left by the Treaty of Versailles awarded honorable mention in the ice officer. Jack McFall Essay Contest. with Vienna its disproportionate Copyright © Jack K. McFall. In Austria, the agreements con¬ capital, subsisting through interna¬ cerning zones of occupation and the tional largess with much internal A key factor was modification of control machinery of the quadripar¬ strife, until the German Anschluss in the Four-Power Control Agreement tite Allied Commission were initially 1938 ended its independence for the on June 28, 1946 that altered the almost identical to those for Ger¬ next seven years. By 1945, one-fifth operation of the Allied Council and many. In both, military government of Vienna had been destroyed by Commission. This modified control was superimposed upon whatever American bombing. The city had machinery for Austria instituted local authorities existed in each zone also been pillaged by Russian what came to be known as the of occupation. Also, in matters con¬ ground troops that captured and oc¬ “negative veto.” This meant that cerning the country as a whole, su¬ cupied it and the surrounding east¬ any legislation enacted by the Aus¬ preme authority was assumed by the ern part of Austria for months be- trian Government, other than a Allied Commission, headed by the for the Western allies arrived in change in the constitution, became Allied Council consisting of the Vienna. law in 31 days unless vetoed unani¬ commanders of the four occupying With the establishment of the Al¬ mously by the four occupying forces, acting as High Commission¬ lied Council, in August 1945, the powers. ers of their respective governments. time came for reconstruction of Aus¬ Experts agree that without this Under the Allied Council was an tria from a state of complete pros¬ change a free post war Austria Executive Committee of the Deputy tration and near starvation. Britain, would have been unlikely, if not High Commissioners (i.e., deputy France, the Soviet Union and the impossible. But it was the courage commanders) of the four powers. United States, organized into an Al¬ and determination of the Austrians Under the Executive Committee lied Commission, wielded a four¬ themselves that brought it about. were 14 Divisions of Allied Military headed Supreme Authority. Austria Their gracious manners and warm¬ Government, corresponding with and Vienna were divided into four hearted gemiitlichkeit rested on what would normally be the depart¬ occupation zones. Like Berlin, Vien¬ solid strength and stamina which ments or ministries of national gov¬ na was a hundred miles deep in the was first recognized by many during ernment, plus special divisions for Soviet Zone, with all the ingredients the hardship of foreign occupation, post-war problems such as displaced for similar conflicts and misunder¬ pation. There were other favorable persons. standings, including blockade of the factors. But even with all of these, Each division of allied military capital. most observers agree that the happy government was headed by four di¬ Out of this seemingly hopeless outcome of the occupation period rectors, who collectively came to be situation came a free and indepen¬ would not have been possible except known as the directorate, and indi¬ dent country. Even while occupied it for the framework for international vidually were the chiefs of the corre¬ was unified, with free elections even cooperation provided by the new sponding divisions of military gov¬ in the Soviet occupied zone. A single Control Agreement of June 28, ernment in their respective national Austrian Government functioned in 1946 with its unique provision for forces. all four zones. Eventually all foreign the negative veto which became rec¬ Generally, in each of the four occupation troops were withdrawn. ognized as a sine qua non for suc¬ elements, these positions were occu¬ How did this come about? cess. pied by persons specifically qualified 24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 for their work. In the United States bored any illusions about the diffi¬ ernment, let alone any one person. element, for example, the Chief of culties of dealing with Russia, they But I shared a natural interest in the Legal Division, overseeing activ¬ carefully kept relations in Vienna on them with others who had worked ity of the Ministry of Justice, was a “correct” basis without which suc¬ on them, and in their success, feel¬ Colonel Eberhardt Deutsch. He was cess could easily have been spoiled ing some sense of shared responsi¬ a distinguished lawyer from New or made impossible. Under the ini¬ bility. Orleans, well versed in international tial Control Agreement any positive In the autumn of 1945, with the law as well as civil law. Also he action concerning the country as a benefit of hindsight, I typed out a was well trained in advance in the whole required the unanimous draft for a new kind of control functions of military government, agreement of the four members of agreement, to see what it would look as a part of the United States Ele¬ the Allied Council or their subordi¬ like if I were free to begin again ment, Allied Commission Austria nate counterparts. It soon became from scratch. I sought to use as (USACA), the unit destined for clear that this was not a good way to much as possible the standard Austria. run a railroad (which was one of phrases known as boiler plate that The Finance Division, concerned the jobs) much less a whole nation had already been found acceptable with the work of the Ministry of with all its apparatus of statehood. to the four governments in the tedi¬ Finance and other financial institu¬ Friction grew and frustration of ously worked out initial agreement. tions, was headed by Colonel Arthur many kinds, including incidents such But I made fundamental adjust¬ Marget. In civilian life he had been as United States Army Sergeant ments in their substance, to arrive at an able economist and financial ex¬ Dixon shooting two Soviet officers what might be the maximum areas pert who had been specially trained with whom there was a misunder¬ of genuine agreement acceptable to in advance for his military function standing about the passage of the all four governments, and be practi¬ in USACA. A military officer head¬ American train, the Mozart Ex¬ cally workable in the Austrian con¬ ed each division except the political press, from Vienna to the American text. division. Each of its four elements Zone, through the Soviet Zone. The draft was designed to clearly was headed by a civilian detailed In his book, “Calculated Risk,” separate (1) those matters which from the Foreign Service staff of the General Clark notes a growing de¬ should be under the control of each Political Adviser, who in United terioration in relations with the Sovi¬ zonal commander as matters vital to States Headquarters was Minister ets from November 25, 1945, when his military mission and the mainte¬ John G. Erhardt. The political divi¬ free elections were held throughout nance of his troops, (2) those mat¬ sion was concerned with the activity Austria, including the Soviet Zone. ters concerning Austria as a whole of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, The Communist Party received only (that should be decided by the Al¬ the political developments in the five per cent of the vote, and oppos¬ lied Council), and (3) those func¬ country, and constitutional questions ing attitudes began to be taken be¬ tions of the Austrian'authorities to about either Austria or the Allied tween the Eastern and Western be carried out by them within the Commission. I served as Chief of components of the Allied Commis¬ context of the Agreement. the United States Political Division sion. By the end of 1945 steadily from late 1945 until early 1947. increasing difficulties raised in all A COMPLETELY novel provision When the American headquarters minds the question “Where do we go was one (in Article 6) which moved into Vienna in August 1945 from here?” provided that the Austrian Govern¬ to inaugurate the Allied Council, the As chief of the political division, ment would formulate and propose US Commander and High Commis¬ in my troubled sleep this question legislation, which would then auto¬ sioner was General Mark Wayne seemed to address itself to me. I had matically become effective unless Clark, and his Deputy Commander worked practically from the begin¬ the Allied Council should decide and High Commissioner was Gener¬ ning on advance planning of the otherwise within 31 days. This was al Alfred Gruenther, who later be¬ European Advisory Council for the the “negative veto,” and quite dif¬ came NATO Commander. Another occupation of Germany and Aus¬ ferent from the old provision that key element in the success of the tria. These plans included the ulti¬ nothing would become effective un¬ undertaking was the high order of mate agreements on zones of occu¬ less propounded positively by the competence of these outstanding pation and control machinery. For¬ Allied Council. Yet it preserved the officers, not only in military fields, mulating these blueprints involved supreme authority of the Allied but also in politics and diplomacy. the daily work of the State-War- Council, a must to all of its mem¬ My service under them in the Navy Coordinating Committee that bers. The negative veto later was to creation and fruition of the Allied brought to bear the judgments of the become the object of much curiosity Council for Austria represented State Department, the military de¬ and near disbelief in the Western some of the most interesting and partments and the Joint Chiefs of World. gratifying duty in my Foreign Serv¬ Staff under White House guidance. I sent a copy of the completed ice career. These agreements, tediously draft to each of the other chiefs of worked out in advance of victory division in the US element for study, (the one for Germany was signed and invited them to a meeting to THE mutual fears and suspicions of long before US Forces had taken consider and perhaps improve the the cold war were already growing even the westernmost town of draft. To my pleasant surprise each rapidly. Although neither General Aachen in Germany) were not the said that the draft should stay as it Clark nor General Gruenther har¬ work or preference of any one gov¬ was and that it would work a dis-

FOREION SERVICE JOURNAL, June. 197! 25 tinct improvement in the work of his ter of the draft. But it did not slide regarding the restitution of property division if it could be negotiated. through unnoticed as many West¬ which would have to come soon to erners later thought must have hap¬ the Allied Council for approval— pened, on the theory that the legislation about which there was I THEREUPON reported this to my sharp political sensitivity in the immediate superior, General Gruen- Soviet Government would never en¬ ter into an agreement which seemed United States. In reporting this from ther, and asked his permission to Vienna, we pointed out that the sound out informally my opposite so desirable from our point of view. Actually, every word of it came Soviet Government did not favor numbers in the quadripartite politi¬ under close scrutiny. Article 6 (the this legislation. If it came to the cal directorate, as a preliminary to Council before the new control deciding whether it would be worth “negative veto”) in particular was agreement was adopted, it would submitting to Washington for consid¬ the special subject of repeated dis¬ surely fail. The reason for this was eration as a formal proposal. Gener¬ cussion in the Allied Council, the that it would require four unani¬ als Clark and Gruenther approved Executive Committee, and the Po¬ mous votes to pass it, and we knew the informal sounding. At the next litical Directorate, as well as the the Soviet vote would be against it. meeting of the political directorate I four political divisions of military government, with a searching ques¬ However, if it should come up after gave copies of the draft to my Brit¬ the new control agreement was in ish, French and Soviet colleagues, tioning of it on behalf of the Gov¬ effect, it would surely become law, stressing that it was not in any sense ernment in Moscow. because it would then take four an official suggestion but merely a votes to stop it, and ours alone would set of ideas that I personally had FINALLY, after some six months of prevail. Whether this prod decided been wondering about and before intensive and often tedious negotia¬ Washington, I do not know, but going further would appreciate any tion the draft agreement was com¬ instructions soon came to sign the thoughts they might have about its pleted in accordance with instruc¬ new control agreement. The legisla¬ suitability for official study. tions from our respective govern¬ tion became law. From then on My British colleague, with the ad¬ ments. It was initialed by the four Washington became steadily more vantage of the English language as High Commissioners, and sent back and more pleased with the way well as a brilliantly quick mind, to the Governments for final appro¬ things went in the Allied Council. immediately characterized it as val before actual signature. We then Many in Washington began to won¬ “ingenious.” The French and Soviet waited for the routine final instruc¬ der why and how the Russians ever members said they would study it. tions from each of the four capitals signed the agreement which seemed One must never expect any immedi¬ to sign the agreement whose terms so favorable to us. They apparently ate sign of approval from a Soviet they had already approved. And never thought it possible that the official, who could at most only who do you suppose was the first same Agreement might also have agree to take it “for study”; but High Commissioner to announce in somehow been pleasing also to the what interested me was that he did the Allied Council that he was now Russians, who had signed it deliber¬ not voice any tentative objection, authorized by his Government to ately after careful study. even though he read English well. I sign the new control agreement? The then waited for them to complete Soviet member! Then followed Lon¬ their informal study and comment. don and Paris in due course, but T HIS was not the end of disagree¬ The British member, with that there was no word from Washing¬ ments and conflicts in the Council, ease and despatch with which the ton. but the new agreement did establish British service can exchange ideas The Council waited, more time a means for dealing with them satis¬ about official subjects, sent it off to passed, and still no word from factorily. The new regime continued London where it was immediately Washington. What was happening to govern affairs satisfactorily for the put into polished legal form and sent there I do not know. But I could rest of the long ten-year period dur¬ back to Vienna with the approval of well imagine that there were some in ing which the occupation continued. the Government for official discus¬ the bureaucracy arguing that this This kept the country from being sion in the Allied Council. Thus, new American idea, conceived in divided or paralyzed by disagree¬ even while we were awaiting the Vienna and approved in Washing¬ ments in the Council. It avoided the outcome of our local informal study, ton, must have some flaw if it was general disintegration of quadripar¬ the proposal went into the hopper of approved by the Russians. Many tite cooperation that occurred in the Allied Council as a British pro¬ Americans in those days, including Berlin, and it set the groundwork for posal for official discussion. In this bureaucrats, had a deep-seated, in¬ the eventual treaty in 1955 estab¬ way it came up for formal consider¬ stinctive view (often explicitly stated lishing a free and independent Aus¬ ation by all four governments. with almost religious conviction) tria, free of occupation troops and The ensuing four-power negotia¬ that anything good for the Commu¬ any partisan ties with either East or tion went on thereafter for about six nists must ipso facto be bad for us West. The Russians made the agree¬ months, throughout the first half of and vice versa. I dare say many of ment and they stuck by it. Even 1946. During this time, an exhaus¬ the people who had approved the when they did not like the result in tive study and discussion took place draft in the first place must have particular cases, they kept the at all levels of the Allied Commis¬ had deep misgivings. agreement. I do not have any claim sion and in the four capitals. Here While we were awaiting the out¬ to being expert in Soviet affairs, and too, very little change was proposed, come, the Austrian Government recognize that their image was none of it altering the basic charac- completed the drafting of legislation somewhat different as seen by

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 Westerners in Moscow and various with its membership, e.g. the other parts of the world. But as for thought that the UN might work my own experience in Vienna, I well if only the Russians were not must say, contrary to the generally there. In Berlin when quadripartite accepted view, that the Soviet au¬ cooperation broke down and the thorities did keep their agreements, Russians left, West Berlin was left and were often even legalistically with a seemingly cozy tripartite or¬ meticulous about them. ganization. But the frustrations of I am sometimes asked how we trying to have even so friendly a persuaded the Russians to sign the threesome operate under the same control agreement caused the British agreement. The answer is that we far-fetched by the severe communist didn’t. They chose it. For my part, member, General Sir Brian Robert¬ defeat in the Austrian elections of son, to exclaim that there was noth¬ what my draft did, or tried to do, 1945, and the fear of a military was to devise an arrangement that ing worse than quadripartite oper¬ return has been abated by the fact ations—except tripartite operations. would serve Soviet interests, pur¬ of subsequent events. But it was poses and needs—at the same time When you have sat long in inter¬ remarkable how strong these fears national conferences, the word that it would serve ours, and those were and how strong the arguments of the British, French and Austri¬ “Nyet” acquires such an air of final¬ were when the new agreement was ans. In my view the only kind of ity that you cannot see how in Rus¬ being negotiated, and how many sia a girl could ever say “Nyet” and international agreement with integri¬ Americans shared them deeply mean maybe. The “Nyet” and the ty that can be relied upon is one enough to oppose a mutual with¬ that is in the mutual interest of all “No” in the Allied Council could drawal of troops. the parties. I conceive this to be the both be disruptive under the initial Year after year as the agreement only kind that is “self-enforcing,” to control agreement. The revision of it continued to work, the Austrian case use an apt phrase of Ambassador enabled all members of the Council became a source of wonderment and Charles Bohlen’s. to say “No” as much as they liked puzzlement to many observers. It The next question is why it was in without disrupting anything. And so did not fit in with the theories of it came about in Austria that the the Russians’ interest to make and those who held that the communists keep the agreement. I do not pre¬ Allied Council could function for ten do not keep agreements, or that you long years without flying apart; and tend to know the full answer, but I cannot negotiate with the commu¬ do have my theories: we wanted to the fact remains that Eastern Aus¬ nists, or that anything that is good tria was the one area in the world get the Russians out of Austria; the for them must be bad for us. Russians equally wanted to get the where the Russians were once in The fact is simply that it worked complete control (as in Eastern Americans out of Austria; hence the because it was in the interest of all basis for a mutually beneficial Germany) and then left it complete¬ the parties to have it work, plus ly to let it become free. agreement, which resulted in both the fact that it was structurally getting out. I suggest we are both workable. Each of the four powers better off with things the way they occasionally regretted particular FOR those who would seek to apply are now in Austria, than we would effects of the agreement, but these the scientific method to the study of be if both Russian and American were outweighed by the over-all international problems, an obstacle military forces were still there. We benefit to each. For example, when lies in the difficulty of separating out are both better off in Vienna than the so-called negative veto or veto- a single factor in the equation to we are in Berlin. in-reverse (both misnomers to me) vary while keeping all other factors Neither went in with the idea of resulted in the Austrian Govern¬ constant. In the Austrian case we staying, or had any real reason to ment’s proceeding with a given piece have this. The sole factor that varied want to stay. But each did fear of legislation, it was noticeable that on June 28, 1946, was the replace¬ having the other stay, and thus had a Soviet official could reconcile him¬ ment of the first control agreement a real interest in ensuring that the self to an action that he would never with the second control agreement. other leave. The only way to himself approve, if only he did not All else remained unchanged. The achieve this was to turn affairs over himself have to be involved in the cold war continued. The problems to the Austrians, and both leave. decision. The same thing seemed to were the same as before, and in the Whether this was a conscious inten¬ be true of his Government. On same country and zones of occupa¬ tion or not, the agreement worked reflection this is not surprising, for tion. The Allied Council and Com¬ out that way. the same attitude is not unknown to mission were the same, and even One argument against such a set¬ American officials, even though we manned by the same persons, from tlement was that American forces may not recognize it in ourselves. High Commissioners to the private would be withdrawing three thou¬ The United States Government itself soldiers. So did the Austrian Gov¬ sand miles to the United States, chooses at times to abstain from a ernment and its officials and person¬ while the Soviet troops would mere¬ UN vote rather than say either yes nel. The sole factor that changed ly be withdrawing across the border or no. The agreement made it easy from one day to the next was the into Hungary whence they would to be uninvolved without having to text of the control agreement. But return to Austria if unable to take it say so. events following that change were over by subversion. The possibility The workability of a form of or¬ very different from those preceding of subversion had been made rather ganization is sometimes confused it. ■

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It is the part of a wise man to feed himself with moderate pleasant food and drink—Spinoza

IPLOMATS are among the CHARLES & LISA CERAMI Minister Andre Malraux—who eats world’s most experienced diners. sparingly, but with insistence on per¬ Charles A. Cerami, Foreign Affairs Their long stays overseas, then- Editor of the Kiplinger Publica¬ fection—lunches there daily. travels outside the capital cities, the tions, also writes for many national The gold damask-lined dining need to entertain and be enter¬ and European magazines on eco¬ room with a sliding roof that opens nomic and political subjects. Sever¬ tained—all give them special oppor¬ al of his books have been trans¬ to the Paris sky is one of the most tunities to discover and appraise the lated into foreign languages. The superbly decorated in the world—- most recent, “Alliance Born of with 18th Century ornamental finest restaurants. Danger," IVAJ a study of the At¬ And the advice of foreign service lantic Community. Lisa Cerami, pieces on every side and fine china officers has played a big part in his wife, is an authority on travel and crystal before each guest. It is and dining. The authors have col¬ perhaps the most generously staffed guiding us to the most interesting laborated on numerous articles re¬ places to dine in the course of our flecting Talleyrand’s belief that di¬ restaurant in existence, with 85 em¬ own work and travels. Here are a plomacy and gastronomy are in¬ ployees for only thirty tables. separable. few of the restaurants of Europe The Lasserre specialties, as well that are favored by knowledgeable as the classic French dishes, are all diplomats; having sampled them re¬ made with extraordinary attention to peatedly, we can confirm that each, taurants gathers more votes from the visual beauty and with a lightness in its own way, is unique—not just a men who know than does Lasserre. that appeals to men who often must place to eat, but a place to find a And the most discerning Frenchmen dine importantly at both lunch and memorable experience. go along with the judgment of their dinner. There is for example, the Let us start with Paris, as so diplomatic visitors. On one of our poussin viroflay—a de-boned baby much of diplomacy and gastronomy evening visits we were told that ours chicken, lightly stuffed with chopped does. None of its scores of fine res- was the “ministerial table,” because spinach and chicken livers, and de-

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 glazed with sherry. There is a unique and other grilled specialties are encountering many leading states¬ dessert, the pannequet souffle flambe prepared in full view. But travelers men from the United States and Lasserre—a large thin pancake fold¬ who come on a night when Lady Europe. On one of our visits most of ed over a creamy filling and lightly Curzon soup is on the menu will the NATO foreign ministers were in flamed. remember that mysterious liquid the the hotel. And whenever they had a It is always exciting when Las- most. Mysterious, because no one lunch or dinner period free from serre’s waiters approach with plat¬ knows how the soup came to be official duties the knowing ones ters that look worthy of a king’s ban¬ associated with the wife of the Brit¬ stayed inside and ate in one of the quet. Each main dish is presented ish statesman; it is unknown in Eng¬ two great dining rooms. with an almost unbelievable decora¬ land and India, where they lived. The Grand’s Rallye Grill has tion, a specially sculpted ornament Only a few parts of the European been a favorite meeting place of made by Lasserre employees who continent feature it, and there are princes, industrialists and socialites vie with each other as food artists. many variations among them. At La for many years. Small, intimate and Little boats, baskets, lighthouses, Grappe d’Or it is made with clear unpretentious, it has nevertheless myriad objects made from bits of turtle consomme blended with a lit¬ achieved international status be¬ toast, fruits or other foodstuffs— tle beef consomme and covered with cause its food and service are the reminiscent of the visual delights an unsweetened Chantilly cream ultimate in refinement. “Molto with which the great chef Careme topping that is browned to a crust soigne” was the hybrid term that used to accompany the meals he under a high flame. A cup of this elegant maitre d’hotel Paolo Baldu- sent in to his royal masters and to deep-flavored but delicate concoc¬ ini used in telling us about an unbe¬ the leading envoys of two centuries tion will leave you doubly ready to lievably delicate salad made from ago. enjoy the poulet de Bresse, canard white truffles, celery and ovoli Nantais, or selle d’agneau Proven- mushrooms. And “molto soigne” is gale. Now we move on to Switzerland, the way to describe everything where a score of international nego¬ about the Rallye Grill. tiations are under way almost any But just across the corridor on the month of the year. Most foreign w HENEVER we travel to Italy we Grand’s palatial ground floor is the service officers can tell you the are reminded of the ambassador unique restaurant, Le Maschere. In names of good restaurants in several who once told us, “It is impossible to this colorful spot, Manager Natale of Switzerland’s principal cities. But get a bad meal there.” Although Rusconi is reaffirming that elegance those who know the Geneva area that may be impressionistically, if need not always be French. He is say that nothing equals La Grappe not literally, correct, it is still worth reviving the nearly-forgotten fact D’Or in nearby Lausanne. knowing which Italian dining places that the fork itself originated in Italy This restaurant, on a steep, nar¬ deserve to rate higher than others. and that Italian cooking is the moth¬ row street in the hilly older part of And very near the pinnacle are two er of all fine Western cuisines. Even Lausanne, is proudest of its huge restaurants in Rome’s Grand Hotel. the walls depict another Italian cul¬ wood-burning fireplace, where game We have never stayed there without tural export that became the rage in

La Grappe d’Or every turn. Its specialties are chosen way into Giannino’s. Peas and from all the regions of Italy, asparagus, right from the farm, are prepared by what may be the finest available eleven months of the year. kitchen staff on the peninsula. And And of the many light wines on the despite the silk-vested waiters and list, there is a water-clear one called genuine leather menu, $10 a person Naiano that is nearly unequalled for is likely to cover everything, includ¬ its drinkability. Nothing served here ing wines and tips. seems heavy. A lunch or dinner at Giannino’s is an experience that you feel like repeating often. FOR much of Italy’s business, the main city is not Rome, but Milano. And any number of diplomats who F INALLY, let us move to the an¬ have served or visited there have cient diplomatic capital of eastern told us about Giannino’s. After each Europe, Vienna, still the center of so of our visits we have agreed more many East-West negotiations. Here and more enthusiastically. It would again is a city with many fine eating be worth the trip to Milano just to places. But those who have served sample the tiny chickens, called pol- in embassies there name the main lastrelli, which are available only in dining room of the Hotel Imperial as Le Maschere, Grand Hotel, with Mai- very limited amounts and prepared their favorite. tre A'Hotel Martinuzzi in foreground. in a variety of ways. Pollastrello alle The Imperial is a former palace, olive has the deep flavor of cooked and Manager Karl-Peter Littig 18th Century France: They glow olives; pollastrello alia diavola is makes his guests feel like royal visi¬ with life-like paintings of Italian pressed flat and fried with tiny arti¬ tors. Yet, despite the splendor of the commedia dell’arte characters. chokes. In any case, it is not to be hotel, the dining room is one of the This distinctive restaurant, al¬ compared with any chicken you ever most unpretentious great restaurants though it serves a full menu, ate before. And aside from this spe¬ in the world—-rather low-ceilinged features pasta dishes, varied in al¬ cialty, every moment spent at Gian¬ and intimate, with a friendly trio of phabetical order on each day of the nino’s holds something memorable. musicians playing gay dinner music. week. There is Agnolotli alia Pi- To enter, you pass a gleaming But its matter-of-fact waiters bring emontese, Bombolotti con la ricotta, kitchen that shows itself proudly to out masterpieces of the distinctive Cannolicchi alia militare, and so on. every guest. If you sit in the covered cuisine that was born of Austria’s And you can finish the alphabet by and latticed winter garden, with its old marriage with Hungary. The having Ziti alia Napoletana. cages of singing canaries, you quick¬ chicken paprikash, for example, has The main thing is that Le Masch¬ ly feel the relaxation that will entice the true Hungarian dash with none ere is an answer for those seasoned you to spend two or three hours of the over-spiciness that imitators in travelers of the foreign service who here. Every piece of melon, every our country tend to add. Great game want fine and authentic foods, not vegetable must be in season and dishes, such as venison, are frequent imitations of home or of Paris at freshly picked in order to find its features in season. But the real delight is the wiener Hotel Imperial schnitzel, the thin breaded veal that most of us assume we know all about. Far from it. By frying in butter that has been heated until most of the moisture is driven out, the Imperial’s chef produces the most greaseless and refined of sch¬ nitzels. Along with it be sure to order a mixed salad. This, too, will be a new experience. Water and lemon juice are added to the oil of the dressing to create a cool light¬ ness that puts Austrian salads in a class by themselves. If you are going to the SALT talks, the International Atomic En¬ ergy Agency, the United Nations Industrial Development Organiza¬ tion, or any of the other modern confirmations of Vienna’s enduring importance, it may be all right to be a flexible negotiator. But be firm on one point: Dine at the Imperial. ■ From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli, the Foreign Service salutes the EMBASSY MARINES

"THE Foreign Service is proud of “Our Marines.” Not RAYMOND J. BARRETT only do they do a superlative job of protecting the Mr. Barrett, a career Foreign Service officer, is completing security of our embassies and consulates, they also play a an assignment under the State/Defense exchange program as Deputy Chief of the Global Plans Division of US Air significant role in the conduct of American diplomacy. Force Headquarters. He is about to become the State De¬ A young Marine was the first American that Stalin’s partment Adviser at the John F. Kennedy Military Assist¬ daughter confronted when she defected. She simply ance Institute at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Earlier, Mr. walked into the American Embassy in New Delhi, India, Barrett was Deputy Chief, Program Staff, Office of Inter¬ after office hours. On duty was a Marine security guard national Conferences. He has served at embassies in Mex¬ ico, Nicaragua, Ireland, Egypt and Spain. and it was to him that she made her first appeal for help Reprinted by permission of the copyright holder, the from the United States. The Marines have careful instruc¬ Marine Corps Association, publishers of the MARINE CORPS tions to call in experienced embassy officers in case of GAZETTE, professional journal for Marines. Copyright © emergencies. Even so, a tremendous responsibility fell on March 1971, by the Marine Corps Association. the young Marine. phoned for reinforcements and broke out additional Imagine for a moment the dilemma that he suddenly weapons. As they did, a rocket came through the wall confronted. A woman had appeared without warning out and exploded. One Marine was seriously wounded and of the night, claiming to be Stalin’s daughter—not a very the other slightly. Rockets continued to explode on the probable story. Embassies attract plenty of eccentrics. If embassy’s fcade. As reaction forces arrived, the Viet this were a prankster or crank he would have to jolly her Cong attack on the building itself diminished. But their along and try to get rid of her. On the other hand, if this fire was so intense that the American reinforcements were really Stalin’s daughter her defection would be could not get into the embassy itself. The two Marines, tremendously important to the United States. He could another Marine who had been stationed on the roof, and not risk antagonizing her. He had to display just the right the few embassy staff members on duty were without blend of sympathy and reserve. Until embassy officers physical contact with other Americans through most of could arrive he did not want her to panic and flee; nor the night. A helicopter got through to the embassy roof could he be so forthcoming that she could later allege that about 0615 to evacuate the seriously wounded Marine; he had made commitments to her on behalf of the United the intense fire caused the helicopter to make an emer¬ States. gency landing in a rice paddy before the Marine could be From out of the night another enormous challenge taken to a hospital. Only after first light, about an hour confronted other Marine security guards in Saigon. At later, could 101st Airborne Division paratroopers land on 0250 January 31, 1968, the Viet Cong attacked the the roof and fully secure the building. Until then, the American Embassy there. Two Marines were on duty in courage and coolness of two Marines had played a vital the lobby when they heard the first shots. They pulled the role in denying the Viet Cong entrance into the embassy unarmed Vietnamese front gate guard from certain death itself. and slammed shut the 3-inch teakwood front doors. With During the night of 25 January, 1968, in another part bullets ricocheting through the lobby they coolly tele- of the world, the Marines on duty at the embassy in

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 33 Panama learned that the roof was on fire. The Marines limited number of guards could be hired and often they found the top door engulfed in smoke. They secured the were of doubtful background, ability and suitability. char force but one man was missing. He was trapped in The historic association between the Foreign Service the elevator. Using a fire ax, the Marines forced the and the United States Marine Corps suggested the Marine elevator door and got the man out safely. Meanwhile, the security guard program. During the history of the United fire department, off-duty watchstanders and appropriate States, Marines had served many times on special mis¬ embassy officers had been notified. The firemen put out sions as couriers, guards for embassies and legations and the fire while American personnel maintained control to protect American citizens in unsettled areas such as over the areas containing classified material. China and Cuba. Probably the most dramatic example Fire also created a sudden emergency in Kinshasa, the was the defense of the legation in Peking in 1900 against Congo. On 11 April, 1968, a woman ran into the the siege by the Chinese “Boxers.” In fact, President Embassy to tell the Marine on duty that the Spanish Roosevelt, at the request of the Department of State, Embassy next door was on fire. The Marine immediately issued a Presidential Order establishing guards at certain summoned the fire department, the Non-Commissioned embassies and legations. Drawing on this precedent, and. officer in charge (NCOIC) and off-duty watchstanders. with great foresight, the drafters of the 1946 Foreign Leaving one Marine to maintain the duty at the embassy, Service Act included authorization for the Secretary of the others rushed to extinguish the blaze. The door was the Navy, on request from the Secretary of State, “to secure but one Marine immediately scaled the wall and assign enlisted men of the Navy and the Marine Corps to found a second story window open. Another Marine serve as custodians” at embassies, legations and con¬ followed right behind and tried to pass him a fire sulates. extinguisher. In doing so, he grabbed an electrical wire The Marine security guard program is more than 20 for balance; the wire was live and the jolt threw years old. A Memorandum Agreement was signed on Marine to the ground, fracturing a bone in his left foot. December 15, 1948, by Secretary of the Navy Sullivan Another Marine succeeded in passing the extinguisher to and Undersecretary of State Lovett. The first 83 Marines the first Marine who managed to put out the fire. As a reported to the Foreign Service Institute of the Depart¬ result of the Marines’ quick thinking and decisive action ment of State in January, 1949, for training. On January both the Spanish and American Embassies were spared 28, 1949, the first 15 Marines departed for assignment to extensive damage. Foreign Service posts abroad; six went to Bangkok and Regularly, in many less crucial or heroic ways, Marine nine to Tangier. The program developed rapidly and by security guards play a personal part in the day to day the end of May, 1949, over 300 Marines had been details of American Embassy operation. It is the Marine assigned to posts around the world. The agreement cover¬ on duty who receives the often anguished request of an ing the Marine security guard program was renewed and American citizen seeking emergency help at night or on a broadened in 1955 with the signature of a “memorandum weekend. He has to be a model of tact and assurance of agreement between the Department of Defense and until he can sort the problem out and contact the Department of State.” Close to 1,000 Marines are cur¬ embassy’s duty officer. Many less urgent requests come to rently serving as Marine security guards at 95 American him for street directions, locations of hotels or restau¬ diplomatic and consular posts in 85 countries. rants, sightseeing, etc.; he serves as a “short-order" To facilitate administration of its personnel Headquar¬ information service, dispensing answers in a reassuringly ters, United States Marine Corps, Arlington, Virginia, American accent. In similar fashion, he deals with foreign established Company F to perform administrative and citizens who come to the embassy seeking information; training functions for the program. In 1952 a junior the stream of such callers is heavy on American holidays Marine officer was assigned to each of the regional or on Saturdays which are normal workdays in many security headquarters of the Department of State at countries. To tact and competence, he must often add Frankfort, Beirut, Manila and Panama. Fox Company some knowledge of the local language. was upgraded in February, 1967, to become the Marine The help extended by Marine security guards often Security Guard Battalion. Headquarters Company is still goes beyond the strict limits of duty. Many an American at Henderson Hall. Company A serves the embassies in who has suddenly found himself without funds overseas Europe. Company B guards the American missions in has been comforted by a cup of coffee, a sandwich or Africa and the Middle East. Charlie Company takes care some cigarettes provided by a Marine guard. On occa¬ of the Far East and embassies in South America belong sion, a Marine has even kept a benevolent eye on a to Company D. penniless American sitting out the night in an embassy The composition of Marine guard detachments and lobby until help can be arranged in the morning. Count¬ their duty situations vary. At any minute of any day less times, Marines have helped frightened, bewildered or Marines are standing duty at embassies around the world. belligerent Americans with soothing conversation and Most detachments consist of about six to eight Marines. patient comfort. The larger or more sensitive posts have more Marines. The Marine security guard program has been invalu¬ Each detachment is headed by a non-commissioned able to the United States Foreign Service. It has provided officer in charge. The NCOIC or his designate is on duty American diplomatic and consular missions with highly at the embassy during normal working hours and at such competent protection for their classified material and other times as necessary to supervise the work of the assistance in protecting government property and the lives detachment. At most posts two Marines are on duty of employees. Prior to the program’s inauguration the during other than normal working hours. One is always at Department of State had had to hire civilians, American the reception desk. He is ready to help callers and to and foreign, to protect its establishments abroad. Only a receive emergency messages and relay them to appropri-

34 FOKBIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 Marine guard looking on as clean up crews work in Embassy office in Lima

ate duty officers; he is also alert to and ready to deal with Training is given at the joint State-Marine security any other problems that may arise. The other Marine guard school at Henderson Hall. Candidates undergo an tours the building periodically to be sure that all classified intensive six-week program of instruction and two thor¬ material has been properly secured and escorts the char ough screenings. A quarter or more of the candidates are force while they clean classified areas; this Marine also eliminated. The principal subjects covered include physi¬ handles other duties such as locking the doors that are cal security, protocol, detection of sound devices, the kept closed to ensure building security during non-office Foreign Service, security tasks, tactful replies to criticism hours. The watch is arranged so that the Marines on duty of the United States, conference security, dealing with are relieved about the middle of the night. Quite apart hostile demonstrations and mob action and Communist from being on call 24 hours, seven days a week, Marine measures of espionage and subversion. Once the class¬ security guards average 89 hours a week on the job. room work is done, the students are taken to the State The Marines wear uniforms on duty at most posts; the Department itself where they try to find security viola¬ rest of the time they wear civilian clothing. Before tions in the building. The school’s prime objective is make departing for his post a Marine is issued a set of dress the future Marine guards security-minded. blues and outfitted with appropriate civilian clothing at Marines, once overseas, must also study foreign lan¬ Department of State expense. Quarters are also provided guages for at least 100 hours. Most acquire some knowl¬ by the Department of State. These usually constitute a edge of the local language and many become quite house or apartment for the NCOIC if he is married and a proficient. large house or apartment for the other members of the The Marine security guard program has assumed detachment. All other pay and allowances are those added importance because of the increased frequency of applying to the Marine Corps generally; there is no extra mob action or other attacks against American Foreign pay for security guard duty. The normal assignment to Service posts. Training at the Marine security guard the program is two years. school in dealing with mob action has been intensified. During sensitive periods Marine guards inspect all pack¬ Requirements for the program are simple but rigorous. ages entering an embassy and carefully check restrooms A Marine must be single if a sergeant or below and and other public areas against planted explosives. Mob remain single until his tour is completed. He must be a actions require not only courage but careful judgment and lance corporal or above, have had at least 18 months firm discipline. The integrity of the building and files active service and have 30 months or more'yet to serve. must be protected if at all possible. But actions must be Corporals and lance corporals must have average profici¬ avoided that would endanger American lives, particularly ency and conduct marks of 4.4 or higher. An applicant those of the defenseless American wives and children in must also be a United States citizen, be in excellent their homes. The Marines can fulfill the damage-control physical condition and be able to qualify for a top secret function. Prompt and courageous use of fire hoses by the clearance. (Continued on page 49) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 35 Military History of Distinction HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR. by B. H. Liddell Hart. Putnam’s, $12.50.

HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR is military history on the grand scale. This posthumous work begins with the political surrenders of the im¬ mediate pre-war period, covers all the campaigns and battles of seven earth- Haunted by the Unseen and personages in focus with few wasted words. shaking years, and concludes with the EVERY WAR MUST END, by Fred Charles The advantages of this sort of his¬ end of hostilities in the Far East. Ikle. Columbia University Press, $8.00 Thorough and comprehensive in its hardcover, $2.95 paperback. tory writing are an almost ency¬ clopedic coverage of the topic, and in exposition of detail, it also relates this both Langer and Feis excel. The campaigns in widely different theaters T HE point is lost on no one these to each other and to the political con¬ days that ending a war is far more disadvantages are that in such lengthy and fact-laden volumes there is not text in which they took place. difficult than starting or even modify¬ The late Sir Basil Liddell Hart was ing one while basically continuing to much space for original interpreta¬ tion, and this is characteristic of Lan- perhaps the greatest military scholar wage it. Professor Ikle, particularly ex¬ of the century. He went from Cam¬ pert on the subject of international ger’s long-awaited volume on the 1848-52 period in European history bridge into the First World War, rose negotiations, illustrates in a brief but to the rank of captain before being excellent work the variety of reasons and Feis’s “From Trust to Terror.” Feis's most recent volume chroni¬ gassed in 1916, and retired from the why this should be so. Army in 1927 to devote his full time Ikle, as a historian, considers that cles the 1945-50 period in American diplomatic history. Its main themes to lecturing and writing. At various not only the academic world but also times editor, military correspondent, military and civilian planners and are clearly stated, the condition of Europe at the close of World War II, and unofficial defense adviser to the national leaders have consistently de¬ British Government, he was the author voted almost all their attention to the Russia’s swift and brutal consolidation of control of Eastern Europe, and the of more than thirty books and innu¬ initiation of hostilities or to how a merable papers and articles. By the war should be conducted. Very little division of Germany, about which Feis observes “High school juniors usual irony of history, his early writ¬ thought has gone into planning for a ings. which preached the doctrine of war’s end. Kaiser’s Germany, Japan with a history book, a map, and a set of toy soldiers could have devised a mobility, concentration of armor, and in World War II, or the United States war of maneuver, found their most re¬ in Korea, by his reckoning, could have better arrangement.” There are also sections on the first years of atomic ceptive audience among the younger come off with much better bargains if officers of the erstwhile and future such planning had been accomplished diplomacy, the China debacle, and an excellent resume history of the Mar¬ enemy—Guderian, Rommel, and von and executed. Many factors, however Manstein—who subsequently put them —from the “fog” of military esti¬ shall Plan in concept and execution. The book has a six page bibliogra¬ to effective use against the allies on a mates to the propensities of hawks to dozen fronts. In Great Britain, they use freely the word “traitor”—tend to phy and a seven page cast of charac¬ ters, but most of the bibliographical were ignored by economy-minded cab¬ prevent a nation from choosing the inets and a tradition-bound military most rational course. sources are readily available memoirs or state papers used in a judicious but despite their obvious suitability to an Very wisely, Ikle does not mention island nation with limited manpower. Vietnam, as he says that insufficient unoriginal manner, and though the cast of characters is large little is said It is the author’s deep intellectual historical perspective yet exists. His and personal commitment to the stra¬ theses are are all the stronger for this about them beyond what has generally been stated elsewhere. Still, as a res¬ tegic doctrine of which he was the self-imposed limitations, however, for prime exponent that make his judg¬ within his pages is the unseen presence ume history of that crucial five year period, the book is a clear, well-bal¬ ments on the Second World War so of a nation reliving some of the less interesting. Predictably, he somewhat fortunate historical examples. anced, and successful presentation. Feis writes with a fine feel for how overstresses the merits of German —AMBLER H. MOSS governmental institutions work and strategy and tactics in Poland, France, how interagency politicking more fre¬ and North Africa, since the principal A Crucial Five Years quently than not produced a confusing actors were disciples of the master. He FROM TRUST TO TERROR, The Onset of and contradictory picture to the Pres¬ tends to discount Eisenhower’s unique the Cold War, 1945-1950, bv Herbert ident and other decision-makers in the qualities as a coalition commander and Feis. W. W. Norton & Co., $10.00. immediate postwar years. Junior of¬ to dwell unduly on the latter’s failures ficers laboring in the vineyard can to execute the decisive stroke at the I N many ways, the manner in which take heart from his section on State’s right time — most particularly, on Herbert Feis writes narrative history early role in assembling the imagina¬ Eisenhower’s acquiescence in the di¬ about mid-twentieth century diploma¬ tive economic program that later was version of gasoline and supplies from cy resembles the approach of William called the Marshall Plan. Of the young¬ Patton’s Third Army to Montgomery’s Langer in writing European political er officers Feis said “Seldom has it Army Group in the north at the pre¬ and diplomatic history of the middle been remembered how much of the cise moment when Patton might have years of the nineteenth century. The spade work they did on what became won the European War by driving writings of both are characterized by known as the Marshall Plan. They not through the Saar to Frankfurt. The massive scope, minute attention to only instructed and incited their supe¬ author also rejects the strategic bomb¬ detail, a carefully followed chronolo¬ riors, they impelled them toward ac¬ ing contribution to victory (as being gy, and great skill and economy in tion.” needlessly wasteful of civilian lives writing, in placing the main events —FREDERICK QUINN without any commensurate effect on

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 German industrial production) and denounced some of his fellow artists, dle East. The book can be read as a gives only grudging credit to the ex¬ though being careful to report nothing comprehensive textbook on contem¬ traordinarily disruptive effect of allied the KGB didn’t already know). porary European history, but without tactical bombing on German capacity This last aspect is the controversial the rigidity of most texts. It is divided to move men and munitions to threat¬ one, for Kuznetsov has been attacked into four long sections: postwar politi¬ ened points. by some anti-anti-Communists and it cal affairs, economic and social Liddell Hart also displays the sol¬ has been pointed out, incidentally, trends, the cultural scene, and Euro¬ dier’s propensity for regarding naval that some material of this allegedly pean politics since 1955, ending with warfare as ancillary to military opera¬ unexpurgated version had actually ap¬ the aftermath of the Czechoslovakian tions on the ground. This view may be peared in print in Russia. It does seem invasion. alid for continental warfare, but it is that some parts had been “voluntari¬ At least in part, this is a thesis ertainly inappropriate in cases where ly” removed by the author himself; book. The conclusion states it: that a sea power, islands, and the vast dimen¬ others were cut only in the magazine Europe declared moribund or at least sions of ocean space are the prime ele¬ version; whereas still others clearly due for a steady decline has demon¬ ments of the military equation. Hence, must have been cut by the censor. strated instead a phenomenal resilien¬ the adequate but somewhat mechani¬ Whether cut by the censor, by the cy, has become Europe Reborn. This cal coverage of the American naval magazine Yunost when it serialized is clearly shown in Europe’s economic campaign in the Pacific, the over¬ the novel (the author calls it “a resuscitation with its resultant con¬ statement of MacArthur’s role, and documentary in the form of a nov¬ tributions to social welfare. It is the failure to bring home the fact that el”), or by Kuznetsov himself, it is shown in the new and vital view of a it was sea and air power that defeated easy to see that many of the passages “Europe” as a mature force in the Japan. that show how well the Germans were world. Yet Laqueur’s review cannot Not every reader will agree with originally received in Kiev could not be so assured in the political and Liddell Hart’s judgments, nor be at¬ be published in the Soviet Union. One cultural fields, with currents like the tracted by his rather bloodless treat¬ of the strongly implied points of “Babi Russification of Eastern Europe and ment of cataclysmic events and ap¬ Yar” is that if the Germans had been an avant-garde culture wrapped in palling slaughter in terms exclusively even just moderately oppressive, they decadence and nihilism. of command decisions and the move¬ could have won the cooperation of a Laqueur is alert to things a more ments of fleets and armies. But the population offended in its nationalism pedestrian history might miss or un¬ book’s massive authenticity, scrupulous and ground down by the repres¬ derestimate. There is a section on hous¬ accuracy, and critical insights give it siveness, the injustice, the dreariness ing and another on tourism, a too- an intellectual distinction not vouch¬ and the hypocrisy of life under Soviet little noted phenomenon of post-war safed to every work of military history. communism. Europe. Some recent trends are deftly —CHARLES MAECHLING, JR. There are also other passages whose spotted, like a review of the radical deletion is fascinating. On page 259, student movements of the late 1960s In the German-Occupied Ukraine for instance, Kuznetsov cites letters (which Laqueur sees as more roman¬ from Ukrainian workers warning their tic than ideological and barren and BABI YAR, by A. Anatoli (Kuznetsov). exhausted by 1968). Farrar, Straus and Giroux, $10. families and friends against going to Germany. A sentence explaining that One quibble: while the book is a the military factories in which the fine synthesis of materials it some¬ BABI YAR, the successful and contro¬ Ukrainians were put to work were times lacks the specific, the anecdotal, versial novel by A. A. Kuznetsov being “bombed by the Americans or the personal vision. This is particularly (who now calls himself A. Anatoli), is British” was deleted by the Soviet true in the cultural chapter, where not only about the Nazi massacre of censors. That sentence obviously did Laqueur chiefly catalogues creators Jews in Kiev but more generally about not accord with the policy of minimiz¬ and their works when key excerpts life in the Ukrainian capital just be¬ ing the Allied contribution to the vic¬ from writers of the period could have fore and during the German occupa¬ tory over Nazi Germany. added considerable flavor. While this tion. —M.F.H. might have lengthened an already long The book is important for a num¬ work, it also might have concretized ber of reasons: First, it is a literary That Resilient Old World intellectual presences left too vague. work of significance, creating a grip¬ THE REBIRTH OF EUROPE: A History of One indication of Laqueur’s attitude ping three-dimensional picture of the the Years Since the Fall of Hitler, by towards this section is revealed in its things it describes; second, it is a Walter Laquer, Holt, Rinehart and Win¬ bibliography; it lists survey literature documentary of great interest, not ston, $8.95. but no individual works of fiction, only for the information it contains on philosophy or science. Nazi atrocities but especially for what L AST YEAR marked a quarter century In his preface the author states that it says about Ukrainian attitudes. since Europe lay in ruins, an appropri¬ he has tried to combine “the common Thirdly, this latest edition of the book ate time to review the recent history features and patterns of the conti¬ shows in bold-face type what the cen¬ of that continent. Walter Laqueur, nent’s recent history” with a survey sors deleted when it was originally Director of London’s Institute of Con¬ of the separate countries. Given the published in the Soviet Union. temporary History, attempts that re¬ difficulty of that amalgam, he has, l Kuznetsov, who defected from the view in “The Rebirth of Europe”— think, basically succeeded. Soviet Union and now lives in Eng¬ according to its publisher, the first —MICHAEL P. CANNING land, says that his desire to see the one-volume treatment of the political, book published in its original form— economic, social and cultural devel¬ Salisbury Looks At America and in general to escape from the opments in Europe since 1945. Mr. THE MANY AMERICAS SHALL BE ONE, controls over artistic expression— Laqueur has excellent credentials for by Harrison E. Salisbury. Norton, $6.50. prompted his defection for which he such an effort, his work having varied prepared over a long period of time from an overview of German youth THE TIMES’S Harrison Salisbury has (during which, he admits, he cooper¬ movements through Russo-German now subjected our own society to the ated with the KGB and even relations to power politics in the Mid¬ same kind of scrutiny, penetrating but

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 37 benign, which he previously directed technique (most of us should). Read¬ There is good reason for the exist¬ at the Soviet Union and, more briefly, ing the book has an advantage over ence of serious interest in the Swedes at North Vietnam. He sees here the watching the nightly TV show in that and their country. The Swedish eco¬ same disturbing phenomena we all see, one can skip rapidly through such nomic accomplishment in climbing but he refuses to panic and tries in¬ trying interviews as those with Fulton from a semi-developed industrial state stead to understand. Perhaps his major J. Sheen, Adam Clayton Powell, as late as the end of World War I to contribution is in putting these phe¬ Raquel Welch (sorry, no illustrations) a position second only to the United nomena into a historical context. He and Benjamin Spock and spend more States in per capital GNP is one rea¬ traces their lineage: the hippies and time absorbing the insights elicited son. That this fantastic growth was their communes to Brook Farm; the from Carl Stokes, George McGovern, brought about by a highly competitive Black Panthers to earlier non-politi- Barry Goldwater and Samuel Leibo- free enterprise economic system cou¬ witz. pled with very extensive social wel¬ cized street gangs and beyond them to —JOHN W. STEPHENS primitive men banding together against fare reform, and presided over by a unknown terrors; the pot culture to Not Sex, Socialism or Suicide Social Democratic Government (al¬ the pocket flask of the Prohibition era THE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS, by though sometimes in coalition with and the three-martini lunch. Joseph B. Board, Jr., Houghton Mifflin others), makes for an interesting case The fulminating and posturing of Co. study. the rebellious young do not frighten This book does not attempt to an¬ him. Though he doesn’t condone their MUCH of the modern literature de¬ swer such questions as why the Swed¬ methods, he finds their impatience voted to Sweden falls into the cate¬ ish Government has taken it upon it¬ understandable. The “military-indus¬ gory of the sex, socialism and suicide self of all historically friendly coun¬ trial complex” does frighten him. His tracts of the right wing critics or the tries to be the most critical where the prescription for ensuring that the “new Jerusalem” hyperbole of the left United States is concerned. Nor does socio-cultural revolution he believes is wing admirers. As a consequence, it it go into the implications of the in progress does not escalate into is difficult for serious students of changing nature of Swedish post-in¬ greater violence begins: “Stop the war Sweden or Swedish social democracy dustrial society which may give some in Vietnam.” to find objective, informative, up-to- clues as to the development of other After that—well, like most pro¬ date material. Professor Board’s book, European societies, if not our own. grams for salvation it’s a little less which is part of a series under the What Board, who is the head of specific. The closing chapters don’t editorship of Dayton D. McKean of the Political Science Department at quite justify the ringing affirmation of the University of Colorado, is a re¬ Union College, has done is to provide the title. But it’s a stimulating book. freshing and worthwhile contribution. us with a clear, balanced and readable —TED OLSON Statuary Rape by Henry J. Paoii Better than the Tube THE AMERICANS, by David Frost. Stein and Day, $6.95.

T HE title is misleading, for it is not an analysis of American society, nor is it a journalistic report. It is a collec¬ tion of transcripts (complete with in¬ serts of “laughter” and “applause”) of recent David Frost television talk shows. Mr. Frost is blessed with an extraordinary interview technique which is based on his disarming charm, considerable research into the background of his guests, an excellent sense of timing, a high degree of candor and, more often than not, good taste. All of these qualities come through surprisingly well in the book. The interviewees vary in political ori¬ entation from LeRoi Jones and Ram¬ sey Clark to Gerald Ford and the cur¬ rent Vice President. By my count, there were interviews with 17 liberals, six conservatives and eight not politi¬ cal enough to classify. Subjects varied from women’s lib to serious theology. The book is to be recommended only to devoted David Frost fans wherever they may be (there are many on both sides of the pond across which he commutes weekly), Foreign Service colleagues in remote posts who miss television (if there are any) or Foreign Service colleagues who want to study the Frost interview “/ don't care — Clay, Frazier, Foster”

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 account of how Swedish politics and Revival of A Classic son, who has termed international law government operate, which is of value NATIONALISM AND REVOLUTION IN INDO¬ “a body of ethical distillation” not to to the specialist and to the novitiate NESIA, by George McTurnan Kahin. First be confused with law, Corbett consid¬ alike. published 1952. First printing Cornell ers there to be a steady trend militat¬ —WILLIAM BODDE, JR. Paperbacks, 1970. ing toward acceptance of some “body of world law transcending states, and Elegant Reporting applicable, on a footing of equality, to FOR the specialist on Indonesian af¬ MAO’S GREAT REVOLUTION, by Robert individuals, corporations, internation¬ S. Elegant. World, $12.50. fairs George McTurnan Kahin’s “Na¬ al organizations, and states.” tionalism and Revolution in Indonesia” His latest contribution to the field is worth re-reading. In the twenty ROBERT ELEGANT, LOS Angeles TIMES to which he has devoted a lifetime of correspondent in Hong Kong dur¬ years since its first printing the work study does not consist of a plan to ing the Cultural Revolution in China, has deservedly earned the label “refer¬ bring in the new order, but a general ence book.” Now, in a 1970 paperback has written a detailed account of the summary of the areas in which de¬ edition it can be re-studied and tested Revolution, beginning with the Lushan velopment of world law has taken Plenum of 1959 and ending with the against the passage of time and events place, giving sketchy assessments of in the archipelago. It stands the test Ninth National Party Congress of problems, progress, and trends. Such April 1969. well. topics include law and war, law of the With over two decades experience Here in well-documented, scholarly sea, human rights, disarmament, and in Asia and facility in the Chinese format, can be found the antecedents the development of international or¬ language, Elegant’s reporting is relia¬ of modern-day Indonesia: economic ganizations. ble and thorough. His story of the exploitation under the Dutch colonial This book is not intended for the Cultural Revolution focuses on the system, the genesis of the nationalist scholar with a deep knowledge of leading actors in this violent drama movement, the Japanese occupation international law, but, rather, for the and provides much interesting bio¬ and rise of Sukarno, the weak and concerned layman or foreign affairs graphic data. His style tends toward the vacillating US diplomatic role during practitioner who needs an updated popular and dramatic, suggesting that the struggle for independence, the survey of the field. As such, it is an his book is designed for the general growth, strength and aborted PKI excellent, readable compendium al¬ reader rather than the academic spe¬ coup of ’48, and the antecedents of though necessarily lacking in depth cialist. each of the major political parties. and detail. His interpretations of the Cultural Author Kahin is his own strongest —AMBLER H. MOSS, JR. Revolution are informed and imagina¬ critic. He reminds us that: “The pas¬ tive but not indisputable. He feels the sage of twenty years and the avail¬ Pakistan’s Problems Revolution revealed “failure to create ability of much new material have admonished me of the shortcomings THE POLITICS OF PAKISTAN: A Con¬ a modern, unitary nation effectively stitutional Quest, by Richard S. Wheeler. ruled from a single capital” and led to of this study. . . .” Significant areas for research and analysis are still Cornell University Press. recrudescence of local interests, loyal¬ ties and power. neglected, in Author Kahin’s view. Among these: the independence strug¬ "China reverted to the localism and THIS book accomplishes the difficult gle in Sumatra and other areas out¬ defiance of central power ... All feat of making Pakistan’s political side Java, the political and military authority deteriorated . . . Rather problems seem dull. The author has role of the National Army during the than creating a modern, unitary state, carried scholarly dispassion too far. independence struggle, the roles played the Communists had rent the loosely By sticking mainly to hard facts, he by Islam and communism in the revo¬ has omitted the intangibles which woven fabric of the nation.” lution and the need for fuller bio¬ Disintegration, he avers, was pre¬ make the facts coherent as well as graphic studies of the major revolu¬ vented by the Chinese people’s colorful. tionary leaders epitomized in the recoiling from total fragmentation He has omitted, for example, any dearth of biographic information on and by the authority of the People’s in-depth consideration of the person¬ Tan Malaka, Amir Sjmarafuddin and alities of Pakistan’s political leaders. Liberation Army. General Sudirman. Author Kahin But Pakistan owes its very existence Holding that Maoism (like Confuci¬ sees “an enormous amount of signifi¬ largely to the personal attributes of its anism) is now discredited among the cant research and writing yet to be founder, M. A. Jinnah. Its develop¬ Chinese, he declares that the final carried out to understand Indonesia’s ment from 1958 to 1969 was shaped creation of a viable nation will depend nationalist movement and revolution.” by the gestalt of President Ayub. Its on a new unifying State ideology—yet The effects of both the Dutch colonial future may depend on three key per¬ to be formulated and accepted. rule and the Japanese occupation are sonalities: the temperament of S. A. In foreign affairs, China’s course is cases in point. Bhutto, who scored a triumph in West obscure. If "messianic Maoism” were Pakistan in the elections held last De¬ to prevail, world peace would be in —JAMES D. MCHALE cember; the charisma of Sheikh jeopardy; on the other hand, if China An Optimist at the Bar Mujibur Rahman, who won even were to gain recognition of her legiti¬ more massive electoral support in mate national interests and participa¬ THE GROWTH OF WORLD LAW, by Percy East Pakistan; and the mettle of Pres¬ tion in international organizations, she E. Corbett. Princeton University Press, ident Yahya as he decides whether $7.50. might prove a beneficent force in and how to terminate his martial-law world politics. Much depends on what regime and turn power over to Bhutto other nations do, especially the United A GIANT in the field of internation¬ and/or Rahman. States. Elegant concludes: “The peace al law, Professor Corbett still finds The author also has omitted consid¬ and stability of the world teeters on himself, despite the frustrations which eration of Pakistan’s foreign relations the knife edge of Chinese psychol¬ must be inherent to his area of exper¬ because, as he explains, “the focus in ogy.” tise, among the ranks of the un¬ this book is entirely on domestic con¬ —ROBERT W. RINDEN daunted optimists. Unlike Dean Ache- stitutional issues.” He has thus failed

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 39 to note the influences of foreign rela¬ An Unbalanced Account the Peace Corps struggled to keep tions on these domestic issues. free from the bureaucratic tentacles BRITAIN AND FRANCE: Adaptations to a Also excluded from his focus, or Changing Context of Power, by Rene of AID, CIA, and State, the book relegated to the blurred periphery, are Albrecht-Carrie. Doubleday, $10.00. comes honestly to grips with some of several crucial hard facts. In his ac¬ the organization’s toughest problems. count of economic factors, for in¬ Not least of these, of course, is the stance, he has not mentioned the im¬ THE author has attempted to write a Vietnam war. In terms both of volun¬ portant political ramifications of jute review of bilateral relations between teer attitudes and of host-country re¬ exports, which are Pakistan’s major France and Britain since 1815. He ceptivity, the effects of our country’s source of foreign-exchange earnings: should have realized when he planned biggest foreign policy calamity have the jute is grown entirely in East the book that such a task would be been about what one would expect Pakistan, but the export earnings from impossible in view of the attention them to be. A major issue, both at it have been apportioned mainly to which must be given to multilateral home and in the field, has been the West Pakistan. This fact alone goes relations with Germany, Italy, the degree to which volunteers have been far to explain the troubled relations United States and Russia. The result sanctioned for speaking their minds. between the two far-apart regions. is an unbalanced account of European Ashabranner points out that while the Within its narrow focus, the book diplomacy in the last 150 years. The temptations, and sometimes attempts, provides a mass of useful information, book is heavy going and requires to repress have been there, particular¬ though rather diffusely. about a graduate school level knowl¬ ly in the present era, the actual in¬ edge of European history. I found it —EDWARD M. COHEN stances of a volunteer being expelled necessary to refer to some primary or disciplined are few. sources just to keep the thread of Mr. Freda Utley Writes The author also reports unhappily Albrecht-Carrie’s thought. that the general disenchantment of ODYSSEY OF A LIBERAL: MEMOIRS, by Lord Avon’s resignation as Foreign youth arising from the war has kept Freda Utley. Washington National Press, Inc., $10.00. Minister over Italian policy is serious¬ out many young people who, in a ly neglected and there are other weak¬ different time, would have been clam¬ nesses, including sweeping generaliza¬ oring to get in. Nevertheless, the F REDA UTLEY’S far ranging odyssey tions, careless statements and erratic fact that the Peace Corps, through all began in England in 1898, and it has style and organization. The only bright these ills, is alive and relatively well, taken her from there to several peri¬ spot in the book was his treatment of leaves us with an optimistic feeling ods of travel and work in the Far East, de Gaulle’s diplomatic style during about its future. to residence in the Soviet Union and World War II through the Fifth Re¬ —AMBLER H. Moss, JR. more recently to Washington, where public. If the book has any other Miss Utley lives today. It is her in¬ original contribution to make, I was East-West Trade tellectual and political odyssey how¬ unable to find it. COEXISTENCE AND COMMERCE, by Samuel ever which is of interest, and this has —JOHN W. STEPHENS Pisar. McGraw-Hill, $17.50. been no less far flung. Freda Utley be¬ came an ardent communist shortly The Peace Corps—Alive and Well ONE measure of the interest generated after finishing her university years in A MOMENT IN HISTORY, by Brent Aslta- by Samuel Pisar’s book “Coexistence the UK. She emerged several years branner. Doubleday, $7.95. and Commerce” is the fact that TIME later as a militant anti-communist, and magazine in its November 16, 1970 members of the Department of State A N insider’s view of the Peace issue devoted over two pages to the who remember her name will connect Corps, from its birth up to and includ¬ book and Pisar’s ideas on East-West it to her testimony during the Mc¬ ing part of the Nixon era, can not fail trade. , Carthy years concerning several of to fascinate provided the author tells As the subheading says, the book our Far East hands. The important it straight. Brent Ashabranner does in provides “guidelines for transactions element of this transition was Miss nearly every instance, only occasional¬ between East and West.” One com¬ Utley’s marriage to a Russian intel¬ ly giving in to the temptation to apol¬ plaint has been that it is designed to lectual, a patriot who had faith in the ogize or to gild. sell the services of the author in East- new Soviet society and served it well Despite its travails, shortcomings, West trade. If that accusation is justi¬ right up to the moment of his im¬ and frustrated expectations, the Peace fied, I would be inclined to rush out prisonment during the purges of the Corps, in Ashabranner’s eyes, clearly and engage the services offered. He mid 1930s. Her disillusionment with deserves Chester Bowles’s appellation: seems to know his stuff. The book con¬ communism did nothing however to “one of the two or three really tains a good rundown on the histori¬ diminish the ardor with which she creative, positive things we have done cal and current situation in respect to seems to have held to most of her in¬ in foreign affairs in the last gener¬ East-West trade as well as to trade tellectual positions, and one is not ation.” The book is, in this sense, a within the Communist bloc. It con¬ surprised by the vehemence of her labor of love. It exudes the sense of tains a number of warnings concern¬ new anti-communist orientation. brash idealism which neither time nor ing things to watch out for in setting Miss Utley is worth reading, for reorientations of image have material¬ up arrangements between the commu¬ her mind is good and the causes she ly diminished in its volunteers and nist and capitalist systems. There is a followed were the important ones of staff. It reassures one that, at least on good comparison of some of the legal her times. The memoirs show no signs the personal level, a sprinkling of B.A. differences in the two systems and of having been edited, however, and generalists engaged in “community de¬ what happens when they come into one hopes that her promised second velopment” by the shores of Lake contact with one another. volume will improve on this score and Titicaca can indeed make a differ¬ The book is recommended as a ref¬ will also present more cogently just ence—even if that difference never erence for anyone interested in East- what were Miss Utley’s positively held appears in aggregate economic statis¬ West trade, either theoretically or political opinions. tics. practically. —WILLIAM H. HALLMAN Beginning with heroic tales of how —A. W. STOFFEL

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 A Good Case, Slightly Overstated sumptions of the “post hoc, ergo prop¬ will be well spent. The book's ready THE CASE FOR ISRAEL, by Frank Gervasi. ter hoc” variety. We may concede a reference (broken down geographic¬ Viking Press, $5.50. genuine desire for a permanent peace ally as well as alphabetically) will pay on the part of the Israelis. But, in for itself in many people’s time. This T HE title of this book fully and addition to humanitarian motives, the reviewer hopes the authors’ efforts frankly reflects its content. It is anticipation that their cultural, scien¬ will be hospitably received because, al¬ called “The Case for Israel,” and its tific and organizational superiority though the information is timely, it is principal thrust, from beginnning to will end in their “winning the peace” not timeless: unless it can afford to be end, consists of arguments supporting could perhaps play a role. On the updated annually, it will pass into the the rightness of Israel’s position from other side, Arab attitudes may be oblivion which is the destiny of other the historical, political, economic and colored not simply by lust for their good ideas which could not make their moral points of view, vis-a-vis her neighbors’ blood, but rather more so own way financially. neighbors or any other parties who by a not illogical apprehension that Members of the foreign service might disagree with this position. Ipso just such superiority could eventually community with school-age children facto, then, it is not an impartial reduce themselves to the status of a ought, at best, to have a copy of their work—it does express bias. At the second-class element in the Near own when they are overseas and are same time, to paraphrase the Chur- Eastern mosaic. considering Washington area private chillian comment on Mr. Attlee, its Nevertheless, despite the above, the schools on returning for assignment author has a great deal to be partial strengths of Mr. Gervasi’s argumenta¬ here; as a minimum there should be a about. Since he flies no false colors, he tion far outweigh its weakness; copy on file with every administrative can not be blamed for making the there seems little reason to question officer and overseas school. The book most of his opportunities. his facts, when presented as fact; and will save wear and tear on the psyche The book is short—about 200 pages they add up to a powerful case, even —and, who knows, maybe even on the of text. A brief introduction, entitled with allowance for bias. The book is soul. “Israel Revisited,” gives the writer’s well worth reading, since the informa¬ —CLARKE SLADF. impression of conditions after the six tion it contains is highly relevant to an day war, focusing on Jerusalem, understanding of a complicated situa¬ The Grip of Poverty Gaza, the West Bank and the Golan tion in an extremely strategic area. THE CASE AGAINST HUNGER—A Demand Heights. Not unnaturally, the victor’s —N. SPENCER BARNES activities are presented in a very fa¬ for a National Policy, by Senator Ernest F. Hollings. Cowles, $6.95. vorable light. Eleven chapters follow, Aid to Education primarily historical. The first of these, WASHINGTON AREA PRIVATE SCHOOLS, by “Embattled Zion,” paints a picture of Lois H. Cooper and Shirley W. Mer- SENATOR HOLLINGS considers hunger a small enclave surrounded by hostile sereau. Independent School Guides, 7315 in America and the inadequacies of forces. The remainder trace the his¬ Brookville Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland present welfare programs crucial tory of Israel and its people from 20015. $3.75 paper. enough to warrant wide-scale atten¬ Biblical times through the Great Dis¬ tion. His research and rural Southern persion, the birth of modern Zionism THE authors have painstakingly put background leads him to organize the and down to the present day. The together a large body of facts, many crusade. The author eloquently por¬ treatment is broad brush, touching on of them statistics which will shortly trays the debilitating effects of hunger major political and military develop¬ be out-dated, if they haven’t already on both the physical and mental de¬ ments. It is well written throughout, in become so during publication. The velopment of its victims, and the highly readable style. book was nine months in the prepara¬ hopelessness of the hungry to break The approach taken, of course, ine¬ tion; its conception surely must have loose from the grip of poverty. The vitably involves selectivity. In addi¬ resulted from love; and it is a wel¬ Senator wants Americans to know tion, the author at times allows his comed and full-term accomplishment. that hunger afflicts not just foreigners, emotions to carry him a bit farther The book does not promote private but over 15 million of their fellow than necessary. He is extremely criti¬ education, it simply contributes data citizens. cal of the British, for example. But so that parents can have access to in¬ The author emphasizes the respon¬ while there may be grounds for criti¬ dependent school information' and sibilities of the Federal Government cism, one may question whether the exercise a choice among public, pri¬ toward insuring workable welfare pro¬ deliberate policy of the Chamberlain vate, or parochial schools. grams for the hungry. However, he Government was really to “reduce the Whether or not from the format a tnust know that welfare programs re¬ Jewish homeland to a Jewish ghetto in school can come alive to the parent main largely with local authorities. So an Arab Palestine.” Again, with all who is reading the book may be de¬ he is unrealistic in advocating that the due disrespect to much that Arab batable, because of the abundant de¬ Federal Government bypass local au¬ leaders have said and done, the state¬ tail; but surely for the professional thorities in states with poor welfare ment that “the Arabs constitute as worker in the local humane fields it administration. great a threat to world peace and can have much usefulness. If the very The author, in suggesting priorities stability and to international morality independent school heads whose re¬ for a national policy to eliminate hun¬ as did the Germans and Italians under sponses to questionnaires have helped ger, places first priority on simply the Nazis and the Fascists,” could to fill its pages will also buy a copy for providing increased funds, while effec¬ easily raise an eyebrow. And as to the their own desks; if public school budg¬ tive programs for nutrition training East-West equation, one may have ets will allow principals and counselors and publicity for available programs doubts as to whether an Arab victory to look into the book beyond their own are seventh on the priority list. Train¬ in 1967 would actually have produced fiefs into neighboring independent edu¬ ing and information priorities should “a constellation of Soviet satellites,” cation; and if libraries, social agencies, be closer to the top and might even be following “an essentially Russian, not the military dependents’ schools and first, once existing and expanded wel¬ an Arab triumph.” local personnel officers in both the pri¬ fare programs actually reach those in This tendency to exaggerate his vate sector and the public sector will need. case is also reflected in certain as¬ avail themselves of copies, their money —HUBERT A. HOFFMAN

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 41 In which an FSO of long ago quotes favorite poets, debunks a legend and offers anecdotes Some American POETS

l OFTEN met Walt Whitman when he was a clerk in the (From the Scrapbook of Consul General Dominic 1. Mur¬ Treasury Department, in the seventies, writes Consul Gener¬ phy compiled by Maurice P. Dunlop) al Dominic I. Murphy in an article on “Some American Poets” found among his papers after his death. With his massive figure, his wealth of grizzled hair, his flowing grey Oh Captain! My Captain! rise up and hear the bells; beard, his ruddy complexion and his broad-brimmed slouch Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills; hat Whitman was a noted figure as he sauntered down For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths—for you the shores Pennsylvania Avenue after the close of office hours. A are crowding. contemporary of Longfellow and Whittier and Poe, he is For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces said to have been more original than any of them, but turning. frequently gave offense by indelicate allusions and his choice Here Captain! Dear father! of subjects. His “Leaves of Grass” brought him considerable This arm beneath your head! fame, but it sadly lacked the touch of refinement. After the It is some dream that on the deck assassination of President Lincoln he wrote “Oh Captain! You’ve fallen cold and dead. My Captain!” which, at least in the North, restored his My Captain does not answer, his lips are cold and still, somewhat shattered reputation. Here are the famous lines: My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;

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42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and So I went up the street to the Squire’s office; his name, if done. I remember aright, was Key. When I repeated what the From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won. grocer had told me, he remarked: Exult O shores! and ring O bells! “Well, sir, the grocer told you the truth. I was standing But I, with mournful tread, with him, close by where Stonewall Jackson sat watching his Walk the deck my Captain lies, men passing over the bridge.” Fallen cold and dead. Then he told in detail the same story that the grocer had given me. As I was then engaged in newspaper work I Speaking of Whittier’s poem, “Barbara Frietchie,” Consul published the story I had heard in Frederick, but the legend General Murphy tells the following: written by the good Quaker poet had passed current so long Some years ago I spent a few days at Frederick, in and was so strongly entrenched in public favor, at least in Maryland, and remembering Whittier’s verses I made my the North, that what I wrote brought me but ridicule and way to the Frietchie home. When it was pointed out I abuse. All of which taught me that it is not wise to attempt crossed to the opposite side of the street to have a good look to destroy a popular delusion. at the plain, unpretentious brick, built at the very edge of a little stream spanned by a bridge over which Jackson’s army Whittier, honest and sincere as he was, doubtless accepted passed. I stood in front of a modest grocery store, the as gospel truth the story a “veracious” correspondent had aproned proprietor standing in his doorway. After a few sent from Frederick and embalmed it in beautiful verse. minutes he approached and bade me a pleasant “Good day, It is a long cry from Whittier to Bret Harte, the poet of sir. You must be interested in that poem that Whittier wrote the mining camp, continues Mr. Murphy, but he wrote some about old Mrs. Frietchie in Civil War days.” excellent verses, including a revised version of Whittier’s “Yes,” I answered. “Very much interested.” “Maud Muller,” which he entitled “Mrs. Judge Jenkins.” He “Well, sir,” he continued. “I was living right here when makes the Judge linger long enough after drinking his cup of Jackson’s army crossed over that bridge, and I was standing water, to ask Maud to be his bride, and to gain her consent. just where you are standing now—and nothing happened.” After the marriage the Judge repented his haste, for He continued, “The poor old woman was paralyzed and helpless and could not have gotten to that window if she Had he waited he might have wed wanted to, and there was no flag flying at that window which Some maiden fair and thoroughbred. was not even open.” He concluded by saying: “If you doubt For there be maidens as fair as she, my words, sir, just go up the street and ask the Squire. He Whose verbs and nouns do more agree. was right here with me at the time.” And Maud soon thought the Judge a bore,

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Consul General Murphy has an amusing bit of verse by When Mr. Lamon awoke he found the lines but the poet Eugene Field and among his papers we find this little was en route to Chicago. Somewhere among my papers, says account of how it was written: Mr. Murphy, I have preserved that scrap of paper which Some years ago, on a very hot day in Washington, Field was given to me by the last surviving member of the Lamon called at the house of a dear old friend, Mr. Ward Lamon, family. to chat for half an hour with a man who had been an Of all the American poets, Mr. Murphy valued none more inspiration to him. After ringing the bell several times and highly than Longfellow and some of his colleagues have had no one responding, Field noticed that the door was ajar. the great privilege of hearing the Consul General read, in his Knowing the Lamon family so well, he walked into the hall serene, pleasant voice, selected gems from this master. Mr. and back to the darkened sitting room, where he discovered Murphy felt that there was a certain white magic in Mr. Lamon sound asleep on a rug with his head pillowed on Longfellow’s blending of rhythm with worth and beauty, and a cushion. Not caring to disturb the sleeper, Field sat down remarked that the very reading of this poet made one better to await his awakening, but Lamon slept on. Finding it near appreciate that train time Field tore a leaf from a pocket memorandum, which he placed on Mr. Lamon’s bosom after writing these Such songs have power to quiet lines: The restless pulse of care And come like a benediction As you, dear Lamon, soundly slept That follows after prayer. And dreamed sweet dreams upon the floor, Into your hiding place I crept, (Reprinted from the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOUR¬ And heard the music of your snore. NAL October, 1931)

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44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 EMBASSIES AND AMBASSADORS continued from page 23 ranking representatives of each of the agencies involved, Calvert the heads of which I had finally been able to convince The school that comes to your child Complete home-study course for elementary-level students. An American that this was a serious effort to modernize our overseas education anywhere in the world; an enrichment program. Home is the classroom, you are the teacher with Calvert's approved instruction guide. operations, that it had the full backing of the President Start any time, transfer to other schools. 125,000 kindergarten-through- and that I was determined to see it through. We invited 8th graders have used the Calvert system since 1904. Non-profit. Phone: 301-243-6030 or write for catolog. not only the ambassadors, but also their wives, adminis¬ trative officers and principal foreign aid, information and ar military advisers. The attendance of the ambassadors’ wives was an Calvert School important innovation. As every Foreign Service officer Box F6-1, Tuscany Rd., Baltimore Md. 21210 knows, a wife sensitive to local problems, aware of our Parent’s name government’s interests and objectives and eager and able Address to help can be a tower of strength in any overseas City state Zip mission, large or small. For better or for worse, it is the Child’s Age Grade ambassador’s wife who sits beside the highest officials of foreign governments at dinners and formal functions. Thus, to broaden their knowledge and understanding of our objectives and operations, the wives attended all but the most highly classified discussions. Each meeting, at which I acted as chairman, began with a comprehensive discussion of the policies of the new Administration, with special reference to the way these policies affected the particular region. I then fully de¬ scribed the new mandate which the ambassadors had been given and outlined the resources and programs which were available to them in meeting their responsibil¬ ities. Finally, the ambassadors tried to give the Washing¬ ton representatives of the various US organizations who were accompanying me a clear picture of the practical problems they confronted. The six regional meetings held covered all US missions in Latin America, Africa, the Near East and South Asia and the Far East. Although our missions in Europe were perhaps in the greatest need of this administrative thera¬ py, the European Bureau managed by various devices to postpone the meeting from one date to another, so that it was never held. Nearly two years later, in the winter of 1963, with the President’s encouragement I made an extensive survey of the operation of each embassy. Each agency under the ambassador’s authority was asked to provide me on a confidential basis with its analysis of the effectiveness of the ambassador in working with its representatives in the mission. Although there were a number of inadequate per¬ formances, most of our envoys had been reasonably successful in integrating the operations of the various agencies and eliminating confusion and interagency con¬ flict. Their success was usually in direct proportion to the amount of time, energy and resourcefulness they had devoted to the task. As might be expected, the younger ambassadors, by and large, functioned most effectively under the new system. Several of the senior ambassadors, particularly in Europe, continued to be reluctant to assume personal responsibility for “controversial” pro¬ grams such as the USIS, Peace Corps and AID. The fact that in the last fifteen years the influence of the United States has continued to diminish in most parts of the world is, by and large, the fault not of our am¬ bassadors but of events beyond their control. Even the most able and experienced chief of mission is rarely able significantly to influence the views of those in Washing¬ ton who make the policies under whch he operates. ■

fouicur SBSTICI JOUBNAL, June, 1971 45 LIFE AS A RUSSIAN WORKER me I was hurting the Revolution, you will never accept the price man¬ continued from page 19 and that I had better “stop peddling kind has to pay for truly socialist such lies, or else ...” I told him that societies. I suggest that you look Furthermore most of the workers I had already given my story to around Russia a little more, and lived in cold and leaky barracks friends among the foreign corre¬ then go back to your comfortable while the directors enjoyed warm, spondents and that if anything hap¬ middle-class society. Always remem¬ three room apartments with serv¬ pened to me, they would be free to ber that you have seen the future; ants, radios, automobiles, and an publish it. Many months later I but don't forget that you cannot be overabundance of willing girl learned that an investigating com¬ part of it.” friends. The food for the directorate mittee visited the Sovkhoz, fired Through Famine Country ranged from adequate to good while some of the directorate and replaced the Russian peasants and the mem¬ them with “new and more aggressive Our stay on the Sovkhoz had bers of the non-Russian group on revolutionaries.” The worst of the raised more questions than it settled. the farm lived on cabbage soup, grafters went to Siberia, but our Were living conditions, particularly kasha, tea, and half-baked black smooth talking Assistant Director food and shelter, so bad every¬ bread. In addition, the directors convinced the committee that he was where? Was the great difference be¬ were paid regularly and spent much doing his best under the circum¬ tween the standard of living of time “conducting farm business” in stances and was even given a pro¬ workers and directors common to all Moscow while the workers were six motion. Russian farms? Was such inefficien¬ to eight weeks behind in their pay. Soon after this I had a last talk cy normal? What was happening to Theft of food was widespread and with Borodin. Speaking like a stern the Communes and individual hold¬ many shipments of spare parts for Communist father he said, “Making ings? Had the famine really ended? farm machinery were disappearing, a complete revolution, doing away To get an answer to these and other reportedly sold by insiders to bigger with an old social order, and setting questions I joined with William and richer farms. up a new pattern of society cannot Stoneman, the able Moscow corre¬ Borodin promised to look into be done without violence. We Com¬ spondent of the CHICAGO DAILY these matters and summoned the munists understand this and the NEWS, who had traveled through Assistant Director to Moscow. At Russians and Chinese who see the some of the richest farming country midnight on the night of his arrival, broad picture are ready to go along. in the Soviet Union in 1932, and he called me on the telephone, told You are an American bourgeois and wanted to see for himself what prog-

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46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 ress, if any, had been made there the better workers left to join collec¬ land, a small house, a cow and a since. So I left Marion in the care of tives. Since Stoneman's last visit, horse. Then “those Party fellows our “Moscow family” and set out membership in the commune had pushed me into joining a collective with Stoneman and his energetic in¬ dropped twenty per cent while the where 1 had to pool my resources terpreter. livestock had been reduced by half. and labor with a lot of lazy fools.” We went to Kiev by train where, It was clear that this and the other When he realized how many farm¬ after considerable bureaucratic de¬ communes we saw on the trip were ers were loafing he stopped working lay, we got clearance to travel in dying. One of the few truly Commu¬ hard and was thrown off the farm, little-visited farm areas, collected an nist institutions in the Marxist sense although the collective kept all but old Ford touring car and a stern would soon be a thing of the past. two of his acres. At this his wife and looking “guide” who undoubtedly A sharp contrast to the communal children left him, but he swore he came from the OGPU, the secret farms we visited that week was a would continue to run his own farm police. About three hours out of State farm devoted to the raising of as long as he lived, rather than Kiev we arrived at a commune pigs for the Kiev Boot Trust. With starve on a collective. Already he which Stoneman had visited 18 the Red Army and the Party wear¬ was branded as a kulak, a rich months before. Organized in 1920 ing high black boots, there was a peasant. From this man and others when complete pooling of all re¬ steady demand for pigskins, and ev¬ we talked to we felt the days of sources and labor was favored by erything about the place looked individual farming were numbered Moscow, it had at first been prosper¬ prosperous. As the Director said, also. ous. Then the Party line swung to¬ even the food was “up to Moscow During the next week we visited a wards collective and state farms and standards.” number of collective and state farms the communes began to suffer. As a During the next several days we that were just coming back to life result the commune presented a mel¬ drove further into the Ukrainian after a year of terrible famine. As ancholy picture of poor maintenance, countryside, talking when possible to many farmers said to us when we broken machinery, and uncompleted men who were struggling to carry on were alone in the fields—they did construction. For a while no one individual farming. A bearded peas¬ not trust the buildings—“We were would talk to us, but eventually ant in a worn gray blouse, frayed better off before the Revolution, be¬ we learned that although the har¬ trousers, and tattered black boots fore collectivization and even before vest had been good, the state took was typical of them all. He told us the high taxes of this miserable Five more in taxes each year while that in 1929 he owned nine acres of Year Plan. We have increased pro-

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 47 duction over the last few years, but The result was a wheat crop of 21 until several divisions of the Red the government has raised its grain bushels an acre, over twice the 1932 Army were brought in and more requisitions even faster. That’s why figure. In addition, the new recruits than sixteen trainloads of peasants so many of us are sick or died from had sown 20,000 acres of winter were shipped to Siberia. starvation during the past 18 wheat, none of which had been When Stoneman had been there months.” planted the year before. Last and last the fields were overgrown with Next we went by boat to the most important, governmental requi¬ weeds, and most farm buildings North Caucasus and thence by train sitions were held at a constant rate, were either destroyed or empty. and car into the Kuban Valley, one so the farmers were eating well and Since then the Party had sent in an of the richest farm areas in Russia. had a surplus to sell for consumer efficient political section plus hun¬ There we visited many farms, in¬ goods in the farm store. This was dreds of former Red Army men as cluding the Lenin Collective which clearly a special case, but it showed farmers and trainloads of building had been starving, rundown, and what could be accomplished by effi¬ materials, farm machinery, seeds discontented at the time of Stone- cient management, energetic farm¬ and food. Seven new collectives had man’s previous visit. ers, adequate supplies, and proper been organized, old barns and Now it was the show place of the incentives. houses were repaired or replaced, district, with four new barns, 200 Our next long stop was at Pol¬ and over 50,000 acres of grain healthy cows and a total of over tavskaya, formerly one of the planted. A start had been made on 30,000 acres of flourishing wheat- wealthier towns of the Kuban Cos¬ restoring the livestock which had land. The change had come about sacks. The richer an area had been, been wiped out in the revolt. because the Party had shipped most the more its farmers objected to Nowhere did we see such sharp of the Cossack management and collectivization. In this district when differences in living standards be¬ their discontented colleagues off to the expropriations, arrests, and ex- tween directors and workers as we exile in Siberia and replaced them ilings became too much for them, a had found on “our Sovkhoz.” But with party functionaries from Ros¬ band of hard-riding Cossacks put on there was no doubt that Party mem- tov. In addition 300 veterans of the their wives’ clothes “as an insult to bes were in a class by themselves Red Army had been settled there, their enemies” and killed every Par¬ and the secret police were the real backed by five trainloads of farm ty member they could find, including elite. Stalin had won the battle for equipment, building materials, seeds, many of the dreaded secret police. collectivization. But had he won the and food. The war-like Cossacks were winning farm war?

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48 FOBEIQN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 EMBASSY MARINES continued from page 35 SOUTH SPAIN Buy your own Marines prevented extensive damage during an attack on VILLA the American Embassy in Cairo in 1961; they did so in a in year round sunshine for hail of stones from the mob and one Marine was badly $10,000 gashed over the eye. at sea, with mountain view, near MARBELLA, COSTA DEL SOL resort, ail amenities, best climate Europe. Architect At the same time, Marines on the security guard supervised, quality built, spacious four roomed. Select program have compiled an amazing record in fostering Estate, unspoilt, beautiful landscaped gardens. House¬ better relations with people all over the world. It is a trite keeper and full maintenance service available. Superb for holidays or investment. Easy access Malaga direct but true comment that each Marine abroad is personally flight N.Y. an ambassador of the United States. By his behavior, MERALMAR F.A. foreigners judge Americans. He is viewed especially as an 63 Hampstead Way, London, N.W.11, England example of American youth and of the American military Tel: 01 455 3733 forces. The Marine guard detachments have done a wonderful job by simply reflecting the warmth, generosity and initiative of the American people. In their free time they have carried on an untold number of projects to help Association of American Foreign Service Women the people among whom they live. A sample of recent projects demonstrates vividly the P.O. Box 4931, Washington, D. C. 20008 concern and initiative of the Marines. The detachment at the embassy in New Delhi, India, sponsored a charity For information & membership form ball for a hospital and earlier they manned a fruit stand Call 632-3573 or stop to raise money for a sterilizer. They also participated in a fund raising drive for retired Indian soldiers; the Marines at the Office, Room 1248 built a bowling game that was the attraction of the benefit (next door to FS Lounge) event. The detachment in Vientiane, Laos constructed swings and seesaws for the children of the Catholic Lunches, tours, languages, education, orphange. This list of projects—covering only a few months, scholarship fund-raising, housing information chosen at random and far from complete—speaks for itself. Understandably, we in the Foreign Service, and many other Americans abroad, have a warm spot in our hearts for the embassy Marines. Marine House, the quarters for the detachment, is invariably a well-known locale. Every¬ one at the embassy, from the ambassador on down, visits there and enjoys himself thoroughly. Marine House is justly famous for friendship and good fun. The annual Marine Ball is a moving highpoint of the year; many of us are honored and pleased to take turns standing watches so that all the Marines can participate fully. The Marines join with us in the embassy and local American community life. Another random check shows them participating in softball leagues in Geneva, Kabul, New Delhi, Tel Aviv, Calcutta, Dhahran and Helsinki. They played volleyball in Nicosia and Bombay and basketball in Ankara, organized a bowling league in Tel Aviv, and even sponsored a team in a dart league in New Delhi. Marines participate actively in American community endeavors. Around the world they play an honored and helpful role in celebrations of the Fourth of July. At Wellington, New Zealand, members of the detachment took part in the annual ceremony at the memorial honoring Adm. Richard Byrd, explorer of the Antarctic. In Tripoli, Libya, the detachment participated in the Memorial Day ceremony at the graves of five American seamen killed in the explosion of the USS Intrepid during the Barbary Wars. An American Ambassador often speaks affectionately of “My Marines.” Even more so do we in the Foreign Service cherish “Our Marines.” ■

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 49 from among the United States Gov¬ "The New Left” as an invigorating up¬ ernment resources in Washington dating on contemporary currents and alone could provide a wealth of con¬ counter-currents in American Life. sulting assistance. RICHARD S. DAWSON, JR. One can conceive of a planning Consul committee which would determine San Pedro Sulla where in the building the experiment We’re Pleased could start and with what criteria the selections would be made. One can ALL six articles in your January, conceive of another committee to im¬ 1971, number will be required reading plement the program and up-grade in my course entitled “The Role of the items over a period of time. But the Military in the Political Process” then there are many proper ways to to be offered next Fall. Although the A Tribute to Ambassador Blancke do this. university library receives your fine There are a number of sources on To honor the accomplishments and journal, I do not. Do you think you which we can draw such as cultural could send me a copy of the January, memory of the Honorable W. Wen¬ attaches at foreign embassies in Wash¬ dell Blancke, whose death on March 1971, number or reprints of the arti¬ ington, or our attaches in US embas¬ cles? (Yes, Ed.) 14th has saddened the editors at Prae- sies overseas. We might pick upr cer¬ DANIEL D. BURNS, JR. ger Publishers who worked with him. tain items from shows held here or College Station, Texas I am enclosing a check for the Ameri¬ overseas. Various series or groupings can Foreign Service Association of pictures by subject matter are pos¬ Not A First Scholarship Fund. sible; perhaps from some of the most As you no doubt are aware we are artistic calendars, or even the efforts THE item “A Foreign Service First?” the publishers of the late Ambassador of some commercial, airline or tourist in the April issue of the FSJ telling of Blancke’s classic volume, "The For¬ offices. Possibly some of the originals J. F. O’Connor’s success in selling his eign Service of the United States." We of past Foreign Service JOURNAL cov¬ “From Russia, With Limericks” to now look forward to publication in ers. Photos for contributions could PLAYBOY deserves a cheer for Mr. August of “Juarez of Mexico,” a dis¬ come from State, AID, and USIA O’Connor—not only for writing some¬ tinguished biography for young read¬ graphics and public relations offices. thing amusing, but in selling to one ers, which he had seen through galleys And of course the CU Bureau could of the most difficult markets in the shortly before his final illness. It is our advise in much of the above. USA. hope that through the pages of these The first consensus needed is that But, in all modesty, I challenge the two fine books others may continue to something imaginative can be done thought that he may have scored a catch the spirit of the man. We also with our now dull hallways. Call it “Foreign Service First” in PLAYBOY. hope that our gift to the scholarship environmental improvement! In 1955, I, having retired in 1952, fund may in some part help to sustain SHERWIN LANDFIELD sold a short story to that magazine the traditions of the Service in which Washington titled “Mating Season” which was pub¬ he took such pride. lished in the September issue of that GEORGE ALDOR Not Computer Compatible year. President Because we were then living in New York You can imagine my relief, while an age of innocence and utmost pro¬ reading Tom Tracy’s article on auto¬ priety I published under the name of Letter to the Chairman mation and the Foreign Service, to “Charles Lee Robinson,” the pen discover that there will still be “some I PROMISED to send you a follow-up name I first assumed when I wrote traditional and important Foreign Serv¬ note the other day about the idea we “Thirst—A Novel on Chile” which ice functions such as representation discussed on the telephone, that the won the Foreign Service Book Con¬ and public relations functions . . . not American Foreign Service Association test and was published by the John likely to be much influenced by auto¬ Day Company in 1947. become the stimulating influence in mation.” My dining room table is encouraging the Department of State I doubt that I have the wit or am simply not large enough to accom¬ to undertake at least the beginnings of modern enough now to sell my stuff to modate a computer. a hall "embellishment” program. This PLAYBOY, and I congratulate Mr. would principally consist of pictures LAWRENCE EAGLEBURGER O’Connor. and photographs or other materials Political Counselor CHARLES F. KNOX suitable for framing placed in selected US NATO Sarasota hallways of the New State building to Home Leave Recommendation That List—No. 1 liven and “humanize” our corridors. Oddly, even such large organizations THIS is a hearty endorsement of the Now that The List has finally ap¬ as those at the Pentagon or at Langley concept of purposeful home leave, peared producing the annual blend have gone much farther than we broached in the letter in the January of tears, elation, and self-pity, could have. It is true that a fine job has been issue from L. Bruce Laingen. When I someone please explain why it took done to much of the eighth floor but returned after only six years, it was three months from the time that the then this hardly touches the majority appalling to find how far out of touch Selection Boards completed their work working below this level. I was—and how that limited my effec¬ until the list finally appeared? For the I have confidence in the talent tiveness in the field. past couple of months, Foggy Bottom available in the State Department, The USIA seminar appears to be an was rife with rumors and 'scuttlebutt consisting not only of people who excellent remedy. However, until it concerning the list, eg., it’s at the could direct and coordinate such a becomes a systematic part of home White House, “O” thinks there are project but also assist in the collection leave, I heartily recommend John too many tombstone promotions, it of some of the contributions. Advisors Bowling’s three-day FSI course on isn't back from the White House, it’s

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 51 coming out Friday, etc., ad infinitum. ing (we hesitate to say a life-saver, but feel the State Department cannot be If the list cannot appear at approx¬ sometimes it could be that too—if our objective in dealing with the Arab- imately the same time each year, one past experience is any indication). Israeli dispute—the nature of the would hope that the administration JOHN A. PATTERSON career system inhibits objectivity. would, in this time of alleged “greater Steering Committee The role of the Department here openness,” at least be candid about Kabul Chapter would be a most interesting case its status and put a stop to the rumors Kabul study. State is attempting a difficult, if not the anxieties. perhaps impossible task in trying, si¬ J. T. WILSON Self-Analysis Recommended multaneously, to be Israel’s ally (and Washington sole means of support) while playing CHARLES W. BRAY HI writes in the middleman between Israel and a high¬ April JOURNAL that he is “increasingly That List—No. 2 ly integrated Arab/Soviet team with bored by Ambassador Ellis Briggs.” an incredibly poor credibility per¬ A N FSO friend recently wrote me This remark comes with ill grace from formance. about the current promotion list for one who, if he has moments of self- This split role plus the pressures Foreign Service officers. “It’s a strange analysis, must fear that he has over from surplus and career-nervous Ara¬ list,” he said. “Full of graveyard pro¬ the years bored a good many of us not bists has tended to make the Depart¬ motions for a bunch of lame ducks inconsiderably. Nor has Mr. Bray ment come down harder on Israel, or and long-time Washington hangers-on furthered his cause by indulging him¬ see Israel as maintaining a stubborn¬ in the higher grades.” self in an impertinence (rather than ness unwarranted by the facts. In this I have no way of telling whether the iconoclastic gesture he adum¬ light, I favor not only all possible my friend’s observation is valid or not, brates) vis-a-vis a man whose dis¬ pressure by outside groups, but also but if it is, it seems to me that you tinguished Foreign Service career over¬ having the major decisions concerning guys are wasting an awful lot of time shadows the careers of most of his this area come from outside the De¬ and energy in your supposed reform colleagues past and present. Finally, partment. programs as long as this type of an¬ it is doubtful whether the Bray advo¬ JOSEPH ROMANELLI tiquated promotion system continues. cated concentration on “the present Washington tense” enriches the debate on the re¬ GREG SMITH form of the Department of State. Scholarship Appreciation Miami PHILIP W. BONSAL LEASE accept the enclosed US FSO Retired P Secretarial Swing Treasurer’s check for $320.37 as a Washington voluntary contribution from me to HE Kabul Chapter of AFSA has a the Education Scholarship Fund (or T A Veneer of Objectivity suggestion—it’s a bit in the unthink¬ whatever the official and formal des¬ able category, perhaps, but why not MR. HART’S article on the Middle ignation may be) of the Foreign Serv¬ think the unthinkable? We suspect we East in the April JOURNAL is an excel¬ ice Association. I make this contribu¬ aren’t alone in our thoughts. lent example of how, below a veneer tion as an expression of appreciation We'd like to suggest a “swing secre¬ of objectivity, (former) State Depart¬ for the assistance given to my sons tary” concept for Embassies overseas ment Arabists would resolve the Arab- (Tommy, Gerald, and John) during and perhaps small AID posts, like the Israeli dispute by putting impossible their college years in the form of swing secretary practice of USIS in pressure on Israel to accede to Arab scholarships from the Association or this and presumably other parts of the demands. funds managed by it. world. What Mission hasn’t had a However, in the case of the Middle EARL H. LUBENSKY shortage of secretarial staff at one East, I can only agree with others who Bogota time or another? Especially the smaller ones. Our Embassy has four secre¬ Life and Lyve in the Foreign Service / Ai dler taries. No more, no less. Who doesn’t by s a know the problem of making a num¬ ber like that stretch—to cover home leaves, sick leaves, R&R’s, and visiting inspectors? Even local hire gets harder and harder in our budget-tight service. Why not a swing secretary to help posts in times of crisis? Why not in Tehran, for example, to cover Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan? One in Delhi, to cover India, Ceylon and Nepal. Or one in Ankara, perhaps for Turkey, Cyprus, Israel and Greece. Why not? Well, money in the first instance—but might it not save money in the long run? For that matter, how do you quantify the savings in better morale? Would it be a difficult assign¬ ment? In any event, other agencies do it—-apparently without problems. Dif¬ ficult to do? Maybe—but why not give it a try in some area and see? We volunteer Afghanistan—for this Em¬ “Everything is all right! My investigators have just submitted their report: he’s a bassy concept would be a real bless- real FSO, not an FSIO.”

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, June, 1971 53 Proposed Foreign Service Awards Luncheon Art in the Club Retirement Amendments Secretary of State William P. The current exhibit in the For¬ Department of State administra¬ Rogers will be the guest of honor eign Service Club is a combined tive officials have prepared a se¬ and speaker at AFSA's annual showing of Theban cave paintings ries of important and progressive awards ceremony on June 24,1971. by Ruth Prengel, wife of Alex T. proposed amendments in the leg¬ The Harriman, Rivkin and Herter Prengel, Personnel Officer, Depart¬ islation controlling the Foreign awards will be presented at the ment of State, and crewel em¬ Service Retirement and Disability American Foreign Service Associ¬ broideries done from some of her System. These proposals were ation luncheon in the diplomatic designs. formulated in consultation with reception rooms on the eighth The embroidery transfers were the Legislative Committee of floor of the Department of State. designed and worked out by Mrs. DACOR, who deserve the thanks These awards are given annual¬ Prengel and Lilo Markrich, well- of their colleagues. ly to junior, mid-career and senior known teacher of crewel. A listing The proposals include a 10% in¬ officers in recognition of extraor¬ of the transfers is available from crease in annuities for surviving dinary accomplishment involving the reception desk at AFSA with spouses, a lesser reduction in the initiative, integrity, intellectual cards for Mrs. Markrich for those annuity a participant would be re¬ courage and creative dissent. They interested in instruction. quired to accept in order to pro¬ are open to State, AID, USIA and Ruth Prengel’s paintings are vide a survivor annuity, coverage Peace Corps Foreign Service per¬ from the walls of small tombs in for a second spouse, an increase sonnel and, in the case of the Thebes. She has had one-man in maximum allowable service Harriman Award, to Civil Service shows in Cairo and Alexandria, credit to 40 years, elimination of employees as well. Each award is also in Beirut, Damascus, Berlin the ten year waiting period for for $1,000. and Washington. FSS personnel to become eligible for FS retirement, and other pro¬ visions. We must not allow our hopes to rise too high—this package must still be approved by OMB and then by the Congress, and experience teaohes that the road can be long and tortuous. However, fine draft¬ ing work has been done, and AFSA will lend its full support to these welcome proposals. New Scholarship The Jefferson Patterson Founda¬ tion has established a scholarship to be administered through the American Foreign Service Associ¬ Frank Shakespeare. Director of the United States Information Agency, spoke to ation. This scholarship in perpet¬ members of AFSA at the regular Association luncheon on April 29. Mr. Shake¬ uity will be known as the Jeffer¬ speare, in a wide-ranging talk, stated that he felt it important that the Agency son Patterson Scholarship. "recognize ability where we saw it and move it ahead as rapidly as it can take it without regard to rank or age ... I do not undervalue experience and knowledge The Board of Directors of AFSA and sometimes the caution and wisdom that can come with age. When we have adopted a resolution to this effect creativity and when we have officers that we think are outstanding l think we with an expression of deep ap¬ should move them ahead with great rapidity . . . Now in the USIA therefore, we preciation to Ambassador Patter¬ are going to assign our officers henceforth on the basis of ability without rank son. being an absolute criterion.” JFSOC NEWS AND LETTER FROM THE OFFICERS The Junior Foreign Service Offi¬ Dear Colleagues. AFSA cers Club has chosen a new slate We appreciate the large man¬ of officers in the first contested date we have received from you election in the Club’s history. in the JFSOC Officer Elections. CHAPTER NEWS JFSOC’s officers for the 1971 This, the first contested election term are Robert Boettcher, Presi¬ in the history of the organization, Two more posts have reported dent; Lars Hydle, Vice-President; will strengthen our ability to rep¬ 100% AFSA membership. Con¬ James Mack, Business Secretary; resent your interests within the gratulations to Ouagadougou and Marilyn Muench, Treasurer, and foreign affairs community. to David Fields, our effective Key- Donald Westmore, Coordinator of We congratulate the Pro-Union man in Ouaga; and to Dusseldorf, Committees. All the winners ran slate for the significant support where Consul General Charlie Hu- together on the “Independence” they received among junior offi¬ lick is retiring after a distinguished slate, defeating a “Pro-Union” cers who are AFSA members. We career of 33 years in the Foreign slate endorsed by AFGE, with interpret this as a warning to our¬ Service. about 70 percent of the valid vote. selves and to AFSA and manage¬ New AFSA Chapters are being The election turnout was en¬ ment that we must develop a la¬ formed at Quito and LaPaz. The couraging. Of the approximately bor-management relationship that many AFSA members at Addis 300 Washington-based AFSA mem¬ fully protects the rights of Foreign Ababa are considering a more bers from FSO and FSIO5through Service personnel, or else risk formal chapter. AFSA members at 8, who under JFSOC’s bylaws were widespread disaffection among other posts who are interested in eligible to vote, 127 cast their bal¬ junior officers. organizing a Chapter and strength¬ lots in the election. We will try our best to carry out ening their voice within AFSA and The increased interest in JFSOC the platform on which we were within the three agencies might stems largely from the efforts of elected. We will need your contin¬ write to one of our outstanding the outgoing Board to commit the ued support, including unpaid la¬ chapters for advice—for instance, organization to Foreign Service re¬ bor. Plase call us if you are inter¬ Vientiane, Paris, Kabul, Recife, form in addition to its traditional ested in participating in JFSOC Tripoli, or Bangkok, to pick exam¬ role as a social organization for employee, professional, or social ples of various types of posts with junior officers, a stance strongly activities. various proportions of State, AID, endorsed by the two competing and USIA Foreign Service staff. slates during the campaign. The JFSOC Officers Both favored a new Executive President. Robert Boettcher, 10, Members Needed Order which guarantees FSOs the 22468 AFSA’s 1971-72 membership right to elect a single employee Vice President, Lars Hydle, EA/VN, campaign is in full swing. Mem¬ organization to be the exclusive 29403^ bership application and renewal representative for the Foreign Business Sec., James Mack, INR/ forms have been mailed to all Service in negotiations with man¬ REA/SA, 22277 members of the foreign affairs agement, and the right to appeal Treasurer, Marilyn Muench, AF/E, community. The accompanying impasses outside the Service. 21189 Coordinator of Committees, Donald flyer describes the progress made The principal difference between Westmore, INA/REA/PA, 21183 the two slates was over tactics. by the Association in 1970-71 and While the “Pro-Union” slate June Cover the program for the coming year. pledged itself to support AFGE’s Our cover artist, David G. Du AFSA needs the continued inter¬ efforts to organize the Foreign Lavey, studied fine art at New est and support of the employees Service and become its exclusive Mexico State University and at the of the foreign affairs agencies in representative, the victorious “In¬ Corcoran Gallery. He has exhibit¬ its efforts to serve them in seeking dependence” slate felt that for the ed in New Mexico, Washington reform, a broader foreign affairs present, the best means to ad¬ and twice in Tunis. community, and better employee- vance junior officer interests His current “hard-edge” land¬ management relations. Those not would be to continue the efforts of scapes reflect his fascination with receiving the membership solici¬ the outgoing JFSOC Board to spur the geometric purity and clean de¬ tation are urged to contact AFSA AFSA to reform from within and lineation of line found in tradi¬ headquarters. 2101 E Street, N.W., make it a more effective employee tional Tunisian architecture and Washington, D.C. 22037, or the lo¬ representative. enhanced by the clear Mediter¬ cal AFSA chapter. ranean skies. OVERTIME Dr. John E. Reinhardt, first vice Mr. Du Lavey is assigned to president of AFSA, recently received AID'S Office of International As¬ The Staff Corps Advisory Com¬ a Career Service Award from the Na¬ sistance Coordination. His con¬ mittee has learned that apparent¬ tional Civil Service League for out¬ ly some posts are not complying standing service as a career federal tinued interest in North Africa is with CA-890 of February 23 regard¬ official. Currently Assistant Director evinced by his summer vacations for East Asia and Pacific at USIA, at the house he bought in Ham- ing payment of overtime. he has been in the Agency’s Foreign mamet, a 15th century fortress- If this is true at your post, Service since 1956. village on the Cap Bon peninsula. please let us know. to Beirut, Helsinki, Toronto, Casa¬ Mabel Comegys, P.O. Box 103, Mil¬ blanca, London, and Athens. His lington, Maryland, 21651, as well widow, 4852 Indian Lane, Silver as a son, two daughters, and two MARRIAGES Spring, Md. 20016, two daughters grandchildren survive. Farthing-McKnight. Mrs. John and six grandchildren survive. The Teller. Maria Teller, wife of retired Watts Farthing and retired FSO family has asked that memorial FSRO Hugh H. Teller, died in the John Proctor McKnight have an¬ contributions be sent to the Czerny Clinic of the University of nounced their marriage on April DACOR Welfare and Recreational Heidelberg, on April 14, after a 17, at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Fund, 1718 H Street, N.W., Wash¬ long illness. She leaves, in addi¬ They plan to make their home at ington. tion to her husband, two sons, 245 Second Avenue, No., Naples, Kaegi. Richard Edward Kaegi, AID Wolfram and Ulrich Kempendorff, Florida 33940. Assistant Director for Develop¬ all of Roemerstrasse 178, 69 Heid¬ ment Operations, Guatemala, died elberg, Germany. DEATHS in a plane crash in April, 1970, ac¬ Thomas. Charles William Thomas, Ageton. Rear Admiral (Ret.) Arthur cording to information received FSO, died April 12, at his home in Ainslie Ageton, who served as Am¬ from the ASFA Chapter Head Washington. After joining the For¬ bassador to Paraguay from 1954 there this month. Mr. Kaegi eign Service in 1951, he served at to 1957, died in Bethesda on April was survived by his wife and four Monrovia, Sierra Leone, Accra, 23. Admiral Ageton retired from children, as well as by his par¬ Tangier, Port-au-Prince, and Mex¬ the Navy in 1947 following a dis¬ ents, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Kaegi ico City, as well as in the Depart¬ tinguished career. He was the au¬ of 4952 Norwood Drive, Shawnee ment. He was practicing law in thor of “The Naval Officers Guide,” Mission, Kansas. He joined AID in Washington at the time of his “The Marine Officers Guide,” and 1965, when he was assigned to death. His wife, Cynthia, and two many technical articles, stories Saigon. He went to Guatemala daughters, of 5601 Potomac Ave¬ and novels. He is survived by his City in 1968. nue, N.W., survive. widow, 3900 Connecticut Avenue, Link. Earl H. Link, FSR, died sud¬ Washington, D.C. 20008, a daugh¬ denly in Bangui, Central African NEW CAREER ter, Mrs. Robert H. Binder, and a Republic on April 12. He entered Kingdon W. Swayne, frequent son, Arthur A. Jr., of Colorado. the Foreign Service as an eco¬ contributor to the JOURNAL, has Englesby. Thomas Harold Engles- nomic officer in 1957, with assign¬ served since November of 1969 as by, FSO-retired, died Sunday, April ments to Accra, Freetown, and Rio the first Democratic mayor in the 25, in Washington. He joined the de Janeiro. His widow and two 285-year history of Newtown, State Department in 1945. Havana, sons are residing temporarily at Penna. He is running this year for Mexico City, Vienna and Santiago 54 West North Street, Stamford, the post of Treasurer of Bucks were his posts during the next 20 Connecticut 06902. County, also a traditionally Re¬ years. He retired in 1965. Surviv¬ McComb. John F. McComb, AID, publican post. ing are his widow of 6845 Murray died April 8 at Houston, Texas. He Lane, Annandale, Va. 22203, a son, had served in New Delhi, Recife Archibald Gray has returned to a former profession. He is now teach¬ Thomas, a daughter, Margaret and Rio de Janeiro as an adviser ing chemistry at Nathaniel Haw¬ Walsh, and four grandchildren. on industrial development and pri¬ thorne College in Antrim, N.H. The Funk. Howard V. Funk, Jr., FSO, vate enterprise from 1960 to 1970. college has approximately a thou¬ died in an auto accident in Kenya His survivors, in addition to his sand students and is coeducational. on April 9. He had been with the widow of 3600 Montrose Boule¬ Mr. Gray was the first American con¬ Department since 1957 with as¬ vard, Houston 77000, include three sul general at Salisbury, Rhodesia. signments in Uganda and Ghana, children, Sheila, John Jr. and He retired from the Foreign Service and as a special assistant to Am¬ David. in 1951. bassador W. Averell Harriman at Shepherd. Colonel and Mrs. Wil¬ MEMORIAL PLAQUE the Vietnam peace talks in Paris liam E. Shepherd died in an acci¬ Last month’s announcement of during 1968. Surviving are his dent near Columbia, South Caro¬ the names to be inscribed on the widow, the former Jill MacFadyen, lina, on April 6. Mrs. Shepherd, a two sons, Howard III and Peter, a former State Department employ¬ Memorial Plaque has created con¬ daughter Ann, his father, Howard ee, was previously married to Am¬ siderable interest in the foreign V. Funk, Sr., of Bronxville, New bassador Paul Ailing. She leaves service community. Some contri¬ York, and a brother and sister. two daughters, Mrs. Richard G. butions toward the cost of engrav¬ Friends wishing to do so may Long and Mrs. Lewis Hoffacker, a ing the names on the plaque (ap¬ send memorial contributions in sister and six grandchildren. proximately $100 per name) are al¬ care of the Embassy at Nairobi, Sullivan. John Wesley Sullivan, ready being received by the Asso¬ to be used for a local charity to FSO retired, died suddenly May ciation and it is hoped that work which he was devoted. 13, at his home in Millington, will shortly begin on inscribing the Goold. Herbert S. Goold, FSO re¬ Maryland. He joined the Foreign 21 names on the plaque in the tired, died April 20, in Silver Service as Vice Consul at London Diplomatic entrance to the De¬ Spring. He had been with the For¬ in 1951, and was later assigned to partment. Contributions should be eign Service 25 years at the time Naples, Frankfort, Mexico City and mailed to AFSA, 2101 E Street, of his retirement in 1941, traveling Guatemala. His wife, the former N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Your best buy in overseas personal effects and liability travel-pak insurance

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