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Southeast Asia Southeast Asia George McTurnan Kahin was a pioneering scholar of Southeast Asian history and politics, and US foreign policy. His book offers a unique perspective on American involvement in Southeast Asia, from the 1940s to the 1970s. A biting critique of postwar American policy towards the area, it also provides an enthralling account of the author’s personal experiences in revolutionary Indonesia and Vietnam, and of his attempts to bring US policy into accord with Southeast Asian realities. Southeast Asia: A testament ranges from postwar Indonesia through the Vietnam War and the Cambodian War. Drawing both on his personal expe- rience and on multiple archival sources, Kahin recounts the history of Indonesia’s successful struggle against the Dutch down to Suharto’s bloody overthrow of Sukarno in 1965. It also gives a personal view of the US involvement in Indochina, where George Kahin was an early critic of the Vietnam War and struggled to open the eyes of policy makers to the histor- ical, political, and military realities of the Vietnamese situation. Kahin also witnessed the reluctant involvement of Cambodia in the conflict, and the 1970 coup against Prince Sihanouk, which paved the way for the Communist accession to power. This book will be of interest to students of American diplomatic and foreign policy, Asian studies, and international relations. It is an engagingly written, often poignant, personal account of George Kahin’s experiences in Southeast Asia and, as such, will also appeal to the general reader. George McT. Kahin was Professor Emeritus of International Politics at Cornell University. His books on Indonesia include Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia (1952) and Subversion as Foreign Policy (1995). An early and outspoken opponent of American policy in Vietnam, he co- authored The United States in Vietnam (1967) and wrote Intervention: How America became involved in Vietnam (1986). Critical Asian Scholarship Edited by Mark Selden Binghamton and Cornell Universities The series is intended to showcase the most important individual contribu- tions to scholarship in Asian Studies. Each of the volumes presents a leading Asian scholar addressing themes that are central to his or her most signifi- cant and lasting contribution to Asian studies. The series is committed to the rich variety of research and writing on Asia, and is not restricted to any particular discipline, theoretical approach or geographical expertise. Southeast Asia A testament George McT. Kahin Women and the Family in Chinese History Patricia Buckley Ebrey Rethinking China’s History Paul A. Cohen Southeast Asia A testament George McT. Kahin First published 2003 by RoutledgeCurzon 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2003 Audrey Kahin All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kahin, George McTurnan. Southeast Asia : a testament / George McTurnan Kahin. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Asia, Southeastern–History–1945- 2. Asia, Southeastern–Foreign relations–History–United States. 3. United States–Foreign relations–Asia, Southeastern. 4. Kahin, George McTurnan. I. Title. DS526.7 .K34 2002 959.05–dc21 2002067978 ISBN 0-203-30112-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-34020-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–29975–6 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–29976–4 (pbk) Contents List of illustrations vii Foreword by Walter LaFeber ix Acknowledgements xxiii Introduction1 1 The Indonesian revolution 17 2 Communism and the Republic 54 3 The Dutch attack on Yogyakarta 86 4 The Dutch transfer sovereignty 116 5 McCarthy, Lattimore and Cochran 126 6 Return to Indonesia 140 7 Struggle over Malaysia 158 8 Cornell and the coup 177 9 Opposition to the Vietnam War 182 10 Casualties and pacification, 1966/7 195 11 Possibilities for peace, 1971 214 12 North Vietnam, 1972 223 vi Contents 13 Cambodian neutrality and the United States 249 14 Cambodia and the Vietnam War 269 15 Coup against Sihanouk 279 16 Invasion of Cambodia 300 Notes 314 Index 339 Illustrations Figures 0.1 As Buck Sergeant, 1943 11 1.1 Sutan Sjahrir 22 1.2 Soedjatmoko (Koko) 22 1.3 Cornelis (Kees) Van Mook, June 1948 23 1.4 Acting Governor General H.J. Van Mook 24 1.5 Musso 41 1.6 Suripno 41 1.7 Sutrisno with my jeep 43 1.8 Amir Sjarifuddin 49 2.1 Vice President Mohammad Hatta 57 2.2 Mt Merapi from Kaliurang 64 2.3, 2.4 Revolutionary posters 72 2.5 President Sukarno, September 1948 79 3.1 The Republic’s airforce 89 3.2 President Sukarno under arrest, December 1948 95 3.3 Haji Agus Salim under arrest 95 3.4 View from my place of detention, Yogyakarta, 9 January 1949 103 3.5 With Sukarno, Haji Agus Salim, and their families, Bangka, May 1949 112 5.1 The Dilowa Hutukhtu 131 5.2 The Dilowa Hutukhtu with Owen Lattimore and Senator Millard Tydings (D-Md) 133 6.1 Memo from Mrs Shipley to Mr Bonsal dated 21 September 1954 144 10.1, 10.2 Cham Museum in Danang, 1994 202 11.1 With Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, Hanoi, 13 August 1971 221 12.1 Arriving alone at Hanoi Airport, 23 September 1972 227 12.2 Dong Giong hamlet, 27 September 1972 235 12.3 Thai Nguyen hospital 235 12.4, 12.5 Patients in Thai Nguyen Hospital 236 viii Illustrations 12.6 With General Chu Van Tan outside cave near Thai Nguyen, September 1972 236 13.1 On Cambodian–Vietnamese border, 9 August 1967 251 Maps 1 Contemporary Southeast Asia xxiv 2 Indonesian Archipelago, 1950 16 3 Java under the Renville Agreement 34 4 South Vietnam, 30 January 1966 194 5 North Vietnam’s Territorial Divisions, 1963 224 6 Cambodia in Indochina 250 Foreword A scholar’s highest obligation, the phrase had it in the 1960s, was to speak truth to power. It turned out, however, that truth was a tragically relative term in the Cold War era. Many Americans were sent abroad to die by the tens-of-thousands, while Asians, Latin Americans, and Africans were sentenced to death by the millions, because US officials disagreed with foreign leaders about what each believed was true in terms of the needs of their own national interests. George Kahin circumvented this problem by raising the intellectual obli- gation one level higher. He believed it was most important to speak knowledge to power. This obligation required work, not revelation – least of all a revelation shaped by a 1945-to-1950 world that did little to explain the rising nationalisms that tore the two superpowers’ policies apart in the post- 1950 era. George, to understate, did not trust preaching and revelation. Because of his pursuit of the facts on the ground, a pursuit so disciplined that even two heart attacks after age 38 could not limit it, he became a towering figure, especially during the era of America’s longest war. As Jayne S. Werner has noted, “Virtually all the arguments he made at the time have since been accepted by both academics and journalists, including many who once supported or quasi-supported the US position. Even former govern- ment figures have acknowledged the foresight he had at the time.”1 This testament tells of George’s life-long search for both the facts on the ground and the complex historical background that shaped what he studied. It also reveals the immense personal risks he took and the traumas he suffered, including continuing nightmares after visiting Vietnamese hospitals during the war. It contains a highly detailed, compelling, first-person account of the 1948–9 Indonesian revolution against Dutch colonialism. As he understood at the time, and elaborated in his landmark 1952 study, Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia, the upheaval marked a crucial turn in the great historical process of anti-colonialism that shaped the next half- century. This view of Asian anti-colonialism, sharpened by the Dutch who arrested him because of his work, intensified George’s determination to create the systematic study of nationalisms for the foreign policies of a nation that acted as a superpower while also acting, as it turned out, in considerable x Foreword ignorance of half the world’s population. As this final recounting reveals, the same determination drove him to be among the first public voices to oppose the war in Vietnam and to understand how the US involvement in Cambodia helped lead to one of the century’s great catastrophes. This testament, however, is not only a first-person account of how Washington’s policies misshaped Southeast Asian politics and societies during the Cold War. It more importantly demonstrates how and why the peoples and governments of Southeast Asia shaped their own destinies, regardless of the superpowers. George’s unbending commitment to these great historical themes that shaped his life was encased in a personality that was modest and under- stated, but unrelenting; intensely disciplined, yet with a wonderful, sly, and at the right times, cutting sense of humor; committed to involvement with the largest causes, while equally involved as a friend on the personal level; and determined to accomplish what he believed to be a citizen’s, especially a scholar’s, responsibility to speak out, yet always bound by his extraordinary knowledge that was given backbone by an unsurpassed personal integrity.
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