ABSTRACT OUR YOUNG ELECTED OFFICIALS by Bradley Steven

ABSTRACT

OUR YOUNG ELECTED OFFICIALS

by Bradley Steven Mascho

In the year 2000, seventy-nine percent of Americans were younger than the average member of Congress. For decades the average member of Congress has been above the age of fifty, yet we continue to send rare young members to represent our districts. Across America and spanning our history, young people hold positions of influence.

This work is the culmination of extensive interviews and questionnaires with twenty notable political figures elected to office at politically “young” ages. Included in this work are comments from three State Representatives, one Governor, thirteen members of the United States House of Representatives, and three United States Senators. After more than three hours of interviews and eleven questionnaires, the influence of youth in politics will be addressed here. Their comments point not to a revolution of youthful involvement but rather a sustained influence on American politics.

OUR YOUNG ELECTED OFFICIALS

A Thesis

Submitted to the

Faculty of Miami University

in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts

Department of Political Science

Bradley Steven Mascho

Miami University

Oxford, Ohio

2003

Advisor ______Ryan J. Barilleaux

Reader ______Augustus J. Jones, Jr.

Reader ______Richard G. Forgette

Bradley Steven Mascho

2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables, v Dedication, vi Acknowledgements, vii

PART ONE 1 Introduction, 1

PART TWO 3 Defining the “young politician”, 3

PART THREE 8 Who Are You?, 8 Background, 8 Ancestry, 13 Family, 16

PART FOUR 19 The Elections, 19

PART FIVE 27 The Affect of Age, 27

PART SIX 30 Advice from the Winner’s Circle, 30 Conslusion, 35

PART SEVEN 37 Appendixes and charts, 37 A. Impact of Age, 38 B. Family Impact, 39 C. Professional History, 40 D. Personal History, 41 E. Constituency Information, 43

PART EIGHT 44 Biographies and Interview Responses, 44 Sherrod Brown, 45 David Dreier, 53 Jesse Jackson, Jr., 61 James Langevin, 74 Blanche Lincoln, 83 Adam Putnam, 92 Paul Ryan, 101 Derrick Seaver, 111 Adam Smith, 121

iii PART NINE 131 Questionnaires, 131 Jeb Bardon, 132 Joseph Crowley, 136 Tom Daschle, 140 Cleo Fields, 144 Virgil Goode, 148 Gene Green, 152 Mark Kruzan, 156 Martin Olav Sabo, 160 Bob Schaffer, 164 John Sununu, 168 Jane Swift, 172

PART TEN 176 Additional Appendixes and Charts, 176 F. Age of Unites States House Members 1980-2002, 177 G. Age of Unites States Senate Members 1980-2002, 194 H. Election Results: Auglaize, Champaign, and Shelby Counties, 197

Bibliography 199

iv LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Newly elected U.S. House members 1980-2002 4 Table 2. Age of New U.S. House Members at First Election 4 Table 3. Age of New U.S. House Members in Ranges 5 Table 4. Age of New U.S. House Members in Percentages 5 Table 5. Newly elected U.S. Senate members 1980-2002 6 Table 6. Age of New U.S. Senate Members in Ranges 6 Table 7. Age of New U.S. Senate Members in Percentages 7 Table 8. Individual Election Information 19

v DEDICATION

To Jennifer, with love and thanks.

vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In preparing this work I have used the words and wisdom of numerous obliging figures. From professors to politicians, there are many to thank. This thesis would never have come forth without the guidance of Professor Ryan Barilleaux, the Chair of Political Science at Miami University. Professor Barilleaux’s leadership throughout this process has been immeasurable. For his assistance in obtaining funding for research and travel, I extend my gratitude. In addition, I turned to many for direction, proof reading, support, and ears to listen. Among those, Jennifer Boak, Jerome Conley, my parents Steve and Judy Mascho, my family and my friends. I must thank Professors Richard Forgette and Augustus Jones for participating as members of my thesis committee.

Finally, I thank the participants in this work. Without the words and astuteness of the politicians, this project would be merely a thought. Whether offering their time for meetings or their pen for questionnaires, I am indebted for their assistance. For that I thank State Representatives Jeb Bardon, Mark Kruzan, and Derrick Seaver, State Senator Cleo Fields, Governor Jane Swift, Congressmen Sherrod Brown, Joseph Crowley, David Dreier, Virgil Goode, Gene Green, Jesse Jackson, Jr., James Langevin, Adam Putnam, Paul Ryan, Martin Sabo, Bob Schaffer, and Adam Smith. I also thank Senators Tom Daschle, Blanche Lincoln, and John Sununu.

Finally, although thorough and tenacious in this research, errors will be found and belong to the author and the author alone.

vii Part One Introduction

This work is not intended to solve the age-old riddles of political science.

It is also not intended to end the debate of young persons in politics. Instead, what is offered is the culmination of two years of research and planning devoted to subject important to us all. Our history is teeming with stories of young citizens rising to great positions of power and prestige in short amounts of time.

This phenomenon starts with the earliest points of history and continues to this day. As an attempt to understand one small example of success, I have chosen to examine young elected officials. In doing so, I have met with or received responses to questions from twenty elite politicians. This work incorporates the comments and suggestions of three state Representatives, one Governor, thirteen members of the Unites State House of Representatives, and three U.S. Senators.

Much of what is written in the following work comes directly from the dialogue of these notable figures, for whom better to teach of the lessons of practical politics than those who apply them? For many reasons, I rely heavily upon their comments. The nine politicians I personally interviewed were candid and direct. I spent in excess of 3 hours interviewing these members and hold over fifty pages in transcriptions. In addition, I have eleven questionnaires, each four pages in length.

The record on young people in politics is incomplete. Strong research does not exist or goes unrecognized. However, one work cannot fill this void.

Instead, I hope to spark interest in a subject which remains critically important to

1 the study of politics and society. Regardless of our nation’s voting age or the lack involvement of young people at the polls, the success of youth in America continues.

Finally, this thesis is based upon the views and interests of a select group of people. As a young author, I present to you the notion of success regardless of age. The officials chosen for their observations on politics are successful candidates. In most cases, these officials are career politicians. One must consider their comments in the context of their lives and careers. I do not present this group as a representative model of electoral politics. In fact, I am certain that for every young winning candidate offering positive advice to the ambitious youth of society, there are a great many more losing candidates with opposite recommendations. However, my intent is to define, describe, and analyze successful candidacies while introducing concepts which should generate many questions for the reader.

2 Part Two Defining the “young politician”

Before any characterization of a young politician can be made based upon life experience, background, or values, the age of the “young politician” must be defined. For this I turn to data collected about the 772 members of the U.S.

House and 126 members of the U.S. Senate elected to office between 1980 and

2002. I have gone to great lengths to verify the accuracy of this data however mistakes may occur. In the event that omissions were erroneously made, I am confident that the “sample” of 898 officials will suffice.

An attempt was made to collect information regarding the age at election of various state officials. However, the record on these officials is incomplete.

Instead, as I examine the officials I have chosen for interviews or to complete questionnaires, I turn to the many citations on each which note their young age in the respective position. For instance, Mark Kruzan was the youngest member of the Indiana General Assembly from 1986 until 1990, Bob Schaffer was the youngest State Senator in Colorado history, and Jane Swift was the youngest woman ever elected to the Massachusetts State Senate, the youngest female

Governor of Massachusetts and the youngest Governor in the country at the time of her appointment. Seen as examples of the work to follow, I am confident in the officials I have chosen to represent the voice of the young politician.

But the question remains, what is a young politician? To answer, I turn to the election information on the 898 officials elected to the U.S. Congress between

1980 and 2002 contained in Appendixes F and G. In the U.S. House, those whose

3 age on Election Day was 31 or less amount to just 42 of the 772 members, or

5.44% of the population of Representatives. Those age 30 or younger represent

3.63%, those age 29 just 2.46%, the 28 or younger group represents 1.55% and

finally those members elected with at an age of twenty-six or twenty-seven

represent just 0.91% of the 772 members elected between 1980 and 2002.

Newly elected U.S. House members 1980-2002 Age Number of members Percentage of the whole 31 42 5.44% 30 28 3.63% 29 19 2.46% 28 12 1.55% 27 7 0.91% 26 2 0.26% Table 1

For the purpose of this examination, the class of members ages 25 to 31

represents a statistically significant portion of the total membership. This

anomalous group includes: Congressman David Dreier (28), Congressman Jesse

Jackson, Jr. (30), Congressman Adam Putnam (26), Congressman Paul Ryan (28)

and Congressman Adam Smith (31). As Table 2 demonstrates, age 41 is the most

common age for a legislator to be elected to the U.S. House. This table illustrates

both the highs and lows in Election Day ages.

Age of New U.S. House Members at First Election

50 40 30 20 10 Frequency 0

5 6 9 2 2 28 31 34 37 40 43 4 4 5 55 58 61 64 67 70 Age

Table 2

Examining Table 3 reaches another perspective on the ages of the newly elected U.S. House members from 1980-2002. Here, the ages of U.S. House members are separated into ranges of six years. While 42 of the 772 members are below the age of 32, another 39 are sixty years of age or older. Members of the

U.S. House less than 39 years of age still only comprised a little more than one- quarter of the newly elected members.

Age of New U.S. House Members at in Ranges 300 239 250 179 200 154 150 119 100 42 39 50 0 25-31 32-38 39-45 46-52 53-59 60+ Age Range

Table 3

Finally, Table 4 demonstrates how the small group of members elected at ages 25 through 31 represents only five and one half percent of the total group.

Age of New U.S. House Members at First Election

5.05% 5.44% 15.41% 19.95% 25-31 32-38 39-45 46-52 53-59 23.19% 60+

30.96%

Table 4

Turning to the U.S. Senate, only 126 new members were elected between 1980

and 2002. Since the Constitutional minimum age for a U.S. Senator is age 30, the

field is noticeably older. The median age of a newly elected U.S. Senator

between 1980 and 2002 is 49 as compared to 45 in the U.S. House. Using the

data ranges of six years again, we see that the age range from 30-36 represents

only 6 of the 126 members. While I do not have responses from Senators in this

age range, I have collected responses from Senators Daschle, Sununu, and

Lincoln who were all elected at age 38. Additionally, Senator Lincoln is the

youngest female Senator in U.S. history.

Newly elected U.S. Senate members 1980-2002 Age Number of members Percentage of the whole 38 11 8.73% 37 6 4.76% 36 6 4.76% 35 2 1.59% 34 2 1.59% 33 2 1.59% 32 1 0.79% 31 1 0.79% Table 5

Age of New U.S. Senate Members at First Election

60 50 40 25 25 20 15 6 5 Frequency 0 30-36 37-43 44-50 51-57 58-64 65+ Age Range

Table 6

Finally, Table 7 shows that 4.76% of the U.S. Senators were less than 37 years of

age at the time of their elections between 1980 and 2002.

Age of New U.S. Senate Members at First Election

3.97% 4.76% 11.90% 19.84% 30-36 37-43 44-50 19.84% 51-57 58-64 65+

39.68%

Table 7

For the purpose of this research, the age of 31 in the U.S. House and the age of 36 in the U.S. Senate will stand as significant. Thus a “young politician” between 1980 and 2002 running for the office of U.S. House of Representatives would be between the ages of 25 and 31 while a “young politician” running for the office of U.S. Senate would be between the ages of 30 and 36. While these charts do not compare the age of the newly elected Members of Congress against their incumbent colleagues, the average age of the members of the 108th Congress in the House and Senate is 53.9 years and 59.5 years respectively, significantly greater than the average ages of newly elected members from 1980-2002 at 45 and 49.

7 Part Three Who Are You?

Having defined the age of a “young” U.S. House member as 25 to 31 and

a “young” U.S. Senate member as 30 to 36, the discussion must turn to an

examination of what makes a young politician. In essence, I am recounting the

thoughts of the elected officials on background, ancestry, family, name

recognition, and education.

Background

As seen in Appendix B, forty-five percent of respondents noted frequently

discussing politics with their family while twenty-five percent noted occasionally

discussing politics with their family. Only thirty percent believed they seldom

discussed politics and no official answered having never discussed politics with

their family. As Congressman Jackson told me, “very few days in my parent’s

public lives or in our private lives have we not (emphasis added) discussed

political issues, political options confronting and challenging minorities in

America but Americans generally as well.” Both Senator Lincoln and

Congressman Ryan also expressed having many political discussions around the

dinner table.

Having at my disposal these many great political figures, one must wonder

who was reared for a political life. As illustrated in Appendix B, I asked each person if, during their childhoods, their family suggested that one day they would run for office. A full seventy-five percent of the respondents answered that their family never suggested they would one day run for office. Only five answered

8 that seldom or occasionally it was suggested they might run for office.

Interestingly, of the five, two are Senator John Sununu and Minority Leader Tom

Daschle. Although supportive of the candidates, Congressmen Brown, Jackson,

Langevin, and Rep. Seaver all recounted stories of family influencing them not to run for office. In the case of Rep. Seaver and Congressman Langevin, their family wished for them to complete or begin their college educations.

Congressman Brown’s recounting of the phone call to tell his parents he was a candidate for the state legislature immediately following his graduation from Yale ended with his father getting on the line and saying, “You’re too young. I won’t vote for you.” But as Sherrod Brown says, “he got over it!”

From one of the most recognizably political families in the country, Jesse

Jackson Jr. decided to run in the special election for the second congressional district seat in Illinois. However, his parents encouraged him to run for a lesser office, perhaps a Chicago alderman. According to the junior Jackson, the

Reverend Jesse Jackson Sr., “tried to negotiate with one of my opponents in exchange for my support. To support me for a seat she was currently holding in the state senate, unbeknownst to me but I didn’t like that idea, I wasn’t interested in going to Springfield, Illinois.”

In addition to family background, in Appendix D we observe that seventy- five percent of the officials were elected to some form of student office while in high school or college. Their early development of political desires and influence upon others should be noted. In addition, officials such as Adam Smith point to

9 running twice for class office yet never being elected. At least eighty percent of the sample of officials in fact ran for student office.

When asked about their personalities at the time of their election, many officials characterized themselves to be more than one type of individual.

However, the difference in categories exists. Appendix D demonstrates that, sixty-five percent noted being a conversational person, thirty percent believed they were analytical, and those believing they were either extraverted or introverted amount to twenty-five percent each. While the officials often characterized themselves in more than one category, certain deductions can be made. The soft-spoken Congressman Jackson belived himself to be an analytical person. As Adam Putnam stated, “I don’t know too many introverts who get elected.” And after speaking with some ‘reformed introverts’ such as

Congressmen Langevin and Smith, I would agree. Adam Smith remarks of being a shy teenager, uneasy outside of his comfort zone. However he realized that to achieve his goals in life he would have to overcome his limitations. Sherrod

Brown said that “if you want to be a good candidate you end up getting more extroverted.” While many of the officials I met with were outgoing and talkative, some took a bit of ‘warming up’. Congressman Jackson was quiet and reflective.

However, on the right note, he would give an extended statement. Being an introvert does not necessarily bar one from office, but rather forces the person to rely on other means of persuasion and connection to the voters.

Finally in the class of background, we look to the education of the candidates in Appendix D. At the time of their relevant election, all candidates

10 were high school graduates. Only State Representative Derrick Seaver, at age eighteen, was not a college graduate. While some officials ran for office soon after their Bachelors degrees were awarded (Sherrod Brown, Joseph Crowley,

Adam Smith, Cleo Fields, and Martin Sabo) others continued on to graduate or professional degrees. Twenty-five percent held Master’s degrees with another twenty percent having Juris Doctorates. When asked whether their college education was an asset to the election, one hundred percent of the respondents said that it was. As Jesse Jackson, Jr. said, noting his college education was a way to “account for my time.” In addition, Congressman Jackson believed that his college education provided him with the “negotiating skills in public debates, private debates, and how to handle the media.”

For most candidates, the education they received in college was necessary in analyzing public policy. Some candidates, such as Adam Putnam, found a specific college major assisted in the run for office. Congressman Putnam’s degree in agriculture greatly assisted his efforts in a largely rural district.

The absence of a law degree became a focus for both Adam Putnam and

David Dreier. Putnam believes that many voters assume the young candidate to be a “smart-aleck lawyer”. When he was able to point at not having a law degree but rather to having gone to college to assist his farming, it diffused the issue of

“that whole kid walking around with a briefcase full of solutions looking for a problem.” And as Congressman Dreier remembered of his campaign, voters would remark, “oh gosh, you’re not a lawyer, oh well you’ve got my vote.”

11 However, Adam Smith was a candidate who came directly from law school to run for office. At the age twenty-five, his candidacy for the State Senate was given credibility by his law degree. He quipped, “people assume that everyone hates lawyers but on the other hand if you’re a lawyer you must not be an idiot.” As long as the candidate who is a lawyer does not appear or attempt to appear smarter than his or her voters, the law degree will help. As the largest segment of Congress are lawyers, the degree is generally beneficial. Senator

Lincoln even notes wishing she had the law degree to provide further understanding of the legal process.

With a high school diploma three months away, Derrick Seaver filed for the Democratic nomination for State Representative. Yet he believes a college education is not necessary to his constituents. To Representative Seaver, being in

Columbus, Ohio and speaking on the floor of the Ohio House has served as more of a learning experience than a college classroom could. With only twelve percent of his constituency having college degrees (well below the national average) Derrick Seaver is probably safe in the seventy-eighth district. However, with greater ambitions in mind, he has been attending classes at a four-year college.

As each elected official has found use in their respective degrees and even the absence of degrees, it is important to note their reliance on education. Adam

Smith worked for UPS to fund his Bachelor and Law degrees. Recognizing the benefits of a university education beyond attendance at lectures and writing papers, we are often shaped by the experiences of the four-plus years. Using

12 Jesse Jackson, Jr. once again, “our academic achievement isn’t just a degree, it’s

also the sum total of how we interpret things.”

The discussion of politics and political issues with family, the personality

of the officials, and their propensity to run for student office all prove to be useful

indicators of political activity. In addition, the education attained by a person can

serve as an important asset to an election. When a person runs for state office at

the age of twenty-two, there remains little life experience to rely upon. Instead,

the lessons of a university education can serve as a marker of preparedness.

Ancestry

Fifteen of the twenty officials had parents who never campaigned for elected office. Viewing Appendix B shows that two mothers and five fathers of the officials ran for office ranging from school board to U.S. President. But the vast majority of the officials do not come from “political” families. For this reason, any affect of their surname upon the election comes from some other distinction.

When conducting the interviews, one of the hardest questions to ask an elected official was the effect of name recognition which is generated by one’s family. Asking a politician how much effect was served by being a member of a political family, either locally or nationally, rather than generating recognition of one’s own will certainly make a person uneasy. However, I was very pleased with the responses of the officials.

13 When asked about the affect of their family name on the election, only forty-two percent replied that it played no part. Thirty-seven percent believed the recognition of their family name to be helpful to very helpful. Congressman

Crowley had an uncle on the New York city council, allowing him strong name recognition in the area. State Representative Bardon believed that his parent’s active involvement in the community helped his campaign. Once again, the best comments come from those officials whom I met in Washington.

David Dreier truly had very little name recognition in his district. He had lived in his district for little more than seven years before first running for

Congress. As a student at Claremont McKenna College with family in Missouri,

Dreier’s connections and recognition came from his own work. A similar story comes from State Representative Derrick Seaver. His family having moved to

Minster, Ohio less than a decade earlier and being a relatively “inactive” political family, Derrick Seaver had little time to earn distinction in his area. As he says,

“outside of my house, there was nobody who voted for me just because of my last name.” Similarly, Sherrod Brown said that a poll before Labor Day in 1974 gave him literally one percent name recognition. He said, “in a district of one hundred thousand who’s going to know you just cause you grew up there. I mean you know a few hundred people.”

While Congressman Putnam and Senator Lincoln had strong family ties in

Florida and Arkansas respectively, more important to their election was the length of time their families had spent in the states. Congressman Putnam goes to great lengths to remind voters of his fifth generation Floridian status while Senator

14 Lincoln emphasizes the significance of being a seventh generation Arkansas native. Throughout so many years, recognition is bound to grow even without a public position.

Paul Ryan also used his family’s status as longtime Wisconsin natives and took his association a step further. Ryan, Incorporated was established in 1884 as an earth moving business and “Ryan” trucks have been driving across Wisconsin ever since. Although a fifth generation Wisconsin native, Ryan had been working in Washington D.C. as a staff member since attending college in Ohio. To overcome the label of a carpetbagger, Congressman Ryan posed for pictures and commercials in front of a “Ryan” truck. In his words, “as soon as I connected that

I’m one of these people, these Ryan’s who’ve been all over the place, and have been living here for years and years, I was quickly accepted as a local.”

Another interesting example comes from Congressman James Langevin.

While his family was active in the community, the name recognition in Rhode

Island was generated by his tragic childhood accident. While a police cadet in the

Boy Scouts explorer program, Langevin was struck by a bullet accidentally discharged from a police officer’s revolver, which traveled through his upper back and throat leaving him permanently paralyzed. His widely televised story and zest for public service propelled Congressman Langevin into the hearts and minds of many in Rhode Island. For that reason, he is one of the few officials who created their own name recognition.

With one official left to answer this line of questioning, nervousness abounds when questioning Congressman Jesse Jackson Jr. The son of a two-time

15 presidential candidate and a noted civil rights activist, Jackson, Jr., had received

help in his quick special election campaign from Johnnie Cochran, Bill Cosby,

and New York City Mayor David Dinkins. However, the Congressman is

comfortable acknowledging the contributions of his family name. Congressman

Jackson attributed his family name to assistance with the extraordinary costs of

winning a Congressional seat. “My father had thirty-five years of good will in the

city of Chicago and nationally. And so I became the great beneficiary of his

name. So while I spent seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars on my first

election campaign, it probably would have cost a million and a half, if the

scenario weren’t what it was.”

Family

Most of the officials interviewed did not come from political dynasties or families of local power. However, the existence of one’s own family can be a factor in an election. Appendix D again demonstrates that Fifty-five percent of the officials were married and six of the twenty respondents had children at the time of election. Of the six, five officials had children under the age of 6. Adam

Smith, married at the time of his election to Congress, stated that being married helped form an “illusion of stability” in his young candidacy which may not have previously existed. While the birth of his daughter in July of 2000 has a added even more to the façade of stability to some voters, the difficulties of raising a child were a serious impediment on time and “much more of a challenge.”

16 For Congressman Jackson, the issue of family was more painful than for any other candidate I spoke to. At the time of the interview, his daughter was about to turn two-years-old. Yet, Congressman Jackson was in Washington meeting with constituents, colleagues, and the occasional college student eager for a few answers. He was contemplating flying his daughter from Chicago to

Washington to celebrate her second birthday. When I asked the Congressman about his prospects for continuing in politics and his goals for the future, the conversation revolved around his daughter. While many older colleagues have grown children with lives of their own, Congressman Jackson carries the burden of serving the constituents of Chicago as well his own household. It is a contradiction which appears to weigh deeply upon him.

Senator Blanche Lincoln, the Arkansas native who chose not to run for a third term in the U.S. House after learning she was pregnant with twins, is raising young boys in our nation’s capitol. When asked how she balances between her job and her family, the Senator responded, “you just have to make those decisions and you have to know that each time you do, you’re gonna have to ask of another part of yourself and another part of your life please understand I need to devote some time here right now. And more than likely if you’re fair about that and you’re really honest about wanting to be successful at all of those things any other part of your life that you go to ask for that understanding they’re willing to give it to you.”

Having examined the stability of a marriage and the time consumption of children, another forty-five percent of the respondents were unmarried at the time

17 of election. At the cost of the façade of stability comes a devotion to full-time campaigning and attendance at events. For these candidates, the ability to focus on the job and devote of themselves without concern for the affect upon loved- ones can be an inviting equation. To Derrick Seaver, the chance to campaign full- time against candidates raising several children could have made the difference.

With only a two hundred and thirty-five vote difference between himself and

Republican candidate David Shiffer in 2000, the extra time available to Seaver to knock on over twelve thousand doors and shake over ten thousand hands is immeasurable.

18 Part Four The Elections

Individual Election Information Official Office Year District Information Outcome Sherrod Brown Ohio SOS 1982 Open Seat Won U.S. House 1992 Open Seat Won David T. Dreier U.S. House 1978 Faced incumbent Defeated U.S. House 1980 Faced incumbent Won Jesse L. Jackson Jr. U.S. House 1995 Open Seat Won James R. Langevin RI SOS 1994 Faced incumbent Won U.S. House 2000 Open Seat Won Blanche Lambert Lincoln U.S. House 1992 Open Seat Won U.S. House 1998 Open Seat Won Adam H. Putnam U.S. House 2000 Open Seat Won Paul D. Ryan U.S. House 1998 Open Seat Won Derrick C. Seaver Ohio House 2000 Open Seat Won Adam Smith U.S. House 1996 Faced incumbent Won

Table 8

The above table illustrating election information for the nine interviewed elected officials serves to be misleading. What is witnessed by Table 8 are nine officials in thirteen elections with only one defeat. What is not demonstrated in this table is the path by which nine of the thirteen open seats became available to the officials.

Sherrod Brown’s first election to Ohio Secretary of State came in 1982 as a result of then-Ohio Secretary of State Anthony Celebrezze, Jr. running not for a second-term but instead for Ohio Attorney General. In 1990, after eight years in office, Brown lost the Secretary of State’s election to Ohio’s current Governor,

Bob Taft. In addition, what remains today as Ohio’s thirteenth congressional district was created in 1992 after reapportionment. Brown faced millionaire

Margaret Mueller in a battle of a carpetbagging former-Secretary of State versus a carpetbagging millionaire. Sherrod Brown won by eighteen points.

19 At the age of twenty-six, David Dreier ran for congress in 1978 only a year removed from Claremont Graduate University. Losing by eight points to incumbent Jim Lloyd, Dreier was able to successfully turn Lloyd’s voting record against him in 1980 and win by seven points. However, redistricting allowed the

Democratic state legislature to merge two districts and force a primary battle of incumbent Republicans David Dreier and Wayne Grisham. Outraising Grisham by five dollars to one, David Dreier has twice defeated incumbents in his race for

Congress. He has safely held his seat ever since.

Congressman Jesse Jackson, Jr.’s open seat election in 1995 came on the heels of incumbent Congressman Mel Reynold’s resignation after being indicted, convicted, and eventually incarcerated for obstruction of justice, criminal sexual assault, and solicitation of child pornography. After a victory with a margin of only nine points in the primary, Jackson won the special election by fifty-two points.

James Langevin defeated incumbent Rhode Island Secretary of State in

1994 by nearly eleven percent. In 2000, he faced an easy open seat election to the

U.S. House with his greatest opposition in a third-party challenger.

For more than two years, Blanche Lambert served as a receptionist to twenty-four-year incumbent U.S. Representative Bill Alexander. However, in

1992 she chose to run against her former boss in the Democratic primary.

Lambert looked short on support until reports surfaced that Alexander’s 487 bounced checks at the House Bank were among the top ten worst in the country.

Having defeated the incumbent Alexander by twenty-two percent, Lambert saw

20 an easy forty-point victory in the general election. However, after only two-terms in office, Lambert chose not to run for reelection after learning she was pregnant with twins. When Senator Dale Bumpers announced he would not run for reelection in 1998, Blanche Lambert Lincoln defeated Republican State Senator

Fay Boozman by thirteen percent.

For Adam Putnam, four years experience and the opportunity to chair the

Agriculture Committee in the Florida State House were essential in his run for

Congress in 2000. However, at the age of twenty-six, Putnam would not have seen an open seat had not four-term incumbent Charles Canady resigned on his pledge not to stay more than four terms in the U.S. House.

Paul Ryan had been a staff member, legislative director, and speechwriter for Jack Kemp, William Bennett, and Senators Bob Kasten and Sam Brownback.

But in 1997, Ryan moved back to Wisconsin and worked at his family’s earth moving business, Ryan, Inc. in anticipation of Congressman Mark Neumann’s senate candidacy. After Neumann left his House seat to attempt, unsuccessfully, to unseat Democratic Senator Russ Feingold, Ryan announced his candidacy.

With a possible primary battle from State Senator George Petak, who had been recalled by Wisconisn voters for supporting a tax increase, Ryan easily won the primary by sixty-two points. Dubbed one of the Democratic Party’s top-ten priority districts in 1998, money poured into both sides of the campaign against

Lydia Spottswood. Paul Ryan won the district by sixteen percent.

As the seventeen-year-old leader of the Auglaize County Young

Democrats, high school senior Derrick Seaver spent his time attempting to

21 persuade local Democratic leaders to run for the open Ohio House seat in the 85th district. Term limited to eight years by a newly instituted law, the departing representative would become the district’s newest State Senator by election’s end.

However, this sixty-two percent Republican stronghold was not appealing to most

Democratic leaders. Hoping at least to field a candidate, several leaders pledged to support Derrick Seaver if he would challenge the Republican candidate David

Shiffer. With no other candidate in the primary, Seaver won the Democratic nomination. A well-financed business owner, David Shiffer out-raised Seaver in the general election by four-to-one. But Derrick Seaver’s determination and willingness to speak anywhere won him the election by 235 votes and made him the youngest state representative in Ohio history and the youngest legislator in the country. In 2002, Derrick Seaver beat Republican candidate Jon Adams, a

Republican businessman, family man, and former Navy Seal by seventeen percent.

Finally Adam Smith faced one-term incumbent Congressman Randy Tate for the ninth congressional district of Washington. Randy Tate had been a state legislator when he defeated a freshmen for the congressional seat in 1994. But

Smith, who at age twenty-five was the youngest State Senator in the country, concedes the election in 1996 was not about him. The election was about Randy

Tate’s support of the Republican “Contract with America”. Tate’s support of

Newt Gingrich coupled with the 18-month bombardment of televsision ads by the

AFL-CIO turned the voters of Wisconsin’s ninth congressional district against him. As Smith, who won by three percent said, “at the end of the day, what it was

22 about was that people looked at Randy and said you’re just too extreme for us, we want someone else. And I was, well, that was our unofficial campaign slogan:

Adam Smith is acceptable.”

Having analyzed the individual elections which put each of the elected officials into their current office, I asked two questions to each of the interviewees. Asked how each official related to his/her constituency and what set them apart from their opponent, many interesting answers emerged.

The mistake of many opponents was the misunderstanding of the issues.

In the case of Sherrod Brown in 1974 and Derrick Seaver in 2000, their opponents were uninformed of the main issues facing the district and ran unfocused campaigns. As Congressman Brown stated, “I wouldn’t have beat her if she had run a very focused campaign.”

In the campaigns of Derrick Seaver for State Representative and Adam

Smith for State Senator, the difference in the campaign came from personal interaction. I can attest to Derrick Seaver’s willingness to approach voters in the area. In his three county district, Seaver walked to 12,000 doors and actively courted the vote. Adam Smith gained notoriety for visiting as many as 40,000 homes while running for state senator. When asked how his grassroots campaign influenced the election, Smith responded, “it’s the difference between me sitting here talking to you and working someplace else.” At the age of twenty-five,

Smith was soon to finish law school when he entered into the State Senate race.

With very little funding, Smith said that he was “convinced that I was just completely screwed.” However, evaluation of the district proved to Adam Smith

23 that only 28,000 voters would decide the outcome. Staying at his family home,

Smith began a full-time door-to-door campaign. Out of necessity, Adam Smith approached the doors of forty thousand voters “seven days a week, all summer long.” Because of his efforts, donations came to his campaign in time to make a last effort with a mail program which helped secure his election.

Paul Ryan’s congressional campaign focused on television ads which spoke directly to voters. In addition, by visiting “population clusters,” Ryan was able to make a personal connection to his voters. While his opponent, Lydia

Spottswood ran many negative campaigns against the Ryan camp, Paul Ryan stuck to a platform of tax reform and portrayed positive philosophies. As

Congressman Ryan says, “it just looked like she was against me and not for something.”

For David Dreier, noting the inconsistencies in his opponent, Jim Lloyd proved effective in the 1980 election. Lloyd, a former fighter pilot in the second

World War who spoke often of fiscal responsibility and cutting taxes in his district, often voted with the Democratic leadership in Washington. When David

Dreier used Jim Lloyd’s record against him in his Republican district to show he voted with the leadership and not as he told the voters of California he intended to vote, Lloyd was defeated.

Lastly, while only twenty-six at the time of his election to the U.S. House,

Adam Putnam had served four years in the Florida State House. His experience in two major campaigns assisted him against a political newcomer in Michael

Stedem. Like Adam Smith and Derrick Seaver, Putnam went to twenty thousand

24 doors and canvassed many neighborhoods. However, Congressman Putnam attests much of his win to his experience as a candidate. He believes that his experience helped him to not overreact to challenges by Michael Stedem. Adam

Putnam believes that candidates for office who come from a business background are accustomed to having their demands answered. As the boss, business leaders receive many yeses and only receive press for their good deeds “they’re the man of the year, they’re Kiwanis club president.” According to Congressman Putnam,

“those guys are the most thin-skinned when they get into politics cause they’ve never had anybody publicly say anything bad about them cause they’ve been successful, they’ve been businessmen, they give back to the community, they sponsor the little league teams, they do everything that’s good and they never have anybody go on the front page of the paper and say that their being dishonest or that they’ve got a bad idea, their position on social security is stupid or whatever.” His past political experience not only gave Adam Putnam credibility to his voters and assisted in counteracting the charge of a lack of life experience by his opponent, but also kept the Congressman from overreacting to his opponent.

Analyzing the many factors in which these young candidates came to office is important. Interaction with constituents and valuable criticisms of opponents are just a few of the tactics employed by successful candidates. Still, the opportunity to become the youngest Congressman would not have been afforded to Adam Putnam were it not for his predecessor’s pledge, to Paul Ryan and Sherrod Brown for the ambitions of their predecessors, to Derrick Seaver for

25 term limits, or to Blanche Lambert and Jesse Jackson, Jr. for the misconduct and indiscretions and their predecessors. A study of the lessons from these nine elections proves the belief of Congressman Adam Putnam, “timing really is everything”.

26 Part Five The Affect of Age

When questioned about the affect of age upon their election, only Sherrod

Brown answered that age was overall a detriment. Two officials believed it to be a negligible effect, seven members believed it both a benefit and a detriment, while forty-seven percent found their youthful age to be a benefit to their election.

To Senator Lincoln, age was an asset which set her apart. Giving her a certain amount of background and perhaps even a greater connection to the most youthful issues. Senator Lincoln found benefits in her youth. Paul Ryan who found that people, “like the idea of a young blood,” supported the Senator’s thoughts.

In addition, Adam Smith emphatically believed that youth was always a benefit. There is always a positive reaction when a young person becomes a leader in the community. In his “handy little philosophy,” Congressman Smith says, “as much as people bitch and moan about it, youth and ambition will always be served.” To him, the greatest mistake a young person makes is attempting to convince every voter that the person is qualified for office. To that end, the candidate appears “officious” and “obnoxious”. However, in general, people

“love it when young people run.” That is, “unless of course like I said, you’re an idiot and then you’re in trouble anyway.”

David Dreier believes that youth can be both a benefit and a detriment. As with most areas, a young person running for major office can upset the faithful and enduring party members. Having not served in public office and being a very

27 recent college graduate, Dreier made his first attempt at a U.S. House seat at the age of twenty-six. But not to dispirit, Dreier notes, “at the same time people are encouraged they’re drawn to youthful enthusiasm and as long as you can demonstrate that there’s substance beneath that I think that it has a great potential for success.”

For Derrick Seaver, running for the Ohio House of Representatives at the age of eighteen created many questions of effectiveness. However, studying the issues and preparing for debates earned him the respect of many local leaders.

Rather than fear his age, Seaver used his influence as the leader of the Auglaize

County Young Democrats to spark interest and volunteerism in citizens not yet of age to vote. His own girlfriend was unable to cast a ballot in the election but, along with other students, participated in the grassroots campaign.

Finally, for James Langevin, Derrick Seaver, and Adam Putnam, the influence and encouragement of the senior citizen vote was essential to victory.

When examining the propensity of seniors to support young candidates,

Congressman Putnam noted that at the age of seventeen or eighteen, many in our senior population were being drafted to go off to World War II or Korea. For that reason, they are incredibly aware of the chances for success of a young person. In

Derrick Seaver’s experience, seniors become interested in picking leaders for the future. To vault a qualified young candidate to a major position of influence allows senior citizens a role in choosing the leaders of tomorrow.

The respondents also believed that they have been well received by their colleagues. They cite the benefits of being young in their interactions with

28 colleagues. As the youngest member of the 106th Congress, Paul Ryan was given many opportunities to represent the “younger” voice of the Republican party. As such, he was given more opportunities to be involved with the decision-making process.

With some joking, Derrick Seaver, Sherrod Brown, and Adam Putnam believe they have been well received by their colleagues. While one publicized quip by fellow State Representative Jamie Callender was met with hisses when

Callender remarked that he was glad Seaver’s classes had ended so he could attend hearings, Derrick Seaver later stated that it was a joke which, “came out wrong”. Once the unofficial designated driver in the State House, Seaver has established himself as a skillful politician in Columbus. In the case of Sherrod

Brown, a soft spoken State Representative at the age of 22, he was once sent out for coffee by a staff member who believed him to be a page. As Brown says, “I just got it. I never told her I wasn’t (a page). I mean, why wreck her day, right?”

Adam Putnam thinks that he has actually received more weird looks from staff members in Washington. “They’re the ones that step back and think you know that guy must be a real ass if he got elected.” To Putnam, his colleagues have received him better than other young people. As one of the youngest members in history, he assumes that many young people believe him to be from a rich family or the son of a former Congressman. But the reception of his colleagues has been warm.

29 Part Six Advice from the Winner’s Circle

The last part of this thesis comes from the answers respondents gave as advice to young people. But first, I confronted an issue which is a question for all prospective candidates, why run for office? In a time when politicians are not held in particularly high esteem, hours are long, time is short, and the work is difficult, why does a reasonable person run for office?

Experience as a staff member or on a campaign convinced Sherrod Brown,

David Dreier, Blanche Lambert Lincoln, and Paul Ryan. In the case of Jesse

Jackson, Jr., his wife had held many hill jobs including chief of staff to

Congressman Cleo Fields. At her prompting, the Congressman ran in the special election. With the drive for public service, the platform of a U.S. Congressman has been important to Jesse Jackson, Jr. The power of being listened to has been a great avenue for changing public policy. Overall, the respondents ran for elected office with the goal of affecting public policy and making a positive change in peoples’ lives. With a drive for public service, the officials next discussed their advice for young people.

Knowing why a person wants to get into office is the first piece of advice from Senator Blanche Lincoln. Because of the great difficulties of service, a young person must be certain about why they are running for office. Her second piece of advice is simply stated, “have fun.” In her opinion, the job of elected official has many pressures and if the reward is not enough, one should not stay.

In addition, “if you’re not having fun, you’re not happy, and if you’re not happy

30 you’re not pleasant and if you’re not pleasant and happy, I don’t care how much people agree with you, if you’re not pleasant and happy they’re not gonna like you and it doesn’t matter how much they agree with you on the issues, if you don’t like you they’re not gonna vote for ya.” When asked if she would advise young women interested in running for public office differently, Senator Lincoln replied, “oh absolutely.” With greater challenges in fundraising and time commitments, “there is a big balance that has to be reached and it’s not easy.”

Keeping your goals in perspective while dividing your resources accordingly is a difficult balance.

Both James Langevin and Adam Smith advise on understanding the community. Knowing one’s constituents and building relationships is important to any campaign. In addition, having lived in a district for many years shows your commitment to the area. The connection to an area from childhood leaves little doubt as to one’s loyalties. For Adam Putnam however, running for local office or getting involved in every community organization is not necessary or always beneficial to a major campaign.

Congressman Putnam encourages prospective young candidates to skip city or county office. While many people believe in paying one’s dues by moving up through offices, Putnam disagrees. “I believe that that people are comforted knowing that there is a hundred and twenty members of the state house or four hundred thirty five members of Congress and they’re willing to take a chance on a young person to send them up to the legislature or to the Congress.” said Adam Putnam. “I think a young candidate has a better shot of getting elected

31 to a legislative body than they do to the city council.” Congressman Putnam recounted the story of William J. Hughes of New Jersey which was detailed in

Hardball by Chris Matthews.

During a town meeting in his district, Congressman Hughes began with the statement “I represent you at the federal level. I don’t take care of your potholes. I don’t pick up your trash.” Having turned to the question portion of the night, a woman’s question began, “well, I want to tell you you’re supposed to pick up my trash on Thursday afternoons and they never do and the dogs get into it.” Congressman Hughes replied to the woman that he is a federal legislator who works directly with issues of the federal budget and national issues. Congressman

Hughes encouraged the woman to approach her mayor or commissioner of public works. As Matthews wrote, “without a hint of sarcasm, the woman looked her hot new congressman directly in the eye and said, ‘I didn’t want to start that high.’”

To Congressman Putnam, this story proves an important rule. Citizens are more willing to vault a young person into a position such as state legislator or

Congressman rather than trust them with the locally important issues faced by the city council. In many city halls, the staff is made up of lifetime employees unwilling to “let you touch anything.” However, state capitols and the U.S.

Congress are run by young people.

Adam Putnam and Adam Smith also agree on picking your district.

Congressman Putnam believes that only certain districts in Florida would have allowed a young person to represent them in Congress. In addition, luck had a lot

32 to do with their elections. Incumbents leaving or running poor campaigns cannot usually be anticipated prior to filing. Congress Putnam told me, “you really have to have a lot of other good fortune come together.”

Paul Ryan believes in achieving real experiences in one’s life prior to running for office. As a staff member in Washington D.C., Congressman Ryan worked three jobs at once to get himself into a position to influence policy. As a candidate, Paul Ryan follows an adage from his mother that you have “two ears and one mouth and use it in that proportion.” Being humble to your voters and not attempting to prove everything while continuing to listen to their suggestions can get a person elected.

Jesse Jackson, Jr.’s advice for young people is to finish their education.

By completing higher education, Congressman Jackson believes young people will broaden their understanding of the world. Jesse Jackson, Jr. relies on his education to affect policy regarding minorities. As African Americans are concerned, most freedoms afforded them are provided by federal law, not state statutes. Citing the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments,

Congressman Jackson shows how the creation of law is a national concern for women, African Americans, and many others. For the congressman, his education has provided him with the opportunity to further comprehend and support these issues of national importance.

Lastly, State Representative Derrick Seaver believes that a young person running for office cannot lose. With a whole life to come, the worst thing to happen to a candidate is that you will not get the job you wanted. However,

33 getting your name out and making a strong running can help in future endeavors.

Getting noticed is a victory in and of itself and people do pay attention to you.

Derrick Seaver says that his election proved to him, “people will accept young candidates if they put an effort forth.”

34 Conclusion

As I stated in the beginning of this work, my intentions were not to prove the riddles of political science. Instead we see that indeed young people are successful throughout all walks of life. In the business world, Theo Epstein recently became the General Manager of the Boston Red Sox at the age of 28 and

Jerry Yang, co-founder of Yahoo, Inc. became the world’s youngest billionaire at age 29. The world’s youngest physician is seventeen and a young man by the name of Michael Kearney earned his Associate Degree at age six, his Bachelors

Degree at age ten, and his first Master’s Degree at age fourteen. At age seventeen

Michael Kearney is a college professor. Examples throughout history of powerful and successful youth include George Armstrong Custer who became a Major

General at the age of twenty-five, Joseph Story who became a U.S. Supreme

Court Justice at age thirty-two and John Easton who became a U.S. Senator at age twenty-eight, a full two years below the Constitutional minimum age.

Opportunities abound for the young people of America. Whether following in the footsteps of John Jay or Alexander the Great, prospects cannot be ignored. Additionally, eighteen-year-olds in Minster, Ohio can formulate policy affecting the lives of the twelve million people of the State of Ohio. I do not begin to assert having filled an existing void in political science research on young officials. However, this is the hopefully the beginning in a line of exploration on this subject. Much is left unsaid and more must be studied to understand a subject as in depth as youth in politics. Nevertheless, the

35 phenomenon is precise and the record of available officials long. I truly hope this sparks questions for the reader. Serving as more of an introduction to the subject,

I am left to wonder what success young politicians enjoy, what effect an early beginning in politics has on one’s actions and attitudes, what is the extended history, and more perhaps importantly, the future of this movement.

36 Part Seven Appendixes and Charts

A. Impact of Age B. Family Impact C. Professional History D. Personal History E. Constituency Information

37 Appendix A Impact of Age

Affect of Age in Legislator Age on Election Day your Election State House State Senate Secretary of State U.S. House U.S. Senate Lieutenant Governor Benefit Detriment Both Neither Jeb Bardon a 25 X Sherrod Brown b 21 29 39 X Joseph Crowley c 23 36 X Tom Daschle d 31 38 X David Dreier e 28 X Cleo Fields f 23 29 * * * * Virgil Goode g 27 50 X Gene Green h 26 45 X Jesse Jackson Jr. i 30 X Mark Kruzan j 26 X James Langevin k 24 30 36 X Blanche Lincoln l 32 38 X Adam Putnam m 22 26 X Paul Ryan n 28 X Martin Sabo o 22 40 X Bob Schaffer p 25 34 X Derrick Seaver q 18 X Adam Smith r 25 31 X John Sununu s 32 38 X Jane Swift t 25 33 X Average/Total 22.6 25.2 29.5 34.2 38 33 9 1 7 2 Percentage 47% 5% 37% 11%

a 1998 election - Indiana State House b 1982 election - Ohio Secretary of State c 1986 election - New York Assembly d 1986 election - United States Senate e 1980 election - United States House f 1992 election - United States House g 1973 election - Virginia State Senate h 1973 election - Texas State House i 1995 election - United States House j 1986 election - Indiana State House k 1994 election - RI Secretary of State l 1998 election - United States Senate m 2000 election - United States House n 1998 election - United States House o 1960 election - Minnesota State House p 1987 election - Colorado State Senate q 2000 election - Ohio State House r 1996 election - United States House s 1996 election - United States House t 1997 election - Massachusetts Lt. Gov. * Not Answered

38 Appendix B Family Impact How frequently did How frequently your family Were either of Was your did your family suggest you your parents surname an discuss politics would run for ever asset in your Legislator with you? office? candidates? election? Frequently Occasionally Seldom Never Frequently Occasionally Seldom Never Yes, Father Yes, Mother Both Yes, No Very helpful Helpful Somewhat Helpful Played no Part Jeb Bardon a XXXX Sherrod Brown b XXXX Joseph Crowley c XX XX Tom Daschle d XX X X David Dreier e XXXX Cleo Fields f X X X**** Virgil Goode g XXXX Gene Green h XXXX Jesse Jackson Jr. i XXXX Mark Kruzan j XXXX James Langevin k XXXX Blanche Lincoln l XXXX Adam Putnam m XXXX Paul Ryan n XXXX Martin Sabo o XXXX Bob Schaffer p XXXX Derrick Seaver q XX X X Adam Smith r XXXX John Sununu s XXXX Jane Swift t XXXX Total 9 5 6004115302153448 Percentage 45% 25% 30% 0% 0% 20% 5% 75% 15% 0% 10% 75% 16% 21% 21% 42%

39 Appendix C Professional History

Career Electoral Legislator Professional Experience Experience Party Education Legal profession Government Activism Private Industry Candidate State Legislator U.S. House U.S. Senate Governor Democrat Republican Jeb Bardon a XX X Sherrod Brown b XXXX Joseph Crowley c XXX X Tom Daschle d XXXX David Dreier e XXX Cleo Fields f XXXX Virgil Goode g XXXX Gene Green h XXXX Jesse Jackson Jr. i XXX Mark Kruzan j XXX James Langevin k XXXX Blanche Lincoln l XXXX Adam Putnam m XXX X Paul Ryan n XXX Martin Sabo o XXX X Bob Schaffer p XXXX Derrick Seaver q XX X Adam Smith r XXXX John Sununu s XXXX Jane Swift t XXXX Total 1 4 7 1 4 3 14 16 3 1 14 6 Percentage 5% 20% 35% 5% 20% 15% 70% 80% 15% 5% 70% 30% a 1998 election - Indiana State House b 1982 election - Ohio Secretary of State c 1986 election - New York Assembly d 1986 election - United States Senate e 1980 election - United States House f 1992 election - United States House g 1973 election - Virginia State Senate h 1973 election - Texas State House i 1995 election - United States House j 1986 election - Indiana State House k 1994 election - RI Secretary of State l 1998 election - United States Senate m 2000 election - United States House n 1998 election - United States House o 1960 election - Minnesota State House p 1987 election - Colorado State Senate q 2000 election - Ohio State House r 1996 election - United States House s 1996 election - United States House t 1997 election - Massachusetts Lt. Gov. * Not Answered

40 Appendix D Personal History

What was your Was education level at college the time of your an Legislator Religion election? asset? Baptist Catholic Christian Christian Scientist Episcopalian Lutheran Methodist High School Graduate Bachelors Degree Master's Degree Doctorate Juris Yes No Jeb Bardon a *******X X X Sherrod Brown b XXXXX Joseph Crowley c XXXX Tom Daschle d XXXX David Dreier e XXXXX Cleo Fields f XXXX Virgil Goode g XXXXX Gene Green h XX X X Jesse Jackson Jr. i X X XXX X Mark Kruzan j *******X X X X James Langevin k XXXXX Blanche Lincoln l XXXX Adam Putnam m XXXX Paul Ryan n XXXX Martin Sabo o XXX X Bob Schaffer p XXXX Derrick Seaver q XX** Adam Smith r XXXXX John Sununu s XXXXX Jane Swift t XXXX Total/Average 3811221201954 190 Percentage 17% 44% 6% 6% 11% 11% 6% 100% 95% 25% 20% 100% 0%

a 1998 election - IN State House b 1982 election - OH Secty of State c 1986 election - NY Assembly d 1986 election - U.S. Senate e 1980 election - U.S. House f 1992 election - U.S. House g 1973 election - VA State Senate h 1973 election - TX State House i 1995 election - U.S. House j 1986 election - IN State House k 1994 election - RI Secty of State l 1998 election - U.S. Senate m 2000 election - U.S. House n 1998 election - U.S. House o 1960 election - MN State House p 1987 election - CO State Senate q 2000 election - OH State House r 1996 election - U.S. House s 1996 election - U.S. House t 1997 election - MA Lt. Gov. * Not Answered

41 Appendix D Personal History How would you describe your In what type of personality at city did you live the time of your at the time of Legislator election? your election? Personal Office Conversational Analytical Extraverted Introverted Major City Small Town Suburb Rural Area Married Number of Children Children under 6 Elected to Student Jeb Bardon a XX X 00X Sherrod Brown b XX X20X Joseph Crowley c XXX X X00X Tom Daschle d XXX33X David Dreier e XX X 00X Cleo Fields f XXX00X Virgil Goode g XXX00X Gene Green h XXX00X Jesse Jackson Jr. i XX X00 Mark Kruzan j XX 00X James Langevin k XX00 Blanche Lincoln l X ****X22 Adam Putnam m XXXX00X Paul Ryan n XXX X 00X Martin Sabo o XX X 00X Bob Schaffer p XX X X22X Derrick Seaver q XXX00X Adam Smith r XX00 John Sununu s XX22X Jane Swift t XX11 Total/Average 136559343116515 Percentage 65% 30% 25% 25% 47% 16% 21% 16% 55% 30% 25% 75%

42 Appendix E Constitutency Information

School Racial Completed - 25 Composition years or older Legislator Population (Percentage) (percentage) Median Age Total Population Male Percent Female Percent White Black Hispanic (Any Race) Asian Other High School (1 to 3 yrs) High School (4 yrs) College (1 to 3 yrs) College (4 yrs) Median Household Income Statewide Election Sherrod Brown a 29.9 10,797,630 48.3 51.7 88.9 10.0 1.1 0.4 0.1 17.7 40.5 12.8 13.7 $17,754 Tom Daschle b 32.5 696,004 49.2 50.8 91.6 0.5 0.8 0.4 7.5 13.4 28.7 34.5 23.0 $22,503 James Langevin f 34.0 1,003,464 48.0 52.0 91.4 3.9 4.6 1.8 2.9 28.0 29.5 21.3 21.3 $32,181 Blanche Lincoln g 33.7 2,350,725 48.2 51.8 82.7 15.9 0.1 0.1 1.3 33.7 32.7 20.3 13.3 $21,147 Jane Swift c 33.4 6,016,425 48.0 52.0 89.8 5.0 4.8 2.4 2.8 20.0 29.7 23.0 27.2 $36,952 Average 32.7 4,172,850 48.3 51.7 88.9 7.1 2.3 1.0 2.9 22.6 32.2 22.4 19.7 $26,107

Non-Minority Congressional Seats Adam Putnam h 35.4 562,519 48.7 51.3 84.1 12.6 6.1 0.6 2.6 33.0 32.2 21.8 13.0 $25,315 Paul Ryan i 32.7 543,530 48.8 51.2 92.0 5.4 3.4 0.6 1.9 22.9 38.0 24.3 14.8 $31,431 Adam Smith j 31.1 540,744 50.3 49.7 85.5 5.4 3.7 6.1 3.0 15.4 32.3 34.1 18.2 $32,194 John Sununu k 32.4 554,360 48.9 51.1 98.0 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.5 17.6 31.3 27.2 23.8 $36,511 Average 32.9 550,288 49.2 50.8 89.9 6.0 3.6 2.0 2.0 22.2 33.5 26.9 17.5 $31,363

Minority Congressional Seats Cleo Fields d 29.2 602,884 47.6 52.4 32.9 66.4 0.1 0.1 0.5 42.0 30.3 16.6 9.9 $14,515 Jesse Jackson Jr. e 30.8 571,530 47.0 53.0 27.1 68.5 6.6 0.1 4.3 29.9 28.4 28.5 13.1 $30,217 Average 30.0 587,207 47.3 52.7 30.0 67.5 3.4 0.1 2.4 36.0 29.4 22.6 11.5 $22,366 a 1982 election - Ohio Secretary of State a Figures based on 1980 Census Data b 1986 election - United States Senate b Figures based on 1980 Census Data c 1997 election - Massachusetts Lt. Gov. c Figures based on 1990 Census Data d 1992 election - United States House d Figures based on 1990 Census Data e 1995 election - United States House e Figures based on 1990 Census Data f 1994 election - RI Secretary of State f Figures based on 1990 Census Data g 1998 election - United States Senate g Figures based on 1990 Census Data h 2000 election - United States House h Figures based on 1990 Census Data i 1998 election - United States House i Figures based on 1990 Census Data j 1996 election - United States House j Figures based on 1990 Census Data k 1996 election - United States House k Figures based on 1990 Census Data

43 Part Eight Biographies and Interview Responses

The following are short biographies of the nine elected officials interviewed in this research. In addition, district demographics and transcriptions of their comments are included.

44 Sherrod Brown United States House of Representatives Thirteenth Congressional District of Ohio

Politician Profile State Represented: Ohio Party Affiliation: Democrat Birthday: November 9, 1952 Religion: Lutheran Family: Wife: Divorced Children: Emily (b. 1981) and Elizabeth (b. 1983) Education: Yale University, (B.A.) 1974 Ohio State University, (M.A.) 1979 Ohio State University, (M.A.) 1981 Career: Teacher, Legislator 1979-1981: Professor at Ohio State University Public Offices: 1974: Elected to the Ohio State House 1976: Reelected to the Ohio State House 1978: Reelected to the Ohio State House 1980: Reelected to the Ohio State House 1982: Elected as Ohio Secretary of State 1986: Reelected as Ohio Secretary of State 1992: Elected to U.S. House of Representatives (OH-13) 1994: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (OH-13) 1996: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (OH-13) 1998: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (OH-13) 2000: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (OH-13) 2002: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (OH-13) Committee assignments: Committee on Energy and Commerce (8th of 26) Committee on International Relations (7th of 23)

45 Sherrod Brown United States House of Representatives Thirteenth Congressional District of Ohio

Statewide Election Information 1990 Population: 10,797,630 White…………………….…... 88.9% Black……………………….… 10.0% Asian……………………….… 0.4% Hispanic Origin…………….... 1.1% Other…………………………. 0.1% School Completed- Age 25 or older High School (1-3 yrs)………... 17.7% High School (4 yrs)…………...40.5% College (1-3 yrs)……………... 12.8% College (4 yrs)……….………. 13.7%

Thirteenth District Information 1990 Population: 570,894 White…………………….….…………. 93.6% Black……………………….………….. 4.5% Asian……………………….………….. 0.5% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 2.9% Other……………………………………1.3% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 21.5% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 37.4% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 24.6% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 16.5%

District Demographics The thirteenth district was created by the migration of easterners in the youth of our country’s time. Settling in northeastern Ohio, the easterners established the towns and colleges of the area. After the 1930’s and the New Deal policies, the thirteenth had a kind of class warfare.

Today, with a decline in factory employment, businesses with highly skilled workers have begun anew in the area. The district itself is shaped much like a barbell. The west includes Lorain and Elyria as well as Oberlin and Medina county. To the east is Geauga County as well as several high-income counties. The eastern part of the district and Medina county tend to vote Republican while the west votes Democrat. But it is the blue-collar factory upbringing in Lorain country which brings this district to the Democrats and Congressman Sherrod Brown.

46 After Ohio lost one congressional seat during the 2000 census, redistricting threatened to combine the 13th with a nearby district. However, the strength and popularity of Congressman Brown couples with the possibility of a gubernatorial or U.S. Senate campaign persuaded Ohio republicans to make changes elsewhere.

Sherrod Brown’s Election Results

1982 Secretary of State 1986 Secretary of State 1990 Secretary of State Sherrod Brown 53.6% Sherrod Brown 59.7% Sherrod Brown 47.0% Virgil Brown 42.0% Vincent Campanella 40.3% Bob Taft 53.0% Other 4.4%

1992 U.S. House (OH-13) 1994 U.S. House (OH-13) 1996 U.S. House (OH-13) Sherrod Brown 53.3% Sherrod Brown 49.1% Sherrod Brown 60.5% Margaret Mueller 35.2% Gregory White 45.5% Kenneth Blair 36.0% Other 11.5% Other 5.4% Other 3.5%

1998 U.S. House (OH-13) 2000 U.S. House (OH-13) 2002 U.S. House (OH-13) Sherrod Brown 61.5% Sherrod Brown 64.5% Sherrod Brown 69.0% Grace Drake 38.5% Rick Jeric 32.1% Ed Oliveros 31.0% Other 3.4%

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

1984 (Statewide vote) 1988 (Statewide vote) 1992 (OH-13) Ronald Reagan 58.9% George H. W. Bush 44% William Clinton 38% Walter Mondale 40.1% Michael Dukakis 55% George H. W. Bush 36% Other 1.0% Other 1% Ross Perot 27%

1996 (OH-13) 2000 (OH-13) William Clinton 46.6% George W. Bush 46.2% Bob Dole 39.2% Al Gore 49.7% Other 14.2% Other 4.1%

47 Sherrod Brown United States House of Representatives Thirteenth Congressional District of Ohio Biography

Sherrod Brown was born on November 9, 1952 in Mansfield, Ohio. After graduating from Yale University in 1974, Brown returned to Mansfield to win a seat in the Ohio State House just before his 22nd birthday. A reserved State Representative, Brown was once mistaken for a page by a state employee and given a dollar to retrieve a a cup of coffee.

Sherrod Brown was an active educator at Ohio State University from 1979 to 1981 and has continued his work in higher education. He holds two Master’s Degrees from the Ohio State University and served a a faculty associate at the Mershon Center. In 1982, Sherrod Brown was elected as Ohio’s Secretary of State. He worked hard to increase voter turnout and registration. Brown held his position until a 1990 defeat by Robert Taft (now Governor of Ohio). Redistricting in 1981 created the thirteenth district, without Sherrod Brown’s hometown of Mansfield.

In the 1990 Ohio Secretary of State election, Sherrod Brown was blasted by Robert Taft for taking a two-month unpaid educational trip to Japan. Taft ran ads proclaiming “Sayonara, Sherrod”1 and defeated Brown by six percent.

In 1992, Sherrod Brown moved into a rented cottage in Medina County. He faced his Republican opponent, a millionaire social worker from Geauga County, Margaret Mueller. Brown took a 200-mile bicycle tour around the district and with good support from the labor industry won the thirteenth district by 53 to 35 percent.

Since 1992, Congressman Brown has held a solid liberal voting record. He has attacked NAFTA and GATT as well as permanent trade relations with China. His position as ranking Democrat on the Energy and Commerce subcommittee has held little influence under Republican control. However, a switch of party control would leave Congressman Brown as the chairman of one of the most important subcommittees in the U.S. House.

Congressman Brown wrote Congress from the Inside about the loss of control by House Democrats. Brown faced a tough challenge in 1994 by Lorain County prosecutor Gregory White but pulled ahead 49 to 46 percent. Since then, his seat has been won with relative ease.

1 Brian Nutting and Amy Stern, ,Politics in America: The 107th Congress, (Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2001), 800.

48 Sherrod Brown United States House of Representatives Thirteenth Congressional District of Ohio Thursday March 14, 2002

Background Information 1. When you were in high school or college, did you ever run for office, such as Class President/Vice President? HIGH SCHOOL - SENIOR CLASS PRESIDENT

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? FREQUENTLY

3. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? NEVER

“I was a senior at Yale, I got a call from the local Democratic chairman. He called my parents to get my number, tell them he was going to ask me to run for the legislature.”

After Sherrod Brown called his parents, his dad got on the line and said, “You’re too young. I won’t vote for you. But he got over it.”

4. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? FATHER WAS ON THE MANSFIELD SCHOOL BOARD

General Election Information The following questions regard election to Ohio House in 1974 and Ohio Secretary of State in 1982.

5. In what type of area did you live at the time of your election? LIVED IN MANSFIELD IN 1974 WHICH IS THE MAIN CITY IN THE AREA.

6. What was your martial status at the time of your election? SINGLE IN 1974, MARRIED IN THE ELECTION TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. CURRENTLY DIVORCED

“I’m divorced…whether politics caused that or not who knows.”

7. How many total children did you have during the time of your election? EMILY (B. 1981) ELIZABETH (B. 1983)

49 NO CHILDREN WHEN ELECTED TO STATE HOUSE. ONE CHILD, AGE 1, WHEN RUNNING FOR SECRETARY OF STATE.

8. How you would describe your political philosophy at the time of the general election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative). SHERROD BROWN IS A LIBERAL. HE BELIEVES THAT THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE IS LIBERAL ON ECONOMIC ISSUES AND MIXED ON ISSUES OF GAY RIGHTS AND MORALITY.

“I’m convinced if people really knew what George Bush was doing his favorable rating would be twenty. I mean if people knew the kinds of everything for corporate America, everything for the rich, whether it’s tax cuts, whether it’s the way he does the budget, everything, I mean everything he does, the environment, it’s all it’s all corporate driven, contributor driven and I think if voters really paid attention his his favorable ratings would be so low.”

9. Your education level at the time of the general election was…. A Bachelor’s Degree in the State House and Two Master’s Degrees by the Secretary of State election. Would you consider this to be a benefit or a detriment to your election? VERY ADVANTAGEOUS

“Because I had no accomplishments to point to I could at least say I was a college graduate. I really couldn’t point to my, I worked on a family farm, I substitute taught and I was a college graduate. I mean I didn’t have anything else to point to.”

“I didn’t go around saying I was a college graduate but you know I mean at least I could say that.”

“When you’re twenty one you haven’t done much so it makes it a little more difficult to say you have great experience.”

“And then as an incumbent two years later I had both. I still had the energy and enthusiasm of youth if you will and the experience of doing this job.”

10. How would you have described your personality during the general election? INTROVERTED TO EXTROVERTED

“I started, I think, slightly introverted and moved towards being more extroverted…It was hard to walk into a room where I didn’t know anybody, it was just hard to do.”

“If you want to be a good candidate you end up getting more extroverted.”

50 11. During the general election, what do you feel set you most apart from your opponent, 1974 opponent? “The person I beat in ’74 came back and ran in ’76 and she was a terrible candidate, I mean she just wasn’t very smart. She took me for granted is the reason I beat her. I wouldn’t have beat her if she had run a very focused campaign but I’m not sure she was capable of running a very focused campaign.”

12. During the general election, how do you feel that you most related to your constituency? LEARNING THE ISSUES BETTER AND WORKING HARDER AS WELL AS WORKING DOOR TO DOOR.

13. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “It was a detriment.”

“Used it as much of a benefit as possible. It was a good year. It was Watergate. People wanted to throw the bastards out kind of.”

14. How much do you believe that the recognition of family name assisted in or deterred from your election? IT HELPED A LITTLE. HIS FATHER WAS A LOCAL DOCTOR FOR THIRTY-FIVE YEARS AND HAD A LOT OF FORMER PATIENTS.

“I did a poll right around Labor Day and I was literally one percent name recognition. And it was people I went to high school with I assume. The point was, no body knew me. And you know in a district of one hundred thousand who’s going to know you just cause you grew up there. I mean you know a few hundred people.”

15. What prompted you to run for elected office? “I knew I wanted to run for office from about ’72 on working for McGovern and and the Democratic chairman asked and I thought, I didn’t know what I was going to do and this made sense.”

16. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “Work in a government or government office as an intern, campaign, work as a volunteer on a campaign and read Nation Magazine or something like it.”

17. Do you feel that in being elected right before your 22nd birthday you were prepared for service? How old would you have to be to be ready for service? “No, No, I don’t I don’t think you can and most people aren’t no matter what their age cause you don’t know what these jobs are like but it’s always on the job training.”

51 18. Because of your age, how were you received by your colleagues in the State House? “With some joking and some probably not much different from your friend, from Derrick.”

“One older woman sent me out for coffee, thought I was a page, and I just got it. I never told her I wasn’t. I mean, why wreck her day, right? People kind of made fun of me but kind of in a nice way. I mean people were nice about it.”

52 David T. Dreier United States House of Representatives Twenty Sixth (2003-present), Twenty Eighth (1993-2003), Thirty Third (1983-1993), Thirty Fifth (1981-1983) Congressional District of California

Politician Profile State Represented: California Party Affiliation: Republican Birthday: July 5, 1952 Religion: Christian Scientist Family: Wife: Single Education: Claremont McKenna College, (B.A.) 1975 Claremont Graduate University, (M.A.) 1976 Career: Real estate developer and property manager 1976-1978: Corporate Relations Director Claremont McKenna College 1979-1980: Marketing Director, Industrial Hydrocarbons 1985-present: Vice President, Dreier Development Company Public Offices: 1980: Elected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-35) 1982: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-33) 1984: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-33) 1986: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-33) 1988: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-33) 1990: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-33) 1992: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-28) 1994: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-28) 1996: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-28) 1998: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-28) 2000: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-28) 2002: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (CA-26) Committee assignments: Committee on Rules (Chairman) Select Committee on Homeland Security (7th of 27)

53 David T. Dreier United States House of Representatives Twenty Sixth (2003-present), Twenty Eighth (1993-2003), Thirty Third (1983-1993), Thirty Fifth (1981-1983) Congressional District of California

Thirty-Third District Information 1980 Population: 526,296 White…………………….….…………. 82.4% Black……………………….………….. 5.2% Asian……………………….………….. 4.1% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 19.0% Other……………………………………8.3% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 25.5% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 36.1% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 23.1% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 15.3%

Thirty-Fifth District Demographics (1973-1983) Containing the eastern suburbs of Los Angeles County, Pomona and Claremont, the 35th district was held by moderate Democrat Jim Lloyd from 1974 until his defeat in 1980. Containing several small colleges and affluent neighborhoods, the district has a rising number of residents of Spanish decent.

Thirty-Third District Demographics (1983-1993) In much the same form as the 12th district which brought Richard Nixon to Congress, the 33rd contains the eastern end of Los Angeles County. Holding many affluent neighborhoods and small colleges, the district is solidly Republican. Redistricting forced incumbent Republicans David Dreier and Wayne Grisham into a primary battle in which Dreier out financed his opponent by five dollars to one.

Twenty-Eighth District Demographics (1993-2003) Again containing the eastern parts of Los Angeles County, the 28th district retained the middle- to upper-class neighborhoods of the 33rd district. The major industries include manufacturing and health care. Many residents tend to be socially moderate and economically conservative, however the district has steadily moved further left. The 28th now contains UCLA which remains an economic force in the area.

Twenty-Sixth District Demographics (2003- present) Spanning the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains, the 26th district contains much of the Angeles National Forest. The area remains a mix of residential

54 communities and high technology industries. The largest community is the city of Rancho Cucamonga.

David Dreier’s Election Results

1980 U.S. House (CA-35) 1982 U.S. House (CA-33) 1984 U.S. House (CA-33) David Dreier 52% David Dreier 65% David Dreier 71% Jim Lloyd 45% Paul Servelle 32% Claire McDonald 26% Other 3% Other 3% Other 3%

1986 U.S. House (CA-33) 1988 U.S. House (CA-33) 1990 U.S. House (CA-33) David Dreier 72% David Dreier 69% David Dreier 63.7% Monty Hempel 27% Nelson Gentry 26% Gail Lightfoot 31.4% Other 1% Other 5% Other 4.9%

1992 U.S. House (CA-28) 1994 U.S. House (CA-28) 1996 U.S. House (CA-28) David Dreier 58.4% David Dreier 67.1% David Dreier 60.7% Al Wachtel 36.5% Tommy Randle 30.4% David Levering 36.9% Other 5.1% Other 2.5% Other 2.4%

1998 U.S. House (CA-28) 2000 U.S. House (CA-28) 2002 U.S. House (CA-26) David Dreier 57.6% David Dreier 56.9% David Dreier 63.8% Janice Nelson 39.3% Janice Nelson 39.9% Marjorie Mikels 33.5% Other 3.1% Other 3.2% Other 2.7%

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

1980 (CA-35) 1984 (CA-33) 1988 (CA-33) Ronald Reagan 63.2% Ronald Reagan 70.7% George H. W. Bush 63.1% Jimmy Carter 29.5% Walter Mondale 29.3% Michael Dukakis 36.9% Other 7.3%

1992 (CA-28) 1996 (CA-28) 2000 (CA-28) William Clinton 37.8% William Clinton 46.6% George W. Bush 49.0% George H. W. Bush 41.3% Bob Dole 45.4% Al Gore 46. 9% Ross Perot 20.8% Other 8.0% Other 4.1%

55 David T. Dreier United States House of Representatives Twenty Sixth (2003-present), Twenty Eighth (1993-2003), Thirty Third (1983-1993), Thirty Fifth (1981-1983) Congressional District of California Biography

David Dreier was born on July 5, 1952 and was raised in Kansas City, Missouri. The son of a Marine Corps drill sergeant, Dreier is known for his high energy level. A graduate of and administrator for Claremont McKenna College, which resides in his district, Dreier is also recognized as an intellectual conservative.

Challenging the incumbent Democrat Jim Lloyd for the area’s seat was no easy task. Lloyd had won the seat in 1974 and been reelected in 1976. In 1978, Dreier took his first step into politics and ran against Lloyd, losing 46 to 54 percent. But in 1980, Dreier beat Lloyd by almost the same margin 52 to 45 percent. David Dreier became one of the youngest new House Republicans at the age of 28. Out financed by Jim Lloyd in 1978 and redistricted in 1982, David Dreier decided never to be pressed for funds again. Vigorously fundraising while thrifty with his campaigns, Dreier held 2.3 million dollars cash on hand after the 2000 election, one of the highest amounts in the House.

Congressman Dreier currently chairs the House Rules Committee. After fourteen years in the minority, he worked to realign the House’s committees: abolishing three committees altogether. Technology and the Internet have also been a focus for Congressman Dreier. In 1999 and 200, Congressman Dreier’s Rules Committee produced 229 rules, not one of which was defeated on the floor.2

Congressman Dreier has been a supporter and acquaintance of President George W. Bush since 1978, when the two as Congressional candidates met at a training session. Congressman Dreier will again compete with redistricting as his district remains 30,000 short of the average and is leaning ever more Democratic.

2 Michael Barone, The Almanac of American Politics 2002, 232.

56 David T. Dreier United States House of Representatives Twenty Sixth (2003-present), Twenty Eighth (1993-2003), Thirty Third (1983-1993), Thirty Fifth (1981-1983) Congressional District of California Tuesday March 12, 2002

Background Information 1. Did you hold student body office? YES IN HIGH SCHOOL

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? FREQUENTLY

“We discussed politics a lot in my family.”

“My family was very interested in public policy and world public affairs.”

3. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? NEVER

“Absolutely not. I mean that was never a discussion or an option I mean the plan was for me to be in my family’s business and which you know I planned to do up until really up until I graduated from college.”

4. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? NO

General Election Information The following questions regard your general election as U.S. House in 1980.

5. In what type of area did you live at the time of your election? “Oh I was living in a dormitory.” I had just gotten my graduate degree and I was working in the office at Claremont McKenna college in the development and planning office. And so I lived in an apartment in the dormitory.”

“This was 1978. And then as soon as I won the Republican primary, because I was twenty-five then, and as soon as I won that I moved and bought a townhouse condominium.”

“One of my professors said well David you know you’re single twenty-five- years-old uh you hardly fit the demographic mold of your district, the least you could do is become a property owner. So I went and I bought a townhouse.”

6. What was your martial status at the time of your election? SINGLE

7. How many total children did you have during the time of your election? NONE

8. How would you describe your party affiliation at the time of your election? “Oh I’ve always been a Republican, my whole life.”

9. How you would describe your political philosophy at the time of the general election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “I’d put myself a Reagan Republican.” “You know today that’s sort of moderate to conservative. I mean I’m very hardcore fiscal conservative on taxes and spending, I’m very hawkish on defense issues.”

“I’m seen as a little more moderate to libertarian on some of the social issues.”

10. Your education level at the time of the general election was a Master’s Degree in American Government. Would you consider this to be a benefit or a detriment to your election? “Any kind of education is a plus. I mean I often quipped about not being a lawyer because you know a lawyer is very you know not held in the highest regard.”

“When I campaigned I remember many people said to me, ‘oh gosh, you’re not a lawyer, oh well you’ve got my vote.”

11. How would you have described your personality during the general election? “Well I would say I was both analytical and conversational.”

“I’m pretty extroverted I think.” “Like a lot of people, I have sort of a basic shyness.”

12. During the general election, what do you feel set you most apart from your opponent, Jim Lloyd? “Well the issue I raised primarily and what really led me into running was that I had said to some friends of mine you know look at this guy’s voting record juxtapose to what he says here in California, I mean he looked like a Republican, he’d been a fighter pilot in the second World War, tall white- haired guy, you know always talked about fiscal responsibility, cutting taxes, and but his votes here, because he was a Democrat he had to go with the leadership on some of the issues. And so I just pointed to those and the district was basically a Republican district.”

58 13. During the general election, how do you feel that you most related to your constituency? “There’re four basic views that I hold and I use as the basis from which I make my decisions: my pursuit of a free economy; limited government; a strong national defense; and personal freedom.”

“I think that by and large the people whom I represent share those views. Democrats and Republicans. That’s what I find from listening to them.”

14. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “Well, both. A number of well a number come to mind of school board members and prominent city council members who sort of resented the idea of this punk kid coming in and running for the United States Congress. So there were a number of prominent Republicans then who didn’t support me for that reason.”

“There were a number of people who really did not like the fact that that I had not served in another office.”

“There were a lot of people who just you know, young whippersnapper and all that. But at the same time people are encouraged they’re drawn to youthful enthusiasm and you know as long as you can demonstrate that there’s some substance beneath that I think that it has a great potential for success.”

“The other thing that I really do believe played a key role in my success was the fact that I was on the ballot with that guy (pointing to a picture of President Ronald Reagan).”

15. How much do you believe that the recognition of family name assisted in or deterred from your election? “No. Absolutely not. Because I had no family in California at all. My family really by and large no roots out there in the area. You know my father had graduated from the same college but he immediately went back to the Midwest to Missouri where I’m from. It is kind of an interesting thing at that age having no family no records no political ties or anything out there.”

16. What prompted you to run for elected office? “I was really led by, and still sort of the underlying reasons that people get into this kind of thing; a desire to help people, a fascination with politics and government, a desire for public service, a desire to actually have an impact on state and national and international affairs. You know it was very thrilling, exciting.”

59 17. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “Get involved. You know people ask me what the prescription is and there is no set prescription. Well what is the formula, there’s no formula because you know I bring a perspective and that is you know the perspective I mean I spent my virtually my entire adult life in the Congress that is one perspective. The other perspective is people who have served in local elective office and they have that you know basis from which they sort of I encourage young people to get involved early on. My interest was sparked by well a couple of factors I mean I first came here and visited when I was in boarding school and I just remember being intrigued with the place but didn’t think of the idea of serving here. I suppose it must have crossed my mind but it wasn’t something I was really driven by then I was an intern in Congressman Barry Goldwater Junior’s office actually in California and I sort of just thought about the idea of being involved in but you know I mean at that point I didn’t think that I would be running for Congress I mean I really wasn’t that dreaming towards it. So I guess my point is that I do encourage people in there teens in their twenties to get involved in whatever capacity.”

18. When you were first elected in 1980, did you believe you would come this far? “No. Well, I didn’t know how long I’d serve. You know I had this ignominious distinction of being the first person to ever defeat two incumbents in back to back elections. My first reelection, redistricting forced me to run against a senior Republican colleague. And so I the odds were against my winning my first reelection. And we won really big in the primary. And I had no idea then that I would serve as long as I have. I just didn’t know how long I would serve.”

19. Being 50 years old and having 22 years experience as a Congressman, do you think that this has helped you in earning the Chairmanship when compared to the relative age of other colleagues with less years in Congress? “Well I mean I often quipped that I was a verialent opponent of the seniority system but every year I gained an appreciation for it. You know we have a structure here where people do serve and that helps them get into chairing subcommittees and chairing committess and all. It’s sort of a fact of life. It’s not totally by seniority because we often, if someone is particularly accomplished, we’ll move them up. I serve on the steering committee where we make those decisions about people at the beginning of a Congress and we’ve done this on more than a few occasions. So we don’t stick rigidly to that seniority structure. But by and large we do.”

60 Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. United States House of Representatives Second Congressional District of Illinois

Politician Profile State Represented: Illinois Party Affiliation: Democrat Birthday: March 11, 1965 Religion: Baptist Family: Father: Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. Mother: Jacqueline Davis Jackson Wife: Sandra Jackson (m. 1991) Children: Jessica Dontella (b. 2000) Education: St. Albans School (High School) North Carolina Agricultural and Technical University, (B.S.) 1987 Chicago Theological Seminary, (M.A.) 1990 University of Illinois College of Law, (J.D.) 1993 Career: Civil Rights Activist, Lawyer 1989-1990: President of the Keep Hope Alive Political Action Committee 1991-1995: Vice President for Operation PUSH 1993-1995: Field director for the Rainbow Coalition/Operation PUSH Public Offices: December 12, 1995: Elected to U.S. House of Representatives (IL-2) 1996: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (IL-2) 1998: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (IL-2) 2000: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (IL-2) 2002: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (IL-2) Committee assignments: Committee on Appropriation (23rd of 29)

61 Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. United States House of Representatives Second Congressional District of Illinois

Second District Information 1990 Population: 571,530 White…………………….….…………. 27.1% Black……………………….………….. 68.5% Asian……………………….………….. 0.1% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 3.4% Other……………………………………2.4% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 36.0% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 29.4% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 22.6% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 11.5%

District Demographics Congressman Jackson’s second congressional district of Illinois includes the areas of Chicago’s south side as well as many suburbs to the south. The second district is over 68 percent black. It also includes areas of Jewish populations and the high-income Olympia Fields area. However, most of the members of the district are middle class. In addition, many middle-class blacks are moving in large number to the suburbs of Chicago reducing Congressman Jackson’s constituency in the future.3

After the collapse of U.S. Steel in the 1970’s, the largest employer in the second district has become Ford Motor Company. Attempts to build a new airport in a neighboring area could rejuvenate the economy of the second district. In the interim, unemployment in the district remains high.4

3 Michael Barone (2001), 508-510. 4 Brian Nutting and Amy Stern, Politics in America: The 107th Congress, (Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2001), 311.

Jesse Jackson, Jr.’s Election Results

1995 U.S. House (IL-2) 1996 U.S. House (IL-2) 1998 U.S. House (IL-2) Jesse Jackson Jr. 76% Jesse Jackson Jr. 94.1% Jesse Jackson Jr. 89.4% Thomas Somer 24% Frank Stratman 5.9% Robert Gordon III 9.6%

2000 U.S. House (IL-2) 2002 U.S. House (IL-2) Jesse Jackson Jr. 89.8% Jesse Jackson Jr. 82.2% Robert Gordon III 10.2% Doug Nelson 17.8%

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

1996 (IL-2) 2000 (IL-2) William Clinton 85.7% George W. Bush 10.1% Bob Dole 11.1% Al Gore 89.1% Other 3.2% Other 0.8%

63 Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. United States House of Representatives Second Congressional District of Illinois Biography

Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. was born on March 11, 1965 in Greenville, South Carolina. The son of the civil rights activist the Reverend Jesse Jackson and Mrs. Jacqueline Jackson, Jesse Jackson Jr., “Junior” to his constituents, was the second child of the five Jackson children. His parents governed the family with “iron hands and loving hearts” not allowing loud music, prime-time television or friends after school5.

As a child, tests showed that Congressman Jackson was hyperactive, aggressive, and intelligent. He was sent to Le Mans Academy, a private military school, with his brother Jonathan. Congressman Jackson’s parents, knowledgeable of the presence of the Reverend Jackson in the media, wished to give their sons an environment free of media presence yet close enough to return home.

After Le Mans, Congressman Jackson went to St. Albans Episcopal prep school where he became a star athlete and student. Congressman Jackson was offered football scholarships from the University of Michigan, Notre Dame, and the University of Southern California. He chose however to attend his father’s alma mater, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical University. On his twenty-first birthday, Jackson spent the night in jail after protesting apartheid at the South African Embassy6. At NCA&T, Congressman Jackson majored in business and graduated magna cum laude in 1987.

After graduation from North Carolina, Congressman Jackson participated in his father’s presidential campaign. As the campaign ended, he entered another of his father’s alma mater’s Chicago Theological Seminary for a Master’s Degree. After graduation, Congressman Jackson earned a Juris Doctorate degree from the University of Illinois.

Congressman Jackson and Sandra were married in 1991, four years after being introduced at a meeting of the Congressional Black Caucus. In 1993, Congressman Jackson became the field director for his father’s political action group, the Rainbow Coalition. At the Rainbow Coalition, Jackson was able to computerize many operations, train staff, and establish an Internet site. His operations assisted in the elections of Maxine Waters and John Conyers to the United States House of Representatives.

5 African American Publications, Jesse Jackson, Jr., 2001, (26 February 2002). 6 Jackson, Jesse L., Biography, 14 August 2001, (26 February 2002).

64 In 1994, considering a run in politics, Jesse Jackson Jr. bought a house on the south side of Chicago. Jackson began pulling together supporters and political advisors. Former-congressman Mel Reynolds, having been convicted on charges of obstruction of justice, criminal sexual assault, and solicitation of child pornography in August of 1995, resigned as the Representative to Illinois’s second congressional district on October 1, 1995.7 In September, Jesse Jackson Jr. gathered his supporters and declared his candidacy to the U.S. House.

After a close victory (46% to 37%) in the primary election against 23-year state legislator Emil Jones, Jackson admitted that he had accepted support from a former gang member, Wallace “Gator” Bradley8. However, accusations against Jackson did not hurt his candidacy. His support of popular issues such as money for education, affirmative action, a third airport for Chicago and health care as well as donations from the likes of Johnnie Cochran, Bill Cosby and New York mayor David Dinkins greatly enhanced his campaign. Emil Jones accused Jesse Jackson Sr. of using his political clout to compensate for any inexperience of his son. Jones stated, “I’m running against both Jacksons, junior and senior.”9 However, Jackson claimed that his involvement with his father’s two presidential campaigns was a lifetime of political experience.

The general election against Republican Thomas Somer yielded Jackson a resounding 76 percent of the vote and on December 12, 1995, at the age of 30, Jesse Jackson Jr. became the 91st African American elected to Congress.

On December 15, 1995, after being sworn in by House Speaker Newt Gingrich, Congressman Jackson addressed members of the House to a standing ovation. Jackson was appointed to the less-than-prestigious House Banking and Financial Services Committee. Congressman Jackson won reelection in 1996 and subsequently in 1998, 2000, and 2002. Jackson currently sits on the Appropriations Committee while serving on two subcommittees: Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education; and Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs.

Once considered a candidate for Chicago’s mayoral office, Congressman Jackson has been effective at combining his liberal ideals with concern for his constituency. Of his renowned name, Jesse Jackson Jr. stated “It’s a name that’s synonymous with public service, with helping people, and I’ve always striven to live up to that commitment.” He continued, “it’s also a double-edged sword. You inherit your father’s friends, your parent’s friends, and you inherit their detractors.”10

7 CNN, Ex-Congressman Reynolds & Wife Indicted for Fraud, 7 November 1997, (5 March 2002). 8 CNN, 3. 9 Phillip D. Duncan, ed., Politics in America 1998: The 105th Congress, (Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997), 449. 10 CNN, 4.

65 Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. United States House of Representatives Second Congressional District of Illinois Tuesday March 12, 2002

Background Information 1. When you were in high school or college, did you ever run for office, such as Class President/Vice President? NOT IN HIGH SCHOOL. IN COLLEGE, WAS A MEMBER OF A GROUP CALLED STUDENTS UNITED FOR A FREE SOUTH AFRICA AND WAS VICE PRESIDENT.

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? “I lived in a political environment. I grew up in a political environment. I was born in the context of the struggle for the right to vote on March 11, 1965. And so very few days in my parent’s public lives or in our private lives have we not discussed political issues, political options confronting and challenging minorities in America but Americans generally as well.”

3. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? “It never came up.”

“Until I did consider the idea of running for Congress in ’95. My parents encouraged me to run for a lesser office, not Congress. My father told me he thought I should start out as an alderman in Chicago first. My father then tried to negotiate with one of my opponents in exchange for my support. To support me for a seat she was currently holding in the state senate, unbeknownst to me but I didn’t like that idea, I wasn’t interested in going to Springfield, Illinois.”

“Decided to run for Congress having never had any experience before.”

4. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? JESSE JACKSON SR. RAN TWICE FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

General Election Information The following questions regard your general election to the U.S. House in 1995.

5. In what type of area did you live at the time of your election? Major Urban City- Chicago

66 6. What was your martial status at the time of your election? MARRIED AT THE TIME OF ELECTION.

7. How many total children did you have during the time of your election? NO CHILDREN AT THE TIME OF THE ELECTION. CURRENTLY HAS ONE DAUGHTER.

8. How would you describe your party affiliation at the time of your election? DEMOCRAT.

9. How you would describe your political philosophy at the time of the general election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “PROGRESSIVE”

10. Your education level at the time of the general election was…a Masters and a Law Degree. Would you consider this to be a benefit or a detriment to your election? “I think it’s a function of how it’s presented by the candidate. Because it can work for you, but it can work against you. It worked for me in part because I can to the race with a famous name and I had to account for the time that I spent doing things other than public service, like getting an education.”

“While my opponents would argue, ‘I have been in public service for twenty years’, well as a young person in public service, I said, ‘well I was a graduate of Chicago Theological Seminary and I got a Masters Degree and I graduated from law school.’ So I had to account for my time. To that extent it worked well.”

“It also worked when they said, ‘well but you have no experience’. And then I would respond by saying that well how much experience did Patrick Kennedy have from Rhode Island before he ran for Congress or how much experience did you name other young people who’ve been in Congress before. So why is it that you’re holding me to a different standard when the only criteria for being in Congress is to be age twenty-five? How much experience can you have at age twenty-five if the criteria for starting in Congress is age twenty-five. In other words, it’s a young person’s job. It’s not an old man’s job and old woman’s job. This is a young person’s job.”

“It also I think worked to my advantage because I didn’t where it as some kind of chip on my shoulder. But my formative education, academically and experientially provided me with the negotiating skills in public debates, private debates, how to handle the media in ways that many of my opponents simply did not have the intellectual negotiating skills, what to say, what not to say, how to be angry but not vent it publicly, how to go through the roller- coaster ride of a campaign and still be able to contain basic emotions. This is a part of who we are. Our academic achievement isn’t just a degree, it’s also

67 the sum total of how we interpret things. And so it worked I think to my advantage in that way.”

11. How would you have described your personality during the general election? “BOTH. SCARED.”

“One of my colleagues told me just a week or two ago, there are two ways to run a campaign, run unopposed or run scared. And I thought back upon my ’95 race and that’s true. You either run unopposed or you run scared. And so scared. But analytical, thoughtful, trying to articulate a broader vision for our district while a lot of my other opponents were still stuck in their local politics, they couldn’t see a dream of a district bigger than what they had been experts at in all their years. So, the senators who were running would talk about the things they’ve done in their district. They couldn’t speak district- wide because all they’ve been working in is their little bit of area. Or the state representative, an even smaller area. I did this, I did this, I did this, right but we’re not there now we’re here in this part of the district and we’re discussing this. You’ve done nothing here.

A. How you would have described the political philosophy of your constituency at the time of your election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “There are sixty people for every one job in my district. In Congressman Henry Hyde’s district about forty-five minutes away from me there are three jobs for every one person. So the party affiliation in our district, which is why I think I’ve been so successful, is a lot less important to the real economic needs of our district. And I have tapped into the core sentiment about that economic need. And that allows me to work with Democrats and Republicans.”

B. What was the largest age group in your constituency at the time of your election? “It’s mature. Mostly post baby boomers.”

C. What was the average education level of your constituency at the time of your election? “I would say probably 50% college educated.”

68 13. During the general election, what do you feel set you most apart from your opponent, Thomas Somer? “Not much.”

“He got in the campaign in 1995 because usually the City of Chicago’s mayor can determine who the Congressional member in a Congressional district, that’s just how powerful our local Democratic mayor is.”

“Our campaign ended up being a love fest in a highly Democratic district.”

14. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “It was both. Both because when I first ran I like most people have youthful zeal and energy and the title of my campaign, and our theme, all the young people that had been working with me was it’s time for a new generation. Once we finally got enough money to do a poll we found out that that theme was offensive to seniors. They were like, ‘what’s gonna happen to us?’”

“So we changed the campaign’s theme from a new generation to it’s time for a different direction. That one little nuance was important for senior citizens.”

“So, to that extent it was a detriment. Because the immaturity associated with age and the lack of science associated with age could have severely hurt our efforts.”

“The extent to which it was an advantage or benefit was that people were tired of the other guys they were just tired of them. But they couldn’t find anybody with broad enough name recognition or the capacity to raise enough money to mount an effective campaign to beat the status quo.”

15. How much do you believe that the recognition of family name assisted in or deterred from your election? “For me, it assisted in a great way. Because the cost of winning a Congressional seat is extraordinary. But my father had thirty-five years of good will in the city of Chicago and nationally. And so I became the great beneficiary of his name. So while I spent seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars on my first election campaign, it probably would have cost a million and a half, if the scenario weren’t what it was.”

16. What prompted you to run for elected office? “It was actually my wife’s idea. She thought I’d be a good Congressman. She was Congressman Cleo Fields’s Chief of Staff, Congressman Mickey Leland’s Press Secretary. She had a lot of experience on the hill and she thought I’d make a great Congressman.”

69 “I was always interested in public service that’s why I went to the seminary. I didn’t know what form it would take, I never knew it would take the form of elective office.”

“I wasn’t planning on winning when I ran. I was running to make a point, we ought to get up and do something as young people. And I messed around and won.”

“What I have discovered however that this platform is important. It’s important because you or I could write letters before I was in Congress to the editor of a newspaper and never get them printed. It’s hard to ignore a letter to the editor from a Congressman. You and I could raise all the sand we want to and the press will never show up. It’s hard for the press not to show up when a Congressman calls a press conference. So it’s a platform more than it is anything else for which one can make a broader case about any issue.”

17. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “The first bit of advice would be to finish their education, to broaden their understanding of the world, people around them, to know that some politics is local but from different perspectives throughout American history even that adage is not always true.”

“From the perspective of Tip O’Neill who made the statement ‘all politics is local’, an Irish, immigrant, Boston, certainly the adage is more true than it is not true. From the perspective of African Americans almost all of their freedoms have come from a national common law. Or a national human rights amendment to the Constitution of the United States that forced all of the locals to do right. The thirteenth amendment is not a local law, it’s a national amendment to the Constitution to get the locals to stop trafficking humans. The fourteenth amendment is not a local law, it’s a national amendment guaranteeing people equal protection under the laws. The fifteenth amendment, non-discrimination and the right to vote, because the locals were tyrants at the polls and electioneering, denying people the right to vote. So, it is these national human rights that have allowed minorities to be able to engage and compete on a more level playing field with the locals. But the locals have been kicking us in the behind. So the adage that all politics are local, not necessarily the case for women, for African Americans, for many other people who have come to rely upon a national set of common laws to raise the standard of their lives.”

“I’m interested in that, that’s why I got into public service.”

70 18. Because of your relatively young age, and without divulging any specifics, how far do you believe that you will go in politics? (Did you make any promises on term limits?) “I have a twenty-three month old. And I have been working pretty hard at the job that I presently have and I just can’t imagine doing anything else that would be more demanding of my time.”

“That’s one of the detriments of being young and having a family. You see most people by the time they get to Congress or the Senate they’ve been through two or three careers, they’re children are all grown.”

“So this is the third and, more often than not, final career for people to do this. So, while this may not be my final career, I do have the added challenge of being a good father and the demand upon my time to do something more which is be extraordinary.”

19. How hard is this on your family? “It was extraordinarily hard to get up this morning and leave my daughter in Chicago and her second birthday is on Wednesday and I’m here. That’s very difficult my friend.”

“I’m thinking about flying my daughter here because it’s her second birthday and I was there for her first one, I plan to be there for all of them. But look where I’m stuck.”

20. Being that you were the 91st African American elected to Congress, how do you feel that you have impacted diversity within the Halls of Congress? “This is a very complicated question. In my new book, A More Perfect Union, I argue that there are two central issues that have been with the nation since its inception: the issue of this federal/state relationship and who has the power, the federal government or the states. And I also argue that the second issue that has been with our nation since its inception is the issue of race. And I argue that race is a more profound issue than the federal/state relationship issue because it was here before there was a federal government and before there were states.”

“The history of race actually reveals something about the federal/state relationship that no other perspective can reveal. For example, the history of race shows how states are admitted to the union, one free, one slave. The history of women does not show that perspective. The history of Native Americans does not show that perspective. The history of immigrants will never show you how states got in the union you have come through race history to see it.”

71 “The history of race shows why eleven states decided they no longer wanted to be part of the union. And the struggle to get those eleven states back on the union. There’s a time in our nation’s history when we were four political parties and we moved to two. The history of race shows why we’re no longer Democrats, Federalists, Whigs, and after 1854 Republicans and today why we’re just Republicans and Democrats as an outgrowth of the Civil War. What to do with the newly freed slaves was a big question that confronted the nation at the end of the war. The Democrats said that the newly freed slaves should pick themselves up by their own bootstraps. A hundred and fifty years later the lack of federal and state investment in education, health care and housing is the economic equivalent, today it’s called conservativism. The radical Republicans argued for an investment in education, health care, and housing because slaves had been in slavery for two hundred and fifty years there must be some federal and state investment in the education of all of the American people so that they can be bartered to the broad economic counter- market. A hundred and fifty years later, that basic premise has become economic liberalism, more federal and state involvement and investment. So race is one single thread that runs through all of American history and it is inescapable, its’ profundity is inescapable.”

“American history is taught very with a jaundice eye, kind of, very segmented. There’s no one long story from 1619 to the present including the writing of the Constitution quite like race. Even Supreme Court interpretation, the right most Supreme Court decision ever rendered is Dred Scott. To go beyond Dred Scott is to be fascist.”

“The left most interpretation of the Supreme Court in terms of liberal or broad based interpretations are the fugitive slave laws. That is the federal government’s power to reach into a state and even though it’s a negative liberal interpretation because of it’s enforcement of slavery and lack of human rights, but the ability of the federal government to reach into a state, grab a slave and return it to his master, shows the power of the federal government to go beyond state’s rights and get a slave and then return him.”

“So the left most interpretation, or liberal interpretation, runs up against the wall of the fugitive slave laws. So whether it’s Roe v. Wade or whatever the issue is, even Commerce issues, any issue that comes before the Supreme Court the right most barrier has been determined by race and the left most barrier. It’s in the framework of historical interpretation set by the race debate in the nation. This is inescapable.”

“So, when you asked me the question about the ninety-first African American being in Congress its’ diversity, if the goal is diversity, and what I’m suggesting to you the goal from my perspective is not diversity, does every American deserve the right to a public education of equal high quality? If that’s true, then there’s no need in us as Democrats or Republicans arguing

72 about the means, and there’s no need in me arguing about the color of the person who can get us there. So far, from the nation’s inception to the present, forty-three U.S. Presidents and counting, no one has been able to get the country there. And if we are a nation dedicated to a single proposition that all men are created equal, than all of these other –isms, federal relationship, state relationship, racism, sexism, classism, homophobia, all these other –isms clearly stand in the way of our belief to fulfill our single proposition, all men are created equal.”

“This is what drives me to public service, and that’s not per se a diversity agenda, that’s the broader question that hasn’t been answered in two hundred and fifty years of U.S. history and four hundred and fifty years of our presence on this continent.”

73 James R. Langevin United States House of Representatives Second Congressional District of Rhode Island

Politician Profile State Represented: Rhode Island Party Affiliation: Democrat Birthday: April 22, 1964 Religion: Roman Catholic Family: Wife: Single Education: Rhode Island College, (B.A.) 1990 Harvard University, (M.P.A.) 1994 Career: Public official Public Offices: 1986: Delegate to the Rhode Island Constitutional Convention 1988: Elected to Rhode Island House of Representatives 1990: Reelected to Rhode Island House of Representatives 1992: Reelected to Rhode Island House of Representatives 1994: Elected as Rhode Island Secretary of State 1998: Reelected as Rhode Island Secretary of State 2000: Elected to U.S. House of Representatives (RI-2) 2002: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (RI-2) Committee assignments: Committee on Armed Services (20th of 29) Select Committee on Homeland Security (22nd or 23)

74 James R. Langevin United States House of Representatives Second Congressional District of Rhode Island

Statewide Election Information 1990 Population: 1,003,464 White…………………….….…………. 91.4% Black……………………….………….. 3.9% Asian……………………….………….. 1.8% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 4.6% Other……………………………………2.9% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 28.0% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 29.5% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 21.3% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 21.3%

Second District Information 1990 Population: 501,787 White…………………….….…………. 90.0% Black……………………….………….. 4.5% Asian……………………….………….. 2.4% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 5.3% Other……………………………………3.1% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 26.7% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 30.2% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 22.5% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 20.7%

District Demographics The western half of Rhode Island comprises the second Congressional District. The second includes many working- and middle-class towns inhabited by Irish, Italians, French and Portuguese descendants.11 It includes affluent suburbs and humble shipyards. Many “make their living building boats and catching fish”12. The second district is known for its’ Democratic votes. It has voted for a Republican president only once since 1980 with Ronald Reagan in 1984.

11 Michael Barone (2001), 1362. 12 Michael Barone (2001), 1362.

James Lanegvin’s Election Results

1994 Secretary of State 1998 Secretary of State 2000 U.S. House (RI-2) James Langevin 55.4% James Langevin 81.9% James Langevin 61.0% Barbara Leonard 44.6% Ed Lopez 18.1% Robert Tingle (R) 13.8% Rodney Driver 22.0% Other 2.2%

2002 U.S. House (RI-2) James Langevin 76.3% John Matson 22.3% Other 1.4%

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

1996 (Statewide vote) 2000 (RI-2) William Clinton 59.7% George W. Bush 59.8% Bob Dole 26.8% Al Gore 33.0% Other 13.4% Other 7.2%

76 James R. Langevin United States House of Representatives Second Congressional District of Rhode Island Biography

The story of James Langevin is one of tragedy into triumph. James Langevin was born on April 22, 1964 in Warwick, Rhode Island. He was a boy dedicated to a dream of becoming an F.B.I. agent. At the age of 16, as a police cadet in the Boy Scouts explorer program, James was accidentally shot in the back by a police officer. The bullet traveled through his upper back and throat permanently damaging the upper portion of his spinal column. Since that date, James has been a quadriplegic surviving in a wheel chair. Since receiving a 2.2 million dollar settlement, Congressman Langevin has a home health care aide and takes two and a half hours each morning to get dressed.13

The accident made James Langevin more determined as he worked towards a life in public service. While a student at Rhode Island College, he was elected to the State House of Representatives and while a member of the State House, he also graduated from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

James Langevin was elected Rhode Island’s Secretary of State in 1994. In the office, Langevin replaced outdated voting machines and issued a report exposing secret meetings by the legislature which violated state law. Having been reelected as Secretary of State in 1998, Langevin considered a bid for governor. However, when the congressional seat for the second district became available, Langevin decided to run.

In a four-way Democratic primary race, Langevin’s greatest opponent came from Kaqte Coyne-McCoy. The support of party leaders and some unions helped earn Langevin the party endorsement. After not receiving the party’s nod, Coyne- McCoy angrily withdrew. But soon she had gathered support of unions, health care and EMILY’s List. Her campaign ads showed Coyne-McCoy attacking Langevin’s health care plan as well as stances on abortion and gun control. Langevin often turned to the accident that paralyzed him as an experience he could bring to the policymaking table.

In the general election, Langein’s main opponent was not the Republican candidate Robert Tingle but the retired mathematics professor Rodney Driver. Driver spent $300,000 of his own savings in the election which Langein won with 61 percent of the vote to Driver’s 22 and Tingle’s 14.

13 Michael Barone (2001), 1361.

77 James R. Langevin United States House of Representatives Second Congressional District of Rhode Island Wednesday March 13, 2002

Background Information 1. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? “I’ve been exposed to politics at a very young age and, since I was twelve or thirteen. I never really thought of myself running for office at that time. My mom was working on a political campaign for someone who was running for mayor of our city. Consequently we got involved, my brothers and I got involved helping out, me more so than my other brothers, but we helped in the flyer drops, the political rallies, working the polls, and things like that. Just something I found interesting my mom, she was appointed a personnel director for the city of Warwick after this gentleman won for mayor and I enjoyed the political process. I went to some of their council hearings and things like that and found them interesting. So I guess…you know, we talk about politics in terms of maybe local issues, and what was going on in the community, but it wasn’t necessarily we talked about national issues, although that came up from time to time. I guess maybe you’d say at least once a week we talked about some political issue, whether it was local or national.”

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? “No, in fact my mom didn’t really want me to run for a political office at first. You know, she knows probably the most captive instincts of a mother and she had been involved in politics, she knew that it could be very rough field, and she, not that she wouldn’t want me to run for office, but she had preferred that I get my college education out of the way first, and then think about running after that. When push came to shove and I almost ran the first time for the state senate even before the state rep thing, she was very supportive and I didn’t end up running at that time, but when I did finally run for the Constitutional Convention, that was the first office I actually held in 1986 and then when I ran again, ran and was elected in ’88, she…my family was very supportive at that time.”

3. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? “No, not that I know of.”

78 General Election Information The following questions regard your general election as Rhode Island Secretary of State in 1994.

4. In what type of area did you live at the time of your election? “Suburbs. I lived, I still live in the same city, it’s the second largest city in Rhode Island, not that any of them are large particularly. We are a distinctive difference from downtown Providence which is a city, city. And then Roanoke which is a city but it’s more of a, really just suburbs, neighborhoods, and that kind of thing, no high-rises or anything like that.”

5. How would you describe your party affiliation at the time of your election? “I’d say moderate to liberal. And I guess definitely I’d say moderate more than anything else. I look at issues, I call them as I see them, I don’t necessarily fit into one particular box on the liberal/conservative spectrum. You know, because I’m pro-life which is unusual for a democrat, but I’m also very supportive of things like gay-rights and these civil liberty issues. I tend to be more conservative on criminal justice issues because maybe I have a law enforcement background and yet I’m against the death penalty. So I characterize myself as being a moderate. I just call them as I see them.”

6. How you would describe your political philosophy at the time of the general election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “I would say moderate to liberal. In Rhode Island I think most people tend to fit into the category of being from a liberal northeastern state. I’d say most of my constituents are probably pro-choice and against the death penalty, concerned about civil liberties, and that type of thing. So I’d say definitely moderate to more liberal on the spectrum.”

7. Your education level at the time of the general election was…a Bachelors Degree from Rhode Island College in 1990: after election to State House and a Masters from Harvard in 1994 in same year as the election to the Secretary of State. Would you consider this to be a benefit or a detriment to your election? “I had just finished my Master’s. I graduated in May of ’94 and was on the ballot in November of ’94.

Oh certainly, having the educational background is a huge advantage. I think most people want their elected officials to have some kind of college education, and certainly having the Master’s degree was helpful because it really trained me to go into government service. As did my undergraduate degree to a degree, my undergrad degree was in political science and public administration and I had a minor in economics, so those were all beneficial for me in terms of helping me analyze policies and issues, everything has a political and, I think, an economic consequence when you’re making public policies. So my degrees were helpful to me in understanding how the policies

79 would work, whether or not they would be effective. And my Master’s program helped me sharpened my skills a little more.”

8. How would you have described your personality during the general election? “I tend to be probably more introverted. I think I’m relatively quiet and reflective, and I think I’m a good listener. The job though forces you to be more of an extrovert in the sense that probably if I weren’t in this job I would tend to be more reserved and if I would go into a room I would be more comfortable just talking to a couple people, you know, especially people that I know, but because of my job, and I do enjoy meeting people, I force myself to go out there more and introduce myself and go out of my way to engage people in conversation. It helps me to understand what we’re thinking, what people are thinking, or what’s on their minds. That’s especially important for me now that I’m in Washington. When I go back home if I’m in the supermarket or if I’m at a political function or a rally somewhere, a place where they’re out where a lot of people are present, it’s good for me to stop and strike up a conversation and see what’s on people’s minds, so that I stay in touch with my constituents.”

9. During the general election, what do you feel set you most apart from your opponent, Barbara Leonard? “The fact that, I’d like to think it was because, I had a clearly vision of what I wanted to do with the office. And I like to think that I portrayed myself as being a candidate who was confident and knowledgeable, but also willing to listen. And that’s an important quality people I think have to believe that you’re going to be responsive, you’re going to be accessible, and that you’re not going to embarrass them. Those are the three things that I think are the keys to success for anybody running for political office and people want to know that you’re going to be accessible to them, you’re going to be responsive, and you’re not going to embarrass them. Hopefully as I introduce myself in the course of the campaign that people feel comfortable with who I am and what I was advocating to what I’d like to do with the office.”

10. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “You know, originally I thought it was going to be more of a detriment. I thought it was going to be something that would be a disadvantage, but as I started meeting people, especially seniors I found that now is a particularly good time for young people to be running for office. And it has…the field of politics has changed even since I started running, when I first ran for state rep I think there were only two of us that were probably in our twenties. At the time it was myself and Patrick Kennedy. Both got elected in the same year to the round house in 1988 and we were the two youngest guys in the group. Everybody else was older, you know at least in their thirties if I remember it. Now even just a few short years later there are a lot of people running and were elected that were in their twenties or early thirties. After my first term, that’s when things started to change dramatically. The banking crisis hit

80 Rhode Island was a kind of fundamental paradigm shift in terms of how people viewed politics and politicians. Particularly seniors, I found like electing young people to political office. I can’t explain it other than the fact maybe they want to give young people a chance at running things.”

11. I have heard a couple of the other politicians and congressmen here I’ve spoken with who’ve spoken about the seniors being so supportive and really related it to the fact that a lot of seniors having gone to war at 17 and 18 years old know what a young person can do and maybe that has a lot to play in Rhode Island as well. “Maybe so, I’ve found that consistently now throughout my time in office. I’ve always done well with seniors, they’ve been really supportive and welcomed me with open arms. And I’m grateful for their support.”

12. Did the recognition of your family name play any part in the elections? “Somewhat, probably, but equally importantly, I came from very unique circumstances in that I had an accident that changed the course of my life which kind of was a public type of thing for a while and received a lot of attention. In a sense there are people who already knew about me, knew something about my story. That was probably something that helped to introduce me to people, some were familiar with me. They’d say, “Yeah, I heard about that story.” Or “I know the name.” Partly it is because my family was pretty well-rooted in the community especially mom being involved in politics, she thought it was helpful. And then the fact that I was, you know…I’ve had some unique aspects to my life story.”

13. What prompted you to run for elected office? “Without question, what prompted me to run for public office is that I had not had an interest in running for political office when I was younger. I’d run for the law enforcement but after I had this accident which changed the course of my life and I became paralyzed after a gun shot wound as a police cadet. I had a tremendous amount of out-pouring support from people in my community. They had to really rally behind me at a time at a time I needed it the most. And they really encouraged me to do something positive with my life. Again they encouraged me, they were supportive of my family and it made me want to give something back to the community. I think whenever something like that happens it really would affect anybody it certainly did in my case. Made me want to give something back and I just thought I’d be able to do it, give something back through public service.”

14. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “Well, I certainly would encourage them to get involved and to actually run for office, but it’s important, obviously you’re going to have to register to vote, you’ve got to know the issues, know your community, get involved with community organizations. You know you don’t necessarily have to start out by putting your name on the ballot, although I don’t discourage that, but it’s

81 always helpful, I think if you get involved in your community in one way or another, whether it was a local political campaign, whether it’s a civic organization, a church group, something, so that the people in your community know that you’re invested in their community, that you’re going to be there for awhile, that you care what’s going on. And then, above all, go out there and just do it. You have to want to make it happen, you have to work for it, you got to go out there and introduce yourself to people, and have the courage to put yourself out there, put yourself on the line, but it can be done. It’s an exciting career and it’s a wonderful opportunity to make a difference for your community and the lives of a lot of people.”

15. How were you received by your colleagues in state politics? “I think I’ve been received really well. Probably better sort of here than when I was first elected as a state rep, there was a bit of an age difference there between myself and you know say the next group of people there were one or two people that were thirty, but other than that people were 40, 50, 60s. It was probably a little different for them having a real young guy around, so they had to get used to it. I didn’t necessarily always feel as included as I did once I established myself and people got to know me and people then saw me more as a colleague, not just this young whipper-snapper coming along, you know.”

82 Blanche Lambert Lincoln United States Senate The State of Arkansas

Politician Profile State Represented: Arkansas Party Affiliation: Democrat Birthday: September 30, 1960 Religion: Episcopalian Family: Father: Jordan Lambert Mother: Martha Lambert Husband: Steve Lincoln (m. 1993) Children: Reece and Bennett (b. 1996) Education: Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, (B.A.) 1982 Career: Lobbyist, congressional aide 1982: Intern at Sotheby’s auction house in New York City 1982-1984: Staff Assistant, U.S. Representative Bill Alexander 1985-1991: Lobbyist and Government Affairs Representative Public Offices: 1992: Elected to U.S. House of Representatives (AR-1) 1994: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (AR-1) 1998: Elected to U.S. Senate (AR) Committee assignments: Select Committee on Ethics Special Committee on Aging Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee on Finance

83 Blanche Lambert Lincoln United States Senate The State of Arkansas

State of Arkansas Information 1990 Population: 2,350,725 White…………………….….…………. 82.7% Black……………………….………….. 15.9% Asian……………………….………….. 0.1% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 0.1% Other……………………………………1.3% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 33.7% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 32.7% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 20.3% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 13.3%

First District Information 1990 Population: 588,588 White…………………….….…………. 81.3% Black……………………….………….. 17.9% Asian……………………….………….. 0.3% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 0.6% Other……………………………………0.5% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 41.7% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 32.1% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 16.6% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 9.5%

District Demographics Arkansas’s first congressional district contains most of the eastern third of the state and is the poorest district in the state. Corporate farming of the lush cotton, soybean, and rice farms exists over tens of thousands of acres. Jonesboro is the largest city at just over 46,000 inhabitants. With low income and often high unemployment, the first district a solid Democratic stronghold.

Blanche Lambert Lincoln’s Election Results

1992 U.S. House (AR-1) 1994 U.S. House (AR-1) 1998 U.S. Senate (AR) Blanche Lambert 69.8% Blanche Lambert 53.4% Blanche L. Lincoln 56.8% Terry Hayes 30.2% Warren Dupwe 46.6% Fay Boozman 43.2%

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

1992 (AR-1) 2000 (AR) William Clinton 59.0% George W. Bush 51.3% George H. W. Bush 31.9% Al Gore 45. 9% Ross Perot 9.0% Other 2.8%

85 Blanche Lambert Lincoln United States Senate The State of Arkansas Biography

A seventh generation Arkansan, Blanche Lambert grew up in the predominantly black Mississippi Delta town of Helena. Her father and brother run a farm raising rice, cotton, wheat, and soybeans. She spent her childhood in the newly integrated public schools of Helena and attended Randolph-Macon Woman’s College in Virginia. She worked briefly at Sotheby’s auction house in New York City before moving to Washington to work as a receptionist for U.S. Representative Bill Alexander. After two years, Lambert moved on to lobbying firms around Washington.

Talking with a friend over lunch one day, Blanche Lambert expressed the wish to make more of a significant affect. It was then that Blanche Lambert decided to run for office. Choosing to run against her former employer and twenty-four year incumbent, Bill Alexander, Lambert began scouring the first district looking for support. But when it was reported that Alexander’s 487 bounced checks from the House Bank were among the top 10 worst in the country, Alexander’s vulnerability gave Lambert the push she needed. Presenting the voters with a candidate capable of balancing her check book, Lambert beat Alexander in the primary 61 to 39 percent.

The general election against Republican Terry Hayes, a real estate developer was even easier as Lambert moved on to a 70 to 30 percent victory. Congresswoman Lambert was married in 1992 to Dr. Steven Lincoln and assumed his name. She compiled a moderate voting record and won reelection in 1994 by 53 to 47 percent. Congresswoman Lincoln seemed in a good position to win in 1996 when she announced in January 1996 that she was pregnant with twin boys and would not seek reelection.

When Senator Dale Bumpers announced that he would not seek reelection in 1998, Blanche Lincoln stepped into the race. She campaigned on a platform of family values. Lincoln faced state Attorney General Wilson Bryant in the 1998 primary and led the runoff 62 to 38 percent.

In the general election, Lincoln’s opponent was Republican Fay Boozman, an ophthalmologist from Rogers. Boozman had had a religious experience in 1992, sold his medical practice and won a seat in the state Senate. He said that the bible dictated his policy. His major blunder came when Boozman stated that it is rare for women to get pregnant by rape because the fear triggers a hormonal change which he referred to as “God’s little shield”. Lincoln won the Senate seat by 55 to 42 percent.

86 In the U.S. Senate, Senator Lincoln has been more liberal overall than the rest of her colleagues. She works comfortable hours in the Senate and is home by 6:30 every night to spend time with her husband and twin boys. Senator Lincoln published a work with the other female members of the Senate entitled, Nine and Counting. Today the number of U.S. Senators has risen to 14.

87 Blanche Lambert Lincoln United States Senate The State of Arkansas Thursday March 14, 2002

Background Information 1. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? “I would say that it was frequently discussed in the family at the dinner table.”

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? NO

“I’m one of four children, so I wouldn’t say that I was necessarily targeted.”

3. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? NO

General Election Information The following questions regard your general election to the U.S. Senate in 1998.

4. Your education level at the time of the general election was a Bachelor’s Degree from Randolph-Macon Woman’s College. Would you consider this to be a benefit or a detriment to your election? “Well I think the more education you can have is gonna provide you an advantage. I would have loved to have had a law degree.”

5. How would you have described your personality during the general election? “Definitely conversational.”

6. During the general election, what do you feel set you most apart from your opponent, Fay Boozman (pronounced Bozeman)? “I’d say a lot of things. My age, my gender, my experience, my heritage background in Arkansas. I come from a seventh generation Arkansas farm family.”

“Certainly issues, there were a lot of issues that set us apart. I think there was a pretty, definitely a pretty reasonable contrast.”

7. During the general election, how do you feel that you most related to your constituency? “All of those.”

88 8. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “You know, I think it’s what you look for. I’ve never considered my age a detriment, I’ve always considered it an asset. It sets me apart. It gives me a certain amount of energy and a certain amount of background particularly on current issues and current events. Current circumstances, that I think give me an added benefit perhaps than maybe some of my certainly much much older colleagues, which a lot of my colleagues are a good bit older than I am”

9. How much do you believe that the recognition of family name assisted in or deterred from your election? “I think so. As I said, coming from a seventh generation Arkansas family and the fact that I think both my parents attended school in Arkansas, both my grandparents, both sets of those. All of my aunts and uncles and siblings and all. I think that kind of a connection with your state you’re your home through the larger extended family makes for an enormous benefit in meeting people. And certainly in states like Arkansas particularly rural states and smaller states your personal contact with people still goes a lot further than mail solicitation or phone solicitation or pamphlets, leaflets, all that kind of stuff. The more people you know who I think can advocate on your behalf on a personal basis or on a one-on-one basis to other people the better off you are.”

10. What prompted you to run for elected office? “Because I believe very strongly as my parents did and as they taught me that you shouldn’t complain about things that you aren’t willing to do something about. And I think in ’92 when I ran, ’91, I started my campaign in ’91, and then in ’92 I was a good example of how the electorate felt. I think people were frustrated with government, they were frustrated with the economy, they were frustrated with a lot of things and they felt like we could do a lot better. I’ve always been a very hands-on person and I felt very frustrated and concerned and felt like the government and the country could be doing better. And I felt like I had something to offer.”

“I wasn’t deterred from entering in even though I was kind of abnormal for a politician or a candidate.”

11. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “Well first of all I’d say, understand completely what you’re getting into and why you’re getting into it. Know in your own heart what it is that you want to accomplish and why you want to accomplish it. Because if you’re doing it for somebody else, or you’re doing it, you just need to know why you’re doing it. Because it is not easy. It’s not easy to run and it’s not easy to serve. A lot of people think it is an easy job to do but it’s not. It’s a very worthwhile job and it pays enormous dividends in satisfaction of public service. But it definitely takes time and attention and ability to work hard and identify with a lot of different people. The other advice I would give is advice that was given to me

89 and that is, have fun. Because it’s too hard a job if you’re not having fun it’s not worth it. I mean truly the time, the energy, the pressures that are put on you, if you don’t enjoy what you’re doing and you’re not having fun you might as well go do something else because it’s too hard to do if that’s not a reward that you get out of it. The other thing is is if you’re not having fun, you’re not happy, and if you’re not happy you’re not pleasant and if you’re not pleasant and happy, I don’t care how much people agree with you, if you’re not pleasant and happy they’re not gonna like you and it doesn’t matter how much they agree with you on the issues, if they don’t like you they’re not gonna vote for ya. So it’s gonna be hard to be successful if you’re not havin fun.”

12. Would you advise young women or young mothers any differently? “Oh absolutely. I think as a woman particularly you need to be prepared for some greater challenges, both in fundraising and raising your money as well as the time and the commitment that’s demanded of you and what that may, how that may effect other commitments particularly on your time. As in most things that women do, there is a big balance that has to be reached and it’s not easy. You have to keep into perspective all of the goals that you have and how you intend to reach them. Clearly you’re not gonna reach all of them at one time. And so it’s important to know that you’re gonna have to divide your time and your energy and your resources up accordingly so that as you want to meet those goals you will but you have to be patient and again you have to balance that time and that energy towards reaching those goals. I mean having a family, raising children, having a successful marriage, caring for your aging parents who you adore, you know, being a good senator, being a good you know community person, being a good room mother or being involved in your children’s school and things like that. You just have to balance all that.”

13. How do you strike a balance between being a mother and a senator? “No. There’s no lesson plan. There’s no daytimer especially specially designed for elected women.”

“I think it’s just keeping perspective that you have a responsibility to all of those roles. And that in each of those roles you’ll be called on to make sacrifices. There may be times when your children need you and you have to say to your husband and to your work and to others, this is a time I need to spend with my children. It’s important that they know they can depend on me here and that I can do this. Consequently, there may also be times when you need to say to your kids and to your work and others, I need to spend time with my husband now. Or, you tell everybody else it’s time for me to have some time so I can be rejuvenated and do the things that I need to do. Or you may need to say to everybody I’ve got to spend some time with my parents right now.”

90 “You just have to make those decisions and you have to know that each time you do, you’re gonna have to ask of another part of yourself and another part of your life please understand I need to devote some time here right now. And more than likely if you’re fair about that and you’re really honest about wanting to be successful at all of those things any other part of your life that you go to to ask for that understanding they’re willing to give it to you.”

14. How were you received by your colleagues in the House and Senate? “I think I’ve been well received. I’ve been very pleased with the friends that I’ve made and the response that I’ve been given by both my male and my female colleagues.”

“I think anybody, if you’re willing to come to them on a level playing field and you come to the table and say, ‘I’m here for a purpose, I’m here to work hard on behalf of the people who’ve sent me, I’ve done my homework, and although my views may differ from yours or my objective may differ from yours, I’m here to fight for this because of what I believe and because who I’m here to fight for and this is why.’ And if you present that case, more than likely people are gonna want to work with you and they’re gonna understand that you’re there for the right purpose.”

91 Adam H. Putnam United States House of Representatives Twelfth Congressional District of Florida

Politician Profile State Represented: Florida Party Affiliation: Republican Birthday: July 31, 1974 Religion: Episcopalian Family: Wife: Melissa Children: Abigail Anna (b. 2001) and Elizabeth Langford (b. 2002) Education: University of Florida, (B.S.) 1995 Career: State legislator, Citrus and cattle rancher Rancher, Putnam Groves, Inc. Public Offices: 1996: Elected to the Florida House of Representatives (FL-63) 1998: Reelected to the Florida House of Representatives (FL-63) 2000: Elected U.S. House of Representatives (FL-12) 2002: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (FL-12) Committee assignments: Committee on Agriculture (19th of 27) Committee on the Budget (12th of 24) Joint Economic Committee (19th of 27) Committee on Government Reform (14th of 24) Committee on Resources (28th of 28)

92 Adam H. Putnam United States House of Representatives Twelfth Congressional District of Florida

Twenty Eighth District Information14 1990 Population: 562,519 White…………………….….…………. 84.1% Black……………………….………….. 12.6% Asian……………………….………….. 0.6% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 6.1% Other……………………………………2.6% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 33.0% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 32.2% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 21.8% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 13.0%

District Demographics An inland area of Florida, Polk County contains small lakes and cities throughout. Citrus producers remain the mainstay of the twelfth district’s economy while seeing a boom in manufacturing jobs. A heavily Democratic area for much of its history, Polk County has been home to Spessand Holland and Lawton Chiles, both former Florida Governors and U.S. Senators. However, it has moved consistently right in the past decade while gaining nearly twenty percent in population.

Adam Putnam’s Election Results

1996 FL House (FL-63) 1998 FL House (FL-63) 2000 U.S. House (FL-12) Adam Putnam 57.3% Adam Putnam 61.8% Adam Putnam 57.0% Bob Stein 42.7% Kim Grady 38.2% Mike Stedem 43.0%

2002 U.S. House (FL-12) Adam Putnam 100% Unopposed

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

2000 (FL-12) George W. Bush 55.0% Al Gore 42.6% Other 2.4%

14 Michael Barone, The Almanac of American Politics 2002, (Washington D.C.: National Journal Group, Inc., 2001), 399.

93 Adam H. Putnam United States House of Representatives Twelfth Congressional District of Florida Biography

Adam Putnam was born on July 31, 1974 in Bartow, Florida. A fifth generation Floridian, Putnam is a 1995 graduate of the University of Florida. After graduation, he worked for Putnam Groves, Inc, his family’s citrus and cattle business. He was elected to the Florida State House in 1996 at the age of 22. In the State House, Putnam chaired the Agriculture Committee and supported several controversial bills. His tenure in the legislature included measures to protect Florida’s farmers and restricting government regulation.

In 1996, when Congressman Charles Canady retired, Adam Putnam chose to run for Congress. Putnam ran unopposed in the primary and entered the general election as the clear frontrunner. His challenge in the general election was an auto-dealer and first time candidate Michael Stedem. Stedem ran a campaign against Putnam’s age and what he called a lack of life experience for the job. In a story entitled “Opie runs for Congress”, Tampa Tribune columnist Daniel Ruth wrote, “Putnam is 26 and looks as if he’s going on 13.”15

Adam Putnam was able to win all six counties in the general election and earn the twelfth Congressional District’s seat in Congress by 57 to 43 percent. He earned seats on Agriculture, Government Reform and Budget. Congressman Putnam was the youngest member of the 107th Congress and remains the youngest member of the 108th.

15 Michael Barone (2001), 398.

94 Adam H. Putnam United States House of Representatives Twelfth Congressional District of Florida Tuesday March 12, 2002

Background Information 1. When you were in high school or college, did you ever run for office, such as Class President/Vice President? IN BOTH HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? INFREQUENTLY

3. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? NEVER

4. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? NO

General Election Information The following questions regard your general election to the U.S. House in 2000.

5. In what type of area did you live at the time of your election? SMALL TOWN

6. What was your martial status at the time of your election? RACE FOR STATE LEGISLATURE = SINGLE RACE FOR CONGRESS = MARRIED

7. How many total children did you have during the time of your election? CURRENTLY HAS NO CHILDREN.

8. How would you describe your party affiliation at the time of your election? REPUBLICAN

9. How you would describe your political philosophy at the time of the general election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “I’d have to say that I was moderate right to right”

95 10. Your education level at the time of the general election was…a Bachelor’s Degree. Would you consider this to be a benefit or a detriment to your election? “It was really a non issue in my Congressional race. In my in my first race I think and I may over analyze that but I think the fact that it was a Bachelor’s in agriculture was very helpful as opposed to say a Bachelor’s in political science. And the fact that I did not have a law degree was a plus. In my district in that cycle I think that those both of those things were pluses.”

“I think you know with a young candidate they just assume that you’re some smart-aleck lawyer. And if you say I don’t have a law degree and in my case I could take it a step further and say you know I was an Ag major it it really kind of diffuses that whole kid walking around with a briefcase full of solutions looking for a problem.”

11. How would you have described your personality during the general election? “It was extroverted, I don’t know too many introverts who get elected.”

“Probably conversational”

12. The following questions regard the composition of your constituency at the time of your election… A. What was the majority party affiliation of your constituency at the time of your election? “It’s a democratic registration seat.” It is swing at the state level and very republican at the federal level.

B. What was the largest age group in your constituency at the time of your election? POPULATION PROBABLY 18-20% SENIOR.

13. During the general election, what do you feel set you most apart from your opponent, Michael Stedem? “My political experience was a big benefit because it counter-acted his life experience and the basis of his campaign was he was older, he spent more years in business, he’d been in more rotary clubs, and you know I mean the whole life experience issue versus my age and and what set what I was able to neutralize that with was the fact that I had served four years in the legislature. That was the sort of the central issue I think in terms of mitigating his offense.”

14. During the general election, how do you feel that you most related to your constituency? “Well we had a much more active grassroot campaign than he did. We twenty thousand doors and and canvassing neighborhoods. We had a lot more volunteers and they were much more energized than his. I had a huge

96 advantage of having run campaigns before and knowing what to let get under your skin and what not to let get under your skin and not overreacting to things.”

“People who leave business to run for public office who are accustomed to being the boss who are accustomed to basically having employees or subordinates do whatever they want done and they just do it and there’s no questions asked and the only time they’re in the paper is for a good thing you know they’re the man of the year, they’re Kiwanis club president, whatever, those guys are the most thin-skinned when they get into politics cause they’ve never had anybody publicly say anything bad about them cause they’ve been successful, they’ve been businessmen, they give back to the community, they sponsor the little league teams, they do everything that’s good and they never have anybody go on the front page of the paper and say that their being dishonest or that they’ve got a bad idea, their position on social security is stupid or whatever.”

“So the fact that we’ve been through camp, that I’ve been through a campaign before helped keep some of that overreaction from occurring like he did.”

15. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “It certainly wasn’t a detriment in my Congressional election. It was in my very first election. I mean that’s the biggest negative I had.”

“If you look at my district I was pretty well right on the issues I was right on the philosophy I was right on my votes and I mean really the only thing people could say was he doesn’t have the life experience to devise a solution for social security or he’s not old enough to be compassionate about seniors making the choice between prescriptions and groceries and stuff like that.”

“It certainly was a factor in the election. It was not a an overwhelming detriment. I think it was at least offset. My youth was at least a wash because I think that there was many people kind of energized by the next generation stepping up to lead and and wanting to give back to the public and things like that as there were people who said he’s too young.”

“And seniors are more likely to support a younger candidate and the middle- age say thirty-five to fifty in my opinion I mean I’m not a political you know I’ve never done research on it but my in my three campaigns I find that that group is the most difficult to persuade to vote for a younger candidate because they are the ones who are in the middle of their career they’re in the middle of of paying their dues they’re in the middle of kind of trolling in the vineyards and so they’re the ones most likely to say that guy needs to do his time he needs to get in line he needs to know he doesn’t need to be jumping ahead. He needs to be president of Kiwanis club and run the chamber and make partner and all that kind of stuff before he can be running for Congress. Those

97 are the ones more focused on who’s turn it is and seniors are much more focused on believing that young people can can do anything. Mostly because they did when they were young when they were seventeen or eighteen or whatever when they got drafted to go off to World War II and Korea.”

16. How much do you believe that the recognition of family name assisted in or deterred from your election? “It was helpful in my district. It’s an agricultural district. It’s a lower mobility rate in my district than there is in other parts of the state.”

“I’m fifth generation and that was a positive thing. In fact we it was a part of the campaign I mean we focused I mean our campaign ads said ‘he’s one of us’ I think was the first commercial we ran and it sort of closed out that line just drove Stedem nuts cause he’s a yankee. I mean he went bananas.”

“And he tried to stir up the African-American community and everything else by trying to say it’s a racist statement he’s really and and he got no traction because they all were kind of like you know he’s not talking about blacks he’s talking about yankees. He’s talking about you.”

17. What prompted you to run for elected office? “I had always, not always, I had been interested probably since junior high or high school in the law and in and in public policy and in public service and ah had interned up here in college. And in Florida when I was finishing up with college there were a lot of really transformational issues going on in the legislature and of course there was transformational stuff going on in Washington that was the nineties big revolution and all that but I really honestly was not terribly focused on that as much as I was what’s going on with the legislature.” (Social Security, Vochures, educational overhaul)

“It was apparent that the issues being discussed at that time were not ordinary average every year aint kind of isues they were sort of I mean they were generational in the sense that whatever they decided to do about welfare was going was gonna have a huge impact for at least the next decade.”

“So that was a very big motivating factor for me as a young person to get in on that fight while the gettin' was good and be able to assert that I had a huge stake in the outcome of that debate and be able to compete on an even playing field in that debate because it is all so new that being seventy versus being twenty one was not a big advantage when you’re talking about some of these really innovative new technologies. The policy stuff that was going on in Tallahassee at that time is what drew me in.”

98 18. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “You have to pick your district. Washington’s run by young people. Talahassee to a large degree is run by young people.”

“I actually encourage young people to to kind of skip the whole city county thing. A lot of people want a most people assume that you know if you’re eighteen or twenty or twenty-three years old you have to run for the city commission. And I have sort of a contrayian view on that.” “I believe that that people are comforted knowing that there is a hundred and twenty members of the state house or four hundred thirty five members of Congress and they’re willing to take a chance on a young person to send them up to the legislature or to the Congress. I think a young candidate has a better shot of getting elected to a legislative body than they do to the city council. I don’t I think that I honestly and it’s like the old joke about you know the guy calls the congressman because his trash wasn’t picked up and he says well why didn’t you call the mayor and he says well I didn’t want to start at the top. People really think that way.”

“I think that people will not trust a position as important as city councilman to a young person as much as they might be willing to trust them in the in the legislature. And so I kind of encourage them to skip over that and get involved in state politics. Cause I think that their chances are greater and that they have more opportunities to do things.”

“If you go into a some city hall even in the most progressive community in America, there’s gonna be fifty guys who worked there for the last seventy years and they’re not going to let you touch anything. Whereas if you go to a state capitol or something I think there’s a lot of opportunities to really have an impact.”

“But for young people who are interested in running for office the best I mean the first thing that I’d tell them is they have to really pick their district carefully. There are very few other districts in Florida where I could have won as a twenty-one year old I mean I I didn’t win in my district because my ideas were any better or because my campaign was that much smoother or something else I mean luck had a heck of a lot to do with it.”

“Just because you’ve got great ideas and you’ve got a lot of friends who are willing to help on your campaign all that kind of stuff I mean you really have to have a lot of other good fortune come together to help you out. And I started out running against an incumbent and would have almost certainly been beat by him if he hadn’t decided at the last minute to get out. I mean I had a lot of lucky things happen. Timing really is everything.”

99 19. As you were the youngest member of the 107th Congress, how do you feel you have been received by your colleagues? “I think that I’ve been very fairly received I mean yeah there’s jokes and there’s you know there’s a lot of good laughs about being the youngest member and people talk about something that happened in 1968 or whatever and then they look around the room and they say Putnam wasn’t even around then or something. You know there’s all that which is fine and and it’s fun. In a body this large everybody is looking for a way to stand out and I’ve pretty well got that taken care of.”

“I think that on a member to member level people are actually more accepting cause they understand that everybody got here the same way. I probably get more weird looks from staffers when I’m riding the elevators or something than I do from other members of Congress. I mean they’re the ones that step back and think you know that guy must just be a real ass if he got elected. I mean I kind of sense that you know when I step on elevators or something you kind of everybody sort of stiffens.

“I mean I really do think that in some ways other members receive a younger person better than other young people if that makes any sense.”

“I think that they probably first of all assume that my dad was probably the congressman before me.” “Or that I bought it.” “I think that those are probably the top two theories on how I got here.”

“And actually of the youngest members of Congress it’s kind of interesting I don’t think it means anything but the youngest Republican members are all first time political people in their family. And all the young Democratic members are from political families.”

100 Paul D. Ryan United States House of Representatives First Congressional District of Wisconsin

Politician Profile State Represented: Wisconsin Party Affiliation: Republican Birthday: January 29, 1970 Religion: Roman Catholic Family: Wife: Janna (m. December 2000) Children: Elizabeth (b. February 2002) Education: Miami University, (B.A.) 1992 Career: Congressional aide, economic policy analyst 1992: Aide, U.S. Senator Bob Kasten 1993-1995: Advisor and Speechwriter, Empower America 1995-1997: Legislative Director, U.S. Senator Sam Brownback 1997-1998: Marketing consultant, Ryan Inc. Central Public Offices: 1998: Elected U.S. House of Representatives (WI-1) 2000: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (WI-1) 2002: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (WI-1) Committee assignments: Joint Economic Committee Committee on Ways and Means (23rd of 24)

101 Paul D. Ryan United States House of Representatives First Congressional District of Wisconsin

First District Information16 1990 Population: 543,530 White…………………….….…………. 92.0% Black……………………….………….. 5.4% Asian……………………….………….. 3.4% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 3.4% Other……………………………………1.9% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 22.9% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 38.0% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 24.3% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 14.8%

District Demographics Wisconsin’s first Congressional District is a dairy country covered by snow during the Winter and green grass in the summer. It contains the southern tier of Wisconsin from Rock River Valley to Lake Michigan. The area contains several blue-collar plants including a General Motors Chevrolet plant. It contains an area of lake resorts which have become favorite vacation spots of Chicagoans. The first district prides itself on squeaky-clean progressive politics. Republicans look to the suburbs for conservative support.

The diversity of the 1st district makes each election highly contested. Represented by Congressman and later Secretary of Defense, Les Aspin from 1970 until 1992, the district pulls strong Democratic support.

16 Michael Barone, The Almanac of American Politics 2002, (Washington D.C.: National Journal Group, Inc., 2001), 1657.

102

Paul Ryan’s Election Results

1998 U.S. House (WI-1) 2000 U.S. House (WI-1) 2002 U.S. House (WI-1) Paul Ryan 57.1% Paul Ryan 66.6% Paul Ryan 67.2% Lydia Spottswood 42.9% Jeffrey Thomas 33.4% Jeffrey Thomas 30.7%

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

2000 (WI-1) George W. Bush 47.2% Al Gore 48.9% Other 3.8%

103 Paul D. Ryan United States House of Representatives First Congressional District of Wisconsin Biography

Paul Ryan was born on January 29, 1970 in Janesville, Wisconsin. His great- grandfather started a family construction form in Rock County which is now run by his cousins. Paul Ryan is a graduate of Miami University’s economics and political science programs. During college, he worked as a staff member for Senator Bob Kasten and after graduation worked as a speechwriter for Jack kemp and William Bennett at Empower America. Ryan worked for as legislative director for Senator Sam Brownback and moved back to Wisconsin in anticipation for Mark Neumann’s vacation of the first Congressional seat to run for the U.S. Senate. While Neumann lost his election, Ryan took up his own bid for the U.S. Congress.

Ryan’s first Republican primary opponent was state Senator George Petak. Petak had been recalled by Wisconsin voters, the only Wisconsin recall in history, for voting a tax increase for the Milwaukee Brewers stadium. After learning that Ryan intended to make note of the recall, Petak withdrew. Ryan won the 1998 primary with 81 percent of the vote.

Ryan’s Democratic opponent was Kenosha Council President Lydia Spotswood. She carried with her the baggage of a controversy involving her vote on a redevelopment project that boosted the property value of an apartment owned partially by her husband as well as her stance on handguns. Ryan campaigned on his theme of a “Paycheck Protection Plan” in which he favored local control and gun ownership and opposed tax increases. Ryan attacked Spotswood in ads by using her support of tax increases. Likewise, a Spotswood ad accused Ryan of wanting to cut computers in the classroom, after school programs, and school-to- work programs. Ryan said he would give the decisions of how to spend money to the school officials and cut nothing.

Spotswood campaigned on her experiences as a nurse. Ryan proclaimed that being 28 years old was old enough. He stated that “my five o’clock shadow shows up every day at four.”17 Spotswood and Ryan argued about abortion plans. This election was expensive and demanding. It became one of the Democrat’s top 10 priorities in 1998.18 Spotswood spent $1.34 million to Ryan’s $1.26 million. However, the outcome was strongly in Ryan’s favored. He carried his district by 57 to 43 percent.

17 Michael Barone, and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 2000, (Washington D.C.: National Journal Group, Inc., 1999), 1739. 18 Michael Barone, and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 2000, 1739.

104 Congressman Ryan has become a Republican unafraid to challenge the party leadership. He was reelected to the U.S. House in 2000 and 2002 by 67 percent to 33 percent. He won a campaign for a seat on the Ways and Means Committee and has criticized President Bush’s tax cut as too small. Congressman Ryan boasts of hard work and long hours for his constituency in congress.

105 Paul D. Ryan United States House of Representatives First Congressional District of Wisconsin Wednesday March 13, 2002

Background Information 1. When you were in high school or college, did you ever run for office, such as Class President/Vice President? “Yeah, I was junior class president in high school of my junior class and in college, no, I never ran for anything. I was in a fraternity, my fraternity got kicked off campus…Delt’s. Geez, I don’t know what they were like recently, we were really atheletic, we won the all-sports trophy every year I was there, we were kind of into that. But I was on the IFC J-board I think it was called Judicial Board, I don’t think you had to run for that. So, not really, just student council in high school, that kind of stuff.”

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? “I come from a very private sector family. They discussed it among themselves at the dinner table, but we weren’t really a political family. My dad was a big fan of Reagan and I remember my dad and mom would talk politics at the table when I was young.”

3. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? “No, like I said, very private sector family.”

4. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? “No”

General Election Information The following questions regard your general election to the U.S. House in 1998.

5. In what type of area did you live at the time of your election? “Jamesville, Wisconsin which is my hometown. I’m fifth-generation from that town. That’s in the district I represent, so it’s a city.”

6. How would you describe your party affiliation at the time of your election? REPUBLICAN

7. How you would describe your political philosophy at the time of the general election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “More conservative.”

106 8. Your education level at the time of the general election was a BACHELORS DEGREE FROM MIAMI UNIVERSITY IN ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Would you consider this to be a benefit or a detriment to your election? “Well, I thought economics…I really don’t think political science did much other than political philosophy classes to get a good handle on my own personal political philosophy, but economics was very, very helpful. The most helpful…the most useful I got out of college was the economics degree, I think. Much…far more helpful than poli sci…not to knock it because I had that too, but it was…it just works around here totally differently than I learned in American government and those classes. It’ s just the system doesn’t work very much like what you read than how it does.”

9. How would you have described your personality during the general election? “Extroverted and both conversational and analytical”

10. The following questions regard the composition of your constituency at the time of your election… A. What was the majority party affiliation of your constituency at the time of your election? “No, I have a democrat District. Al Gore won my district, Bill Clinton won it both times, Dukasis won.”

“My area is what was originally called the Reagan democrats. Wisconsin went for Reagan and Milwaukee and my area which is not in Milwaukee. They sort of came up with the term Reagan democrats. Democrats who are union, but conservative Catholics, pro-life, usually pro-gun, but union households, who’d always voted for generations and generations for democrats voted for Ronald Reagan and that was the first time they voted for a republican. Since then we’ve been able to get them to cross the ticket. Ross Feingold, very liberal senator from Wisconsin, he wins my district very time. Al Gore won my district, but I won it by 66 percent this last time. In Wisconsin, like in Minnesota too, you don’t have straight ticket voters, you have people who are willing to cross the ticket. And that’s kind of mine…but statistically I have a Democrat district, but the voters are people who will switch…cross lines.”

B. How you would have described the political philosophy of your constituency at the time of your election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “My district? It breaks down on issues. It’s tough to say it like that. It’s not Madison, Wisconsin liberal, but it’s not Washaw county conservative, it’s a real hodge-podge. What it is is, I have everything. I have suburban, urban, and rural, so I have conservative, liberal, and moderate, and so it’s all patches and pockets which collectively wash out to a relatively democrat yet conservative-democrat district. So, you just can’t say, you

107 know, everybody’s this, they all balance each other out and the collective sum is a generally conservative-democrat district. That’s just kind of how it goes.”

C. What was the average education level of your constituency at the time of your election? “Well, there’s statistics on it, but it’s a real labor district. I have one of the top ten unionized districts in the country which means most people left high school and went to a factory job or a manufacturing job. So, and the majority, I don’t know what the percentages are of four-year degrees, but I’m sure the majority is…four-year degrees is probably a minority percentage in my district. A lot of two-year degrees and just high school degrees.”

11. Your 1998 election was considered one of the Democrat’s Top 10 priorities, what would you say set you most apart from Lydia Spottswood? “We were able to define the race better than she was. It’s basically who’s offense is better and ours was better. We ran on taxes and she just tried to hit us on everything. And so her campaign, she ended up hurting her own negatives because she just hit us just on everything. She spent, they spent, about 2 million dollars just beating me up on everything you could think of. And so it just looked like she was against me and not for something. I distinguished myself between her on philosophy, on the issue of taxes, and that I always articulated what I was for. So people, I just had much better positives than she did.”

12. During the general election, how do you feel that you most related to your constituency? “I just spent a lot of time meeting with people, talking with people, retailing, pounding the pavement. In my ads, I spoke directly to the camera, to the voters. So in my TV ads, people had, I think had a better idea of knowing who I am, what I’m like, what I sound like. Gave a better personal relationship through the TV, which you can actually do. And I just out worked her on the ground game. I did all the plant gigs, I did all the festivals, I went around and shook hands and talked to people.”

“You can’t really do door-to-door on a House race, it’s so inefficient. When you have 670,000 constituents you can’t possibly get every door. And so, I figured that would be inefficient because you could do ten houses in a half hour or you could do a hundred people in a half hour at a festival or a fair or something like that. So I go to the population clusters.”

108 13. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “Yeah, actually I think it ended up being a benefit. People like the idea of young blood, young fresh start. And I just couched it in a good way. I didn’t come across as cocky, know-it-all young guy, I came across as a humble eager young person who had experience but also was willing to learn and listen and knew that I didn’t have all the answers. You’ve gotta make sure as a young guy that you’re humble and that you don’t sound like you know everything.”

14. How much do you believe that the recognition of family name assisted in or deterred from your election? “Yeah, it helps. My cousins run our family business now, it’s a fourth- generation earth moving business, it’s been around since 1884, it’s called Ryan, Incorporated. So we have a lot of trucks and they’ve been crisscrossing southern Wisconsin ever since trucks were invented. Because I worked at Ryan, Inc. before I got elected and I think, yeah I did one of my commercials on our construction sites with one of our trucks in the background. So people would say, “Oh, he’s one of those Ryan’s. Oh yeah, okay he’s a local guy.” Because my opponent tried to label me like a carpetbagger but I’m fifth generation. So, as soon as I connected that I’m one of these people, these Ryan’s who’ve been all over the place, and have been living here for years and years and years, I was quickly accepted as a local. Which I am.”

15. What prompted you to run for elected office? “My predecessor actually put the idea in my mind. He ran against Russ Feingold for the Senate and the NRCC up here was bugging him to find a replacement and I was, at that time, a staffer up here. Then I went home, went to Ryan Incorporated. Then I thought about it and looked at it and I just decided I wanted to be an entrepreneur and if you want to be an entrepreneur in public policy, you pretty much have to run for office.”

16. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “Get real experiences, that’s important. Learn the issues very well. Don’t just think you can just get it, you gotta earn it. And dig ditches, do any work, you know I started out here out of college, after getting out of Miami, working with my own state senator. I had three jobs, I was waiting tables at nights and weekends, I was a fitness trainer on the weekends, and I was an economic staff assistant on his committee making like fourteen thousand dollars a year. It’s just gonna be like that, you gotta do the grunt work you’ve gotta earn, you can’t just parachute in at a great level, work for two years and go run for office. It’s difficult to do that unless you’re running for state office, like a state assembly or state house or something like that. Go to public sector experience so you know who you are and you know what you believe in and you know your principles and then just be truthful and honest and earnest. And I would work your opponent. Don’t try and BS people and as a young guy just don’t come across as a cocky know-it-all.”

109 “My speeches were always, ‘you may be looking at me and you may be thinking that I’m young, and I am young and Wisconsin has a rich tradition of sending young people to Congress’. My predecessor, Les Aspen, was thirty- one when he got elected to Congress. Then I’d rattle off a few other names of people at 25 and 28 who got elected to prominent offices. Our Governor, Tommy Thompson was elected to the State Assembly at 24-years-old. And I said, I do have good experience that has taught me how to do this job. But I also know that I don’t know everything and that my mom always told me that I have two ears and one mouth and use it in that proportion. So I want to continue to listen and learn but I do have good experiences. So you have to, at the end of your speech, lay out that sense of humility, and then people will like you, then people will want you to do well, as if you were their son or grandson running for office. But if you come across saying I know how the world works and follow me, people are gonna say, this kid’s still wet behind the ears. And they’ll reject you. That’s a really, really, important distinction. Very, very important.”

17. Given your relatively young age, how do you feel you have been received by your colleagues in Congress? “Actually pretty well, I felt it was a benefit. It was better that I came here at 28 than if I was 48 because it gave me more opportunities. Because then I was the youngest Republican in Congress and the closest guy to me was about 12 years older. And they gave me a lot of opportunities. They pushed me out front on a lot of issues to represent a younger generation to show younger faces in Congress, a younger face of the Republican Party. So it gave me more opportunities to be in the middle of the action of decision-making and being a part of the process more. So it actually was a benefit to me.”

110 Derrick C. Seaver Ohio States House of Representatives Seventy Eighth (2003-present), Eighty Fifth (2001-2003) House District of Ohio

Politician Profile State Represented: Ohio Party Affiliation: Democrat Birthday: February 6, 1982 Religion: Roman Catholic Family: Father: Charles Seaver Mother: Kimberly Seaver Wife: Single Education: Minster High School, 1982 First-year student, Wright State University Career: Legislator, Student Public Offices: 2000: Elected to the Ohio State House (OH-85) 2002: Reelected to the Ohio State House (OH-78) Committee assignments: Agriculture and Natural Resources (1st of 7) Education Committee Insurance Committee

111 Derrick C. Seaver Ohio States House of Representatives Seventy Eighth (2003-present), Eighty Fifth (2001-2003) House District of Ohio

Eighty Fifth District Information 1990 Population: 119,697 White…………………….….…………. 98.0% Black……………………….………….. 1.3% Asian……………………….………….. 0.4% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 0.5% Other……………………………………0.3% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 25.3% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 45.0% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 19.2% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 10.4%

Seventy Eighth District Information 2000 Population: 118,983 White…………………….….…………. 94.8% Black……………………….………….. 1.4% Asian……………………….………….. 0.6% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 0.7% Other……………………………………2.2% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 16.8% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 46.9% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 23.9% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 12.3%

Seventy Eighth District Demographics (2003-present) While redistricting renamed the 85th district in 2002, the composition may favor Derrick Seaver even more. Though still over sixty percent conservative, the voters of the 78th district are involved in manufacturing and agriculture. In 2002, the voters chose to stick with Representative Seaver for a second-term.

112

Derrick Seaver’s Election Results

2000 Ohio House (OH-85) 2002 Ohio House (OH-78) Derrick Seaver 50.3% Derrick Seaver 58.3% David Shiffer 49.7% John Adams 41.7%

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

2000 (WA-9) George W. Bush 64.2% Al Gore 32.8% Other 3.0%

113 Derrick C. Seaver Ohio States House of Representatives Seventy Eighth (2003-present), Eighty Fifth (2001-2003) House District of Ohio Biography

Derrick Seaver was born on February 6, 1982. His election to the State House remains somewhat of an anomaly. First, the district Seaver represents is nearly 62% Republican. Yet Derrick Seaver is a democrat. The state of Ohio has not had a member of the house younger than the age of twenty-one in its history, yet Derrick Seaver was just eighteen years old when elected.

Originally gaining interest in politics after watching the movie JFK, Derrick Seaver filed for election at the age of 17 as a senior at Minster High School. His candidacy landed him an appearance on the “Tonight Show” with Jay Leno and early morning talk television as well as numerous articles in the Associated Press. But the candidacy of this eighteen year old was not one people laughed at.

Throughout the campaign, Seaver knocked on 10,000 doors and shook 50,000 hands while gaining the support of the National Rifle Association, teachers union and right-to-life groups. Even his opponent stated that Seaver, “worked really hard to make sure he wasn’t viewed as an 18-year-old.”19 Shiffer continued to explain that for Derrick Seaver, “the age issue worked in his favor.”20 Derrick Seaver walked through local high schools to gather the support of class mates and had a campaign managed by two of his high school teachers.

The consolation to the Republicans in the eighty-fifth House district is that Derrick Seaver is staunchly pro-life and pro-gun. When asked by cameraman Jeff Warnement of the “Tonight Show” if there were too many weapons in the country Seaver replied, “I don’t think you can have too many weapons in the country.”21 Seaver won the election to the State House and became the youngest lawmaker in the United States. Seaver is a full-time legislator, while attending Wright State’s Celina campus for seven credit hours each semester. Derrick Seaver’s wish is to teach high school government. However, that will have to wait until he is done being a part of history. In 2002, the newly created 78th district once again went to Derrick Seaver with 58% of the vote.

19 “Senior to Freshman in a Day; Teen Student wins House Seat,” The Plain Dealer, 9 November 2000, Metro 1B. 20 “Senior to Freshman in a Day; Teen Student wins House Seat,” Metro 1B. 21 Dan Crawford, “The ‘Tonight Show’ May Never be the Same After This,” June 30, 2000, (24 April 2002).

114 Derrick C. Seaver Ohio States House of Representatives Seventy Eighth (2003-present), Eighty Fifth (2001-2003) House District of Ohio Saturday April 27, 2002

Background Information 1. When you were in high school or college, did you ever run for office, such as Class President/Vice President? CLASS PRESIDENT SOPHOMORE YEAR

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? “Very, very little. My dad was never really that interested. My mom was brought up a Democrat. The only political discussions I could ever remember having with my parents were when I was about six-years-old, seven-years-old, and the Berlin Wall came down and they told me to watch it because they said it was really important. And I can remember talking about the Clinton stuff, how that all worked out. Of course, that was when I started to get interested so I drove a lot of that discussion. But that’s about it.”

“Had I been twelve-years-old now, when the Middle East was going on, that wouldn’t have come up. We would have talked about September 11th, that’d been it. None of this stuff would have really struck an interest in my parents. It does for me but not for them.”

3. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? “When I told them, when I was about thirteen-years-old that I wanted to be in politics, that I wanted to have a job in politics of some sort, they were real supportive. They didn’t say that that was a bad idea. My parents pretty well told me they would support me in whatever I did and they stuck by that. When I told them I was running at 18, they thought I was crazy. And I never thought it would happen that early. I thought maybe someday but I never thought that young, just kind-of the opportunity was there so we took it. They stuck by me though. They were there to support me and help me and doing the campaign stuff. My mom hates it with a passion, she is a shy person, she doesn’t like politics. But they were there to support me in whatever way they could.”

4. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? NO

115 General Election Information The following questions regard your general election to the Ohio House in 2000.

5. In what type of area did you live at the time of your election? MINSTER

“I was living at home in ’99 when I started my campaign and have since bought the house that I was living in at the time, I bought the house from my parents. I’m not planning on leaving Minster anytime soon.”

“I bought the home after I was elected. In May of 2001 I purchased the home from my parents. And they were going to move out at the end of the year when my sister goes to college so they were looking for something smaller. It’s kind of a generational home, I’m the fifth generation in my mom’s family that’s now in the house. It’s been passed down from one generation to another.”

6. Was being single a benefit or a detriment to your campaign? “Obviously there’s two ways to look at that. Families are tremendous for campaign pictures. You see them all the time. And that’s good and I don’t fault anybody because they have a family and if I had one I would certainly take pictures of them too and put it in there because it would be important to me, a part of my life. But being single, the other side of that is, it gives you a chance to be free. You talk to so many guys and my colleagues that will say, ‘I’d love to do this, or I’d love to do that but I have family commitments.’ ‘We’d love to be at this fundraiser, we’d love to be at this event but my wife just said that’s enough.’”

“I don’t have that kind of strings, I’m able to put all my focus on this job and what I’m doing, and as far as the campaign in concerned, that was a blessing. Because the campaign takes so much time and energy and the flip side of not having that for political angles, is you have the time and energy, and we use that. Being young and having energy was a big part of the campaign.”

7. How you would describe your political philosophy at the time of the general election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “Well when I describe myself in public, I call myself a conservative Democrat. With me you probably have to break it down issue by issue. If you’re talking about social issues, abortion, homosexual rights, some of the other big news social issues that are out there, drug use and stuff like that, I’m much more conservative, in fact I’ll probably vote with the Republicans over 90 percent of the time on social issues. When you talk about education and labor, things like that, I felt closer to the Democratic side. I don’t tow the line all the way, especially on the area of education which is my biggest issue. I’m against vouchers, I’m against the expansion of charter schools, I’m against the

116 state proficiency test which was a big part of my campaign. Those are all more democratic issues.”

“I’ve been a Democrat and I’ll stay that way until I feel that they’re losing touch on those issues or until the Republicans seem to be doing a better job on it.”

8. Did the lack of a college education play a part in your election? To continue in politics would you need a degree? “Not having it I don’t think’s hurt me at all. I think that when you look at some issues it probably does help to have an experienced background. But in the political scene in Columbus what’s more important is doing your homework on the issues. I probably learn more doing this job than I would in a college classroom setting.”

“At my level (Ohio House) I think what’s important when I’m representing two and a half counties is to know what these people are thinking and to bring their opinions to Columbus as opposed to me having five years of book- learning behind me and going on my own intuition. I think it’s much more important to bring their opinions down there. And to do that all I’ve got to do is do my homework.”

“So I don’t think it’s hurt me, in fact a number of my colleagues never went to college. A lot of them went into business or a couple of them were labor workers that ran for office. I’m not the only one by a long shot that never set foot in a college classroom.”

9. How would you have described your personality during the general election? “I would definitely say I was more extroverted than introverted. Like I say, I enjoy people, that’s my favorite part of the campaign. Everybody gets really bothered by door-to-door or so it appears, but I’ve always liked that. I just really get into that, I learn a lot. I’ve always been real comfortable around people and comfortable behind the podium and I think that’s a couple of the strengths that I do bring to the table.”

10. During the general election, what do you feel set you most apart from your opponent, David Shiffer? “I think a number of things, I think one of which was the work ethic this campaign put in. And I’m not singling myself out it was the work ethic of the whole campaign group. Very committed from the beginning to running a grassroots campaign that was very personal. I went to 12,000 doors in the district.”

“We raised money out of the district. So when we were raising money it was also friendraising and getting some people out to help. And I think we were much more committed to that.”

117

“On the baseline, I think the grassroots stuff was probably the biggest difference. Issue-wise, it was the education issue that set us apart. I was endorsed by the NRA over him, and I was the only non-incumbent Democrat that was endorsed by the NRA, which is a very big benefit to the campaign. We were both endorsed by the Right-to-Life, so we share those issues. But the education issue was a line of separation and teachers and students came through for me in the end, and I was real happy to see that. We courted them and we wanted them to be part of the campaign. That was a very important part.”

“In the small level election where issues sometimes become secondary to personalities, I’d say if anything it was the work ethic of our campaign team. They just really wanted it. And they were all out 100 percent all the time.”

11. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “It was both. It was tough to go in and pretend at age 18 that I could effectively represent someone that had been in business for twenty years and again I think a lot of it comes down to doing my homework, which I did, and we wanted, I wanted to be sure, that I knew the issues before I went infront of these groups. And I think I did an alright job presenting that, you know that’s for them to decide. So in those situations it was tough. A lot of them had kids my age, it was tough for them to look at me as somebody that would be a state representative or represent them in a government position.”

“The other side of that was again my energy and youth. I didn’t get tired much and I was able to run a pretty strong campaign schedule. I could be in a number of places at one time because I had that kind of energy. I was single and that didn’t hurt. And it helped to get young people interested. Even though young people historically don’t vote that great and even I’ll admit in my election they didn’t vote in droves, they voted higher than what they normally do, but it was still a lot lower than the general population. They do help with volunteer work, with the grassroots stuff, at parades and door-to- door and doing things like that and I think that my campaign made them interested in the process and that didn’t hurt.”

12. How much do you believe that the recognition of family name assisted in or deterred from your election? “Not at all. My last name is the only one in my district. I’m the only Seaver. Everybody knows my grandparents and they helped out quite a bit. So outside of my house, there was nobody who voted for me just because of my last name.”

118 13. What prompted you to run for elected office? “Two things that I can specifically cite. One is just the personal interest in running. Like I said, I always had an interest in running, never thought it’d happen this early, but we thought that it would be feasible and so I decided to take the initiative because of my interest. But maybe more importantly than that was the frustration of some of the local elected Democrat officials that said they didn’t want to run and they said there’s an opening so why don’t you give it a try because I had done some work for them and they said look we’ll stand behind you and that’s what I needed. I wasn’t gonna go in alone and they did stand behind me. To their credit they kept their word on that.”

14. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “If you run young you can’t lose. You’ve got your whole life ahead of you, what’s the worst thing that’s gonna happen, you’re gonna lose and you’re gonna go to college and you’re gonna get a job. But the best thing that’s gonna happen is you’re gonna get your name out, you’re gonna run strong, and they will look at you in the future. Or you’ll win, which is even better. But you can’t lose when you run young. We went in with really no regrets either way.”

“Certainly to keep in mind that you can’t be afraid to lose because it’s a victory if you just get noticed. Don’t be scared of the system. So many people, and I was the same way, go in thinking, no one’s gonna really accept me. I’m eighteen, I’m seventeen, it’s like, who’s gonna care what I have to say or even look at me like a legitimate candidate? But I gained a lot of respect for people going through the campaign process because I realized that they will listen because you’ve taken the initiative to jump in the race. They will pay attention to you. And in a Democracy, what’s the worst they can say to you is no. You can’t be lynched or ceased for doing anything, the worst they can say is I’m going to vote for your opponent.”

“My race, if it proved anything, it was that people will accept young candidates if they put an effort forth. I was proven wrong.”

15. Because of your relatively young age, and without divulging any specifics, how far do you believe that you will go in politics? (Did you make any promises on term limits?) “My interest in politics pretty well ends at the state lines. I’m a huge lover of state politics, I enjoy it, I don’t see myself ever leaving Ohio. I know that it’s tough to make a statement like that at age twenty because you never know what’s going to happen but I would not really enjoy leaving state politics. I’d like to stay in this job for four terms, I love being in the statehouse. It’s a great experience and I don’t want to leave it. But after that, the state Senate seat will be open. There’s always statewide races. And I would always keep those options open because I enjoy it. So I think anything within Ohio, I

119 would never close the door on. But that’s a bunch of elections away and it would be a big honor to even be asked.”

16. As you are the youngest politician in the country, how do you feel you have been received by your colleagues? How do you feel you have been received by your constituents? “Real well. I’ve made a lot of new friends on both sides of the aisle. And really my age never comes up anywhere, other than a few jokes every once in a while. They don’t cut me any slack, they don’t treat me any tougher.”

17. What effect did the senior citizen influence and vote have on your election? “I don’t want to sound like I’m speaking for them, they feel one of their responsibilities is to leave something to the future and they will always be attracted to young candidates. People that they think will be there after they’ve gone because now they feel like they’re in the world to pick leaders for tomorrow. And they take that role very seriously unlike most voters in the country.”

“The other thing is, and you hate to minimize it so much, but it becomes the grandchild effect where you look like their grandchild. I probably remind them of their grandkids. The toughest persons for young candidates to get to is middle-aged businessmen. It will never work. It’s not worth it. Those are the people that look at you like you’re their son and you have no business telling them what goes on in Columbus because they know better.”

120 Adam Smith United States House of Representatives Ninth Congressional District of Washington

Politician Profile State Represented: Washington Party Affiliation: Democrat Birthday: June 15, 1965 Religion: Christian Family: Father: Ben Smith Wife: Sara Bickle-Eldridge (m. August 1993) Children: Kendall Charlotte (b. 2000) Education: Fordham University, (B.A.) 1987 University of Washington, (J.D.) 1990 Career: City prosecutor, lawyer 1991-1992: Practicing Attorney 1992-1995: Seattle Prosecutor Public Offices: 1990: Elected to the Washington State Senate (WA-33) 1994: Reelected to the Washington State Senate (WA-33) 1996: Elected U.S. House of Representatives (WA-9) 1998: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (WA-9) 2000: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (WA-9) 2002: Reelected to U.S. House of Representatives (WA-9) Committee assignments: Committee on Armed Services (11th of 29) Committee on International Relations (21st of 23)

121 Adam Smith United States House of Representatives Ninth Congressional District of Washington

Ninth District Information22 1990 Population: 540,744 White…………………….….…………. 85.5% Black……………………….………….. 5.4% Asian……………………….………….. 6.1% Hispanic Origin……………..…………. 3.7% Other……………………………………3.0% School Completed- Age 25 or older Up to 12th grade (no diploma)……….… 15.4% High School (4 yrs)………….………… 32.3% College (1-3 yrs)…………….………… 34.1% College (4 yrs or more)……….……….. 18.2%

District Demographics Washington’s ninth district is a product of population growth during the 1980’s. The district includes Seattle’s south side, past Tacoma and west toward the state capitol Olympia. Most of the residents of the ninth district work in offices in Seattle and Bellevue or the factories of Boeing. The ninth also includes the 16,000 active-duty installation of Fort Lewis and the Air Force’s McChord Air Force Base. Veterans, active duty personnel and their families constitute nearly 20 percent of the district’s population.

Many residents live in scattered subdivisions. While the percentages of Republicans and Democrats are separated by only one percent, the political ideology of the ninth is grossly independent, to the tune of 41 percent.23

22 Michael Barone, The Almanac of American Politics 2002, (Washington D.C.: National Journal Group, Inc., 2001), 1625-1626. 23 Phillip D. Duncan, ed., Politics in America 1998: The 105th Congress, (Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997), 1546.

122

Adam Smith’s Election Results

1996 U.S. House (WA-9) 1998 U.S. House (WA-9) 2000 U.S. House (WA-9) Adam Smith 50.1% Adam Smith 64.5% Adam Smith 61.7% Randy Tate 47.3% Ron Taber 35.3% Chris Vance 34.0% Other 2.6% Other 0.2% Other 4.3%

2002 U.S. House (WA-9) Adam Smith 58.5% Sarah Casada 38.6% Other 2.9%

Presidential Election Results (of relevant district)

1996 (WA-9) 2000 (WA-9) William Clinton 51.4% George W. Bush 42.0% Bob Dole 36.0% Al Gore 53.4% Other 12.6% Other 4.6%

123 Adam Smith United States House of Representatives Ninth Congressional District of Washington Biography

Adam Smith was born on June 15, 1965. His father Ben was a United Airlines baggage handler and member of the Machinists Union who died when Adam Smith was just 17. The death of Ben Smith forced the family into poverty and reliance on the support of the members of the trade unions.

After graduation from Tyee High School, Adam Smith’s community involvement increased. He worked his way through Fordham University by driving trucks for United Parcel Service. After Fordham, Smith attended law school at the University of Washington. In 1990, the same year that Adam graduated from law school, he was first elected to public office. Adam Smith was elected to the Washington State Senate at the age of 25, making him the youngest State Senator in the country. He worked as a lawyer and as a Seattle prosecutor, handling cases of domestic abuse and drunk driving.

Adam Smith met Sara in 1992 and the two were married by August of 1993. he won reelection to the State Senate in 1994 by earning a reputation as a “strong and active campaigner”24 and is said to have visited as many as 40,000 homes during the campaign. In July of 1995, Adam Smith announced that he would challenge freshman incumbent Republican Representative Randy Tate for Washington’s ninth district seat in Congress.

Randy Tate had been a young state legislator when he defeated a freshman for the seat in 1994. Tate had been a strong advocate for Newt Gingrich and the “Contract With America”. Because of his staunch conservative support, the AFL- CIO launched an 18-month bombardment of television and radio commercials against Tate.25 Until the September primary, Tate had largely ignored Smith’s campaign. But after a narrow one percent victory by Smith in a primary which included candidates all parties, Tate had to turn attention to Smith. But Tate’s efforts were not enough as Adam Smith won in November 50 percent to 47 percent.

Adam Smith won committee assignments to Resources and National Security. In 1997, Smith announced that he would not accept contributions from political action committees or individuals outside of the state of Washington. Adam Smith has proven to be a very independent Congressman, voting for the Republican’s budget in 1999, for trade relations with China, and against bills which would have assisted the Boeing corporation in the state of Washington.

24 Phillip D. Duncan (1997), 1545. 25 Phillip D. Duncan (1997), 1545.

124 Adam Smith United States House of Representatives Ninth Congressional District of Washington Wednesday March 13, 2002

Background Information 1. When you were in high school or college, did you ever run for office, such as Class President/Vice President? “I ran twice in high school. Lost both times.”

2. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents discuss politics with you? “Yes, my father in particular.”

3. When you were growing up, how frequently did your parents suggest that, someday, you would run for office? “I don’t believe they specifically suggested that. No, just my father kind of wanted me to be involved.”

4. Did either of your parents ever run for elected office? “No”

General Election Information The following questions regard your general election to the U.S. House in 1996.

5. In what type of area did you live at the time of your election? “The more interesting thing is the 1990 when I got elected to the State Senate is when I started out and that sort of put me in a position to run for Congress in the first place. But basically I grew up in Cetak, Washington. Which is essentially a blue-collar suburb of Seattle. My father was a ramp serviceman in United Airlines. My mother just raised the, just, the three kids. So your basic working-class background is guess.”

6. What was your martial status at the time of your election? How much change was it to be married? MARRIED DURING ELECTION TO CONGRESS IN 1996 BUT NOT DURING ELECTION TO THE STATE SENATE IN 1990.

“Not that much. I mean it certainly well two things, it helped me a great deal you know that sort of illusion of stability people like to see in a young person. The marriage helped in that respect. It didn’t impinge upon my time significantly. Certainly it didn’t impede me from doing what I needed to do to do the job and I think it certainly helps.”

125 7. How many children did you have during the time of your election? How is life with a child? KENDALL CHARLOTTE BORN IN JULY 2000.

“Helps even more on the stability issue, significantly more. But it’s also a major impediment on the time. It’s much more of a challenge.”

8. How would you describe your party affiliation at the time of your election? DEMOCRAT

9. How you would describe your political philosophy at the time of the general election? (Liberal, Moderate, Conservative) “That has changed a little bit. There’s no real magic line. I mean I was a Democrat because of union. My father was active in his union. So there was, he had actually passed away by the time I ran for the State Senate. Since he had died while I was in college, the help that the unions gave us made a great deal of difference.”

“Let’s just say I wanted to represent average people. I recognized that the world wasn’t always kind to average people and felt that having come from that background and at the same time having what I perceived to be political abilities I thought I could help basically the people I grew up with. And that was my inclination and still is my inclination, I’m just since that time developed a more moderate approach to politics specifically in the areas of fiscal responsibility, personal responsibility.”

“I was prosecutor. I’ve somewhat of a hardass attitude about that sort of stuff you know I think people should be held responsible for their own actions.”

10. How would you have described your personality during the general election? “The fascinating contradiction within my personality that was existent certainly prior to 1990 is that I was very introverted. I know everyone says they were shy in high school, I was! In the extreme sense of the word, terrified by new experiences.”

“I was very introverted in that regard and had a hard time frankly dealing with people outside of my own comfort circle because it made me nervous. Giving a speech would absolutely terrify me.”

“There was that, but then on the other hand I was always very ambitious. And always sort of believed that I was capable. I don’t know why, there wasn’t necessarily a lot of evidence to that. But I believed in it so it pushed me.”

“If I had know everything that I had to go through in my State Senate campaign in 1990, when I made the decision two years before that to run, I probably would have you know ran away screaming from it. I’ve always had

126 this ability to like understand even if something terrifies me I need to do it. So I suck it up and do it…most of the time.”

“To get where I wanted to be in life I understood that I was going to have to overcome some of my limitations and the best way to do that is to jump into the pool as it were. I wasn’t the typical sort of Bill Clinton extravert you know everybody knows him, everyone likes him sort of guy.”

11. Your education level at the time of the general election was a BACHELORS DEGREE FROM FORDHAM and then a LAW DEGREE FROM UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON before the election to Washington Senate in 1990. Would you consider this to be a benefit or a detriment to your election? “It’s a significant benefit for a young person running for office. Because a law degree is again a stamp of credibility. People assume that everyone hates lawyers but on the other hand if you’re a lawyer you must not be an idiot. That’s sort of the assumption. And when you’re young I mean that is one of the concerns, it’s like does this guy know anything? Does he have sufficient life experience. And if you can say you know if you’ve gone through law school and have a law degree and are actually a practicing, not practicing, licensed attorney that gives you that stamp of credibility.”

“And it was really important in my State Senate race when I ran the first time because I hadn’t really done much at that point. Being a lawyer conjures up images in peoples’ minds that may or may not be accurate but they give you that stamp of credibility.”

“By the time I ran for Congress I had been chair of the judiciary committee for four years and done enough that I was obviously credible on that level.”

“A law degree made a huge difference.”

“The thing is, you watch The West Wing at all? They’re going through that fascinating discussion where Toby is like you know you’re afraid to show how intelligent you are. Toby, could not be more wrong. Okay, it’s just not possible. Because people don’t like it when you look like you’re too intelligent. And I think there’s the assumption you know that being a lawyer means that you’re obnoxious, that you think you know more than everybody and all that. And as long as you don’t bring that to the table, it’s a help to be a lawyer. And frankly whether you’re a lawyer or not, if you’re a know it all, people aren’t gonna like you. I mean Bill Thomas isn’t a lawyer but he’s still an asshole. And everybody knows that and I would think it would be a certain impediment at some point, although he seems to have defied that logic.”

“But I will say that in general that’s the dichotomy, it’s like yes, if you come off as someone who thinks he’s above his constituents, you’re in big trouble. And some lawyers do that, you know some businessmen do that, some ramp

127 servicemen do that okay! But just having that law degree, yeah I mean people are looking at a resume to some degree trying to figure out whether or not you know something. Fact: he’s a lawyer, must not be a moron.”

12. During the general election, what do you feel set you most apart from your opponent, Randy Tate? “People didn’t hate me. I mean more than anything, Randy and I it was a great race in the sense that on some of the traditional things that both he and I had benefited from throughout our careers in every race: the hometown boy, blue-collar background, hardworking, door-to-door, earnest you know, all of that stuff that was you know more or less the same for both of us. I had a slightly better reputation on the brainpower side of the equation because of the lawyer thing and because I was chair of the judiciary, and because I am smarter than he is (JOKINGLY).”

“And he had a slightly better reputation on the sort of how can I put this exactly, I call it the cheese-ball factor, but I should be more generous than that, the ‘hail fellow well met’ as someone put it. He was more outgoing.”

“But the problem is I mean he got into Congress and thought that that meant that every idea he had ever had had been ratified and he signed up for the revolution and they went to far. And the people in the district looked at that and said, ‘too extreme for me’”.

“Really 1996 was not about me. Basically I didn’t screw it up, which helps.” “But at the end of the day, what it was about was that people looked at Randy and said you’re just too extreme four us, we want someone else. And I was, well, that was our unofficial campaign slogan: Adam Smith is acceptable.”

13. Do you feel that your age was a benefit or a detriment to your election? “It was always a benefit. Absolutely always a benefit. In fact that’s my handy little philosophy and I can’t remember where I first heard it but you know as much as people bitch and moan about it, youth and ambition will always be served.”

“I understand that there is a lot of young people who are obnoxious. Whatever your age is you’re thinking about the future and when you see you know a fresh young face come on who wants to be a leader in the community there is a very positive reaction to that. Now you can screw it up. You can always screw it up.”

“Well one of the biggest mistakes that young people make is you assume that there is this, you assume that people look at saying you’re not qualified. So therefore, it is your mission in life to convince everybody that you’ve met that you’re qualified. And you figure that the only way to do that is to tell them that you’re qualified. And at that point, you sort of come off as that officious,

128 obnoxious, you know, you’re over the top. Selling is listening as someone said. And as long as you’re willing to tone that down and just be polite you’ll be fine. In general nah, people love, love it when young people run. Unless of course like I said, you’re an idiot and then you’re in trouble anyway.”

14. What prompted you to run for elected office? “Is there a short answer to that question? It seemed like the right thing to do at the time. It was just sort of um, it was really kind of a vision.”

“I was in my second year of law school. I was twenty three years old when I decided to run. And at that point I didn’t know exactly what I wanted to do with my life. I was pretty sure I didn’t want to be a lawyer on the other hand I was also pretty sure that I was going to need to make some money doing something. So I wasn’t sure and I liked politics, I’d worked on it a little bit. The right set of circumstances came up in my state legislative district I worked on a campaign got, helped this guy get elected to the State House in my legislative district. And so we had two Democratic State House members and the State Senator from that same district, the lines are the same in the state of Washington which I understand is kind of unusual, but fit the same district, the State Senator was up in two years. And she was a moderate Republican woman who no one really wanted to run against, so I figured well, got two Democrats in the House, Republican in the Senate, I’ll run against her. So, I did. And it worked out.”

15. What advice would you have for a young person who wanted to run for office? “I guess the two pieces of advice I would give is one it’s really all about people and it’s all about the community and I guess the greatest advantage that I had is my parents had is my parents had the consensus to stay in the same community my whole life. And in doing that I was able to, even in my own way, build relationships. I mean there are people who voted for me because I delivered newspapers to them, okay, people who voted for me cause their kid played little league with me, or went to the same high school. And having had that lifetime, at the time it was only twenty three years but still, you know well they worked with my father, there was that connection that you can’t get if you just came in from outside. And a lot of young people, they go off to college, maybe they work on a campaign in Iowa, you know, stay home to the extent humanly possible. Stay home and build those relationships.”

“And the second is the one that I already said, don’t assume that you have to tell people how smart you are. If you do, you’re in trouble anyway. And the odds are you’re going to offend more people than you help. Work with them, listen to them, understand the people you want to represent if you want to run.”

129 16. You are well known for visiting as many as 40,000 homes while a State Senator, how do you feel that your continuing grassroots effort influenced your election? “It’s the difference between me sitting here talking to you and working someplace else I’ll tell you that much. Cause in the State Senate race it was kind of a nice little thing that came out, I mean I did a lot of research on how you beat an incumbent, specifically a Republican incumbent in a State Senate race. And the way you do it basically is you convince the party that you can win and that your seat it critical to them getting the majority back. And then you go to, we had unlimited donations at the time we’ve since changed that, and then you go to the five or six groups who are deeply invested in the Democratic majority, mostly unions, trial lawyers, the caucus, and you get them to give a lot of money. And that’s how you do it. Well, I sort of failed in all of that because all of those groups did not think that I had a snowballs chance in hell of winning and they had eight or nine other seats that they thought were where the play was at. I mean we had a 25-24 majority so it gonna come down to that. And so the money didn’t come in and the day I graduated from law school in June, I was convinced that I was just completely screwed. No money, people, no interest whatsoever in my campaign.”

“But it struck me that the election will be decided by about 28,000 people in this small area and while, and there’s no better way to reach them than at the door I mean sending mail doing all this other stuff is kind of tangential, I mean it’s not as direct as sitting there and talking to them. And the one thing that I did have was I was living at home with my mother and I nothing to do that summer. And I was young and in reasonably good shape, I can get to the entire district, I can get to all of these people. So, of necessity, if nothing else, that’s what I did. Seven days a week, all summer long. And did the whole district twice. And we had some other things going for us, eventually. With like three weeks to go people became convinced that I had a chance and we were able to do a pretty healthy mail program in the last three weeks.”

“There’s just no better way to campaign. Obviously on a Congressional level there’s something, get to companies of scale, and you just can’t do it anymore. But if you’re running for the legislature, I mean certainly if you’re running for the city council, if you’re running in any area where I mean you can identify whose gonna vote. You go to the good voters and you only talk to the people you need to talk to. Absolutely the best way to campaign. And also it makes people feel better about you, you’re not just someone who’s trying to buy an election, you’re out there working hard, you know you come walking up there and drive in a rain storm knockin on their door they gotta figure that you’re earnest. People like earnest.”

130 Part Nine Questionnaires

The following questionnaires were distributed to various members of the U.S. House and Senate along with state officials in the Spring of 2002.

131

132 133 134

135

136 137 138

139 140 141 142

143 144 145 146

147 148 149 150

151 152 153 154

155 156 157 158

159 160 161 162

163 164 165 166

167 168 169 170

171 172 173 174

175 Part Ten Additional Appendixes and Charts

F. Age of Unites States House Members 1980-2002 G. Age of Unites States Senate Members 1980-2002 H. Election Results: Auglaize, Champaign, and Shelby Counties

176 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Ford Jr., H E 26 TN 9 D 1996 105th 9 Putnam, A 26 FL 12 R 2000 107th 11 Hiler, J P 27 IN 3 R 1980 97th 1 LeBoutillier, J 27 NY 6 R 1980 97th 1 Smith, C H 27 NJ 4 R 1980 97th 1 Rowland, J G 27 CT 5 R 1984 99th 12 Kennedy, P J 27 RI 1 D 1994 104th 8 Dreier, D 28 CA 35 R 1980 97th 1 Fields, J 28 TX 8 R 1980 97th 1 Weber, V 28 MN 6 R 1980 97th 1 Cooper, J 28 TN 4 D 1982 98th 3 Ryan, P 28 WI 1 R 1998 106th 10 Gunderson, S 29 WI 3 R 1980 97th 1 Siljander, M 29 MI 4 R 1980 97th 1 Sweeney, M 29 TX 14 R 1984 99th 12 Fields, C 29 LA 4 D 1992 103rd 7 Tate, R 29 WA 9 R 1994 104th 8 Nunes, D 29 CA 21 R 2002 108th 13 Ryan, T 29 OH 17 D 2002 108th 13 Eckart, D E 30 OH 22 D 1980 97th 1 McCurdy, D 30 OK 4 D 1980 97th 1 McEwen, B 30 OH 6 R 1980 97th 1 Schumer, C E 30 NY 16 D 1980 97th 1 Kasich, J R 30 OH 12 R 1982 98th 3 Perkins, C C 30 KY 7 D 1984 99th 12 Nussle, J 30 IA 2 R 1990 102nd 6 Jackson, J 30 IL 2 D 1995 104th Dec-95 8 Ferguson, M 30 NJ 7 R 2000 107th 11 Wyden, R 31 OR 3 D 1980 97th 1 Evans, L 31 IL 17 D 1982 98th 3 Penny, T J 31 MN 1 D 1982 98th 3 Staggers, H O 31 WV 2 D 1982 98th 3 Torricelli, R G 31 NJ 9 D 1982 98th 3 Wheat, A 31 MO 5 D 1982 98th 3 Schuette, B 31 MI 10 R 1984 99th 12 Molinari, S 31 NY 14 R 1990 102nd Mar-90 6 Pombo, R W 31 CA 11 R 1992 103rd 7 Christensen, J 31 NE 2 R 1994 104th 8 Scarborough, J 31 FL 1 R 1994 104th 8 Aderholt, R B 31 AL 4 R 1996 105th 9 Smith, A 31 WA 9 D 1996 105th 9 Shuster, B 31 PA 9 R 2001 107th May-01 14 Dyson, R 32 MD 1 D 1980 97th 1 Gejdenson, S 32 CT 2 D 1980 97th 1 Hertel, D M 32 MI 14 D 1980 97th 1 Hunter, D L 32 CA 42 R 1980 97th 1 Santorum, R 32 PA 18 R 1990 102nd 6

177 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Lambert, B 32 AR 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Flanagan, M P 32 IL 5 R 1994 104th 8 Sununu, J E 32 NH 1 R 1996 105th 9 Fossella, V J 32 NY 13 R 1997 106th Nov-97 10 Gregg, J 33 NH 2 R 1980 97th 1 Lowery, B 33 CA 41 R 1980 97th 1 Napier, J L 33 SC 6 R 1980 97th 1 Schneider, C 33 RI 2 R 1980 97th 1 Epsy, M 33 MS 2 D 1986 100th 5 Upton, F 33 MI 4 R 1986 100th 5 Andrews, R E 33 NJ 1 D 1990 102nd Nov-90 6 Swett, D 33 NH 2 D 1990 102nd 6 Fingerhut, E D 33 OH 19 D 1992 103rd 7 Inglis, B 33 SC 4 R 1992 103rd 7 Hostettler, J 33 IN 8 R 1994 104th 8 Kind, R 33 WI 3 D 1996 105th 9 Pickering Jr., C W 33 MS 3 R 1996 105th 9 Carson, B 33 OK 2 D 2000 107th 11 Cardozo, D 33 CA 18 D 2002 108th 13 Sanchez, L T 33 CA 39 D 2002 108th 13 Coyne, J K 34 PA 8 R 1980 97th 1 Borski, R A 34 PA 3 D 1982 98th 3 Lehman, R 34 CA 18 D 1982 98th 3 McKernan Jr., J R 34 ME 1 R 1982 98th 3 Sikorski, G 34 MN 6 D 1982 98th 3 Slattery, J 34 KS 2 D 1982 98th 3 Wise, B 34 WV 3 D 1982 98th 3 Swindall, P 34 GA 4 R 1984 99th 12 Kennedy, J P 34 MA 8 D 1986 100th 5 McMillen, T 34 MD 4 D 1986 100th 5 Paxon, B 34 NY 31 R 1988 101st 4 Roemer, T 34 IN 3 D 1990 102nd 6 Becerra, X 34 CA 30 D 1992 103rd 7 Buyer, S 34 IN 5 R 1992 103rd 7 Cantwell, M 34 WA 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Lazio, R A 34 NY 2 R 1992 103rd 7 Torkildsen, P G 34 MA 6 R 1992 103rd 7 Sanford, M 34 SC 1 R 1994 104th 8 Schaffer, B 34 CO 4 R 1996 105th 9 Weiner, A 34 NY 9 D 1998 106th 10 Craig, L E 35 ID 1 R 1980 97th 1 Bartlett, S 35 TX 3 R 1982 98th 3 Bryant, J 35 TX 5 D 1982 98th 3 Carper, T R 35 DE 1 D 1982 98th 3 Dewine, M 35 OH 7 R 1982 98th 3 Feighan, E F 35 OH 19 D 1982 98th 3 Richardson, B 35 NM 3 D 1982 98th 3

178 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Barton, J L 35 TX 6 R 1984 99th 12 Gordon, B 35 TN 6 D 1984 99th 12 Visclosky, P J 35 IN 1 D 1984 99th 12 Jontz, J 35 IN 5 D 1986 100th 5 Deutsch, P 35 FL 20 D 1992 103rd 7 Holden, T 35 PA 6 D 1992 103rd 7 Meehan, M T 35 MA 5 D 1992 103rd 7 Tucker III, W R 35 CA 37 D 1992 103rd 7 Bensten, K 35 TX 25 D 1994 104th 8 Hilleary, V 35 TN 4 R 1994 104th 8 Pappas, M 35 NJ 12 R 1996 105th 9 Thune, J R 35 SD 1 R 1996 105th 9 Wexler, R 35 FL 19 D 1996 105th 9 Larsen, R 35 WA 2 D 2000 107th 11 David, A 35 AL 7 D 2002 108th 13 Meek, K B 35 FL 17 D 2002 108th 13 Hendon, W M 36 NC 11 R 1980 97th 1 Martin, D 36 NY 30 R 1980 97th 1 McCollum, B 36 FL 5 R 1980 97th 1 Oxley, M 36 OH 4 R 1980 97th 1 Boehlert, S L 36 NY 25 R 1982 98th 3 Bosco, D H 36 CA 1 D 1982 98th 3 Boucher, F C 36 VA 9 D 1982 98th 3 Kaptur, M 36 OH 9 D 1982 98th 3 Tallon Jr., R M 36 SC 6 D 1982 98th 3 Atkins, C G 36 MA 5 D 1984 99th 12 Campbell, T 36 CA 12 R 1988 101st 4 Cox, C C 36 CA 40 R 1988 101st 4 Dooley, C 36 CA 17 D 1990 102nd 6 Blute, P I 36 MA 3 R 1992 103rd 7 Talent, J M 36 MO 2 R 1992 103rd 7 Ensign, J 36 NV 1 R 1994 104th 8 Hayworth, J 36 AZ 6 R 1994 104th 8 McIntosh, D M 36 IN 2 R 1994 104th 8 Salmon, M 36 AZ 1 R 1994 104th 8 Thornberry, W M 36 TX 13 R 1994 104th 8 Waldholtz, E G 36 UT 2 R 1994 104th 8 John, C 36 LA 7 D 1996 105th 9 Sanchez, L 36 CA 46 D 1996 105th 9 Baldwin, T 36 WI 2 D 1998 106th 10 Bono, M 36 CA 44 R 1998 106th Apr-98 10 Crowley, J 36 NY 7 D 1998 106th 10 Terry, L 36 NE 2 R 1998 106th 10 Keller, R 36 FL 8 R 2000 107th 11 Langevin, J 36 RI 2 D 2000 107th 11 Coats, D 37 IN 4 R 1980 97th 1 Dunn, J 37 MI 6 R 1980 97th 1

179 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Roemer, B 37 LA 4 D 1980 97th 1 Tauzin, W J 37 LA 3 D 1980 97th 1 Mrazek, R J 37 NY 3 D 1982 98th 3 Ridge, T J 37 PA 21 R 1982 98th 3 Delay, T D 37 TX 22 R 1984 99th 12 Pallone Jr., F 37 NJ 3 D 1988 101st 4 Andrews, T H 37 ME 1 D 1990 102nd 6 Camp, D 37 MI 10 R 1990 102nd 6 Franks, G 37 CT 5 R 1990 102nd 6 Klug, S L 37 WI 2 R 1990 102nd 6 Coppersmith, S 37 AZ 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Kingston, J 37 GA 1 R 1992 103rd 7 McKinney, C A 37 GA 11 D 1992 103rd 7 Ehrlich Jr., B 37 MD 2 R 1994 104th 8 Wamp, Z 37 TN 3 R 1994 104th 8 Watts, J C 37 OK 4 R 1994 104th 8 Weller, J 37 IL 11 R 1994 104th 8 Toomey, P 37 PA 15 R 1998 106th 10 Cantor, E I 37 VA 7 R 2000 107th 11 Flake, J 37 AZ 1 R 2000 107th 11 Graves, S 37 MO 6 R 2000 107th 11 Rogers, M 37 MI 8 R 2000 107th 11 McCotter, T G 37 MI 11 R 2002 108th 13 Sullivan, J 37 OK 1 R 2002 107th Feb-02 14 Petri, T E 38 WI 6 R 1979 97th 1 Dorgan, B L 38 ND 1 D 1980 97th 1 Dowdy, W 38 MS 4 D 1980 97th 1 McGrath, R J 38 NY 5 R 1980 97th 1 Andrews, M 38 TX 25 D 1982 98th 3 Durbin, R J 38 IL 20 D 1982 98th 3 Morrison, B A 38 CT 3 D 1982 98th 3 Baker, R 38 LA 6 R 1986 100th 5 Grandy, F 38 IA 6 R 1986 100th 5 Mfune, K 38 MD 7 D 1986 100th 5 Costello, J 38 IL 21 D 1988 100th Aug-88 4 McCrery, J 38 LA 4 R 1988 100th Apr-88 4 Barrett, T M 38 WI 5 D 1992 103rd 7 Bonilla, H 38 TX 23 R 1992 103rd 7 Canady, C T 38 FL 12 R 1992 103rd 7 Diaz-Balart, L 38 FL 21 R 1992 103rd 7 Gutierrez, L V 38 IL 4 D 1992 103rd 7 Levy, D A 38 NY 4 R 1992 103rd 7 Menendez, R 38 NJ 13 D 1992 103rd 7 Brownback, S 38 KS 2 R 1994 104th 8 Bunn, J 38 OR 5 R 1994 104th 8 English, P 38 PA 21 R 1994 104th 8 Fattah, C 38 PA 2 D 1994 104th 8

180 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Rivers, L N 38 MI 13 D 1994 104th 8 Stockman, S 38 TX 9 R 1994 104th 8 Hulshof, K 38 MO 9 R 1996 105th 9 Shimkus, J M 38 IL 20 R 1996 105th 9 Green, M 38 WI 8 R 1998 106th 10 Hart, M 38 PA 4 R 2000 107th 11 Platts, T 38 PA 19 R 2000 107th 11 Tiberi, P 38 OH 12 R 2000 107th 11 Hartnett, T F 39 SC 1 R 1980 97th 1 Levine, M 39 CA 27 D 1982 98th 3 Mollohan, A B 39 WV 1 D 1982 98th 3 Thomas, L 39 GA 1 D 1982 98th 3 Darden, G 39 GA 7 D 1983 99th Nov-83 12 Bustamante, A G 39 TX 23 D 1984 99th 12 Combest, L 39 TX 19 R 1984 99th 12 Hendon, W M 39 NC 11 R 1984 99th 12 Monson, D S 39 UT 2 R 1984 99th 12 DeFazio, P A 39 OR 4 D 1986 100th 5 Smith, L 39 TX 21 R 1986 100th 5 Weldon, C 39 PA 7 R 1986 100th 5 Neal, R 39 MA 2 D 1988 101st 4 Parker, M 39 MS 4 D 1988 101st 4 Edwards, C 39 TX 11 D 1990 102nd 6 Luken, C 39 OH 1 D 1990 102nd 6 Brown, S 39 OH 13 D 1992 103rd 7 Calvert, K 39 CA 43 R 1992 103rd 7 Hoekstra, P 39 MI 2 R 1992 103rd 7 McInnis, S 39 CO 3 R 1992 103rd 7 Velazquez, N M 39 NY 12 D 1992 103rd 7 Baldacci, J 39 ME 2 D 1994 104th 8 Burr, R M 39 NC 5 R 1994 104th 8 Frisa, D 39 NY 4 R 1994 104th 8 Graham, L 39 SC 3 R 1994 104th 8 Largent, S 39 OK 1 R 1994 104th 8 Radanovich, 39 CA 19 R 1994 104th 8 Blagojevich, R R 39 IL 5 D 1996 105th 9 Davis, J 39 FL 11 D 1996 105th 9 DeGette, D 39 CO 1 D 1996 105th 9 Rogan, J E 39 CA 27 R 1996 105th 9 Ross, M 39 AR 4 D 2000 107th 11 Forbes, J R 39 VA 4 R 2001 107th Jun-01 14 Bailey, W 40 MO 8 R 1980 97th 1 Brown, H 40 CO 4 R 1980 97th 1 Daub, H 40 NE 2 R 1980 97th 1 Frank, B 40 MA 4 D 1980 97th 1 Staton, D M 40 WV 3 R 1980 97th 1 Britt, C R 40 NC 6 D 1982 98th 3

181 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Chandler, R 40 WA 8 R 1982 98th 3 Spratt, J 40 SC 5 D 1982 98th 3 Ackerman, G 40 NY 7 D 1983 98th Mar-82 3 Ackerman, G L 40 NY 7 D 1983 99th Mar-83 12 Bruce, T L 40 IL 19 D 1984 99th 12 Kleczka, G 40 WI 4 D 1984 99th 12 Hayes, J 40 LA 7 D 1986 100th 5 Johnson, T 40 SD 1 D 1986 100th 5 Machtley, R K 40 RI 1 R 1988 101st 4 Sarpalius, B 40 TX 13 D 1988 101st 4 Boehner, J A 40 OH 8 R 1990 102nd 6 Doolittle, J T 40 CA 14 R 1990 102nd 6 Riggs, F 40 CA 1 R 1990 102nd 6 Barcia, J A 40 MI 5 D 1992 103rd 7 Goodlatte, R W 40 VA 6 R 1992 103rd 7 Hoke, M R 40 OH 10 R 1992 103rd 7 Pomeroy, E 40 ND 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Reynolds, M 40 IL 2 D 1992 103rd 7 Stpuak, B 40 MI 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Foley, M 40 FL 16 R 1994 104th 8 LaTourette, S 40 OH 19 R 1994 104th 8 Neumann, M W 40 WI 1 R 1994 104th 8 Ney, B 40 OH 18 R 1994 104th 8 McIntyre, M 40 NC 7 D 1996 105th 9 Matheson, J 40 UT 2 D 2000 107th 11 Schiff, A 40 CA 27 D 2000 107th 11 Chocola, C 40 IN 2 R 2002 108th 13 Hatcher, C F 41 GA 2 D 1980 97th 1 Hoyer, S 41 MD 5 D 1980 97th 1 Martin, L 41 IL 16 R 1980 97th 1 Shaw, E C 41 FL 12 R 1980 97th 1 Wolf, F R 41 VA 10 R 1980 97th 1 Bates, J 41 CA 44 D 1982 98th 3 Berman, H L 41 CA 26 D 1982 98th 3 Coleman, R 41 TX 16 D 1982 98th 3 Franklin, W 41 MS 2 R 1982 98th 3 Smith, L 41 FL 16 D 1982 98th 3 Saxton, H J 41 NJ 13 R 1984 99th 12 Flake, F H 41 NY 6 D 1986 100th 5 Herger, W 41 CA 2 R 1986 100th 5 Sawyer, T 41 OH 14 D 1986 100th 5 Duncan Jr., J J 41 TN 2 R 1988 101st Nov-88 5 Engel, E L 41 NY 19 D 1988 101st 4 McNulty, M R 41 NY 23 D 1988 101st 4 Rohrabacker, D 41 CA 42 R 1988 101st 4 Schiff, S H 41 NM 1 R 1988 101st 4 Walsh, J T 41 NY 27 R 1988 101st 4

182 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Bacchus, J 41 FL 11 D 1990 102nd 6 Kopetski, M 41 OR 5 D 1990 102nd 6 Reed, J F 41 RI 2 D 1990 102nd 6 Crapo, M D 41 ID 2 R 1992 103rd 7 Franks, B 41 NJ 7 R 1992 103rd 7 Greenwood, J C 41 PA 8 R 1992 103rd 7 Inslee, J 41 WA 4 D 1992 103rd 7 Klink, R 41 PA 4 D 1992 103rd 7 Pryce, D 41 OH 15 R 1992 103rd 7 Quinn, J 41 NY 30 R 1992 103rd 7 Royce, E 41 CA 39 R 1992 103rd 7 Thurman, K L 41 FL 5 D 1992 103rd 7 Wynn, A R 41 MD 4 D 1992 103rd 7 Chabot, S 41 OH 1 R 1994 104th 8 Doyle, M 41 PA 18 D 1994 104th 8 Weldon, D 41 FL 15 R 1994 104th 8 White, R 41 WA 1 R 1994 104th 8 Brady, K 41 TX 8 R 1996 105th 9 Sessions, P 41 TX 5 R 1996 105th 9 Walden, G 41 OR 2 R 1998 106th 10 Kirk, M S 41 IL 10 R 2000 107th 11 Pence, M 41 IN 2 R 2000 107th 11 Barrett, G 41 SC 3 R 2002 108th 13 Diaz-Balart, M 41 FL 25 R 2002 108th 13 DeNardis, L J 42 CT 3 R 1980 97th 1 Emerson, B 42 MO 10 R 1980 97th 1 Smith, D 42 OR 2 R 1980 97th 1 Boxer, B 42 CA 6 D 1982 98th 3 Harrison, F 42 PA 11 D 1982 98th 3 Mack III, C 42 FL 13 R 1982 98th 3 Zschau, E 42 CA 12 R 1982 98th 3 Boutler, B 42 TX 13 R 1984 99th 12 Henry, P B 42 MI 5 R 1984 99th 12 Kolbe, J 42 AZ 5 R 1984 99th 12 Robinson, T 42 AR 2 D 1984 99th 12 Gallegy, E 42 CA 21 R 1986 100th 5 Shays, C 42 CT 4 R 1987 100th Aug-87 4 Payne, L F 42 VA 5 D 1988 100th Jun-88 4 Orton, B 42 UT 3 D 1990 102nd 6 Istook Jr., J 42 OK 5 R 1992 103rd 7 McHale, P 42 PA 15 D 1992 103rd 7 Bass, C 42 NH 2 R 1994 104th 8 Forbes, M P 42 NY 1 R 1994 104th 8 Moran, J 42 KS 1 R 1996 105th 9 Sherman, B 42 CA 24 D 1996 105th 9 Baird, B 42 WA 3 D 1998 106th 10 Israel, S 42 NY 2 D 2000 107th 11

183 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Miller, J 42 FL 1 R 2001 107th Oct-01 14 Bell, C 42 TX 25 D 2002 108th 13 Bonner, J 42 AL 1 R 2002 108th 13 Emanuel, R 42 IL 5 D 2002 108th 13 Turner, M 42 OH 3 R 2002 108th 13 Carman, G W 43 NY 3 R 1980 97th 1 Fielder, B 43 CA 21 R 1980 97th 1 Rogers, H 43 KY 5 R 1980 97th 1 Erdrecih, B 43 AL 6 D 1982 98th 3 McCloskey, F X 43 IN 8 D 1982 98th 3 Reid, H 43 NV 1 D 1982 98th 3 Eckert, F J 43 NY 30 R 1984 99th 12 Smith, R C 43 NH 1 R 1984 99th 12 Traficant Jr., J A 43 OH 17 D 1984 99th 12 Cardin, B L 43 MD 3 D 1986 100th 5 Grant, B 43 FL 2 D 1986 100th 5 Holloway, C 43 LA 8 R 1986 100th 5 Lancaster, M 43 NC 1 D 1986 100th 5 Nagle, D R 43 IA 3 D 1986 100th 5 Rhodes III, J J 43 AZ 1 R 1986 100th 5 Skaggs, D E 43 CO 2 D 1986 100th 5 Poshard, G 43 IL 22 D 1988 101st 4 Cox Jr., J W 43 IL 16 D 1990 102nd 6 Cramer, B 43 AL 5 D 1990 102nd 6 Jefferson, W J 43 LA 2 D 1990 102nd 6 English, K 43 AZ 6 D 1992 103rd 7 Hutchinson, T 43 AR 3 R 1992 103rd 7 Bilbray, B P 43 CA 49 R 1994 104th 8 Gutknecht, G 43 MN 1 R 1994 104th 8 Longley Jr., J B 43 ME 1 R 1994 104th 8 Tiahrt, T 43 KS 4 R 1994 104th 8 Ward, M 43 KY 3 D 1994 104th 8 Wicker, R 43 MS 1 R 1994 104th 8 Ose, D 43 CA 3 R 1998 106th 10 Sweeney, J E 43 NY 22 R 1998 106th 10 Wu, D 43 OR 1 D 1998 106th 10 Kennedy, M 43 MN 2 R 2000 107th 11 Kerns, B D 43 IN 7 R 2000 107th 11 Solis, H L 43 CA 31 D 2000 107th 11 Garrett, S 43 NJ 5 R 2002 108th 13 Van Hollen Jr., C 43 MD 8 D 2002 108th 13 Coyne, W J 44 PA 14 D 1980 97th 1 Johnston, E 44 NC 6 R 1980 97th 1 Porter, J E 44 IL 10 R 1980 97th Jan-80 1 Roberts, P 44 KS 1 R 1980 97th 1 Burton, D 44 IN 6 R 1982 98th 3 Hall, K 44 IN 1 D 1982 98th 3

184 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Armey, D 44 TX 26 R 1984 99th 12 DioGuardi, J J 44 NY 20 R 1984 99th 12 Stallings, R H 44 ID 2 D 1984 99th 12 Hastert, J D 44 IL 14 R 1986 100th 5 Kyl, J 44 AZ 4 R 1986 100th 5 Clement, B 44 TN 5 D 1988 100th Jan-88 4 Smith, L 44 MS 5 R 1988 101st 4 Tanner, J 44 TN 8 D 1988 101st 4 Gilchrest, W T 44 MD 1 R 1990 102nd 6 LaRocco, L 44 ID 1 D 1990 102nd 6 Ramstad, J 44 MN 3 R 1990 102nd 6 Bachus, S 44 AL 6 R 1992 103rd 7 Grams, R 44 MN 6 R 1992 103rd 7 Hamburg, D 44 CA 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Johnson, D 44 GA 10 D 1992 103rd 7 Maloney, C B 44 NY 14 D 1992 103rd 7 McHugh, J M 44 NY 24 R 1992 103rd 7 Jackson-Lee, S 44 TX 18 D 1994 104th 8 Riggs, F 44 CA 1 R 1994 104th 8 Smith, L 44 WA 3 R 1994 104th 8 Souder, M E 44 IN 4 R 1994 104th 8 Rothman, S R 44 NJ 9 D 1996 105th 9 Sandlin, M 44 TX 1 D 1996 105th 9 Clay Jr., W L 44 MO 1 D 2000 107th 11 Culberson, J 44 TX 7 R 2000 107th 11 Feeney, T 44 FL 24 R 2002 108th 13 Renzi, R 44 AZ 1 R 2002 108th 13 Rogers, M D 44 AL 3 R 2002 108th 13 Benedict, C 45 WV 2 R 1980 97th 1 Roberts, C 45 SD 2 R 1980 97th 1 Kennelly, B 45 CT 1 D 1982 97th Jan-82 2 Lipinksi, W O 45 IL 5 D 1982 98th 3 Ortiz, S P 45 TX 27 D 1982 98th 3 Cobey, B 45 NC 4 R 1984 99th 12 Lightfoot, J 45 IA 5 R 1984 99th 12 Douglas, C 45 NH 2 R 1988 101st 4 Smith, P 45 VT 1 R 1988 101st 4 Moran Jr., J P 45 VA 8 D 1990 102nd 6 Bishop Jr., S D 45 GA 2 D 1992 103rd 7 Green, G 45 TX 29 D 1992 103rd 7 Huffington, M 45 CA 22 R 1992 103rd 7 Nadler, J 45 NY 8 D 1992 103rd 7 Rush, B L 45 IL 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Scott, R C 45 VA 3 D 1992 103rd 7 Davis III, T M 45 VA 11 R 1994 104th 8 Ganske, G 45 IA 4 R 1994 104th 8 Shadegg, J 45 AZ 4 R 1994 104th 8

185 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Cummings, E E 45 MD 7 D 1996 105th Apr-96 9 Pease, E A 45 IN 7 R 1996 105th 9 Stabenow, D 45 MI 8 D 1996 105th 9 Tauscher, E O 45 CA 10 D 1996 105th 9 Tierney, J F 45 MA 6 D 1996 105th 9 Fletcher, E 45 KY 6 R 1998 106th 10 Hill, B 45 IN 9 D 1998 106th 10 Meeks, G W 45 NY 6 D 1998 106th Feb-98 10 Rehberg, D 45 MT 1 R 2000 107th 11 Franks, T 45 AZ 2 R 2002 108th 13 Harris, K 45 FL 13 R 2002 108th 13 Hensarling, J 45 TX 5 R 2002 108th 13 McCain, J 46 AZ 1 R 1982 98th 3 Owens, M R 46 NY 12 D 1982 98th 3 Sundquist, D 46 TN 7 D 1982 98th 3 Vandergriff, T 46 TX 26 D 1982 98th 3 Miller, J R 46 WA 1 R 1984 99th 12 Buechner, S 46 MO 2 R 1986 100th 5 Harris, C 46 AL 7 D 1986 100th 5 Lewis, J 46 GA 5 D 1986 100th 5 Price, D E 46 NC 2 D 1986 100th 5 Hoagland, P 46 NE 2 D 1988 101st 4 Laughlin, G H 46 TX 14 D 1988 101st 4 Allards, W 46 CO 4 R 1990 102nd 6 Peterson, C C 46 MN 7 D 1990 102nd 6 Serrano, J 46 NY 18 D 1990 102nd Mar-90 6 Zimmer, D 46 NJ 12 R 1990 102nd 6 Brown, C 46 FL 3 D 1992 103rd 7 Byrne, L L 46 VA 11 D 1992 103rd 7 Barr, B 46 GA 7 R 1994 104th 8 Bryant, E 46 TN 7 R 1994 104th 8 Coburn, T 46 OK 2 R 1994 104th 8 Latham, T 46 IA 5 R 1994 104th 8 Blunt, R 46 MO 7 R 1996 105th 9 Cannon, C B 46 UT 3 R 1996 105th 9 Emerson, J A 46 MO 8 R 1996 105th Nov-96 9 Hutchinson, A 46 AR 3 R 1996 105th 9 McGovern, J P 46 MA 3 D 1996 105th 9 Capuano, M E 46 MA 8 D 1998 106th 10 Capito, S M 46 WV 2 R 2000 107th 11 Issa, D 46 CA 48 R 2000 107th 11 McCollum, B 46 MN 4 D 2000 107th 11 Lynch, S F 46 MA 8 D 2001 107th Oct-01 14 Morrison, S 47 WA 4 R 1980 97th 1 Johnson, N L 47 CT 6 R 1982 98th 3 Moody, J 47 WI 5 D 1982 98th 3 Schaefer, D 47 CO 6 R 1982 98th Mar-82 3

186 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Kanjorski, P E 47 PA 11 D 1984 99th 12 Patterson, E J 47 SC 4 D 1986 100th 5 Pelosi, N 47 CA 5 D 1987 100th Jun-87 4 James, C T 47 FL 4 R 1988 101st 4 Jones, B 47 GA 4 D 1988 101st 4 Stearns, C 47 FL 6 R 1988 101st 4 WA, C 47 TX 18 D 1989 102nd Dec-89 6 DeLauro, R 47 CT 3 D 1990 102nd 6 Harman, J 47 CA 36 D 1992 103rd 7 Schenk, L 47 CA 49 D 1992 103rd 7 Tejeda, F 47 TX 28 D 1992 103rd 7 Watt, M 47 NC 12 D 1992 103rd 7 Fox, J D 47 PA 13 R 1994 104th 8 Lofgren, Z 47 CA 16 D 1994 104th 8 Martini, B 47 NJ 8 R 1994 104th 8 McCarthy, K 47 MO 5 D 1994 104th 8 Snowbarger, V 47 KS 3 R 1996 105th 9 Berkley, S 47 NV 1 D 1998 106th 10 DeMint, J 47 SC 4 R 1998 106th 10 Inslee, J 47 WA 1 D 1998 106th 10 Thompson, M 47 CA 1 D 1998 106th 10 Cuellar, H 47 TX 23 D 2002 108th 13 Gerlach, J 47 PA 6 R 2002 108th 13 Majette, D L 47 GA 4 D 2002 108th 13 Michaud, M H 47 ME 2 D 2002 108th 13 Porter, J C 47 NV 3 R 2002 108th 13 Biley Jr., T J 48 VA 3 R 1980 97th 1 Hansen, J V 48 UT 1 R 1980 97th 1 Towns, E 48 NY 11 D 1982 98th 3 Schaefer, D L 48 CO 6 R 1983 99th Mar-83 12 Bilbray, J 48 NV 1 D 1986 100th 5 Hochbrueckner, G J 48 NY 1 D 1986 100th 5 Collins, M 48 GA 3 R 1992 103rd 7 King, P T 48 NY 3 R 1992 103rd 7 Manzullo, D 48 IL 16 R 1992 103rd 7 Cubin, B 48 WY 1 R 1994 104th 8 Doggett, L 48 TX 10 D 1994 104th 8 Frelinghuysen, R 48 NJ 11 R 1994 104th 8 Lewis, R 48 KY 2 R 1994 104th May-94 8 LoBiondo, F A 48 NJ 2 R 1994 104th 8 Blumenauer, E 48 OR 3 D 1996 105th 9 Maloney, J H 48 CT 5 D 1996 105th 9 Northrup, A M 48 KY 3 R 1996 105th 9 Weygand, R A 48 RI 2 D 1996 105th 9 Hoeffel, J M 48 PA 13 D 1998 106th 10 Reynolds, T M 48 NY 27 R 1998 106th 10 Simpson, M 48 ID 2 R 1998 106th 10

187 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Udall, M 48 CO 2 D 1998 106th 10 Grucci Jr., F J 48 NY 1 R 2000 107th 11 Cooper, J 48 TN 5 D 2002 108th 13 Miller, C 48 MI 10 R 2002 108th 13 Smith Jr., A L 49 AL 6 R 1980 97th 1 Weber, E 49 OH 9 R 1980 97th 1 MacKay, K H 49 FL 6 D 1982 98th 3 Gallo, D A 49 NJ 11 R 1984 99th 12 Konnyu, E L 49 CA 12 R 1986 100th 5 Gillmor, P E 49 OH 5 R 1988 101st 4 Goss, P 49 FL 13 R 1988 101st 4 Brewster, B 49 OK 3 D 1990 102nd 6 Cunningham, R 49 CA 44 R 1990 102nd 6 Sanders, B 49 VT 1 I 1990 102nd 6 Taylor, C H 49 NC 11 R 1990 102nd 6 Eshoo, A G 49 CA 14 D 1992 103rd 7 Fowler, H 49 FL 4 R 1992 103rd 7 Kreidler, M 49 WA 9 D 1992 103rd 7 Mica, J L 49 FL 7 R 1992 103rd 7 LaHood, R 49 IL 18 R 1994 104th 8 Luther, W P 49 MN 6 D 1994 104th 8 Hill, R 49 MT 1 R 1996 105th 9 Ryun, J 49 KS 2 R 1996 105th 9 Snyder, V 49 AR 2 D 1996 105th 9 Jones, T S 49 OH 11 D 1998 106th 10 Murphy, T F 49 PA 18 R 2002 108th 13 Levin, S 50 MI 17 D 1982 98th 3 Deal, N 50 GA 9 D 1992 103rd 7 Filner, B 50 CA 50 D 1992 103rd 7 Hilliard, E F 50 AL 7 D 1992 103rd 7 Linder, J 50 GA 4 R 1992 103rd 7 Margolies-Mezvinsky, M 50 PA 13 D 1992 103rd 7 Miller, D 50 FL 13 R 1992 103rd 7 Minger, D 50 MN 2 D 1992 103rd 7 Funderburk, D 50 NC 2 R 1994 104th 8 Nethercutt, G 50 WA 5 R 1994 104th 8 Cook, M 50 UT 2 R 1996 105th 9 Goode Jr., V H 50 VA 5 D 1996 105th 9 Kucinich, D J 50 OH 10 D 1996 105th 9 Turner, J 50 TX 2 D 1996 105th 9 Rodriguez, C 50 TX 28 D 1997 106th Apr-97 10 Holt, R 50 NJ 12 D 1998 106th 10 Larson, J B 50 CT 1 D 1998 106th 10 Miller, G 50 CA 41 R 1998 106th 10 Udall, T 50 NM 3 D 1998 106th 10 Davis, J A 50 VA 1 R 2000 107th 11 Boozman, J 50 AR 3 R 2001 107th Nov-01 14

188 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Nelligan, J L 51 PA 11 R 1980 97th 1 Roukema, M 51 NJ 7 R 1980 97th 1 Packard, R 51 CA 43 R 1982 98th 3 Smith, B 51 OR 2 R 1982 98th 3 Davis, J 51 IL 4 R 1986 100th 5 Hefley, J 51 CO 5 R 1986 100th 5 Lowey, N M 51 NY 20 D 1988 101st 4 McDermott, J 51 WA 7 D 1988 101st 4 Collins, B R 51 MI 13 D 1990 102nd 6 Baesler, S 51 KY 6 D 1992 103rd 7 Dunn, J 51 WA 8 R 1992 103rd 7 Roybal-Allard, L 51 CA 33 D 1992 103rd 7 Strickland, T 51 OH 6 D 1992 103rd 7 Chambliss, S 51 GA 8 R 1994 104th 8 Jones Jr., W B 51 NC 3 R 1994 104th 8 Whitfield, E 51 KY 1 R 1994 104th 8 Allen, T H 51 ME 1 D 1996 105th 9 Boyd, A 51 FL 2 D 1996 105th 9 Gibbons, J 51 NV 2 R 1996 105th 9 Kilpatrick, C C 51 MI 15 D 1996 105th 9 Lampson, N 51 TX 9 D 1996 105th 9 Reyes, S 51 TX 16 D 1996 105th 9 Kuykendall, S 51 CA 36 R 1998 106th 10 Phelps, D D 51 IL 19 D 1998 106th 10 Shows, R 51 MS 4 D 1998 106th 10 Bishop, R 51 UT 1 R 2002 108th 13 Burgess, M C 51 TX 26 R 2002 108th 13 Foglietta, T M 52 PA 1 D 1980 97th 1 Lantos, T 52 CA 11 D 1980 97th 1 Molinari, G V 52 NY 17 R 1980 97th 1 Bilirakis, M 52 FL 9 R 1982 98th 3 Gekas, G W 52 PA 17 R 1982 98th 3 Torres, E 52 CA 34 D 1982 98th 3 MacMillan, J A 52 NC 9 R 1984 99th 12 Manton, T J 52 NY 9 D 1984 99th 12 Bennan, J E 52 ME 1 D 1986 100th 5 Inhofe, J M 52 OK 1 R 1986 100th 5 Abercrombie, N 52 HI 1 D 1990 102nd 6 Waters, M 52 CA 29 D 1990 102nd 6 Baker, B 52 CA 10 R 1992 103rd 7 Barlow, T 52 KY 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Clyburn, J E 52 SC 6 D 1992 103rd 7 Dickey, J 52 AR 4 R 1992 103rd 7 Shepherd, K 52 UT 2 D 1992 103rd 7 Chrysler, D 52 MI 8 R 1994 104th 8 McCarthy, C 52 NY 4 D 1996 105th 9 Riley, B 52 AL 3 R 1996 105th 9

189 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Lee, B 52 CA 9 D 1998 106th Apr-98 10 Moore, D 52 KS 3 R 1998 106th 10 Bishop, T 52 NY 1 D 2002 108th 13 Patman, B 53 TX 14 D 1980 97th 1 Shamansky, B 53 OH 12 D 1980 97th 1 Skeen, J 53 NM 2 R 1980 97th 1 Martinez, M G 53 CA 30 D 1982 98th 3 Coble, H 53 NC 6 R 1984 99th 12 Campbell, B N 53 CO 3 D 1986 100th 5 Castle, M N 53 DE 1 R 1992 103rd 7 Kim, J C 53 CA 41 R 1992 103rd 7 Mann, D 53 OH 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Hastings, R 53 WA 4 R 1994 104th 8 Myrick, S 53 NC 9 R 1994 104th 8 Norwood, C 53 GA 10 R 1994 104th 8 Seastrand, A 53 CA 22 R 1994 104th 8 Granger, K 53 TX 12 R 1996 105th 9 Johnson, J 53 WI 8 D 1996 105th 9 Brady, R A 53 PA 1 D 1998 106th May-98 10 Hayes, R C 53 NC 8 R 1998 106th 10 Isakson, J 53 GA 6 R 1998 106th 10 Tancredo, T 53 CO 6 R 1998 106th 10 Baca, J 53 CA 42 D 1999 106th Nov-99 11 Akin, T 53 MO 2 R 2000 107th 11 Burns, M 53 GA 12 R 2002 108th 13 Cole, T 53 OK 4 R 2002 108th 13 King, S 53 IA 5 R 2002 108th 13 Musgrave, M 53 CO 4 R 2002 108th 13 Dymally, M E 54 CA 31 D 1980 97th 1 Wortley, G 54 NY 32 R 1980 97th 1 Bateman, H H 54 VA 1 R 1982 98th 3 Payne, D M 54 NJ 10 D 1988 101st 4 Hobson, D L 54 OH 7 R 1990 102nd 6 Horn, J K 54 MO 2 D 1990 102nd 6 Zeliff, B 54 NH 1 R 1990 102nd 6 Hinchey, M D 54 NY 26 D 1992 103rd 7 McKeon, H P 54 CA 25 R 1992 103rd 7 Berry, M 54 AR 1 D 1996 105th 9 Schakowsky, J 54 IL 9 D 1998 106th 10 Johnson, T V 54 IL 15 R 2000 107th 11 Wilson, J 54 SC 2 R 2001 107th Dec-01 14 Beauprez, B 54 CO 7 R 2002 108th 13 Grijalva, R 54 AZ 7 D 2002 108th 13 Kline, J 54 MN 2 R 2002 108th 13 Marshall, J C 54 GA 3 D 2002 108th 13 Savage, G 55 IL 2 D 1980 97th 1 Ray, R 55 GA 3 D 1982 98th 3

190 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Sisisky, N 55 VA 4 D 1982 98th 3 Fawell, H W 55 IL 13 R 1984 99th 12 Strang, M 55 CO 3 R 1984 99th 12 Bunning, J 55 KY 4 R 1986 100th 5 Morella, C A 55 MD 8 R 1986 100th 5 Peterson, P 55 FL 2 D 1990 102nd 6 Everett, T 55 AL 2 R 1992 103rd 7 Woolsey, L 55 CA 6 D 1992 103rd 7 Cooksey, J 55 LA 5 R 1996 105th 9 Davis, D K 55 IL 7 D 1996 105th 9 Delahunt, W D 55 MA 10 D 1996 105th 9 Etheridge, B 55 NC 2 D 1996 105th 9 Strickland, T 55 OH 6 D 1996 105th 9 Harman, J 55 CA 36 D 2000 107th 11 Alexander, R 55 LA 5 D 2002 108th 13 Pearce, S 55 NM 2 R 2002 108th 13 Evans, C 56 IA 3 R 1980 97th 1 Kolter, J P 56 PA 4 D 1982 98th 3 McCandless, A 56 CA 37 R 1982 98th 3 Rowland, J R 56 GA 8 D 1982 98th 3 Valentine Jr., I T 56 NC 2 D 1982 98th 3 Meyers, J 56 KS 3 R 1984 99th 12 Pickett, O B 56 VA 2 D 1986 100th 5 Saiki, P 56 HI 1 R 1986 100th 5 Unsoeld, J 56 WA 3 D 1988 101st 4 Furse, E 56 OR 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Hastings, A L 56 FL 23 D 1992 103rd 7 Johnson, B 56 TX 30 D 1992 103rd 7 Chenoweth, H 56 ID 1 R 1994 104th 8 Hinojosa, R 56 TX 15 D 1996 105th 9 Price, D E 56 NC 4 D 1996 105th 9 Crenshaw, A 56 FL 4 R 2000 107th 11 Davis, S A 56 CA 49 D 2000 107th 11 Ruppersberger, C A 56 MD 2 D 2002 108th 13 Scott, D 56 GA 13 D 2002 108th 13 Hall, R M 57 TX 4 D 1980 97th 1 McNulty, J 57 AZ 5 D 1982 98th 3 Slaughter, L M 57 NY 30 D 1986 100th 5 Johnston, H A 57 FL 14 D 1988 101st 4 Russo, M 57 IL 3 D 1988 101st 4 Sangmeister, G E 57 IL 4 D 1988 101st 5 Hooley, D 57 OR 5 R 1996 105th 9 Millender-McDonald, J 57 CA 37 D 1996 105th Mar-96 9 Peterson, J E 57 PA 5 D 1996 105th 9 Watkins, W 57 OK 3 R 1996 105th 9 Sherwood, D L 57 PA 10 R 1998 106th 10 Simmons, R 57 CT 2 R 2000 107th 11

191 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref WA, H 58 IL 1 D 1980 97th 1 Lewis, T 58 FL 12 R 1982 98th 3 Nielson, H C 58 UT 3 R 1982 98th 3 Burton, S 58 CA 5 D 1983 99th Jun-83 12 Clayton, E 58 NC 1 D 1992 103rd 7 Danner, P 58 MO 6 D 1992 103rd 7 Knollenberg, J 58 MI 11 R 1992 103rd 7 Smith, N 58 MI 7 R 1992 103rd 7 Kelly, S W 58 NY 19 R 1994 104th 8 Carson, J M 58 IN 10 D 1996 105th 9 Otter, C L 58 ID 1 R 2000 107th 11 Davis, L 58 TN 4 D 2002 108th 13 Romero, R M 58 NM 1 D 2002 108th 13 Dwyer, B J 59 NJ 15 D 1980 97th 1 Grotberg, J E 59 IL 14 R 1984 99th 12 Slaughter Jr., D F 59 VA 7 R 1984 99th 12 Ballenger, C 59 NC 10 R 1986 100th Nov-86 5 Ravenel Jr., A 59 SC 1 R 1986 100th 5 Hancock, M D 59 MO 7 R 1988 101st 4 Blackwell, L E 59 PA 2 D 1991 103rd May-91 7 Ehlers, V J 59 MI 3 R 1993 104th Dec-93 8 Bono, S 59 CA 44 R 1994 104th 8 Jenkins, W L 59 TN 1 R 1996 105th 9 Pascrell Jr., W J 59 NJ 8 D 1996 105th 9 Honda, M 59 CA 15 D 2000 107th 11 Schrock, E L 59 VA 2 R 2000 107th 11 Brown-Waite, V 59 FL 5 R 2002 108th 13 Miller, B 59 NC 13 D 2002 108th 13 Chappie, G 60 CA 1 R 1980 97th 1 Smith, J F 60 PA 3 D 1980 97th 1 Gray, K J 60 IL 22 D 1984 99th 12 Houghton Jr., A 60 NY 34 R 1986 100th 5 Capps, L 60 CA 22 D 1998 106th Mar-98 10 Balance Jr., F W 60 NC 1 D 2002 108th 13 Blackburn, M 60 TN 7 R 2002 108th 13 Bradley, J E 60 NH 1 R 2002 108th 13 Carter, J R 60 TX 31 R 2002 108th 13 Gingrey, P 60 GA 11 R 2002 108th 13 Vucanovich, B 61 NV 2 R 1982 98th 3 Bentley, H D 61 MD 2 R 1984 99th 12 Long, C 61 LA 8 D 1985 99th Mar-85 12 Barett, B 61 NE 3 R 1990 102nd 6 Horn, S 61 CA 38 R 1992 103rd 7 Paul, R 61 TX 14 R 1996 105th 9 Biggert, J 61 IL 13 R 1998 106th 10 Olin, J R 62 VA 6 D 1982 98th 3 Klein, H 62 NJ 8 D 1992 103rd 7

192 Appendix F Age of United States House Members: 1980-2002

Congres Spec. Name Age State District Party Year s Elec. Ref Cooley, W 62 OR 2 R 1994 104th 8 Boswell, L L 62 IA 3 D 1996 105th 9 Capps, W 62 CA 22 D 1996 105th 9 Napolitano, G 62 CA 34 D 1998 106th 10 Janklow, W J 62 SD 1 R 2002 108th 13 Osborne, T 63 NE 3 R 2000 107th 11 Nichols, B D 64 KS 5 D 1990 102nd 6 Mascara, F R 64 PA 20 D 1994 104th 8 Brown, H 64 SC 1 R 2000 107th 11 Clarke, J M 65 NC 11 D 1982 98th 3 Hayes, C 65 IL 1 D 1983 98th Aug-83 3 Hayes, C A 65 IL 1 D 1983 99th Aug-83 12 Heineman, F K 65 NC 4 R 1994 104th 8 Smith, R F 65 OR 2 R 1996 105th 9 Lucas, K 65 KY 4 D 1998 106th 10 Bartlett, R G 66 MD 6 R 1992 103rd 7 Meek, C 66 FL 17 D 1992 103rd 7 Metcalf, J 67 WA 2 R 1994 104th 8 Watson, D E 67 CA 32 D 2001 107th Jun-01 14 Crockett Jr., G W 71 MI 13 D 1980 97th 1 Average age 44.7 Median age 44 Mode age 41 Standard Deviation 8.6144

Reference Number Citation 1 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1982, Table A-2 2 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1984-85, Table A-1 3 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1984-85, Table A-2 4 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1989-90, Table A-1 5 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1989-90, Table A-2 6 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1991-92, Table A-1 7 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1993-94, Table A-1 8 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1995-96, Table A-1 9 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1997-98, Table A-1 10 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1999-00, Table A-1 11 Vital Statistics on Congress , 2001-02, Table A-1 12 Politics in America , 1985 13 CNN Election 2002 Website 14 Clerk of the U.S. House Website

193 Appendix G Age of United States Senate Members: 1980-2002

First Special Name Age State Party Election Election Ref Nickles, D 31 OK R 1980 15 Quayle, D 33 IN R 1980 15 Dodd, C 36 CT D 1980 15 Gore Jr., A 36 TN D 1984 12 Santorum, R 36 PA R 1994 22 Trible, P 36 VA R 1982 16 Daschle, T 38 SD D 1986 18 Fitzgerald, P G 38 IL R 1998 24 Kasten Jr., R 38 WI R 1980 15 Lincoln, B 38 AR D 1998 24 Sununu, J E 38 NH R 2002 13 Bingaman, J 39 NM D 1982 16 Feingold, R D 39 WI D 1992 21 Pryor, M 39 AR D 2002 13 Brownback, S 40 KA R 1996 23 Landrieu, M L 40 LA D 1996 23 Kempthorne, D 41 ID R 1992 21 Kerry, J 41 MA D 1984 12 Abraham, S 42 MI R 1994 22 Boxer, B 42 CA D 1992 21 Breaux, J 42 LA D 1986 18 Cantwell, M 42 WA D 2000 25 Ensign, J 42 NV R 2000 25 Frist, R 42 TN R 1994 22 Gramm, P 42 TX R 1984 12 McConnell, M 42 KY R 1984 12 Murray, P 42 WA D 1992 21 Symms, S 42 ID R 1980 15 Bayh, E 43 IN D 1998 24 Collins, S M 43 ME R 1996 23 D'Amato, A 43 NY R 1980 15 Craig, L E 45 ID R 1990 19 Edwards, J 45 NC D 1998 24 Gregg, J 45 NH R 1992 21 Harkin, T 45 IA D 1984 12 Kerrey, B 45 NE D 1988 17 Moseley-Braun, C 45 IL D 1992 21 Smith, G H 45 OR R 1996 23 Torricelli, R G 45 NJ D 1996 23 Fowler Jr., W 46 GA D 1986 18 Grams, R 46 MN R 1994 22 Lieberman, J I 46 CT D 1988 20 Reed, J 46 RI D 1996 23 Reid, H 46 NV D 1986 18 Talent, J 46 MO R 2002 13 Wellstone, P 46 MN D 1990 19 Wyden, R 46 OR D 1996 23 Bond, C S 47 MO R 1986 18 Chafee, L D 47 RI R 2000 25

194 Appendix G Age of United States Senate Members: 1980-2002

First Special Name Age State Party Election Election Ref Coats, D 47 IN R 1990 * Appt 12/88 19 Crapo, M 47 ID R 1998 24 DeWine, M 47 OH R 1994 22 Graham, L O 47 SC R 2002 13 Grassley, C 47 IA R 1980 15 Lott, T 47 MS R 1988 17 Murkowski, F 47 AK R 1980 15 Rockefeller IV, J D 47 WV D 1984 12 Snowe, O J 47 ME R 1994 22 Wirth, T E 47 CO D 1986 18 Allen, G F 48 VA R 2000 25 Mack, C 48 FL R 1988 17 Schumer, C 48 NY D 1998 24 East, J 49 NC R 1980 15 Hutchinson, K B 49 TX R 1993 * June 1993 21 Hutchinson, T 49 AR R 1996 23 Mattiningly, M 49 GE R 1980 15 Ross, C S 49 VA D 1988 17 Sessions, J 49 AL R 1996 23 Smith, R C 49 NH R 1990 * Nov 1990 19 Wilson, P 49 CA R 1982 16 Brown, H 50 CO R 1990 19 Cornyn, J 50 TX R 2002 13 Dorgan, B L 50 ND D 1992 21 Graham, B 50 FL D 1986 18 Hagel, C 50 NE R 1996 23 Johnson, T 50 SD D 1996 23 McCain, J 50 AZ R 1986 18 Mikulski, B 50 MD D 1986 18 Rudman, W 50 NH R 1980 15 Specter, A 50 PN R 1980 15 Stabenow, D 50 MI D 2000 25 Bryan, R H 51 NV D 1988 17 Durbin, R J 51 IL D 1996 23 Allard, W 52 CO R 1996 23 Ashcroft, J 52 MO R 1994 22 Enzi, M B 52 WY R 1996 23 Gorton, S 52 WA R 1980 15 Shelby, R C 52 AL D 1986 18 Thompson, F 52 TN R 1994 22 Burns, C 53 MT R 1988 17 Carper, T R 53 DE D 2000 25 Clinton, H R 53 NY D 2000 25 Coleman, N 53 MN R 2002 13 Corzine, J 53 NJ D 2000 25 Coverdell, P 53 GA R 1992 21 Dayton, M 53 MN D 2000 25 Dixon, A 53 IL D 1980 15 Hawkins, P 53 FL R 1980 15

195 Appendix G Age of United States Senate Members: 1980-2002

First Special Name Age State Party Election Election Ref Kohl, H 53 WI D 1988 17 Kyl, J 53 AZ D 1994 22 Andrews, M 54 ND R 1980 15 Hecht, C 54 NV R 1982 16 Jeffords, J M 54 VT R 1988 17 Simon, P 55 IL D 1984 12 Denton, J 56 AL R 1980 15 Abdnor, J 57 SD R 1980 15 Chambliss, S 58 GA R 2002 13 Evans, D J 58 WA R 1983 * Nov 1983 12 Lautenberg, F 58 NJ D 1982 16 Lautenberg, F 58 NJ D 1982 * Nov 1982 13 Nelson, B 58 FL D 2000 25 Adams, B 59 WA D 1986 18 Bennett, R F 59 UT R 1992 21 Campbell, B N 59 CO D 1992 21 Feinstein, D 59 CA D 1992 21 Nelson, B 59 NB D 2000 25 Inhofe, J M 60 OK R 1994 22 Roberts, P 60 KS R 1996 23 Alexander, L 62 TN R 2002 13 Voinovich, G 62 OH R 1998 24 Faircloth, L 64 NC R 1992 21 Wofford, H 65 PN D 1991 * Nov 1991 19 Dole, E 66 NC R 2002 13 Bunning, J 67 KY R 1998 24 Miller, Z 68 GA D 2000 25 Sanford, T 69 NC D 1986 18 Average age 48.9 Median age 49 Mode age 47 Standard Deviation 7.3993

Reference Number Citation 12 Politics in America , 1985 13 CNN Election 2002 Website 14 Clerk of the U.S. House Website 15 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1982, Table A-4 16 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1984-85, Table A-4 17 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1989-90, Table A-3 18 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1989-90, Table A-4 19 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1991-92, Table A-3 20 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1991-92, Table A-4 21 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1993-94, Table A-3 22 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1995-96, Table A-3 23 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1997-98, Table A-3 24 Vital Statistics on Congress , 1999-00, Table A-3 25 Vital Statistics on Congress , 2001-02, Table A-3

196 Appendix H Election Results: Auglaize, Champaign, and Shelby Counties

1996 General Election

Turnout U.S. President Registered Votes Republican Democrat Other County Voters Cast % (Bob Dole) (Clinton) (Perot) Auglaize 28,827 20,048 69.55% 10,167 6,652 2,811 Champaign 23,734 15,216 64.11% 5,990 6,568 2,335 Shelby 26,675 18,843 70.64% 6,729 8,773 2,860 Total/Avg 79,236 54,107 22,886 21,993 8,006 Percentage 68.29% 43.28% 41.59% 15.14%

1998 General Election

Turnout Governor Registered Votes Republican (Lee County Voters Cast % (Bob Taft) Fisher) Other Auglaize 29,452 15,081 51.21% 9,004 4,489 863 Champaign 25,015 11,855 47.39% 6,144 4,056 891 Shelby 27,513 14,759 53.64% 7,560 4,956 1,263 Total/Avg 81,980 41,695 22,708 13,501 3,017 Percentage 50.86% 57.89% 34.42% 7.69%

2000 General Election

Turnout U.S. President Registered Votes Republican Democrat County Voters Cast % (Bush) (Al Gore) Other Auglaize 28,693 20,212 70.44% 13,770 5,564 558 Champaign 26,792 16,035 59.85% 9,220 5,955 505 Shelby 29,578 19,670 66.50% 12,476 6,593 601 Total/Avg 85,063 55,917 35,466 18,112 1,664 Percentage 65.74% 64.20% 32.79% 3.01%

2002 General Election

Turnout Governor Registered Votes Republican Democrat County Voters Cast % (Taft) (Hagan) Other Auglaize 29,656 14,003 47.22% 9,559 3,096 839 Champaign 26,900 11,000 40.89% 7,067 2,880 658 Shelby 29,776 15,480 51.99% 10,190 3,812 787 Total/Avg 86,332 40,483 26,816 9,788 2,284 Pt 46 89% 68 96% 25 17% 5 87%

197 Appendix H Election Results: Auglaize, Champaign, and Shelby Counties

1996 General Election State Senator (12th STATE HOUSE (85th District) District) Republican Democrat Republican Democrat County (Jim Jordan) (Richard Ansley) (Robert Cupp) (Jim Clark) Auglaize 7,441 4,076 8,575 2,800 Champaign 9,805 4,397 8,957 4,489 Shelby 10,405 7,398 11,764 4,911 Total/Avg 27,651 15,871 29,296 12,200 Percentage 63.53% 36.47% 70.60% 29.40%

1998 General Election

STATE HOUSE (85th District) U.S. Senate Republican Democrat Republican Democrat County (Jim Jordan) (Robert Burns) (Voinovich) (Mary Boyle) Auglaize 6,450 2,693 9,545 5,167 Champaign 7,800 3,513 7,221 4,241 Shelby 9,513 4,793 8,820 5,500 Total/Avg 23,763 10,999 25,586 14,908 Percentage 68.36% 31.64% 63.18% 36.82%

2000 General Election

STATE HOUSE (85th District) U.S. Senate Republican Democrat Republican Democrat County (David Shiffer) (Derrick Seaver) (DeWine) (Celeste) Auglaize 5,363 6,623 14,578 4,194 Champaign 9,566 5,361 8,497 5,299 Shelby 7,830 11,017 13,630 4,586 Total/Avg 22,759 23,001 36,705 14,079 Percentage 49.74% 50.26% 72.28% 27.72%

2002 General Election

STATE HOUSE (78th District) U.S. House Republican Democrat Republican Democrat County (John Adams) (Derrick Seaver) (Mike Oxley) (Jim Clark) Auglaize 3,500 5,818 9,933 3,752 Champaign 5,250 5,375 6,488 3,811 Shelby 5,880 9,241 10,497 4,119 Total/Avg 14,630 20,434 26,918 11,682 Pt 41 72% 58 28% 69 74% 30 26%

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