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Yoshiro Sakatani, a Member of the House of Peers, the Imperial Diet, and Korean Affairs Expert (Chōsentsu) and Japanese Rule of Korea

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Yoshiro Sakatani, a Member of the House of Peers, the Imperial Diet, and Korean Affairs Expert (Chōsentsu) and Japanese Rule of Korea International Journal of Korean History (Vol.18 No.1, Feb. 2013) 121 Yoshiro Sakatani, a Member of the House of Peers, the Imperial Diet, and Korean Affairs Expert (Chōsentsu) and Japanese Rule of Korea Lee Hyoung-sik (Yi Hyŏngsik)* Introduction The Imperial Diet of Japan was a constitutional institution designed to provide support for the Emperor’s lawmaking power. It exerted a significance influence on Japanese rule of Korea, as it deliberated matters related to the budget of the Japanese Governor-General’s Office in Korea and the laws proposed by it. Once Imperial Japan gained control over Korea as a colony, its rulers came to have not much interest in specific details about how to rule it as before, unless there was a serious problem in the colonial rule, as European countries did concerning their colonies. Under such circumstances, the Japanese who continued to have a detailed interest in the country’s colonial rule over Korea and exerted much influence on the country’s colonial policy were the officials (including ex-officials) of the Governor-General’s Office or government-run financial institutions, capitalists who invested in the colony, and landlords. It appears that the members of the House of Representatives were mostly interested in obtaining egoistic goals related to Korea. In contrast, Korean affairs experts (“Chōsentsu” in Japanese)1 in the House of Peers exerted ** Research Professor, Asian Cultural Studies Research Institute, Gachon University 122 Yoshiro Sakatani, a Member of the House of Peers, the Imperial Diet, and ~ considerable influence over their country’s rule of Korea by making sober-minded criticisms about the activities carried out by the Governor- General’s Office, in addition to providing support for it. Imperial Japan did not give the people of its colonies substantial rights to take part in political affairs. Civilians’ opinions were little reflected in the way Japan ruled its colonies. Thus, appeals, petitions, and negotiation made through unofficial channels came to have particular significance. Yoshiro Sakatani (阪谷芳郎) was a person who exerted particularly enormous influence on the country’s rule of Korea among Japanese experts on Korean affairs. He was deeply involved in n Koseikai (Fairness Society) of the House of Peers, and carried out brisk activities as a senior member of Koseikai. Sakatani was an elder in Japanese financial circles, including the Ministry of Finance. He had never worked in Korea and had little personal stake in Korea, but the relationship with his father-in-law Eiichi Shibusawa (渋沢栄一) made him involved in Korean affairs early. As a bureaucrat at the Ministry of Finance, he was involved in the construction of the Seoul-Pusan [Busan] Railroad and the establishment of Daiichi Ginko Bank, and continued to have interest in the rule of Korea following Korea’s independence movement, in 1919. He served as Chairman of the Central Korea Association, a lobbying organization for Japanese in Korea from 1927 until 1941, and it made him involved in the rule of Korea deeply. However, no research has been carried out in earnest about Satakani with a focus on Japanese rule of Korea.2 This paper attempted to shed light on the correlation between the House of Peers of Imperial Japan and Japan’s rule of Korea with a focus on Yoshiro Sakatani, who was a leading Korean affairs expert in the House of Peers. He was even called “the chairman of one hundred associations.” He really headed many associations, including the Peace Association, the Central Korea Association, the Japanese Rice Traders Association, and the Pacific Problem Investigation Association. This paper checked to see his activities as a member of the House of Peers, his relationship with Korea, his influence and his philosophy on Korea, and Japan’s rule of Lee Hyoung-sik 123 Korea. Relevant materials used for the study include stenographic records of the Imperial Diet of Japan and Sakatani yoshiro kankei bunsho (Yoshiro Sakatani-related Documents) kept at the National Diet Library of Japan. A Korean Affairs Expert in the House of Peers Japanese-designated Korean peers were not given a seat in the House of Peers of Japan under the Decree for the House of Peers. During the colonial period (1910~1945), the following Koreans were appointed as Chōkusen councilors: Pak Yŏnghyo [Pak Yeongho] (December 1932~September 1939), Yun Tŏkyŏng [Deokyeong] (December 1939~ October 1940), and Yi Chinho [Jinho] (October 1943~May 1947). There were many Korean affairs expert in the House of Peers who had served as bureaucrats at the Japanese Residency-General’s Office in Korea, the Governor-General’s Office, Japanese government-run banks and businesses, or who had invested in Korea. Table 1 lists the names of the members the House of Peers who were associated with Korean affairs. These names are from Gikaiseido nanajunen shi kizokuin sangin gin meikan [The 70-year History of the Parliamentary System, the List of the Members of the House of Peers]. It does not list all Japanese who held important positions in businesses operated by Japan in Korea or owned land in Korea,3 but it includes most of those who were directly involved in the rule of Korea, i.e. ex- bureaucrats of either the Japanese Residency-General’s Office in Korea or the Governor-General’s Office and chiefs of financial institutions in Korea. Hence, it helps one have a glimpse of the list of Korean affairs experts in the House of Peers. Of the 46 people listed in Table 1, those who belonged to Kenkyūkai (mostly counts, viscounts, and Chōkusen councilors) stood at 14; those who belonged to Koseikai (mostly barons) stood at 8; Dowaikai4 9; Doseikai (affiliated with Kenseikai and Minseito Party) 3; Friendship Club (affiliated with Seiyukai) 4; Sawakai 124 Yoshiro Sakatani, a Member of the House of Peers, the Imperial Diet, and ~ <Table 1> “Korean Affairs Experts” in the House of Peers Name Faction Term Position “Duke” Isaburo July1908 ~ Superintendent of political Member Yamagata September 1927 affairs August 1918 ~ Michimasa July 1925 President, Kyŏngsŏng Ilbo Kenkyūkai Soejima August 1936 ~ (Gyeongseong Ilbo) “Count” May 1947 Member July 1911 ~ Hideo July 1918 Superintendent of political Kenkyūkai Kodama February 1919 ~ affairs February 1946 Kazumasa June 1917 ~ Koseikai President, Doyo Takushoku Usagawa November 1927 Cho A son of Yuzaburo Kuratomi, September 1941 Kuratomi Koseikai an official at President, Chosen ~ May 1947 (倉富釣) Ginko (the Bank of Korea) Yoshiro January 1917 ~ Chairman of the Central Korea Koseikai Sakatani November 1941 Association An official at the Japanese Yoshinori August 1915 ~ Koseikai Residency-General’s Office in “Baron” Satake April 1924 Korea Member Koichiro July 1915 ~ Commander, Japanese Military Koseikai Tachibana February 1929 Police in Korea Toshimaru March 1914 ~ Koseikai Director, Korean Railroad Fukuhara July 1939 Mitsunojo March 1916 ~ An official at the Consular Koseikai Funakoshi July 1932 Office in Pusan Superintendent in charge of Masayuki December 1933 ~ Koseikai monopoly, the Governor- Matsuda May 1947 General’s Office Atsui August 1923 ~ Dowakai Police Chief Superintendent Akaike September 1945 Kentaro May 1917 ~ Kenkyūkai Minister of Finance Chōkusen Arai October 1926 (Imperially Chuichi April 1930 ~ Superintendent of political Dowakai Nominated) Ariyoshi June 1946 affairs Councilors Mitsutoyo July 1934 ~ President, Chōsen Shokusan Kenkyūkai Aruga March 1946 Ginko Bank Eizo October 1916 ~ Dowakai President, Doyo Takushoku Ishizuka April 1934 Lee Hyoung-sik 125 Name Faction Term Position Kiyonori September 1936 ~ Superintendent of political Kenkyūkai Imaida May 1940 affairs Katsuo July 1934 ~ Dowakai Minister of Interior Usami December 1942 Ryusaku April 1936 ~ Superintendent of political Kenkyūkai Endo February 1946 affairs Heizaburo Friendship April 1928 ~ President, Korea Forest Okawa Club December 1936 Railroad Rokuichiro May 1942 ~ Superintendent of political Ono March 1946 affairs Shintaro December 1926 ~ Kenkyūkai President, Kyŏngsŏng Electric Obashi May 1944 Kishichiro Friendship March 1914 ~ Vice Minister of Interior Oka Club May 1946 Keizaburo January 1938 ~ President, Chōsen Ginko (the Kenkykai Kato December 1939 Bank of Korea) Jushiro August 1911 ~ Minister of Agriculture, Sawakai Kiuchi January 1925 Commerce, and Industry Chōkusen An official at the Japanese (Imperially Tetsuyoshi February 1913 ~ Dowakai Residency-General’s Office in Nominated) Kurachi December 1944 Councilors Korea Zenzaburo December 1932 ~ Chief, Educational Affairs Doseikai Shibata August 1943 Bureau Kazue March 1914 ~ President, Chōsen Ginko (the Kenkyūkai Shoda August 1946 Bank of Korea) Michiyoshi October 1916 ~ Doseikai President, Doyo Takushoku Sugawara February 1938 Deizaburo December 1933 ~ Chief, Educational Affairs Kenkyūkai Sekiya April 1946 Bureau Ichiro August 1911 ~ Dowakai Advisor to Kyŏngsŏng Ilbo Tokutomi February 1946 Koreshige December 1907 ~ Financial advisor to the Korean Dowakai Nio April 1932 government An official at the Japanese Eiichi December 1922 ~ Kenkyūkai Residency-General’s Office in Baba December 1937 Korea Director, Kŭmgangsan Koi September 1900 ~ Sawakai (Geumgangsan) Electric Huruichi January 1924 Railroad 126 Yoshiro Sakatani, a Member of the House of Peers, the Imperial Diet, and ~ Name Faction Term Position Kyohei June 1924 ~ Large shareholder, Chōsen Kenkyūkai Makoshi April 1933 Textile Shigeru July 1934 ~ Police Chief Superintendent Matsui September 1945 Shizujiro December 1930 ~ Dowakai President, Keijo University
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