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Bob Pease Lab Notes PEASE PORRIDGE ED ONLINE 17807 BOB PEASE | Contributing Editor [email protected] What’s All This Layout Stuff, Anyhow? ’ve always been interested in the layout of things: bikes, not a good idea. We cars, pc boards—and ICs. Sometimes it is just the com- have seen layouts pactness. Back in 1974, I got on a plane to San Francisco that were done “as I with my usual pad of quadrille paper, planning to draft quickly as possible” (on the plane) an improved layout for a D flip-flop in but led to bad results. CMOS. I got a couple of glasses of beer and soon concluded Hot transistors with that I had no idea how to lay out a flip-flop. I went to sleep. varying quantities of The next day, I discussed this with the Amelco guys, and dissipation, adjacent they showed me their layout. I went back to my room and to critical transistors. came up with a real good layout, noticeably more compact. Noisy busses laid out Then the Amelco guys looked at it and made a couple small alongside (or on top improvements. And then I added some tiny help. of!) critical analog Shortly we agreed there was no more room for improve- circuits. Or laid out ment, and we were happy. One of the challenges was alongside of bus- making this layout reasonably small, with minimum height, ses that were going even if it was wide, so we could lay out a cascade of 16 flip- to critical analog flops in a stack. circuits. Other times, the layout of linear ICs gets more interest- The art of knowing ing—for all sorts of reasons. Matching. Thermals. There are which circuits are crit- more than 50 rules for making transistors and resistors that ical isn’t always writ- match. Some have to do with “dummy” resistors or “dummy ten down, codified, transistors.” Or dummy metal. Sometimes these rules work or quantified. Some well. Sometimes they seem to break down. Sometimes the of those things are rules contradict each other. Now what? just wrapped up in Many of you guys will recall my Oct. 1, 1996 diatribe the heads of experts. about “Common Centroid Stuff” (see www.electronicde- Young engineers usu- sign.com, ED Online 6121). A number of engineers had ally need to get older designed and published a computer program that (they heads involved in the claimed) could automatically lay out transistors or resistors layout, and this has to be “common centroid.” almost nothing to do with the schematic. But the computer program actually produced layouts Getting the schematic to work, and to run in Spice, is that were not common centroid, just interdigitated. Making hard enough. Getting it transformed into a good layout is a common-centroid layout is usually very easy, using the another art. So I talked it over with a couple colleagues, and rules of symmetry. A computer is no help at all. In fact, it’s we all decided not to take part in that panel session. There’s quite unnecessary. On rare occasions, a slide rule is helpful, no point in going on a panel just to be the straw man that because you can use its log scale for a measuring stick. the CAD guys are going to be knocking down! So I’m going to forecast that software guys and CAD guys SITTING ON A PANEL • Recently, I was sort of invited to join will never stop bragging about how great they are, even a discussion panel of engineers on computer-aided design though they cannot prove they are as good as they claim. I (CAD) and design automation for linear circuits. I thought have been able to make some layouts that were very good. about it. I’ve done this before. I’ve been on panel sessions at But I’m not permitted to brag about it. I can, however, help conferences. I recalled what happened. my friends make good layouts. This is true for pc boards, as There were some CAD guys who argued “Anything you well as for IC layouts—not to mention 3D layouts. can do, I can do better—and faster.” There was no way to rebut them. They set their own rules for what they thought Comments invited! [email protected] —or: was important. They did not want to talk about thermals. Or Mail Stop D2597A, National Semiconductor crosstalk. Or good grounds, even. P.O. Box 58090, Santa Clara, CA 95052-8090 Nothing is less fun than a circuit that comes out of fab fast—and doesn’t work right. I bet a lot of you guys will BOB PEASE obtained a BSEE from MIT in 1961 and is Staff Scientist at agree on that. So, hurrying is an interesting idea, but maybe National Semiconductor Corp., Santa Clara, California. 16 01.17.08 ELECTRONIC DESIGN BOB PEASE pease porridge CONTRIBUTING EDITOR ED ONLINE 17958 [email protected] mailbag EAR EDITOR: junction was acting as an LED and the other as a photo- At first I thought I picked up an April diode. I’ve lost the issue. Could you give me the details again? Fool issue, but no, you have Al Gore in the –TERRY PERDUE Tech Year in Review section honoring him Dfor imploring engineers to turn green (Dec. 1, 2007, p. 45; ED Hi, Terry: Take any NPN silicon transistor—metal can Online 17958). What crap. Please cancel my subscription. (2N2222) or plastic (2N3904) or even monolithic (LM114). –"RAY" Ground the base. Connect the emitter through 1k to +12 V so it will zener. (This may damage or degrade the transistor, so Hello, Ray: There are several reasons to “turn green,” and Al you should throw it away when you are done.) What is the V at Gore’s bleating about warming theories is only one of those the collector? A high-Z DVM will read –0.3 V. /rap reasons. Energy is expensive. Or haven’t you noticed? Wasting energy is expensive. If you have an inefficient BOB, oven or refrigerator or hi-fi in your house, you may have I’ve tried using LEDs as light sources for microscopy, but the to run your air conditioning harder and longer to get the output was always too low. Now with the newer devices, I can get waste heat out. That is expensive. And that applies to server all the light I need from either the color or white sources with vir- installations and computer farms. And 100-W bulbs, too. So tually no heat as compared to older incandescent sources. (Yeah, saving energy is going to continue to be important. (I don’t you can get a lot of light now. But if you used the right kind of even own an air conditioner. I do have a lot of 100-W incan- mirrors or optics, even old incandescent bulbs would reflect the descent bulbs, as warming up my house in San Francisco is heat away... and put the light where you want it. /rap) almost always a good idea. Especially in the summer when When using a low-voltage dc source, I just use a current- it’s cold outside…) limiting resistor. But if I need to power directly from the 120-V My boss is going to ask me to work on low-power and ac line, I have been using a line-voltage-rated capacitor whose higher-efficiency designs. I better not plan to ignore him. My impedance limits the current. I don’t seem to have any inrush customers are going to ask me for lower-power circuits and current problems, and I usually put a small rectifier diode in systems. I can’t tell them to bug off. They are my real bosses, reverse polarity parallel with the LED to avoid reverse break- as they pay my salary. My competitors are gonna beat me up down. (If you put the LED in a bridge of four diodes, it can run if they can brag about lower-power products. I certainly don’t on the current both coming and going through the cap. /rap) want to get beat up by them. Sometimes I just use another LED in reverse parallel. I have I have always been in favor of making low-power products. been doing the same for LED indicator lights in ac circuits as Yes, I will sell you my LM137K regulator that will regulate 1.5 A, the power consumption is very low (mostly VARs), and there is but I’d sooner sell you an LM337MP that puts out just 0.5 A, if little heat generated. I have not seen this concept used and won- that will make your system happy. I also designed an LM337LZ der if I’m missing something or they are missing something. on an even smaller chip, for 100 mA, and an LP317LZ that ran –OWEN MULKEY on 2 mA quiescent, rather than 10 or 5 mA. So you can say that, but at your peril. Go ahead. Tell your Hello, Owen: If everybody did this, the power company would boss you don’t want to work on “green” products and systems. be very annoyed! But if just a few of us do it, no harm. It’s a I’m not gonna argue that you have to like Al Gore, but he is good idea to put ~1k in series with the cap to limit in-rush telling some of the truth. It ain’t just politics. transients… and I usually put two line-rated caps in series, so And what is the opposite of “green”? Do you like to pay if one fails shorted, you just get a little more brightness—and George Bush’s friends $3.59 per gallon? I don’t know anybody don’t fry the 1k.
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