DOCSLIB.ORG

Feeding Moral Relations the Making of Kinship

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feeding Moral Relations the Making of Kinship FEEDING MORAL RELATIONS THE MAKING OF KINSHIP AND NATION IN IRAN Rose Edith Wellman Charlottesville, Virginia M.A. Anthropology, University of Virginia, 2009 B.A. Anthropology, Mount Holyoke College, 2005 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Virginia May, 2014 ABSTRACT Feeding Moral Relations: The Making of Kinship and Nation in Iran, draws on 15 months of ethnographic research within the households of pro-regime Shi’i Iranians (or Basijis) to examine how Islamic concepts of purity and morality are shaping social relations at the level of both kinship and nation. Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the imperative to protect and create the inner purity of the Shi’i family and nation in the face of impending outside corruption has been a driving force in national politics. Through an intensive investigation of everyday life in the rural town of Fars-Abad and of numerous Shi’i national commemorations in urban Tehran and Shiraz, I explore how Basijis strive to constitute this inner purity by strategically channeling and containing two vital aspects of Iranian sociality: food and bodily substances such as blood. Indeed, while previous scholars have noted the special significance of bodily substance in Islamic family law and the striking display of spilled agnatic blood in Islamic national rituals, my research delves more deeply into the cultural logic of bodily substance in Iran to explore how bodily substances such as blood both naturalize and sacralize claims to common descent, purity, and closeness to God. In addition, my research goes further to show that food provides another key vehicle for imbuing relations of kinship and citizenship with the qualities of purity and spirituality. Apparent in everyday and ritual acts of cooking and feeding within the home, and also in the widespread pious sharing of votive food in national contexts, food works alongside bodily substance in the spheres of both kinship and nation to connect constituents to each other and to the divine. Food, I argue, is not merely transformative of individual family members or citizens, it (re)constitutes and demarcates the moral family and nation as against political and moral others. ii Feeding Moral Relations explicitly challenges narratives of modernity that relegate kinship to the domestic domain and assume a secular model of the nation-state. I argue not only that the ideas and practices of kinship can inform nation making, but also that both kinship and nation can be shaped by the same religious and moral concerns. Indeed, although scholars have begun to address the interrelation of kinship and nation, they have largely focused on how the bodily substances of kinship—such as blood and genes—have come to have significance for the nation. While I build on these studies, I also apply more recent insights of kinship theory that move beyond the boundaries of bodily substances to query how other forms of kin making, such as feeding or prayer, may have relevance for the nation. Finally, in the context of the increasing mutual demonization of Iran and the U.S. in contemporary politics, this work provides a nuanced portrait of what the Islamic Republic of Iran looks like from the standpoint of its rural Basiji supporters, a powerful and frequently misunderstood section of Iranian citizenry. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with great pleasure that I can finally thank those people who have made this project possible. First and foremost, thank you to my host family in Iran for your love, support, and endurance through life’s difficulties. I will never forget your kindness and hospitality. Special thanks also to my research assistants Mohammad and Hoda in Fars-Abad and Tehran. I have been exceedingly fortunate to have a wonderful committee at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Virginia – Susan McKinnon, Ira Bashkow, and Richard Handler – who have provided invaluable advice, support, and constructive criticism over the course of this project. As a student of anthropology, I have been especially honored to work with my advisor and committee chair, Susan McKinnon, who has taught me everything I know about kinship and the anthropological critique of domains. Without her stalwart support and encouragement, this project would not have been possible. Special thanks also to my other committee members, Ira Bashkow and Richard Handler, who have read my drafts and offered valuable feedback and to whom I owe much of my understanding of the discipline. Finally, thank you to Farzaneh Milani, my esteemed outside reader in the Department of Middle Eastern and South Asian Languages and Cultures, who supported my research and shared with me her love of Iranian poetry, prose, and film. While at the University of Virginia, I have received additional support, insight, and education from many other professors. I am especially thankful to Zjaleh Hajibashi (who taught me Persian), Eve Danziger, Wende Marshall, Daniel Lefkowitz, Abdul Aziz Sachedina, Roy Wagner, George Mentore, and Lise Dobrin. Finally, thank you to my colleagues at the University of Virginia and beyond: Lydia Rodriguez, Arsalan Khan, Julie Starr, David Flood, Dionisios Kavadias, Roberto Armengol, Jack Stoetzel, Todne Chipumuro, Asiya Malik, Katey Blumenthal, iv Amina Tawasil, Claire Snell-Rood, Yu-chien Huang, Nathalie Nahas, Alison Broach, Carolyn Howarter, Jennie Doberne, Irtefa Binte-Farid, Sue-Ann McCarty, Jason Hickel, Jacqueline Cieslak, and to the person who first enlived my interest in all things Persian, my life long friend, Mina Assadollahzadeh. Finally, I dedicate this dissertation to my grandmother, Edie Turner, who has always been my number one supporter; to my parents, Irene Wellman and Donald Wellman; and to my best friend in the whole world, Naser Alijabbari. v A NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION In this dissertation, I have largely followed the transliteration scheme outlined in by the journal Iranian Studies. Long vowels are represented with the letters ā (as in āb), i (as in melli), and u (as in Tus). Short vowels are represented with the letters a (as in ashk), e (as in fekr), and o (as in pol). Ezafe is written with an –e after consonants and –ye after vowels. Tashdid is represented by doubling a letter and plural is represented with the addition –ha. In addition to this system, however, I have chosen to employ the conventional spelling of key words, events, and public figures as given by the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES). For instance, I use the spelling Husayn for the grandson of the Prophet. vi CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION…………….………………………………………………………………1 Inner Purity and Outer Corruption…...……………………………………………..……3 Nation-state or Community of Believers..……….………………………………………9 Guest and Daughter…..….………….……………………………………………….….14 Methods..………..………………...………………………………….............................18 Fars-Abad, Landscape, and History…………………………………………………….23 Theoretical Engagements…..….……….……………………………………………….30 2. BLOOD AND THE MAKING OF MORAL KIN…………………………………….…...39 Theoretical Directions………………….…………………………………………..…...41 Substantial Debates: “The Law of Nature,” Biology, and the Divine…….……….…...42 More than Substance………………….…………………………………….…….…….48 How “Shared Blood” Plays Out: Making the Moral Family..………...…………….….65 3. FEEDING THE MORAL FAMILY: THE SPIRIT OF FOOD IN IRAN.....…...……….80 Theoretical Directions………………………………………………..…………………82 The Moral Family Household………………………………………..…………………83 Who Counts as Kin? Sharing Food at the Sofreh…………………….………………....85 Feeding and Eating at Home: How Food is (In)corporated into the Sofreh……………89 Kindred Spirit and Fasting…………………………………………………………….114 Blessing the Family through Vow-making and Food Charity…………………….…..128 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….131 4. REGENERATIONG THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC……………….……………………...133 THE MAGIC OF MARTYRS’ BLOOD vii Theoretical Directions………...…..……………...…………...……………………….136 Patrilineal Blood and Iranian Citizenship……….……….……………………………139 Blood Everywhere: The Symbolic Force of (Martyrs’) Blood………………………..144 Martyrs as (National) Kin in Fars-Abad………………….…………………………...161 Epilogue: Alternative Discourses through Blood……….………………………….…168 5. A RETURN TO A SHI’I BROTHER AND SISTERHOOD……………...……………..173 CREATING AN ISLAMIC NATION THROUGH MORAL FOOD PRACTICES Theoretical Directions.………………………………………………………………..177 Making a Moral Nation…………………………………………………………….…179 Feeding Shi’i Citizens Halal Sustenance…….…..…………………….……………...181 Halal Appetites, Fast Food Ambivalences, and Public Eating……...…………….…..190 Circulating Divine Blessing: Food Distribution on a National Scale…....……....……206 Conclusion: Returning to the Martyrs’ Burial….………………………...………..….232 6. CONCLUSION…………………………...………………………………………..……….233 Kinship and Nation…..……………………………………………………………..…235 Why Bodily Substances and Food?...............................................................................240 Rethinking Spiritual Kinship……..…..…………………………………………….....242 Bibliography………..……………………………………………………………………….….246 viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Nushin and I sat on the bright red Persian carpet in the sitting room of the home she shares with her husband and three unmarried children in the small town of Fars Abad, Iran.1 She leaned against the wall, her legs cross in front of her, wrapped in a dark colored home use, old- style chador that was speckled with tiny yellow flowers. She reached periodically to sip from a glass of golden
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iran Case File (April 2019)
    IRAN CASE FILE March 2020 RASANAH International Institute for Iranian Studies, Al-Takhassusi St. Sahafah, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. P.O. Box: 12275 | Zip code: 11473 Contact us [email protected] +966112166696 The Executive Summary .............................................................4 Internal Affairs .........................................................................7 The Ideological File ......................................................................... 8 I. Closing Shrines and Tombs ................................................................ 8 II. Opposition to the Decision Taken by Some People ............................. 8 III. Reaction of Clerics ........................................................................... 9 IV. Affiliations of Protesters .................................................................. 11 The Political File ............................................................................12 I. Khamenei Politicizes the Epidemic and Accuses Enemies of Creating the Virus to Target the Iranian Genome ..............................12 II. President Hassan Rouhani’s Slow Response in Taking Precautions to Face the Crisis ..................................................................................13 The Economic File ..........................................................................16 I. Forcible Passage of the Budget ...........................................................16 II. Exceptional Financial Measures to Combat the Coronavirus ............. 17 III. The
    [Show full text]
  • Semiology Study of Shrine Geometric Patterns of Damavand City of Tehran Province1
    Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND December 2015 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Semiology Study of Shrine Geometric patterns of Damavand City of Tehran Province1 Atieh Youzbashi Masterof visual communication, Faculty of Art, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran [email protected] Seyed Nezam oldin Emamifar )Corresponding author) Assistant Professor of Faculty of Art, Shahed University, Tehran city, Iran [email protected] Abstract Remained works of decorative Arts in Islamic buildings, especially in religious places such as shrines, possess especial sprits and visual depth. Damavand city having very beautiful architectural works has been converted to a valuable treasury of Islamic architectural visual motifs. Getting to know shrines and their visual motifs features is leaded to know Typology, in Typology, Denotation and Connotation are the concept of truth. This research is based on descriptive and analytical nature and the collection of the data is in a mixture way. Sampling is in the form of non-random (optional) and there are 4 samples of geometric motifs of Damavand city of Tehran province and the analysis of information is qualitatively too. In this research after study of geometric designs used in this city shrines, the amount of this motifs confusion are known by semiotic concepts and denotation and connotation meaning is stated as well. At first the basic articles related to typology and geometric motifs are discussed. Discovering the meaning of these motifs requires a necessary deep study about geometric motifs treasury of believe and religious roots and symbolic meaning of this motifs. Geometric patterns with the centrality of the circle In drawing, the incidence abstractly and creating new combination is based on uniformly covering surfaces in order not to attract attention to designs independently creating an empty space also recalls “the principle of unity in diversity” and “diversity in unity”.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Emerging Kinship in a Changing Middle East
    Introduction Emerging Kinship in a Changing Middle East Soraya Tremayne Abstract: The introduction to this issue has two strands. First, it contextualises the articles, which address kinship from varied perspectives, and situates them in their broader cultural context. Second, it adopts a comparative perspective by differentiating between the present articles with those published a decade earlier on the same themes in this journal, to examine whether, how and to what extent kinship has changed in the face of modernity, globalisation, wars, migrations and political change. It concludes that, compared with a decade ago, kinship has not only not weakened, but it has revived further and penetrated other institutions beyond family, or called upon to ensure and protect the continuity of cultural norms and values, from the threats paused by modernity and by the global, cultural and political invasions. Keywords: change, kinship, Middle East, modernity This issue is the outcome of a panel organised on ‘Emerging Kinship in Changing Middle East’, at a conference held by the Commission on the Anthropology of the Middle East in Krakow in 2016. But, this is also an oppor- tunity to reflect on the marker, which we laid down, 10 years ago, on the impact of modernity on ‘Kinship in the Middle East’, in this journal (Shahshahani and Tremayne 2007). Revisiting that special issue of Anthropology of the Middle East has proved critical in providing a comparative base on whether and how kinship has changed during the past decade. So, the question remains how and to what extent kinship, as a key organising and guiding principle in society, has responded to change brought about by modernity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iran-Iraqwar Volume I
    FMFRP 3-203 Lessons Learned: The Iran-IraqWar Volume I U.S. Marine Corps PCN iJOU332U3UUU DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited DEPARTMENT OF TIlE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C. 20380—0001 10December 1990 FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE FleetMarine Force Reference Publication (FMFRP) 3—203, Lessons Learned: The Iran-Iraci War, Vol. I, provides useful information to the reader about the Iran-Iraq War, particularly the lessons that can be drawn from it. 2. SCOPE This manual starts with an overview of the Iran—Iraq War. Then it discusses the strategy followed by both sides and the tactics which evolved as the war unfolded. 3. BACKGROUND This manual was written by Dr. Stephen C. Pelletiere and LTC Douglas V. Johnson II of the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College. Originally, this version was intended as a draft. Because the information in this manual is particularly significant to forces participating in or preparing for Operation Desert Shield, this manual has been published in its present form. 4. RECOMMENDATIONS This manual will not be revised. However, comments on it are important because they will be used to improve other manuals. Submit comments to —— CommandingGeneral Marine Corps Combat Development Command (WF12) Quantico, VA 22134—5001 i 5. CERTIFICATION Reviewed and approved this date. BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS - M.P. CAULFt'ELD Major General, U.S. Marine Corps Deputy Commander for Warfighting Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico, Virginia DISTRIBUTION: i4UU3(J3QO J.i FIgure 1. Map ofIraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Banal Nationalism in Iran: Daily Re-Production of National and Religious Identity
    Elhan / Banal Nationalism in Iran: Daily Re-Production of National and Religious Identity Banal Nationalism in Iran: Daily Re-Production of National and Religious Identity Nail Elhan* Öz: 1979 yılında yaşanan İran İslam Devrimi sonrasında İslamcı politikalar kurulan yeni rejimin hem iç hem de dış politikalarının temelini oluşturmuştur. Ancak milliyetçilik de göz ardı edilmemiş ve daha da ileri gidilerek Şii İslam ve İslam öncesi Pers kültürünün harmanlanması ile bir İranlılık kimliği yaratılmıştır. Bu kimlik devlet tarafından, Şii mitolojisi, İslam öncesi Pers kültürü, anti-emperyalizm, Üçüncü Dünyacılık ve anti-Siyonizm gibi ögelerle harmanlanmış ve çok etnikli İran toplumuna ortak bir aidiyet olarak sunulmuştur. Bu aidiyet olgusunun hem İran içinde hem de İran dışında cereyan eden olaylar üzerine inşa edildiği iddia edilebilir. Bunu yaparken, İran Devleti basılması kendi tekelinde olan banknotları, madeni paraları ve posta pullarını gündelik milliyeçiliğin aracı olarak kullanmış ve bu ‘banal’ yollar ile İranlılık duygusunun her gün yeniden üretilmesine katkı yapmıştır. Böylelikle, banknotlar, madeni paralar ve posta pulları gibi görsel semboller aracılığı ile devlet, kendi oluştur- duğu kimliği yine kendi içerisinde bulunan alt-ulusal kimliklerin bu resmi kimliğe saldırılarına karşı bir savunma aracı olarak banal milliyetçilik vasıtası ile kullanmış olmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: İran Devrimi, Banal Milliyetçilik, Şiilik, Fars Kimliği, Milli Kimlik. Abstract: After its 1979 revolution, Islamism became Iran’s main policy as regards its domestic and foreign affairs. However, nationalism continued to exist. After the revolution, the national identity of Iranianness based on Shii Islam and pre-Islamic Persian history was created. By merging Shii traditions, pre-Islamic Persian culture, anti-imperialism, Third Worldism, and anti-Zionism, this new identity was introduced as one of belonging.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Contextual Analysis Study of Persian Silk Fabric: (Pre-Islamic Period- Buyid Dynasty)
    Proceedings of SOCIOINT 2017- 4th International Conference on Education, Social Sciences and Humanities 10-12 July 2017- Dubai, UAE A HISTORICAL CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS STUDY OF PERSIAN SILK FABRIC: (PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD- BUYID DYNASTY) Nadia Poorabbas Tahvildari1, Farinaz Farbod2, Azadeh Mehrpouyan3* 1Alzahra University, Art Faculty, Tehran, Iran and Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism, Traditional Art Department, Tehran, IRAN, [email protected] 2Alzahra University, Art Faculty, Tehran, IRAN, [email protected] 3Department of English Literature, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN, email: [email protected] *Corresponding author Abstract This paper explores the possibility existence of Persian silk fabric (Diba). The study also identifies the locations of Diba weave and its production. Based on the detailed analysis of Dida etymology and discovery locations, this paper present careful classification silk fabrics. Present study investigates the characteristics of Diba and introduces its sub-divisions from Pre-Islamic period to late Buyid dynasty. The paper reports the features of silk fabric of Ancient Persian, silk classification of Sasanian Empire based on discovery location, and silk sub-divisions of Buyaid dynasty. The results confirm the existence of Diba and its various types through a historical contextual analysis. Keywords: Persian Silk, Diba, Silk classification, Historical, context, location, Sasanian Empire 1. INTRODUCTION Diba is one of the machine woven fabrics (Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, 2009) which have been referred continuously as one of the exquisite silk fabrics during the history. History of weaving in Iran dated back to millenniums AD. The process of formation, production and continuity of this art in history of Iran took advantages of several factors such as economic, social, cultural and ecological factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism Boom by Islamic Art Spiritual Attractions in Iran Perspective Elements
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 7 No 4 S1 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy July 2016 Tourism Boom by Islamic Art Spiritual Attractions in Iran Perspective Elements Susan Khataei Assistant Professor, Department of Graphic Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran Doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4s1p40 Abstract Iran is one of the ten first countries in the world on the subject of tourism attractions. Iran, the land of four seasons simultaneously, and historical and scientific - cultural buildings is of interest for many tourists. Various works of Islamic art in the perspective of Iran that have been arisen in different periods and regions all have the same message and truth and have a sign of coordination and the greatness of Islamic civilization and culture. The artistic unity that stems from ideological unity, is able to attract many audience and can transcends the boundaries of time and place and communicate spiritually with all its contacts and believers. Islamic art and architecture is derived from religious sources and has an appearance (form) and the inside. Forms are created to give meaning and generally in Islamic art, nothing is void of the "meaning". General feeling of foreign tourists by observing Islamic-Iranian monuments is along with surprise, admiration and a sense of spirituality. In this study, the role of decorations in mosques and shrines in Iranian - Islamic architecture to establish spiritual relationship with the audience is emphasized. This is an applied research with analytical descriptive method which have been done based on observation and documentary studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • Mother-In-Law Daughter-In-Law Conflict: an Evolutionary Perspective, Ethnographic Review, And
    Running head: AFFINAL CONFLICT 1 Mother-in-law daughter-in-law conflict: An evolutionary perspective, ethnographic review, and report of empirical data from the United States Jessica D. Ayers1, Jaimie Arona Krems2, Nicole Hess3, & Athena Aktipis1,4 1 Department of Psychology, Arizona State University 2 Oklahoma Center for Evolutionary Analysis (OCEAN), Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University 3 Department of Anthropology, Washington State University 4Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University Corresponding author: Jessica D. Ayers, [email protected], Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States. Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Lee Cronk for his helpful comments on this manuscript. AFFINAL CONFLICT 2 Abstract Relationships with genetic relatives have been extensively studied in the evolutionary social sciences, but affinal relationships have received much less attention, and little work has examined both cooperation and conflict among affines from an evolutionary perspective. Yet humans have extensive interactions with the kin of their mates, i.e., in-laws or affines, as humans form long-term pair bonds with mates, with both sexes investing heavily in resulting offspring, thus leading to many opportunities for interacting with extended kinship networks. To contribute to the scholarship on affinal bonds, and particularly on perceptions of affinal conflict, we conducted an ethnographic review and collected empirical data on cooperation and conflict among affines. Here we present (1) a sample 37 of ethnographies showing cross-cultural evidence of conflict in affinal relationships. We also report (2) empirical evidence of self-reported cooperative and conflictual aspects in affinal relationships in a Western sample.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Heritage: a Significant Role in Achieving Sustainable Development
    International Journal of Cultural Heritage E. Abedi, D. Kralj http://iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijch Persian heritage: A Significant Role in Achieving Sustainable Development ELAHEH ABEDI1, DAVORIN KRALJ2, A.M.Co., Tehran, IRAN1 ALMA MATER EUROPAEA, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, SLOVENIA2, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: In every country, heritage plays a significant role in achieving sustainable development. Iran, a high plateau located at latitudes in the range of 25-40 in an arid zone in the northern hemisphere of the East, is a vast country with different climatic zones. In the past, traditional builders have presented several logical climatic solutions in order to enhance human comfort. In fact, this emphasis has been one of the most important and fundamental features of Iranian architecture. To a significant extent, Iranian architecture has been based on climate, geography, available materials, and cultural beliefs. Therefore, traditional Iranian builders had to devise various techniques to enhance architectural sustainability through the use of natural materials, and they had to do so in the absence of modern technologies. Paper describes the principals and methods of vernacular architectural designs in Iran with given examples which is predominately focused on some eclectic ancient cities in Iran as Kashan, Isfahan, and Yazd. Design and technological considerations of past, such as sustainable performance of natural materials, optimum usage of available materials, and the use of wind and solar power, were studied in order to provide effective eco architectural designs to provide the architectural criteria and insights. This study will be beneficial to today architects in the design of architectural structures to provide human comfort and a sustainable life in adverse climatic conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • SSR JUNE__2016 Reduced.Pdf
    Central University of Kashmir SELF STUDY REPORT Submitted to NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION COUNCIL (NAAC) Bangalore, India Table of Contents Content Page No. Executive Summary 1 Profile of the University 15 Criteria wise Inputs 25 Departmental Profiles 95 Appendices 281 Publications 282 Diversity in Faculty Recruitment 312 List of Court Cases 313 Executive Council 314 Academic Council 315 Finance Committee 317 Progression in Student Enrollment 318 Deans of various Schools 319 Members of IQAC 320 Administration 321 List of Students who qualified NET/JRF 322 Major Events 2010-15 323 Meetings of Various Academic/Administrative Boards 328 List showing students and other outreach activities during 2010-15 330 List Showing the awards received by the faculty during 2010-15 332 Central Universities Act 2009 333 Income and Expenditure 366 Central University of Kashmir Master Plan 371 Organizational Chart 372 Self Assessment Proforma 376 Executive Summary The University is presently operating through a number of campuses acquired on rent basis, owing to the fact that the construction of multi-storeyed buildings at the original site of the University Campus at Tulmulla (Ganderbal) has not yet been completed. Presently, the construction work is going on for pre-engineered 2-storeyed buildings which are expected to be completed within next six months. Hopefully, in the month of June-2016 some teaching departments may be shifted to Tulmulla (Ganderbal). At present, the three rented EXECUTIVE SUMMARY campuses are housing various teaching departments, the details of which are given as under: S. NO. NAME OF THE CAMPUS TOTAL BUILT-UP AREA DEPARTMENTS OPERATING IN THE CAMPUS.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Literacy, Environmental Ethics and Contextual Conceptions of Education: the Case of Shia People of Fashapooyeh Village, Tehran County, Iran
    ECOLOGICAL LITERACY, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND CONTEXTUAL CONCEPTIONS OF EDUCATION: THE CASE OF SHIA PEOPLE OF FASHAPOOYEH VILLAGE, TEHRAN COUNTY, IRAN by Mahtab Eskandari A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Curriculum Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April, 2020 © Mahtab Eskandari, 2020 i The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, a thesis/dissertation entitled: Ecological Literacy, Environmental Ethics And Contextual Conceptions Of Education: The Case Of Shia People Of Fashapooyeh Village, Tehran County, Iran. Submitted by Mahtab Eskandari in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Curriculum Studies. Examining Committee: Dr. Samson M. Nashon, Professor, Curriculum and Pedagogy, University of British Columbia. Research Supervisor Dr. Tracy Friedel, Associate Professor, Curriculum and Pedagogy, UBC. Research Committee Member Dr. Sayyed Mohsen Fatemi, Adjunct Faculty, Psychology, York University. Research Committee Member Dr. Hartej Gill, Associate Professor, Educational Studies, UBC. University Examiner Dr. Susan Gerofsky, Associate Professor, Curriculum and Pedagogy, UBC. University Examiner ii Abstract The main questions addressed in this study are in the domains of ecological literacy, environmental ethics and contextual conceptions of education. Hence the study uses the case of Shia people of Iran and their environmental ethics to investigate the trans-historical realities in conceptualizing science-humanism in association with dominant notions of nature, the environment and ecology. In particular, special focus is directed at understandings and practices associated with environmental education in the context of local Shia people in Fashapooyeh, a traditional village in the county of Tehran in Iran.
    [Show full text]