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Original article

A Study of Viewpoint Areas and Landscape Features of Modern-day as Seen in Postcards

Kazuhiro OHIRA *

Abstract： This study focuses on modern postcards to identify the viewpoint areas of the Naruto Strait and the landscape features visible from these areas. Twelve viewpoint areas (A to L) were identified from the composition and viewpoint positions in 160 postcards dating from 1913 to 1939. In addition, landscape elements and landmarks captured in the postcards were sampled. Based on the results of the statistical analysis of the relationship between the samples and the viewpoint areas, the frequency of occurrence of coastal views—such as the islands of Hadakajima, Tobishima, and Aboshijima of Chidorigahama with its arrangement of rocks and black pines and of Choshinoguchi, appreciated for its swift-moving tides—was high in viewpoint areas A to G (118 postcards) in an area designated as a place of scenic beauty. Clearly, when Naruto Strait became a designated place of scenic beauty, it was found worthwhile to view these elements from various viewpoint areas. However, most of the viewpoint areas H to L (35 postcards) were seen from 1925 onward and were considered to have been discovered later, given the diverse modes of sightseeing available and preservation of places of scenic beauty. These areas included shipboard views of and the natural monument of Neagarimatsu. Key Words： postcard, landscape, viewpoint, place of scenic beauty

well-known for whirlpools” (Naruto City Board of INTRODUCTION Education, 1997). Subsequently, it was incorporated into the in The Naruto Strait is a narrow strait 1951. However, exactly what sort of landscape may approximately 1.3 km in width and located be valued as worthwhile is unclear. In addition, between (Minami Awaji City, Hyogo presently, studies are being pursued in both Hyogo Prefecture) and (Naruto City, Tokushima and Tokushima prefectures to have the “Naruto Prefecture) in . This scenic spot features Strait whirlpools” registered as a World Heritage whirlpools generated by swift tidal currents in the site. This includes a search to determine the value center of the strait. The landscape of the Naruto of landscapes that should be protected as world Strait has been repeatedly selected to represent heritage and its primary viewpoint areas (“Naruto Japan, in the Eight Views of Japan (1927), the 100 Whirlpools” World Heritage Site Registration Views of New Japan (1957), 100 Landscapes of Steering Committee, 2017). In the current Naruto Heisei Era (2009), etc. It is protected—and was Strait, concerns have been voiced regarding the designated “Place of Scenic Beauty” 1) in 1931 (only significant changes in the landscape due to the including areas in the constrction of Onaruto Bridge (1985) and tourism side)—this increased its value as a worthwhile development in the neighborhood. Therefore, it is viewing spot for a “strait consisting of hilly forests, important to clarify the landscape’s features coasts and islands overlooking an ocean view during the process of its designation as a place of

* Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 31 scenic beauty, which was originally valuable. postcards and old photos, there is a qualitative These findings will be useful in proving the value discussion of the main landscape found in of the landscape or planning measures to protect Amanohashidate (Fukamachi and Oku, 2004) the landscape for World Heritage registration. focusing on depictions of the water level and About 90 years have passed since it was shoreline of Arashiyama (Nasu et al., 2016). designated as a place of scenic beauty, and there Furthermore, there is an analysis of the landscape are no records of research materials or discussions structure of Yokohama (Iida and Ishikawa, 2008), by experts at that time except for studies on the a comparison of the past and present landscape of value of the entire Setonaikai National Park. Ikaruga in Nara (Shimomura et al., 2011), and a Therefore, the scenic beauty of the Naruto Strait multivariate analysis of depictions of Mount Fuji at that time can be captured only through the (Konagaya and Fujino, 2019). Therefore, a method scenery from historical materials such as old for quantitatively elucidating landscape features photographs and paintings. However, from the from postcards and old photographs has already building of an army fortress in Tozaki on the Awaji been established, and this research followed these Island portion of the strait in 1897 until the end of studeies. the Pacific War, photography within a 4 km In this study, "viewpoint" refers to the point radius of the fortified zone or reproduction thereof from which the picture on the postcard was taken, was governed by the Fortified Zone Law (Sato, and "viewpoint area" refers to the geographical 2019). Thus, a few pictures still exist. area consisting of these "viewpoints" clustered Consequently, any postcards showing photographs together. that passed military censors may be considered as the only historical material for knowing the 1. METHODS landscape covering diverse perspectives. Therefore, in this study, we focus on modern (Taisho to A total of 160 postcards (date-marked 1913 to prewar) postcards released before and after the 1939) not duplicated in design and determined to Naruto Strait was designated as a place of scenic represent modern (1868 to 1945) landscape in the beauty. This is done to identify modern viewpoint area surrounding Naruto Strait2) from their areas of the Naruto Strait and the features of the marked year of issue and clearance by the military landscape seen from these viewpoint areas, were selected for this study3). They were selected according to the composition of postcard from scanned and photographed postcards held by photographs and the landscape elements captured The Museum of Nature and Human Activities, therein. In addition, according to these features, Hyogo (126 postcards), Tokushima Prefectural we shall discuss what value was found in the Library (110 postcards), and Tokushima landscape of the Naruto Strait at the time of its Prefectural Archives (50 postcards) 4). designation as a place of scenic beauty. First, the postcards were sorted to decipher the Previous studies on the landscape of the Naruto features of viewpoint areas by the composition of Strait have included identifying changes in landscape recognition from early modern to contemporary paintings (Ohira et al., 2019a) and evaluating present-day viewpoint areas and visuals (Ohira et al., 2019b), no study has elucidated viewpoint areas and landscape features, focusing on the times of its designation as a place of scenic beauty when the landscape of the Naruto Strait was found to be valuable. Alternatively, Fig.1 Example of landscape composition and regarding studies deciphering landscapes from visual line

32 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 the landscape captured in them and their and the sites (Senjojiki, Ochaen, Neagarimatsu) as viewpoint positions. Postcard viewpoints were “landmarks” and grasped their frequency of identified from the positional relationship of occurrence5). photographed mountain chains, capes, and island Next, a statistical analysis (chi-square test) was silhouettes using on-site surveys (September 6–7, performed to determine the relationship between 2019) and Google Earth Pro aerial photographs the frequency of occurrence of landscape elements, and terrain function, and then drawn on a map. As landmarks and viewpoint areas. A significance shown in Fig. 1, landscape composition was level of 5% or less was regarded as a significant divided into those showing only a foreground view relationship, focusing on the relationship with an (less than 200 m), a foreground to middle ground adjusted residual value of 2.0 or more (IBM SPSS view (between 200 and 600 m), a background view Statistics 22.0). (more than 600 m), and a middle ground to We also clarified the relationship between background view. For measuring the distance from viewpoints and objects worth viewing in the the viewpoints, the distance measurement designated a place of scenic beauty with a function of Google Earth Pro was used. Judging concentrated presence of viewpoints. Directions of from the vertical angle of view of the terrain taken sight from viewpoints were shown for objects, with from the viewpoint, the photographer's visual line a significant relationship (p≤0.001) based on the was divided into horizontal, looking down, and above analysis results. looking up views. Using the composition of Finally, we considered landscape features and landscape and the specific position of the value of the landscape in each viewpoint area by viewpoint in consideration of the altitude, 153 showing examples of postcards with landscape postcards showing consistency in viewpoint areas features obtained from the results of the analysis. were divided into 12 areas [Hadakajima (A), Magozaki (B), Senjojiki (C), Aigahama (D), Ochaen 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (E), Trail of Naruto Park (F), Chidorigahama (G), Center of Strait (H), Port of Fukura (I), Ogehama 2.1 Composition and position of viewpoint areas (J), Neagarimatsu (K), Takasago(L)]. As shown in Table 1, the most frequent postcard Subsequently, to decipher landscape features in composition is that containing foreground to each area, landscape elements captured in background (95 compositions), while those with photographs were extracted and classified into the only foreground (40 compositions) and only middle following: natural features (island, rock, cape, ground to background (25 compositions) are beach, mountain chain, surface of the sea, approximately the same in frequency. Regarding whitecap, difference of tidal level, whirlpool, black the visual line, there are numerous cases of pine, broadleaf tree, and herbaceous plant); looking down at 95, followed by 61 cases of a artifacts (open space, trail, bridge, fence, bench, horizontal angle. In addition, out of 160 postcards, square gazebo, building, shrine, monument, viewpoints were identified in 137 postcards (shown signboard, steamship, sailing ship, wooden ship, in Fig. 2), or 156 postcards if including those other); and human features (fisherman, view, rest, wherein general areas were identified. Using the stroll, leisure). Afterward, the frequency of composition of the landscape and the specific occurrence was obtained. In addition, to decipher position of the viewpoint in consideration of the the spatial composition of the landscape for each altitude, viewpoint areas were divided into 12 viewpoint area, we set islands (Hadakajima, areas labeled A to L (153 postcards excluding 3 Tobishima, Aboshijima), rocks (Ryugunoiso, others and 4 unknown). Areas C and D in Fig. 2 Meotoiwa), capes (Magozaki, Tozaki, Gyojagahana, are close to each other. This is because Senjojiki Oisozaki), beaches (Aigahama, Chidorigahama), (C) is located at an altitude of about 30m, while rapids (Center of Strait, Choshinoguchi, Nakase), Aigahama (D) is located at an altitude of 0 to 1m,

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 33 Table.1 Composition and visualline

Composition Visual Line The Number of Middleground to to Middleground Postcards Foreground to to Foreground Looking Down Looking Back Back Foreground Looking Up Looking Horizontal Viewpoint Area g g round round

(A) Hadakajima 0240024024 (B) Magozaki 0 8 8 214016 (C) Senjojiki 56175012 (D) Aigahama 9130148022 (E) Ochaen 5 912818026 (F) Trail of Naruto Park 0 4 2 0 6 0 6 (G) Chidorigahama2100120012 (H) Center of Strait 11 6 0 1 16 0 17 (I) Port of Fukura 0 4 0 4 0 0 4 (J) Ogehama 0302103 (K) Neagarimatsu 4 0 0 0 0 4 4 (L) Takasago 3 3 1 7 0 0 7 Others 0213003 Unknown 1301304 Total 40 95 25 61 95 4 160 Fig.2 Position of viewpoints

and in many cases the landscape is captured captured looking down. Additionally, foreground to horizontally. Similarly, the area was divided such background views of Chidorigahama (G) were as the Trail of Naruto Park (F), with views of typically captured horizontally, while only looking down because it is located at about foreground views of the Center of Strait (H) were 30–40m, while Chidorigahama(G) has horizontal captured looking down from boats; only foreground views because it is located at about 0–2m. views of Neagarimatsu (K) were captured looking According to Table 1, the most frequent viewpoint up. However, examine the relationship between area was Ochaen (E)(26 postcards), followed by viewpoint areas and the designated area of scenic Hadakajima (A)(24 postcards) and Aigahama beauty (see Fig. 2), the seven areas of A to G (118 (D)(22 postcards). According to Ohira et al. (2019a), viewpoints) were included in the designated area. Ochaen was a viewpoint area originating from While there is a clustering of many viewpoint feudal lord offering tea for watching tides during areas, sparsely scattered viewpoint zones are the Edo Period, and it was discovered in early present in areas H to L (35 viewpoints), excluding modern times from the 100 Famous Views of Edo K. This indicated that most of the modern familiar wood block prints (Utagawa Hiroshige II, 1855), viewpoint areas were protected as a designated making it a familiar viewpoint of the period. place of scenic beauty. However, since 1913, before the early Showa 2.2 Relationship between viewpoint areas and period, the island of Hadakajima (A) could be eras reached by a connecting pier to Aigahama There were 135 postcards printed with their (Iwamura, 1964) and is considered to have been a date of issue or date of military clearance featured viewpoint area in the modern era. corresponding to areas A to L. Fig. 3 shows Next, regarding the composition features of each changes in the number of postcards (cumulative) area according to Table 1, only foreground to per viewpoint area. Based on the results, the background views of Hadakajima (A) were viewpoint areas of Takasago (L), Ochaen (E), captured looking down, while only foreground to Magosaki (B), Chidorigahama (G), and Trail of background and middle ground to background Naruto Park (F) were discovered in the early views of Magozaki (B) and Ochaen (E) tended to be 1910s. Among them, a constant increase of

34 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 the business strategies and sightseeing behavior 25 s d

r due to tourism. This is also believed to be the a c t s

o result of opportunities for preserving scenic spots

P 20 f o leading to the discovery and establishment of new r e b

m places of interest, such as the designation of u 15 N

e Neagarimatsu as a national natural monument in h T 1924 and the widened activities of the Naruto 10 Preservation Association in 1927 (Sato, 2017). However, since it was designated as a place of 5 scenic beauty in 1931, no new additional viewpoint areas have been observed. In addition, excluding 0 Ochaen (E), where a square gazebo was erected to 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 commemorate its designation as a place of scenic (year) (L) Takasago (E) Ochaen beauty in 1931, there generally tends to be a (B) Magozaki (G) Chidorigahama (F) Trail of Naruto Park (A) Hadakajima gradual increase in new patterns after its (D) Aigahama (J) Ogehama designation as a place of scenic beauty. (H) Center of Strait (C) Senjojiki 2.3 Features of landscape elements captured in (I) Port of Fukura (K) Neagarimatsu postcards Fig.3 Changes in the number of postcards Based on the results of sampling landscape (cumulative) per viewpoint area elements captured in 160 postcards, frequent natural objects appeared in the following order: postcards was observed for Ochaen (E), from the the surface of the sea (90.0%), rocks (73.1%), black 1910s until 1939. Thus, this viewpoint area may pine (65.0%), whitecaps (53.8%) and islands be have been familiar with the viewpoint area (47.5%) (other elements appearing less than 30% through the years. Subsequently, the of the time); wooden ships (26.9%) were the most establishment of the Atan Ferry Steamship frequent artifacts (other elements appearing 10% Company in 1922—provided regular service from or less of the time). These elements may be the town of Fukura on Awaji Island and made considered essential to the modern landscape of direct port calls at Aigahama (Sato, 2017). In the Naruto Strait. Conversely, “ whirlpools” response to this, Magosaki (B) and Hadakajima (A) considered synonymous with the present-day near Aigahama increased by 4 points in 1923. Naruto Strait —depicted in 70% or more of After that, Hadakajima (A) and Aigahama (D) paintings in past research (Ohira et al., showed a significant increase of more than 10 2019a)—only appears in 10 (6.3%) modern points from 1926 to 1927. Probably around this postcards. This was due to the lack of development time, the style of viewing the landscape from in photographic techniques and the fact that Aigahama and Hadakajima, which was bridged shipboard tide watching was not yet popular. In from Aigahama had been established. Conversely, addition, the results showed few capes or Senjojiki (C), Center of Strait (H), and Port of background mountain chains depicted in more Fukura (I) debuted in 1926, Neagarimatsu (K) than half of the paintings appearing in modern debuted in 1927, and a slight increase was seen in postcards (capes: 23.1%, mountain chains: 14.4%). Takasago (L) away from the strait. These may Reportedly, the shape of mountains and coastlines have been influenced by a dramatic increase in were often erased from images of the strait due to sightseers with the opening of the Awaji Railway censorship by military offices (Sato, 2019)—likely Line connecting Sumoto and Fukura on Awaji the result of social conditions at the time. Island in 1925 (Sato, 2017), along with Table 2 shows the frequency of occurrence of diversification of viewpoint areas consequential to elements in each viewpoint area. Based on the

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 35 Table.2 Frequency of occurrence of landscape Table.3 Frequency of occurrence of landmarks in elements in each viewpoint area each viewpoint area

Viewpoint Area

Viewpoint Area

(F) (A) Hadakaｊima (G) (H) (I) (K) (B) Magozaki (C) Senjojiki (D) (J) (L) (E) (F) (A) Hadakaｊima (G) (H) (I) (K) (B) Magozaki (C) Senjojiki (D) (J) (L) (E)

Port

Ogehama Port Trail Ogehama Neagarimatsu Takasago Trail Ochaen Chidorigahama Center Aigahama Neagarimatsu Takasago Ochaen Chidorigahama Center Aigahama

of

of

of of

Landscape Fukura

Fukura

Naruto of Naruto Landmarks of

Elements Strait Strait

Park Park

4.2 100.0 50.0 50.0 76.9 100.0 75.0 5.9 50.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 16.7 87.5 33.3 27.3 46.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Island HadakaJima -4.7 4.4 0.2 0.2 3.3 2.6 2.0 -3.7 0.1 -0.5 -1.9 -2.6 -1.2 5.9 0.6 0.1 2.5 -1.5 -2.1 -2.6 -1.2 -1.0 -1.2 -1.6 Islands 91.7 93.8 33.3 95.5 61.5 100.0 83.3 35.3 75.0 66.7 0.0 100.0 4.2 100.0 16.7 27.3 19.2 33.3 50.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rock Tobishima 2.2 2.0 -3.2 2.5 -1.5 1.5 0.8 -3.7 0.1 -0.3 -3.3 1.6 -2.6 7.2 -0.7 0.2 -0.8 0.4 2.0 -2.0 -1.2 -1.0 -1.2 -1.6 20.8 18.8 0.0 13.6 50.0 66.7 8.3 11.8 25.0 66.7 0.0 28.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 66.7 25.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 Cape Aboshijima -0.3 -0.5 -2.0 -1.2 3.5 2.5 -1.3 -1.2 0.1 1.8 -1.1 0.3 -1.4 -1.1 -1.0 -1.3 0.3 6.1 2.7 -1.2 -0.5 1.9 -0.5 -0.7 0.0 12.5 0.0 18.2 38.5 100.0 75.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 42.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.6

Beach Rocks Ryugunoiso -3.0 -1.1 -2.0 -0.6 2.0 4.5 4.4 -2.4 -1.1 1.8 -1.1 1.2 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 6.5 Mountain 8.3 0.0 16.7 9.1 30.8 16.7 0.0 17.6 25.0 33.3 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.1 Meotoiwa

NaturalFeatures Chain -0.8 -1.7 0.3 -0.7 2.8 0.2 -1.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 -0.8 0.0 -0.9 -0.7 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9 -0.4 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 9.3 Surface of 100.0 100.0 58.3 100.0 80.8 100.0 91.7 100.0 100.0 66.7 0.0 100.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 9.1 30.8 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 Magozaki The Sea 1.8 1.4 -3.7 1.7 -1.6 0.9 0.3 1.5 0.7 -1.3 -5.9 0.9 -1.7 0.5 -1.1 0.0 4.2 0.7 -1.1 -1.4 -0.6 1.5 -0.6 -0.9 91.7 43.8 33.3 68.2 46.2 83.3 58.3 47.1 0.0 66.7 0.0 14.3 16.7 0.0 0.0 4.5 11.5 0.0 0.0 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Whitecap Capes Tozaki 4.0 -0.9 -1.5 1.4 -0.9 1.5 0.3 -0.6 -2.2 0.4 -2.2 -2.2 2.2 -1.1 -1.0 -0.4 1.1 -0.7 -1.0 0.9 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.7 Difference of 83.3 12.5 0.0 18.2 3.8 0.0 0.0 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gyojagahan 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidal Level 8.8 -0.7 -1.7 -0.1 -2.2 -1.2 -1.7 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 -1.0 -1.3 a 0.8 -0.6 -0.5 -0.7 0.8 -0.4 -0.5 1.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 33.3 8.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 28.6 Whirlpool Oisozaki -0.2 -1.3 -1.1 -1.6 -1.8 -0.8 -1.1 9.3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.9 -1.3 -1.0 -0.8 -1.2 0.6 3.2 0.5 -1.0 -0.5 2.2 -0.5 2.8

45.8 93.8 91.7 40.9 92.3 100.0 83.3 0.0 75.0 66.7 100.0 71.4 Beaches 0.0 12.5 0.0 18.2 23.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Black Pine Aigahama -2.2 2.5 2.0 -2.6 3.2 1.8 1.4 -6.0 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.3 -1.6 0.7 -1.1 1.9 3.2 -0.7 -1.1 -1.3 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8 Broadleaf 4.2 6.3 8.3 4.5 30.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 Chidorigaha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ma Tree -1.0 -0.5 -0.2 -0.9 3.9 -0.8 -1.2 -1.4 2.7 1.4 -0.7 -0.9 -1.9 -1.5 -1.3 -1.8 -2.0 7.1 9.2 -1.5 -0.7 -0.6 -0.7 -1.0 Herbaceous 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 7.7 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 Center of 91.7 0.0 0.0 4.5 19.2 0.0 0.0 82.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Plant Strait 7.7 -2.6 -2.2 -2.6 -1.0 -1.5 -2.2 5.4 -1.2 -1.1 -1.2 -1.7 -1.3 -1.0 1.9 -1.2 0.6 -0.6 1.9 -1.0 -0.5 4.8 -0.5 -0.6 Rapids 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 34.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Choshinogu 0.0 75.0 25.0 77.3 46.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Open Space chi -1.8 -1.4 4.9 -1.7 4.7 -0.8 -1.2 -1.4 -0.7 -0.6 -0.7 -0.9 -3.4 4.3 -0.3 5.4 2.2 -1.6 -2.3 -2.8 -1.3 -1.1 -1.3 -1.7 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 23.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nakase Trail 3.7 -1.2 -1.0 -1.4 -0.7 -0.7 -1.0 2.8 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9 -0.7 -0.6 -0.8 3.1 2.2 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.0 0.0 58.3 0.0 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.5 8.3 9.1 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senjojiki Bridge -1.6 -1.2 6.8 -1.5 2.4 -0.7 -1.1 -1.3 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8 -1.5 5.0 0.2 0.4 -0.7 -0.7 -1.0 -1.2 1.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8 Sits The 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 34.6 0.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ochaen Fence -1.3 -1.1 -0.9 -1.3 6.8 -0.6 -0.9 -1.1 -0.5 -0.4 -0.5 -0.7 -1.8 -1.4 4.7 -1.7 4.4 -0.9 -0.3 -1.5 -0.7 -0.6 -0.7 -0.9 Neagarimat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 30.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bench su -0.9 -0.7 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9 -0.4 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.3 12.4 -0.4 -1.5 -1.2 1.3 -1.4 5.1 -0.7 -1.0 -1.2 1.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8 The top numbers indicate the frequency of occurrence [%], and the Square 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 bottom numbers indicate standardized residua p≦0.001 p≦0.005 Gazebo Artifacts -0.9 -0.7 -0.6 -0.8 4.5 -0.4 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 7.7 0.0 8.3 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Building -1.3 -1.0 4.6 -1.2 0.6 -0.6 0.5 -1.0 1.8 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shrine -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 8.7 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 (A), Magozaki (B), and Aigahama (D). In terms of 0.0 0.0 41.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Monument -1.0 -0.8 7.8 -0.9 -1.0 -0.5 -0.7 -0.8 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 the surface of the sea elements, whitecaps and 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 11.5 0.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Signboard -1.2 -0.9 3.5 -1.1 1.9 -0.5 0.6 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 differences in tidal level were characteristically 0.0 0.0 8.3 4.5 3.8 0.0 0.0 5.9 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Steamship -1.1 -0.9 0.8 0.2 0.0 -0.5 -0.7 0.4 4.8 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 seen in Hadakajima (A), and whirlpools were 25.0 18.8 8.3 0.0 11.5 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 Sailing ship observed in the Center of Strait (H). Black pine 2.7 1.3 -0.2 -1.7 0.3 -0.8 -1.2 -0.6 -0.7 -0.6 -0.7 0.4 41.7 50.0 33.3 22.7 19.2 0.0 8.3 23.5 25.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 Wooden ship was significantly high in Magozaki (B), Senjojiki 2.0 2.4 0.6 -0.3 -0.8 -1.5 -1.4 -0.2 0.0 0.3 -1.2 -1.6 41.7 37.5 25.0 22.7 11.5 0.0 8.3 17.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fisherman (C), and Ochaen (E) with a high rate of occurrence 2.8 1.8 0.4 0.3 -1.2 -1.3 -1.1 -0.3 -1.0 -0.9 -1.0 -1.4 0.0 6.3 25.0 4.5 23.1 0.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 View of 80% or more in the Trail of Naruto Park (F) and -1.8 -0.5 1.8 -0.9 2.5 -0.8 -0.2 -1.4 -0.7 -0.6 4.4 -0.9 Human 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 23.1 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chidorigahama (G). In terms of artifacts, open Rest -1.6 -1.2 3.4 -1.5 3.2 -0.7 1.2 -1.3 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8 0.0 12.5 16.7 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 space and fences were frequent at the lookouts of Stroll -1.3 1.2 1.7 2.6 -1.4 -0.6 -0.9 -1.1 1.6 -0.4 -0.5 -0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 Senjojiki (C) and Ochaen (E); furthermore, benches Leisure -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 -0.7 -0.8 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.3 12.4 -0.3 -0.4 The top numbers indicate the frequency of occurrence [%], and the were featured elements of Ochaen (E), whereas bottom numbers indicate standardized residua p≦0.001 p≦0.005 buildings and monuments were featured elements of Senjojiki (C). In addition, the Itsukushima results, when focusing on the key elements with a Shrine in Kemurijima, a place associated with the high frequency of occurrence, there were Heike clan, was featured as part of the Port of significantly high results for islands in Fukura (I). However, focusing on humans, Magozaki(B), Ochaen (E), Trail of Naruto Park (F), although there were no significant differences and Chidorigahama (G), and rocks in Hadakajima found, seaweed fishermen frequently featured in

36 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 images of Hadakajima (A) and Magozaki (B). from the Trail of Naruto Park (F) and Regarding sightseers, humans viewing the scenery Chidorigahama (G). In addition, the Center of were featured in Ochaen (E) and Neagarimatsu Strait was good for watching tides and tended to (K); resting humans were featured in Senjojiki (C) be viewed from Hadakajima (A) or the Center of and Ochaen (E), and humans at leisure were a Strait (H) aboard a ship. Similarly, Choshinoguchi featured in Ogehama (J). Ochaen and Senjojiki was also good for watching tides. Additionally, have been lookouts since the early modern times. Aigahama (D), which was the nearest viewpoint However, the former was converted into a resting area, tended to be viewed from Magozaki (B) and spot to commemorate the designation of Naruto Ochaen (E). Furthermore, features were also seen Strait as a place of scenic beauty in 1931, and at points where Chidorigahama (G), which also Senjojiki became a lookout because of a visit by has viewpoint areas that were viewed at a distance Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taisho) in from the Trail of Naruto Park (F); the lookout at 1908. It is believed that at these lookouts, not only Senjojiki was viewed at a distance from Ochaen were the landscapes increasingly viewed, but the (E). lookouts also gained a new appeal as bustling 2.5 Relationship between viewpoints and objects centers and became a critical part of lookout worth viewing in designated place of scenic landscapes. In addition, the aim of adding humans beauty to postcards was to inspire onlookers with a sense Fig. 4 shows the relationship (p≤0.001) between of personal experience, whether it was achieved viewpoints and objects worth viewing in the through the size of Neagarimatsu or the lively designated place of scenic beauty. As shown by the seine of Ogehama. arrows in the figure, we find that specific islands 2.4 Features of landmarks captured in and rapids can be observed from multiple postcards viewpoint areas. Further, except for Tobishima, Based on the results of sampling landmarks there were multi-layered connections between captured in 160 postcards, Choshinoguchi (28.8%), viewpoint areas in landscapes, and objects worth Center of Strait (26.9%), Hadakajima (26.3%), and viewing could be accessed and served as viewpoint Tobishima (24.4%), followed by Chidorigahama areas. Thus, this suggests that the designated (10.6%) located a short distance from the strait, place of scenic beauty, or the modern-day Naruto were relatively high in value (other landmarks were less than 10%). In modern times, these landmarks are considered as important reasons for viewing the Naruto Strait. Choshinoguchi and the Center of Strait are particularly suitable places for watching the swift flow of tides and difference of tidal level, which are considered landmarks peculiar to the landscape of the Naruto Strait. However, Tozaki on the Awaji Island side—which was seen in 70% or more of paintings of the Naruto Strait in past research (Ohira et al., 2019a)—only appears in 10 (6.3%) modern postcards, due to the construction of the fortress in Tozaki. Next, Table 3 shows the frequency of occurrence of landmarks in each viewpoint area. Based on the results, Hadakajima tended to be appreciated from Fig.4 Relationship between viewpoints and Magozaki (B) and Ochaen (E), Tobishima from objects worth viewing in the designated place of Magozaki (B), Chidorigahama (G), and Aboshijima scenic beauty

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 37 Fig.5 Examples of postcards that show lands cape features in each viewpoint area

Strait, was a space wherein different landscape First, Hadakajima (A) is a featured modern experiences overlapped and condensed like in a viewpoint area for which relatively early garden. Additionally, objects worth viewing could publications were observed, starting in 1917, and be viewed while taking a stroll and accessed appeared frequently from 1923 onward. It was closely. characterized by views looking down upon 2.6 landscape features captured in each whitecaps from the east coast of the island, viewpoint area differences in tidal level in the Center of Strait, Fig. 5 shows the landscape features captured in and fishermen harvesting seaweed. Hadakajima each viewpoint area. Subsequently, we show may have also served as the best viewpoint area examples of postcards representing each of these for obtaining a clear view of the swift currents in areas while describing viewpoint areas and the strait. landscape features primarily, landscape elements Next, Magozaki (B) is a viewpoint area looking and landmarks wherein features were seen down upon the strait that has been familiar since consequential to the analysis. early times. According to the results of the

38 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 analysis, this viewpoint area had a significantly viewpoints are not fixed, they have a similar high frequency of occurrence of the two islands of horizontal layer structure regardless of the Hadakajima and Tobishima. It was appreciated as landscape view, with black pine and beach in the a miniature garden landscape wherein the two foreground, reefs in the near and middle ground, islands of Hadakajima, connected to and islands in the background. This area is valued Choshinoguchi, and Tobishima in the background for the landscape of black pine coastal forests and overlapped. rocky islets. The viewpoint area of Senjojiki (C) appeared However, spaces H to L are viewpoint areas from 1926 onward, serving as a lookout point for outside the designated place of scenic beauty, and the strait. However, with open space and a except for Takasago (L), these viewpoint areas are commemorative stone monument created because also landscapes discovered after 1925. In the of a visit by the Crown Prince, there was a postcards, based on specific themes, landscapes dramatic increase in sightseers from 1925 and is took up foreground to middle ground views. considered a particularly bustling landscape Specifically, postcards of the Center of Strait (H) lookout. showed a landscape looking down upon whirlpools Aigahama (D) is a viewpoint area that was and rapids from aboard a ship, those of Port of discovered in 1923 because of an ocean liner Fukura (I) showed the silhouette of Itsukushima making a port stop in 1922. It was favored as a Shrine on Kemurijima, those of Ogehama (J) landscape where one could see Choshinoguchi with showed scenes of leisure (a seine in the postcard in its rocky features and powerful currents in the the figure), those of K looked up toward foreground and Hadakajima and Tobishima in the Neagarimatsu which was a designated natural back. monument and those of Takasago (L) showed the Subsequently, Ochaen (E) became the viewpoint strangely shaped rocks of Ryugunoiso and area with the most postcards and was a Meotoiwa. These are presumed to be due to long-familiar lookout from early modern to modern diversified sightseeing consequential to a rapid times. In addition to the north side cape, increase in sightseers and the Naruto Preservation Hadakajima and Choshinoguchi were seen looking Association and others finding new landscapes of down upon the middle ground to the background, value in the Naruto Strait for designation as scenic and Ochaen (E) was valued as a panoramic spots. landscape with a clear lookout over Senjojiki. Additionally, it may be inferred that people CONCLUSIONS preferred to linger at the lookout as an open space or bench for viewing or resting. In this study, we focused on postcards for Moreover, Trail of Naruto Park (F) was identifying viewpoint areas in modern-day Naruto discovered early on like E. This viewpoint area Strait and the landscape features viewed from was worthwhile for the distant views of the them. Based on the results, 12 viewpoint areas A coastline going in and out, gazing upon to L were identified from the composition of Chidorigahama on the south side from the hill, the photographs and the location of viewpoint areas in black pine coastal forest, Aboshijima, and the cape 160 postcards. In addition, landscape elements and of Oisozaki in the background. landmarks captured in postcards were sampled Furthermore, the viewpoint area of and statistical analysis was performed on the Chidorigahama (G) was also discovered early on; relationship between the elements and viewpoint however, based on the results of the analysis, it areas. had landscape features in two different directions, Consequentially, we found that viewpoint areas with Tobishima on the northeast side and A to G (118 postcards), included in the designated Aboshijima on the south side. Although these place of scenic beauty, were not valued for their

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 39 views of whirlpools and the landscape on the providing materials and information. I would like to extend my opposite shore. However, these areas were valued sincere gratitude to all the stakeholders of this research. for their diverse views of the islands of Hadakajima, Tobishima, and Aboshijima, and the NOTES coasts of Choshinoguchi and Chidorigahama with 1) “Places of Scenic Beauty” is protected by the Law for the their rocks and black pines. Hadakajima (A) and Protection of Cultural Properties, such as gardens, bridges, Aigahama (D) which were once places to see were gorges, seashores, mountains, and other places of scenic beauty established as viewpoint areas for watching the of a high artistic or aesthetic value for Japan. swift tidal current in the late 1920s. This suggests 2) Referencing past research (Ohira et al., 2019ab), the that the area designated as a place of scenic geographical range forming an integrated landscape with the beauty at that time was a spaces where different Naruto Strait used by us was located from Bentenjima (Anaga, landscape experiences have overlapped and Minami Awaji City) to Shiozaki (Nadanigoro, Minami Awaji) on condensed. the Hyogo Prefecture side, and from the Shimada Cape On the contrary, H to L (35 postcards) are (Seto-machi, Naruto City) to Oisozaki (Satoura-cho, Naruto viewpoint areas outside the designated place of City) on the Tokushima Prefecture side. scenic beauty, and tended to be established after 3) The 50 postcards in Tokushima Prefectural Archives were 1925, when the number of tourists sharply donated, including a large collection of 46 postcards collected by increased. These included shipboard viewing of local history researcher Takeo Iwamura for collecting to whirlpools (H), the natural monument of comprehensive collection of historical materials in the city. The Neagarimatsu (K) and the strangely shaped rocks 110 postcards in Tokushima Prefectural Library were (L). This suggests that the newly valued landscape purchased from a publicly recognized antique dealer for was found in areas far from the strait. collecting comprehensive historical materials in the prefecture. This research has certain limitations, which The 126 postcards in the Museum of Nature and Human captures the landscape from the limited historical Activities, Hyogo were purchased from a publicly recognized materials of postcards, restricted by the antique dealer by the World Heritage Site photographic technology and fortress construction Registration Steering Committee with different designs from at that time. However, photographs on postcards postcards in Tokushima Prefecture. Therefore, since these captured from many viewpoints could highlight postcards were acquired to collect academic and comprehensive the landscape features of modern-day Naruto historical materials, there is no bias due to personal preference. Strait. It remains to be seen how the modern 4) Even if postcards used the same photo, if the images used viewpoint areas and landscape features found in were trimmed differently, they were counted as different this study, and the value of the landscapes images. If two photos were used on one postcard, they were discovered therein, will be disseminated, and counted as two. whether they will be protected as scenic spots, 5) A total of 17 landmarks were set; 35 landmarks in the strait national parks, or world heritage sites. were recognized from the paintings used in the previous research (Ohira et al., 2019a), 12 landmarks that could be ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS confirmed on two or more of the target postcards were selected. In conducting this study, we received the cooperation of Isao In addition, 5 landmarks were used, including “Center of Nakase, director of the Museum of Nature and Human Strait,” “Ochaen,” “Senjojiki,” “Neagarimatsu,” and Activities, Hyogo, and relevant members of the Hyogo “Ryugunoiso,” known as famous places at the time and Prefecture “Naruto Whirlpools” World Heritage Site confirmed on two or more postcards. Registration Steering Committee. We also received support from the Tokushima Prefecture “Naruto Whirlpools” World REFERENCES Heritage Site Registration Steering Committee and persons in Fukamachi K., Oku K. (2004) A Study of Historical Landscape charge of the Tokushima Prefectural Library, Tokushima Changes and Landscape Evaluation by the Local People in Prefectural Archives, and Naruto City Board of Education in Amanohashidate, Journal of the Japanese Institute of

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