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Original article A Study of Viewpoint Areas and Landscape Features of Modern-day Naruto Strait as Seen in Postcards Kazuhiro OHIRA * Abstract： This study focuses on modern postcards to identify the viewpoint areas of the Naruto Strait and the landscape features visible from these areas. Twelve viewpoint areas (A to L) were identified from the composition and viewpoint positions in 160 postcards dating from 1913 to 1939. In addition, landscape elements and landmarks captured in the postcards were sampled. Based on the results of the statistical analysis of the relationship between the samples and the viewpoint areas, the frequency of occurrence of coastal views—such as the islands of Hadakajima, Tobishima, and Aboshijima of Chidorigahama with its arrangement of rocks and black pines and of Choshinoguchi, appreciated for its swift-moving tides—was high in viewpoint areas A to G (118 postcards) in an area designated as a place of scenic beauty. Clearly, when Naruto Strait became a designated place of scenic beauty, it was found worthwhile to view these elements from various viewpoint areas. However, most of the viewpoint areas H to L (35 postcards) were seen from 1925 onward and were considered to have been discovered later, given the diverse modes of sightseeing available and preservation of places of scenic beauty. These areas included shipboard views of whirlpools and the natural monument of Neagarimatsu. Key Words： postcard, landscape, viewpoint, place of scenic beauty well-known for whirlpools” (Naruto City Board of INTRODUCTION Education, 1997). Subsequently, it was incorporated into the Setonaikai National Park in The Naruto Strait is a narrow strait 1951. However, exactly what sort of landscape may approximately 1.3 km in width and located be valued as worthwhile is unclear. In addition, between Awaji Island (Minami Awaji City, Hyogo presently, studies are being pursued in both Hyogo Prefecture) and Shikoku (Naruto City, Tokushima and Tokushima prefectures to have the “Naruto Prefecture) in Japan. This scenic spot features Strait whirlpools” registered as a World Heritage whirlpools generated by swift tidal currents in the site. This includes a search to determine the value center of the strait. The landscape of the Naruto of landscapes that should be protected as world Strait has been repeatedly selected to represent heritage and its primary viewpoint areas (“Naruto Japan, in the Eight Views of Japan (1927), the 100 Whirlpools” World Heritage Site Registration Views of New Japan (1957), 100 Landscapes of Steering Committee, 2017). In the current Naruto Heisei Era (2009), etc. It is protected—and was Strait, concerns have been voiced regarding the designated “Place of Scenic Beauty” 1) in 1931 (only significant changes in the landscape due to the including areas in the Tokushima Prefecture constrction of Onaruto Bridge (1985) and tourism side)—this increased its value as a worthwhile development in the neighborhood. Therefore, it is viewing spot for a “strait consisting of hilly forests, important to clarify the landscape’s features coasts and islands overlooking an ocean view during the process of its designation as a place of * Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 31 scenic beauty, which was originally valuable. postcards and old photos, there is a qualitative These findings will be useful in proving the value discussion of the main landscape found in of the landscape or planning measures to protect Amanohashidate (Fukamachi and Oku, 2004) the landscape for World Heritage registration. focusing on depictions of the water level and About 90 years have passed since it was shoreline of Arashiyama (Nasu et al., 2016). designated as a place of scenic beauty, and there Furthermore, there is an analysis of the landscape are no records of research materials or discussions structure of Yokohama (Iida and Ishikawa, 2008), by experts at that time except for studies on the a comparison of the past and present landscape of value of the entire Setonaikai National Park. Ikaruga in Nara (Shimomura et al., 2011), and a Therefore, the scenic beauty of the Naruto Strait multivariate analysis of depictions of Mount Fuji at that time can be captured only through the (Konagaya and Fujino, 2019). Therefore, a method scenery from historical materials such as old for quantitatively elucidating landscape features photographs and paintings. However, from the from postcards and old photographs has already building of an army fortress in Tozaki on the Awaji been established, and this research followed these Island portion of the strait in 1897 until the end of studeies. the Pacific War, photography within a 4 km In this study, "viewpoint" refers to the point radius of the fortified zone or reproduction thereof from which the picture on the postcard was taken, was governed by the Fortified Zone Law (Sato, and "viewpoint area" refers to the geographical 2019). Thus, a few pictures still exist. area consisting of these "viewpoints" clustered Consequently, any postcards showing photographs together. that passed military censors may be considered as the only historical material for knowing the 1. METHODS landscape covering diverse perspectives. Therefore, in this study, we focus on modern (Taisho to A total of 160 postcards (date-marked 1913 to prewar) postcards released before and after the 1939) not duplicated in design and determined to Naruto Strait was designated as a place of scenic represent modern (1868 to 1945) landscape in the beauty. This is done to identify modern viewpoint area surrounding Naruto Strait2) from their areas of the Naruto Strait and the features of the marked year of issue and clearance by the military landscape seen from these viewpoint areas, were selected for this study3). They were selected according to the composition of postcard from scanned and photographed postcards held by photographs and the landscape elements captured The Museum of Nature and Human Activities, therein. In addition, according to these features, Hyogo (126 postcards), Tokushima Prefectural we shall discuss what value was found in the Library (110 postcards), and Tokushima landscape of the Naruto Strait at the time of its Prefectural Archives (50 postcards) 4). designation as a place of scenic beauty. First, the postcards were sorted to decipher the Previous studies on the landscape of the Naruto features of viewpoint areas by the composition of Strait have included identifying changes in landscape recognition from early modern to contemporary paintings (Ohira et al., 2019a) and evaluating present-day whirlpool viewpoint areas and visuals (Ohira et al., 2019b), no study has elucidated viewpoint areas and landscape features, focusing on the times of its designation as a place of scenic beauty when the landscape of the Naruto Strait was found to be valuable. Alternatively, Fig.1 Example of landscape composition and regarding studies deciphering landscapes from visual line 32 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.2 the landscape captured in them and their and the sites (Senjojiki, Ochaen, Neagarimatsu) as viewpoint positions. Postcard viewpoints were “landmarks” and grasped their frequency of identified from the positional relationship of occurrence5). photographed mountain chains, capes, and island Next, a statistical analysis (chi-square test) was silhouettes using on-site surveys (September 6–7, performed to determine the relationship between 2019) and Google Earth Pro aerial photographs the frequency of occurrence of landscape elements, and terrain function, and then drawn on a map. As landmarks and viewpoint areas. A significance shown in Fig. 1, landscape composition was level of 5% or less was regarded as a significant divided into those showing only a foreground view relationship, focusing on the relationship with an (less than 200 m), a foreground to middle ground adjusted residual value of 2.0 or more (IBM SPSS view (between 200 and 600 m), a background view Statistics 22.0). (more than 600 m), and a middle ground to We also clarified the relationship between background view. For measuring the distance from viewpoints and objects worth viewing in the the viewpoints, the distance measurement designated a place of scenic beauty with a function of Google Earth Pro was used. Judging concentrated presence of viewpoints. Directions of from the vertical angle of view of the terrain taken sight from viewpoints were shown for objects, with from the viewpoint, the photographer's visual line a significant relationship (p≤0.001) based on the was divided into horizontal, looking down, and above analysis results. looking up views. Using the composition of Finally, we considered landscape features and landscape and the specific position of the value of the landscape in each viewpoint area by viewpoint in consideration of the altitude, 153 showing examples of postcards with landscape postcards showing consistency in viewpoint areas features obtained from the results of the analysis. were divided into 12 areas [Hadakajima (A), Magozaki (B), Senjojiki (C), Aigahama (D), Ochaen 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (E), Trail of Naruto Park (F), Chidorigahama (G), Center of Strait (H), Port of Fukura (I), Ogehama 2.1 Composition and position of viewpoint areas (J), Neagarimatsu (K), Takasago(L)]. As shown in Table 1, the most frequent postcard Subsequently, to decipher landscape features in composition is that containing foreground to each area, landscape
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