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Geography Guide Grade 11 Grade 11 Via Afrika Geography Teacher’s Guide Teacher’s For me, it’s all about the ‘light bulb moment’. Grade 11 Study Guide P.A.D. Beets, S. Gear, A.W. Hambly, J.A. Jacobs, K. Najjaar, — Mzi Nyathi, Teacher G. Samaai, Z.P.L. Shabalala Via Afrika Geography Via Afrika understands, values and supports your role as a teacher. You have the most important job in education, and we realise that your responsibilities involve far more than just teaching. We have done our utmost to save you time and make your life easier, and we are very proud to be able to help you teach this subject successfully. Here are just some of the things we have done to assist you in this brand-new course: 1. The series was written to be aligned with CAPS. See page 5 to see how CAPS requirements are met. 2. A possible work schedule has been included. See page 5 to see how much time this could save you. 3. Each topic starts with an overview of what is taught, and the resources you need. See page 64 to find out how this will help with your planning. 4. There is advice on pace-setting to assist you in completing all the work for the year on time. Page 25 shows you how this is done. 5. Advice on how to introduce concepts and scaffold learning is given for every topic. See page 66 for an example. 6. All the answers have been given to save you time doing the exercises yourself. See page 146 for an example. 7. Also included is a CD filled with resources to assist you in your teaching and assessment. See the inside front cover. The accompanying Learner’s Book is written in accessible language and contains all the content your learners need to master. The exciting design and layout will keep their interest and make teaching a pleasure for you. We would love to hear your feedback. Why not tell us how it’s going by emailing us at [email protected]? Alternatively, visit our teacher forum at www.viaafrika.com. Language: English ISBN: 978-1-415-42270-0 9 7 8 1 4 1 5 4 2 2 7 0 0 www.viaafrika.com St udy Guide Geography Grade 11 ISBN: 978-1-41546-319-2 Contents Contents General Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Introduction to geographical skills and techniques................................................ 2 Unit 1 Mapwork skills ........................................................................................... 2 Unit 2 Working with 1:50 000 topographic maps .................................................... 7 Unit 3 Aerial photographs and orthophoto maps .................................................. 11 Unit 4 Geographical Information Systems ........................................................... 14 Unit 5 Using atlases ............................................................................................ 17 Unit 6 Fieldwork ................................................................................................. 19 Questions ......................................................................................................... 20 Topic 1 The atmosphere ...................................................................................... 22 Unit 1 The Earth’s energy balance ....................................................................... 22 Unit 2 Global air circulation ................................................................................ 28 Unit 3 Africa’s weather and climate ..................................................................... 40 Unit 4 Droughts and desertification .................................................................... 46 Questions .......................................................................................................... 51 Topic 2 Geomorphology ..................................................................................... 56 Unit 1 Topography associated with horizontally layered rocks .............................. 56 Unit 2 Topography associated with inclined rock strata ....................................... 59 Unit 3 Topography associated with massive igneous rocks .................................. 62 Unit 4 Slopes ..................................................................................................... 65 Unit 5 Mass movements and human responses ................................................... 68 Questions ......................................................................................................... 72 Topic 3 Development geography ......................................................................... 80 Unit 1 The concept of development ..................................................................... 80 Unit 2 Frameworks for development .................................................................... 86 Unit 3 Trade and development ............................................................................ 90 Unit 4 Development issues and challenges ......................................................... 95 Unit 5 Role of development aid ........................................................................... 99 Questions ....................................................................................................... 102 © Via Afrika Publishers » Geography 11 Study Guide eBook Contents Topic4 Resources and sustainability ................................................................. 109 Unit 1 Using resources ..................................................................................... 109 Unit 2 Soils and soil erosion .............................................................................. 112 Unit 3 Conventional energy sources and their impact on the environment ............ 117 Unit 4 Non-conventional energy sources ............................................................ 121 Unit 5 Energy management in South Africa ......................................................... 125 Questions ....................................................................................................... 128 Exam Papers ..................................................................................................... 132 Answers .......................................................................................................... 144 © Via Afrika Publishers » Geography 11 Study Guide eBook General Introduction Introduction to our Geography 11 Study Guide eBook Welcome to the Grade 11 Geography Study Guide. The subject of Geography has changed considerably over time and it continues to change because it is one of the most dynamic subjects in the curriculum. The Earth and its atmosphere, the home of humankind, is changing all the time and that is what makes our subject so special. This guide must be used in conjunction with the main textbook, as it is a summary of the main components of the textbook. Geography, like any other subject, does contain facts which must be understood and learnt, but it also emphasises skills. It is necessary for the learner to analyse and use these facts to understand phenomena and to try to solve problems. Our lives depend on the ways in which we treat our environment. Thus, as citizens of the Earth, we must understand the changes that are constantly taking place and our own impact on our surroundings. Geography is all around us at all times. Get into the habit of looking at a city, town, village, landscape and trying to work out the processes that act on it. Why is that shop there, why are there so many people there, why is that hill shaped liked that, how is that river being used? These are the sort of questions that you must get into the habit of asking yourself and trying to answer. Do this regularly and you will be a much better Geographer. Once you have studied the detail in the main textbook, use this guide as a summary. Concentrate on the key concepts and build your knowledge around them. Do this regularly and you will develop into a genuine geographer ready to take your place as a keeper of our vital environment. © Via Afrika Publishers » Geography 11 Study Guide eBook 111 Introduction to geographical skills and techniques Introduction to geographical skills and techniques Introduction The aim of this topic is to explain the good skills and techniques you need to become geographically literate and to develop a sense of the spaces and area around you. Maps are the language of geography. To become a good map user you must be familiar with the necessary skills and techniques. You also need to be able to apply them in everyday situations. Unit 1 Mapwork skills 1 Locating exact position (revision) You can find any place on Earth by finding the point at which its line of latitude and line of longitude intersect. All of South Africa is south of the equator and east of the Prime Meridian through Greenwich in England. FIIGUREGURE 1 The relationship between degrees, minutes and seconds Each degree (ºººº) can be subdivided into 60 minutes ('''') and each minute divided into 60 seconds (""""). This subdivision enables us to determine the position of any place or object very accurately. The geographic coordinates must be described in full as degrees, minutes, and seconds South and East. © Via Afrika Publishers » Geography 11 Study Guide eBook 222 Introduction to geographical skills and techniques FIIGUREGURE 2 How to write a co-ordinate correctly 2 Locating relative position (revision) 2.1 What is direction? When we refer to direction we use the points of a compass card to describe the general direction from one feature to another (see Figure 3). FIIGUREGURE 3 Converting
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