An-148-100 Is the Only Aircraft Which Was Jointly Developed And

№ 1. 2011

CONTENTS Bangalor's Sky Aircraft 04 Chengdu J-20. China’s ram for “cheese boxes on rafts” Waiting Summing-up 12 Russia’s aviation industry in 2010: from Sukhoi PAK FA to Tupolev TU-204SM Review of the Most Important Events of the Last Year

Engines 20 The Motor Sich: Development, Production and Services

Avionics 24 “Radionix” (Microwave Systems Design Company) — crisis solutions to upgrade fighters’ avionics

Navigation 28 Compas: priorities of space navigation

View of analyst 32 India and Russia: new joint military projects 44 Russian arms trade

1 Director General Evgeny Osipov Deputy Director General Alexander Kiryanov Commercial Director Denis Kostin Marketing Director Editorial Leonid Belyaev Marketing Manager Elena Bebneva Creative Director Alexander Strelyaev Yet another exhibition of world aviation industry achievements — Aero India 2011 — has Editor-in-Chief of A4 Press Publishing opened its doors. The show gathered a large number of professionals from many countries, Viktor Murakhovskiy two of which are India and Russia. These two powers have much in common in the aviation Editor-in-Chief of AirFleet sector, and India has been Russia’s strategic partner for many decades. Since the early Alexander Gudko 1960s India has been purchasing Soviet and Russian aviation equipment. Today, this Editors partnership has stepped to a new level. Not only does India purchase aircraft but the two Mikhail Nayden Art Director countries work on joint development projects, the most important one is the PAK FA T-50. Al'vina Kirillova India keeps stressing the critical importance of the project in the light of the recent flight Designers tests of China’s Chengdu J-20 fighter. The T-50 is developing successfully; the second Alexander Shipilov prototype is currently passing tests. Nadezhda Fadina Elena Shishova Apart from this, in 2010 a joint venture was established to develop the multipurpose REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE IN SAINT-PETERSBURG transport plane (MTA). The project also holds the status of joint programme which is Deputy Director General of great concern for both Russia and India. Oleg Perevoschikov The third important fact is that Russia is taking part in tender for selling 126 fighters for Commercial Director the Indian Air Force with its MiG-35. These aircraft have successfully completed flight Sergey Baydak tests in both countries, and Russia has every chance to win the tender partly because Advertising Sales Director MiG-35 has been unified with the MiG-29K fighter, which is currently entering service Milana Nikolaeva with the Indian Navy. Apart from the mentioned competition Russia is also participating Development Director Roman Moshnin in tender for supplying the light scout helicopters for the Indian Armed Forces with its Marketing Director K-226s. Russia also hopes the final choice will be in favour of these machines. Trying to Grigoriy Zubok describe the scope of Russian-Indian partnership it’s noteworthy that India’s advanced jet Photos and graphics in this issue: trainer is equipped with Russian AL-55 engines. Some other interesting facts come to my M. Lystseva, A. Cheredayko, Rajesh Dangi, mind as well... M. Badrocke, N. Solovjev, “Motor Sich” JSC, “Radioniks” Ltd., Compas MDB, blogspot.com, A lot can be said about Russian-Indian joint projects and military and technical photobucket.com, defenceindustrydaily.com, sflorg. cooperation but let’s sum it up to one phrase: “There is no other country like India for Russia com, airwar.ru, free-review.net, radikal.ru to lead such a great number of joint projects and sign contracts to supply various aircraft Partners: equipment. Today, India is Russia’s major strategic partner in the aviation industry”. While Literra Translation Agency Office 202, Gapsalskaya St., 1, St. Petersburg, reading feature of this issue you’ll face some facts proving the statement and will find a lot tel.: +7 (812) 680-17-03; e-mail: [email protected] of interesting and useful information. Circulation: 10 000 I wish you successful and fruitful work at the Aero India 2011, as well as fresh impressions The magazine is registered in the Committee for Press of the Russian Federation. Certificate № 016692 as of 20.10.1997. and prospective business contacts. Certificate № 77-15450 as of 19.05.2003. © AIR FLEET, 2011 Yours faithfully, ADDRESS Alexander Gudko P.O. Box 77, Moscow, 125057, Russia Tel.: + 7 495 626-52-11 Fax.: + 7 499 151-61-50 E-mail: [email protected] 2 8-10 March, 2011 AsiaWorld-Expo, Hong Kong www.AsianAerospace.com

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CHENGDU J-20. CHINA’S RAM FOR “CHEESE BOXES ON RAFTS”

On 11 January 2011 the new Chinese combat jet flew for the first time (in public, at least). The new airplane is referred to as the Chengdu J-20. Chengdu is the name of the city which houses a few aviation industry enterprises, including aircraft manufacturing plants producing jetfighters and design houses developing them. Great many outsiders watched the J-20 fly, as they happened “by chance” to be around the fence of Chengdu factory’s aerodrome on that day. The flight itself was uneventful. It took place in the conditions of clear skies allowing photographers to make some good shots.

Before touching off the ground, the pi- to weapons testing, but these are yet to be jet shall be solving after entering squad- lot made several passes over the runway constructed and outfitted. ron service. so as to expose his airplane to the cameras The J-20 first public flight occurred just The J-20 represents a relatively large of “aviation admirers” all round the place. in time when US defense secretary Rob- tactical jet with the canards (foreplanes) Those took photos of the aircraft from dif- ert Gates was in Beijing on an official vis- and large delta wing. The fuselage length ferent angles and depicted everything they it. Once there, he was trying to calm down is somewhere between 23 and 25 me- wanted except for doors of internal weap- the Chinese leaders who were much wor- ters, wingspan between 13 and 14 me- ons bays. ried about pending deliveries of modern ters. By our estimation the maximum take- These doors were either thoroughly hid- US-made weapons to Taiwan. Beijing con- off weight shall be in the region of 40 tons, den or removed from the shots by the picture siders this island an essential part of China. and operating empty weight twice less takers on the insistence of very competitive A lot of pictures appeared on the In- than that. advisers. But it is even more likely that these ternet on the memorable day of 11 Jan- Many aviation experts believe that doors were not actually fitted to the J-20 uary. These shots gave more information the J-20 relies on a pair of Russian engines first operable prototype. They are not need- on the new airplane. In particular, they re- or their Chinese copies. In other words, ed on the very first operable aircraft dedi- veal the shape of the wing and its position- the J-20’s engines are picked out among cated to assessment of flight performance, ing in relation to fuselage. This makes it members of the big family uniting the Item flight envelope, various engine settings, possible to make some preliminary conclu- 117, AL-31F, WS-14 and WS-10 Taihang. functioning of the essential onboard systems, sions about the aerodynamics layout and Two engines together develop in between proving flight control algorithms. As a rule, technical characteristics of the J-20, and 30 and 40 tons of thrust. If that is so, then third or even later prototypes are devoted make guesses as to the main task the new the capability of the propulsion system 4 Aircraft

is enough for supercruise, or supersonic ing good sources in the US and Europe- position for the airplane’s center of gravity. cruise flight at military power (highest pow- an intelligence bodies, defense ministries Here comes the first surprise: the like- er setting without afterburning). We may and the industry. It seems that not only jour- ly center of gravity position rests… too far also expect that the J-20 with restricted fu- nalists, but the professionals were in some from the mean aerodynamics chord (MAC) el and combat load (for instance, when fly- state of shock after seeing the new Chi- of the wing. As a first iteration for aircraft ing air-to-air mission) can fly vertical with- nese bird. designers, the center of gravity must be out losing speed at subsonic regimes and First of all, let’s determine J-20’s center somewhere 25–35% of the wing’s MAC, — low altitudes. of gravity position. There are some pho- like so is prescribed in the classic aircraft When in-flight photos appeared, tos available of the J-20 taxiing, in which design books. the J-20 became the hottest topic for dis- we can clearly see its long fuselage, wing- But the Chinese airplane appears to cussion among aviation enthusiasts round to-fuselage connection and landing gears. have the center of gravity position some- the world. But as it appeared, the enthu- The J-20 undercarriage is fighter’s clas- where at MAC’s edge. It is fairly strange siasts, and even world-famous western sics: three-point with a nose gear. And so it for a maneuverable fighter, since bal- journalists, had difficulty in classification makes it easy to determine center of grav- ancing of the aerodynamic forces and of the new Chinese warplane. Is it a su- ity position. To do that we take the main the gravity will require relatively high de- periority fighter? Is it a supersonic bomb- landing gear strut, and attach a line to flection of the control surfaces — canards er? Or, perhaps, it is a multirole, multimode it starting on the wheel’s ground contact in the J-20’s case. Should this airplane try airplane? Even columnist and experts with point. The line goes up with at an angle of, to execute high-G maneuvers at subsonic world’s leading aviation magazines hes- say, 15 degrees, leaning towards the nose speeds, the deflection of the canards could itated to give their clear answer to these of the airplane. The point where it cross- be a limitation. All this is rather strange questions, — that in the view of them hav- es the fuselage center line is the most likely for a maneuverable fighter… But not for the J-20, which does not appear to be one of those! The J-20 relies on a pair of Russian engines or Let’s take a look at other available photos, in which the J-20 goes in for the land- their Chinese copies coming from the big family ing with landing gear down. Apparent- ly, the canards are set at a rather high pos- uniting the Item 117, AL-31F, WS-14 and WS-10 itive angle (leading edge upwards), while the wing has its leading edge deflected Taihang downwards. The trailing edge surfaces are also deflected down, at rather a small angle. Obviously, at the approach for landing configuration, the wing’s center line is highly curved by means of the leading and training edges down, which increases lift (achieved through altering the camber of the wing). But not so much as in the case of classical flaps. All this is, again, fighter classics for the delta winged aircraft with foreplanes. And here lies their limitation: the pilot cannot move the trailing edge further down, since the resulting lift force that builds up on the training edge will be hard to bal- ance with the canards, in the view of their limited deflection scope (in the view of them stalling). It is well known from the aviation history how to enable delta-winged airplanes to generate more of the lift force at landing. For that purpose the canards are placed as close to the fuselage’s nose as possible, to have a larger distance to AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 5 Aircraft

F-35C Lightning II numbers exceeding 1.0. This lead to a con- clusion what the Chinese must have been purposely shaping the J-20 for supersonic flying. Why the Chinese shaped the J-20 in the way it is? Perhaps, they are unfa- miliar with the classic solutions for a delta-winged, canard-equipped fighter? No, this is not the case knowing that Chengdu’s previous design was the J-10 light weight fighter, now in service with PLAAF. On its first public flight, the J-20 was escorted by a J-10B twin seater, the operational trainer version of the baseline J-10 single seat fighter. This airplane was the star of the Air- show China 2008 and 2010, when it flew superbly with the PLAAF display team pilots at the controls. The J-10 is a very maneuverable airplane, and this is the testimony of the Chinese designers’ skills in development of maneuverable fighter aircraft.

the center of gravity. For instance, the Tu- Importance of proper shaping of supersonic fighters can be illustrated by polev Tu-144 supersonic jet liner had foreplanes that were retracted into fuselage the case with the Sukhoi Su-27S, where suffix “S” points at the optimized all the time except landing. But Cheng- version with reduced transonic drag. The optimization effort was made du designers did not do this. Rather, they by Sukhoi designers in cooperation with TsAGI, as they tried to improve positioned the canards fairly close to transonic performance of then-new fighter. Three TsAGI’s big wind the center of gravity position, and thus tunnels, the T-112, T-108 and T-109 were used in the process. As a result sacrificed their effectiveness at landing for of very accurate optimization of the fighter’s cross section distribution some other purposes. What purposes? Firstly, for non-retract- diagram, the Su-27’s “wave drag” was reduced by 25% — not before able foreplanes it is important to have the designers had virtually redeveloped the airplane (the initial aircraft them within the supersonic cone as it sets was referred to the Su-27, improved the Su-27S). on the top of the airplane’s nose at Mach

What is the J-20? Is it Chengdu J-10B twin seat a superiority fighter? operational trainer Is it a supersonic bomber? Or, perhaps, it is a multirole, multimode airplane? Few columnists and experts dared to give their explicit answer 6 Aircraft

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 7 Aircraft

The J-10 is a classic design with “prop- F-22 Raptor er” positioning of the center of gravity, like in the books. This is clear to tell looking at the main landing gear struts attached to the fuselage somewhere near 15–30% of the wing’s MAC. So, let us ask ourselves the same question again, why the Chinese designers shaped the J-20 in the way it is? Here are some suggestions. First, to achieve smooth airflow with de- sirable parameters at the entry to the engine’s fan, the J-20’s designers have to make the air intakes rather long. This was an important consideration at design stage. Second, they also needed to make the air channel S-shaped, so as to hide Martin F-35 Lightning II. This gives move the J-20’s fuselage centerline. We need to the fan blades from the radio waves emit- ground to assert that the J-20 is optimized take account of the thickness of the wing, ted by enemy radars. The latter is need- for supersonic regimes and supercruise, canards and tailplanes. The diagram is ed for a lower visibility of the airplane. It much like the F-35. very smooth, — exceptionally smooth! It is worth to notice that the J-20’s air intakes Third, let us make distribution diagram comes without a peak, running smooth- resemble those first tried on the Lockheed for the airplane’s cross section along ly at approximately the same height from

F-22 Raptor — Cutaway Mike Badrocke, AIR International

8 Aircraft

the tops of the air intakes all the way to the engine nozzles. This seems to be the main thing for the Chengdu designers. Apparently, they wanted to make the airplane’s equivalent body of rotation as narrow as possible. And they needed to make provision for internal carriage of weapons, which is a characteristic feature for fifth generation fighters. In actual fact, the J-20 has much smoother cross section distribution diagram than the F-22A Raptor, the F-35 Lightning II and the Sukhoi T-50 (PAK FA or FGFA). Apparently, it required quite an effort from Chengdu designers and so made them go for compromises on other things. Should the designers from Chendgu have made it “classic”, they would not have moved the wing all the way towards the engine nozzles. But they did because it AL-31FN was the only effective way to make the airplane as narrow as possible, with the need for big air intakes, air-supply channels and internal weapons bays. Again, this is the main thing about the J-20 design, and it sets it apart from all other known next-generation fighters. Other designs have “peaks” in some 60–70% down the way from the fuselage nose tip to the engine nozzles. A smooth cross section distribution diagram is important for transonic drag. Su- personic aircraft are being designed in accordance with so-called “area rul- ing”. For high Mach numbers (M>2) the distribution diagram is not so important as for transonic regimes, M=1…1.5. It seems the Chinese designers optimized their new jet for transonic regimes and moderate supersonic speeds. Our impression from the J-20 is that it is an uncompromised airplane for super- cruse, for flying at moderate supersonic speeds corresponding to Mach M=1.3– 1.6. Such speeds can be achieved without afterburning. Surely, the J-20 can ac- celerate to M=2 and faster, but this would require engaging afterburners. In turn, the fuel burn will go high, lowering operational range of the aircraft and enlarg- ing its heat signature. In our view the Chinese designers op-

timized their new jet for M=1.3–1.6. www.hitechweb.genezis.eu Furda, Matej AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 9 Aircraft

Sukhoi T-50 J-20 seems to be intended for anti- shipping: firing missiles at enemy warships while evading interceptors by means of higher speeds

structed fifty monitors modeled on their namesake and made them the back- bone of their navy. For their rather strange looks, these ships were called “cheese boxes on rafts”. Since the memorable Bat- tle of Hampton, the North Americans never lose at sea, and now their cheese boxes sale when and where they want. China prepares a ram for them.

Vladimir Karnozov

Here comes the clue: the J-20 is a missile launching platform able to evade enemy interceptors by high cruise speed. The J-20 may prove a good interceptor, — very possibly. But its main task seems to be anti-shipping: firing missiles at enemy warships while denying their air defense cover. It may well be that one day the new Chinese jets would be used in anger. And it would probably be PLAAF sending their pilots to attack warships off the coast of a freedom-loving island not far from the mainland China. The history of the powerful US Na- vy can be traced back to the famous duel of the USS Monitor and VSS Vir- ginia (Merrimack) on 9 March 1862, the first-ever battle of ironclads. Although the Confederacy gunners scored hun- dreds of direct hits, shells bounced off her armor: the Monitor seemed to have impunity to enemy fire. The USS Moni- tor, a 987-ton armored turret gunboat, was built at New York, with a large single cannon turret on a low freeboard. Af- ter the battle, the North Americans con- 10 Aircraft

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 11 Summing-up

RUSSIA’S AVIATION INDUSTRY IN 2010: FROM SUKHOI PAK FA TO TUPOLEV TU-204SM Review of the Most Important Events of the Last Year

The year of 2010 turned to be a momentous year for the Russian aviation industry. It was marked by the first test flights of the Sukhoi fifth generation fighter and new Tupolev civil airliner at the beginning and at the turn of the last year, respectively. Such events as certification of SaM-146 engine, which is intended for Sukhoi Superjet-100, and integration of the Russian and Ukrainian aircraft manufacturers are no less important.

First Fifth Generation Fighter will replace the operational fighters of pre- ers of previous generations the PAK FA On 29 January 2010, Sukhoi conduct- vious generations resulting in achievement combines the features of both strike air- ed the first flight of its prototype of the PAK of the strategic parity between the Russia’s craft and fighter. The fifth generation air- FA fifth generation fighter from KnAAPO’s and US Air Forces in terms of fighter avia- craft is equipped with brand new avionics, (Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Produc- tion technologies. which integrates an “electronic pilot” function Association) site. The Sukhoi PAK FA As reported in the official press release tion, as well as with phased-array anten- (or Promising Aircraft of Frontline Aviation) by the Sukhoi Company, unlike the fight- na radar. As such, it significantly decreas- 12 Summing-up

of the new aircraft amounts to 0.5 square sible to use AL-41 engine developed for metres while the same characteris- the MiG 1.42 new generation fighter since tics of the Su-30MKI fighter equals to it has different dimensions which are not 20 square metres. Some Russian media acceptable for the Sukhoi PAK FA. How- sources reported that this effective reflect- ever the technologies applied in the AL-41 ing area of 0.5 square metres in the for- engine may be certainly used for the de- ward hemisphere was related to airframe. velopment of a new engine, which has not After application of anti-radar coating and acquire any name so far. replacement of the cockpit canopy with The Sukhoi PAK FA will be equipped with the one with radio wave absorbing coat- active phased array radar developed by ing, the effective reflecting area value may V. Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute decrease up to 0.01–0.03 square metres. of Instrument Design in Zhukovsky. The ac- All weapons intended for the new fifth tive phased array radar is expected to be- generation fighter are kept inside the fuse- come the core of the multifunctional inte- lage bay. This crucial feature increases its grated avionic system. In addition to the ra- stealth capability and ensures a superson- dar the multifunctional integrated avionic ic cruise speed at unboosted engine oper- system includes electronic warfare sys- ation. The view of the Sukhoi PAK FA from tem, identification friend-or-foe (IFF) sys- below clearly shows the half-doors of two tem, and suspended millimetre-wave radio weapon bays arranged longitudinally one detector. after another. Their size makes it possi- The second PAK FA fifth generation pro- ble to room the advanced missiles devel- totype (T-50) will join the flight test pro- oped by Tactical Missile Weapon Corpo- gramme at the beginning of this year. This ration in accordance with the Comprehen- was declared by the president of the Unit- sive Target Programme on Development ed Aircraft Corporation Alexey Fyodorov of New Air Weapons, which is being im- in December 2010. According to Alexey plemented along with the PAK FA develop- Fyodorov, this new aircraft is not an equiv- ment programme. Some media sources re- alent of the developed prototype, but port that the PAK FA developers managed “rather a supplement to the performance to solve the problem regarding opening of the first fighter’s prototype”. the half-doors and launching missiles in su- In July 2010, the first deputy defence personic mode. minister of the Russian Federation Vladi- The first fifth-generation fighter proto- mir Popovkin said that the new Russian fifth type is equipped with engines, designated generation fighter would be purchased to- as “product 117", developed by Saturn Re- gether with the weapons and ground sup- es pilot load and allows concentrating The second PAK FA fifth generation prototype on fulfilment of tactical missions. New aircraft onboard equipment allows real-time (T-50) will join the flight test programme at the data exchange with ground control systems as well as within the air group. Appli- beginning of this year cation of composite materials and innovative technologies, aerodynamic configuration, and actions based on engine noise search and Production Association in Ry- port equipment. He did not mention the ex- reduction provide unprecedentedly low binsk. In fact, this engine is a deep mod- act amount of funds to be allocated by level of radar, optical and infrared visibility. ernization of the well-known AL-31FP with the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Fed- This significantly enhances the combat ef- improved specific and long-term perfor- eration for acquisition of the T-50, but he fectiveness against air and ground targets mance characteristics. Many experts agree noted that the Air Force needed at least at any time of the day in both visual and that the Sukhoi aircraft will require a new 50–100 aircrafts of this type. adverse weather conditions. engine in order to achieve the same flight During the next two years Sukhoi is plan- According to the Russian analyti- and technical characteristics as the Ameri- ning to complete testing of the PAK-FA air- cal reports, the effective reflecting area can F-22A. In this respect, it is hardly pos- frame and in 2013 the Ministry of Defence AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 13 Summing-up

Tu-204SM Photo by Nikolai Solovjov of the Russian Federation will conclude This modernization resulted in de- rotor blades made of ZHS-36MONO al- a contract with Sukhoi Company for deliv- velopment of the Tu-204SM airlin- loy, and new automatic control system. ery of ten aircrafts for testing their weap- er. The PS-90A2 engine was selected as The developers applied sound-absorbing ons. The first stage of trials is to be com- the power plant. PS-90A2 is a unified, tur- structures of the second generation, new pleted by the end of 2013. According to bofan, two-shaft engine with core and digital electronic engine controller, and the preliminary data, the Ministry of De- secondary flows provided with a reverser implemented the advanced design and fence of the Russian Federation will pur- in the secondary flow and sound-attenuat- technological solutions that ensure break chase a number of the Sukhoi PAK-FA fight- ing system. localization of the damaged rotor blades. ers in 2016. The engine was designed by Aviadviga- The document emphasized that certifica- tel JSC (located in the city of Perm) in coop- tion of the PS-90A2 engine went hand Tu-204SM: Deep Modernization eration with the US Pratt & Whitney Com- in hand with its commercial production by Eleven months later, on 29 December pany. The PS-90A2 engine was certified Perm Motor Plant. 2010, Aviastar SP (Ulyanovsk) witnessed on 25 December 2009 (the related deci- In addition, the Tu-204SM will be pro- the first flight of the Tu-204SM prototype. sion was made at the meeting of the Pre- vided with a new auxiliary power unit This new aircraft is a deeply modernized sidium of the Aviation Register of Interstate (APU) TA-18-200 with a 90 kW genera- version of the Tu-204-100 developed by Aviation Committee in Moscow). tor instead of TA-12-60. Apart from that Tupolev Design Bureau in the Soviet times. As reported in Aviadvigatel official it has efficient fuel consumption, great- According to the developers, the Tu-204 press release, PS-90A2 was developed to er altitude performance, and lower life cy- has competitive performance, and there- meet all international requirements, name- cle costs. Initially, the TA-18-200 auxilia- fore it can be compared with major foreign ly AP-33 (airworthiness) and AP-34 (envi- ry power unit with a 60 kW generator was competitors (the Tu-204 is considered to ronmental protection). In addition, this new designed for the AN-124 and AN-70 air- be an equivalent to the Boeing 757 manu- engine developed by Perm Design Bureau crafts. In August 2010, the deputy director factured from 1982 till 2005). The cost-ef- will significantly reduce the life-cycle cost general and chief designer of Aerosila Re- fectiveness analysis of medium-range jet (by 35–37%) and increase the reliabili- search and Production Enterprise Leonid airlines, conducted by Tupolev, justified ty of the product compared to the base- Plakhov said that flight testing of the new the feasibility of modernizing the Tu-204 to line PS-90A engine. Unlike the basic ver- APU should be completed in the second or increase its competitiveness in the respec- sion, the PS-90A2 engine is equipped with third quarter of 2011. Another important tive market. high-pressure turbine with single-crystal advantage of the modernized Tu-204SM 14 Summing-up

МS-21

is crew reduction. The crew number will be one developed by Aviapribor Company. time, the plane continues to hold the same reduced from three to two people, name- It will allow landing as per IIIA category. position which lies between the Boeing ly the aircraft commander and co-pilot ex- In addition, the Tu-204SM is to be provid- 737/Airbus A320 families and twin-isle cluding flight engineer. The flight-naviga- ed with new communication system, and Boeing 767/Airbus A330. tion system will be replaced with a new digital air conditioning system. At the same The completion of certification and first deliveries of the new airliner are scheduled for the end of this year. Red Wings Airlines will be the first customer to purchase 44 aircrafts of Tu- 204SM type from Russia’s largest aircraft lessor, Ilyushin Finance (IFC). The contract concluded between IFC and Red Wings is estimated at 1.5 billion dollars. The aircraft assembly will continue till 2015–2020. After 2015, the Tu-204SM production capacities will be refocused on the production of promising Irkut MS-21 jet airliner. According to the developers, the MS-21 will be by 30% cheaper than its counterparts, by 20–25% more efficient in terms of fuel consumption and by 15–20% cheaper in terms of usage and maintenance. Apart from that it will have 1020 more seats in the passenger com- partment and the fuselage will be by 10– The president of Irkut Corporation Oleg Demchenko: “The MS-21 will become 20 cm larger in diameter. Irkut Corpora- the world leader in terms of application of composite materials among the nar- tion president Oleg Demchenko said, “The row-body long-range aircrafts” MS-21 will become the world leader AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 15 Summing-up

Yak-130

in terms of application of composite mate- the Air Force would start batch supplies ing-off, landing, piloting, navigating, per- rials among the narrow-body long-range of the Yakovlev Yak-130 jet trainers. At forming sophisticated manoeuvres, acquir- aircrafts”. the same time they will be supplied to Al- ing the special skills to operate an aircraft The timeline for MS-21 development pro- geria. The Yak-130 jet trainer is intended at the limiting flight operation modes or gramme was specified last year. The first for training of cadets at the flying school, in case of various failures of the system or operating model of the Russian-made training of pilots at the combat training pilot’s errors, performing close combat for- PD-14 engine, which is intended for this centres for specific type of combat air- mation flight operations during the daytime particular jet along with the American craft in order to extend the operational ser- and in clear weather conditions, learn- R1000G, will appear in 2012. The engine vice life of combat aircraft. Apart from that, ing weapon systems and its fundamentals will be certified two years later accord- the trainees are taught such skills as tak- when being used to engage ground and ing to Aviadvigatel chief designer Alexan- der Inozemtsev. According to the president of Aerokompozit JSC (subsidiary company of the United Aircraft Corporation) Anato- ly Gaydansky, the first wing for MS-21 will be ready by 2013. The jet itself will perform its first flight in 2014 and will be intro- duced into the market in 2016. As far as today goes, some foreign customers show an interest in procurement of the Irkut MS-21 jet airliner. For instance, Malaysia's Crecom Burj Bhd (investment holding) signed an agreement with Rus- sian Irkut Corporation for the procurement of 50 MS-21. Yak-130: Batch Supplies At the end of 2010, the deputy chief of Russia’s Air Force, lieutenant general SSJ-100 & SaM-146 Igor Sadofyev officially announced that 16 Summing-up

air targets, and training offensive and de- device. The SaM146 engines are installed all information regarding the market play- fensive manoeuvres. By the way, the air- on the Sukhoi Superjet-100 produced by ers is tracked. craft’s manoeuvring performance simulates Sukhoi Civil Aircrafts (Russia) in cooper- According to the current business the flights of the fourth and fifth generation ation with Alenia Aeronautica (Italy) sup- plan, engine-demonstrator PD-14 based combat aircrafts. The integrated control ported by Boeing (US). on a new gas generator is to be construct- system with the reprogramming function al- “The SaM-146 has all necessary ad- ed in April 2012. lows the pilot to be taught for any aircraft, vantages to approach the world mar- “Our analysis shows that the engine will i.e. Su-30, MiG-29, F-16, F-15, Rafale, Ty- ket in the face of fierce competition when be competitive in the thrust range from 7 to phoon, F-22, and F-35. the customer demands low cost, on-call 20 tons. If it is less than 7 tons, the engine is The new Yak-130 has a takeoff weight mission high reliability, high level of main- considered too large and its performance of 9 tons, fuel capacity of 1.6 tons, and tainability and compliance with the up-to- will not be competitive, and if it is over 20 operating ceiling of 12,000 metres. It at- date environmental requirements,” the de- tons, the gas generator will be overboosted tains a top speed of a thousand miles per velopers note. and it hardly be possible to ensure high en- hour. The aerodynamic design enables The batch supplies of power plant in- gine life,” Mr. Inozemtsev said. the controlled flight at an attack angle tended for the Sukhoi Superjet-100 began The new engine is developed with ap- of up to 35 degrees. in late August last year. plication of the advanced technologies. It can be also used as a light strike fight- The certification testing of PD-14 engine As such, it will be provided with lighter. The Yakovlev Yak-130 is equipped with is still to take place. Meanwhile, Aviadvi- weight fan hollow blades despite the fact six struts and can carry all kinds of modern gatel launched the experimental gas gen- that the conventional blades are not used air weapons. The cockpit and power plant erator for PD-14 on 26 November 2010. in 2-metre engine in diameter due to their are provided with light armour protection. As noted in the press release, its launching heavy weight. Ufa plant will become was successful. the fourth largest centre which applies this Engines: SaM-146 Certification One might say that the advent of a new kind of blades after Rolls-Royce, General and Launching of Gas Generator for unified gas generator has broken new Electric, and Pratt & Whitney. PD-14 ground in Russian civil aircraft- and en- The latest technologies are also used On 13 August 2010, the Interstate gine-building industry. Aviadvigatel di- in production of low-pressure turbine (high- Aviation Committee issued Certificate rector general Alexander Inozemtsev em- tensile alloys based on intermetallic titani- No. 315-AMD for the SaM-146 power phasized that such gas generator had no um compound allow obtaining the lowest plant developed by Saturn Research and equivalents in the world as of today. It is possible weight). Production Association (Russia) and Snec- known that many countries are implement- The engine structures as well as nacelles ma S.A. (France). The SaM-146 is an inte- ing research and development works to should be made of glass and carbon fibre grated power plant which consists of en- design the advanced engines. These works reinforced plastics (the share of composite gine, engine nacelle and reversing thrust are being at different stages today, though materials amounts to about 65%). According to experts, if all parameters and characteristics are achieved, this engine will be competitive in the next 20–25 years. Integration of UAC and Antonov ASTC: Breaking the Ice It is worthy to note another event. It is not associated with the production and marketing of new products, but it is of crucial importance for the whole aviation industry of Russia. On 27 October 2010, Unit- ed Aircraft Corporation JSC (UAC, Russia) Antonov Aeronautical Scientist/Technical Complex (Antonov ASTC, Ukraine) signed an agreement on establishment of joint venture UAC — Civil Aircraft Ltd. Manag- ing Company. This agreement was signed in the presence of Russia’s prime minister SaM-146 Vladimir Putin and Ukraine’s prime minister Mykola Azarov making it a high-status AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 17 Summing-up

Producing of the An-148-100 aircraft in the assembly shop of the Voronezh Aircraft-Building Joint Stock Company

An-148-100 is the only aircraft which was jointly According to Mr. Fyodorov, Antonov ASTC integration into UAC will bring developed and commercially produced by Russia a much-needed technical and technological revolution in the Ukrainian aviation in- and Ukraine for the last 20 years dustry. It should be mentioned that in December 2009 Russia began commercial operation agreement. In addition, the document con- posite wings and other parts where such of the new short-range jet airliner Antonov cerning the rights of participants was ini- advanced materials are used. Therefore, An-148-100, developed by the Antonov tialed by UAC president Alexey Fyodor- the Ukrainian developers are sure to take Aeronautical Scientific/Technical Complex ov and chairman of the Board of Antonov a significant place in this project. and assembled in Russia. This is the on- ASTC Dmitry Kiva. Meanwhile, UAC president Alexey Fy- ly aircraft which was jointly developed Establishment of the joint venture is odorov outlined four tasks to be solved by and commercially produced by Russia and the first step towards integration. “It will take the joint venture: Ukraine for the last 20 years. The devel- one or two years until Antonov ASTC per- 1) Coordination of sales and promotion opment of this aircraft involved more than forms an independent evaluation,” UAC of jointly developed products (the Antonov 200 enterprises, 70% of which are locat- president Alexey Fyodorov comments. After- An-148 family). ed in Russia, 25% in Ukraine, and 5% over- wards, the parties will be offered various in- 2) Unification of conditions on delivery seas. Its final assembly was implemented tegration options and, in particular, the op- of component parts (in terms of price) to by VASO JSC (Voronezh Aircraft-Building portunity to define the amount of shares to aircraft-building factories in Kiev and Vo- Joint Stock Company). The AN-148 was start an integration process. Mr. Fyodorov ronezh. developed on the principle risk-sharing clarified that each of the parties would have 3) Establishment of spare parts depot partnership. The total investment volume the opportunity to abandon the offer and for operators (Alexey Fyodorov added exceeded 400 million dollars. put forward its options for discussion. here that the United Aircraft Corporation In February 2010, the first three The joint venture, therefore, will be could establish these warehouses by direct An-148-100 airliners were handed over aimed at coordination of interaction be- procurements. However, the replacement to Rossiya, the launch customer for the air- tween two aircraft building companies. Af- of parts and assemblies at the aircrafts is craft, which leased them according to fi- ter completion of all the necessary prelim- usually accompanied by a broad range nancial leasing agreement with Ilyushin Fi- inary unification processes, the joint ven- of questions to the developers of aircraft. nance Co. (IFC). VASO is going to produce ture will be liquidated and the Ukrainian Therefore, the participation of the Ukraini- 9 more jets of this type by the end of this party will be able to participate in de- an party in this project is a must). year. In future it will produce 36 aircrafts velopment of the Russian aircraft proj- 4) Preparation for integration and mutu- per year. In general, the demand for this ects, such as MS-21 or Sukhoi Super Jet- al assistance regarding this issue. For ex- aircraft on domestic and foreign markets is NG (130). The UAC sources say that ample, the Russian party could share its ex- estimated at 500 aircrafts. Ukraine has always taken the strongest po- perience in evaluation and corporatization sitions in the field of construction of com- of the state enterprises with Ukraine. Mikhail Nayden 18 Aircraft

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 19 Engines

THEDEVELOPMENT, MOTOR PRODUCTION ANDSICH: SERVICES

The Motor Sich JSC in Zaporozhye — is one of the biggest Enterprises which realizes the full cycle of modern air engines creation from marketing research, development and production to maintenance while operation and repair. During the years of its activity the Enterprise won respect and authority among Customers and successfully cooperates with leading firms of the former Soviet Republics and foreign countries.

Indian Republic with its one of the most to Indian Republic, which were designed intensively developing economy in Ukraine in accordance with technical in the world is for Ukraine а leading part- requirements specified by Ministry of De- ner in the counties of the Asian-Pacific re- fense in India. gion. Ukraine is а foreign trade partner High aircraft performance characteris- of India in CIS and two-sided turnover be- tics and reliability guaranteed by airplanes tween our countries has а steady growth An-32 and their engines AI-20 during ex- trend. ploitation in extreme conditions of moun- А considerable part of turnover make up tainous regions and hot climate promoted aerotechnics deliveries and rendering ser- Ministry of Defense in India taking the devices to ensure its operation. cision about this airplane modernization The corporation between Ukraine and with the purpose of its further exploitation. India started in far 1961 and is successfully developing at present time. In 1984 more than one hundred military- transport airplanes An-32 were supplied D-436-148

Vyacheslav A. Boguslayev Chairman of the Board of Directors, Motor Sich JSC

The Quality and reliability of production, which is produced by Enterprise, confirmed by its successful exploitation in more than 120 world countries. Due to objective estimation the aircraft industry of Ukraine is among the first ten world countries if taking into consideration its research-and-production potential and airplanes produced by Antonov — SE as well as engines produced by Motor Sich JSC and Ivchenko-Progress — SE are its visiting card at all aerospace saloons. 20 Engines

An-148

Corresponding Ukrainian-Indian con- joint corporation: Scientific Production As- The Enterprise pays the great attention tract was signed in 2009. It presupposes sociation A. Ivchenko. Here we mean en- to engine production for helicopters used sequential service life extension from 25 to gines D-436-148, AI-450-MS, AI-450M, with different purposes. Our engines are 40 years as well as new navigation and ra- TV3-117VMA-SBM1V, MS-500V and mounted practically on 95% helicopters dio equipment installation. AI-222-25. “Mi”, “Ka” including those, which are ex- With the purpose of ensuring running ex- Engine D-436-148 is created on the ba- ploiting in India — the largest helicopters tended service life for airplanes in the end sis of the best constructive decisions and in the world Mi-26. of 2009 the procurement contract was designed for passenger airplanes family The smallest helicopter engine produced signed with our Enterprise according to An-148. It is produced by Motor Sich JSC by Motor Sich JSC is AI-450, designed to- which 100 new engines AI-20 will be pur- in cooperation with “Salute” FSUE “MPP” gether with Ivchenko-Progress –SE. chased. (Moscow). In its different modifications it can ensure It should be mentioned that besides sev- Base airplane An-148 can take on its the take-off power form 370 to 600 hp. eral hundred engines AI-20 another more board from 68 to 85 passengers. its com- At present time our Enterprises focused than thousand engines produced by Mo- mercial operation started in June, 2009. their efforts on modification creation AI- tor Sich JSC are successfully exploiting The modification of this plane An-158 has 450M aimed for re-motorization of earlier in aeronautical engineering and rocket the seating capacity from 85 to 99 per- produced helicopters Mi-2 where it will re- technology of Indian armed forces such as sons. its regular operation in airlines should place engine GTD-350. military and transport helicopters “Mi” and be started in 2011. To increase aircraft performance char- “Ka”, anti-submarine patrol airplanes IL-38 Also we are working at creation of busi- acteristics of middle-class helicopters as well as anti-ship system “Uranium”. ness class airplane An-168 with the range while exploiting them in mountainous re- With the help of “Motor Sich JSC” the re- ability up to 7 thousand kilometers and gions and in countries with hot climate Mo- pairing process for engines operating in In- transport modification An-178 with pay- tor Sich JSC created new helicopter engine dia AI-20, TV3-117 and AI-9V was imple- load 13,5…15tons which can replace per- TV3-117VMA-SBM1V with increased re- mented at 3 BRD IAF (Chadigarh) fectly well taken out of exploitation in India source values — resource up to first over- With the purpose of its further presence airplanes An-12. haul — 4000 hours/cycles and specified expansion in the aeronautical engineer- For different modifications An-148 and resource — 12000 hours/cycles. ing market the Enterprise is involved in cre- other passenger and transport airplanes Engine was developed by Motor Sich ation activities and new future-technology with main engine family: D-436 two-shaft JSC designers on the basis of commercial engines production startup as well as com- auxiliary gas turbine engine AI-450-MS turbine engine TV3-117VMA-SBM1 using mercial engine modification. They are cre- was designed at “Motor Sich JSC” Enter- its gas generator and free power turbine. ating by Motor Sich JSC designers and al- prise. It ensures main engine start as well Engine automatic control system so together with traditional partner Ivchen- as compressed air and power supply to TV3-117VMA-SBM1V allows, depend- ko-Progress –SE — the company with plane’s airborne system with running main ing on helicopter’s type, take-off pow- which Motor Sich JSC founded in 2007 engines. er adjustment in the range from 2000 hp AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 21 Engines

Mi-24 testing helicopter reached the altitude of 8100 meters for record 14 minutes. Earlier during previous test the helicopter Mi-24 with engines TV3-117VMA-SBM1V also showed record climbing capacity — it reached the altitude of 5 kilometers only for 9 minutes and this means that climbing capacity was increased in 2.5. Taking into consideration high engine characteristics TV3-117VMA-SBM1V and the fact that Motor Sich JSC is ready for cooperation with HAL and GTRE in the sphere of creation of its modification adapted to exploitation conditions on new multipurpose 10-tonned Indian helicopter which is planned for development and therefore this can become the weighty argument in favour of such Indian-Ukrainian engine. ( supported up to 51°С) to 2500 hp (sup- TV3-117VMA-SBM1V series 1 is develop- Taking into consideration that helicop- ported up to 35°С). ing with new electronic-numeral automat- ter world market conditions are constantly Higher characteristics as for take-off pow- ic control system with full accountability changing our Enterprise is involved in cre- er support depending on outside air temper- (FADEC). The use of such automatic control ation activity: meaning new family engine ature and engine critical altitude, specified system will lead to further engine and heli- MS-500V, power class is 600...1000 hp, during engine creation TV3-117VMA-SBM1, copter performance uprating. designed for mounting on multipurpose he- were confirmed by carrying out а number The airplane Mi-8MTV equipped by en- licopters with takeoff weight 3,5.. .6 tons. of tests in climatic test bench at the Enterprise gines TV3-117VMA-SBM1V on the 19th The leader sample of different modifi- named by P.I. Baranov FSUE TsIAM where of May, 2010 took off from the airdrome cations MS-500V will become the engine engine ensured steady start when reach- of aircraft repair plant in Konotop. While with takeoff power 630 hp., which is de- es the altitude up to 6000 meters and stable operation when reaches the altitude of 9000 meters in the whole range of possible outside air temperatures. Engine TV3-117VMA-SBM1V has ТVЗ-117VМА-SBМ1V the same weight and dimensioning specifications as engines mounted on helicopters “Mi” and “Ka” and this allows its installation on all earlier produced helicopters families: Mi-24, Mi-8MT/Mi-17 while only minimum helicopter and its system modification is needed. Hence engine installation TV3-117VMA-SBM1V gives the possibility to increase essentially the performance of new and earlier produced helicopters as well as to increase payload at minimal costs. Due to their high characteristics helicopters “Mi” and “Ka” with engines TV3-117VMA-SBM1V will be invaluable while exploiting in mountainous regions of India. For application in new helicopter projects engine modification 22 Engines

signing in accordance with performance specification specified by helicopter plant in Kazan for helicopter type “Ansat”. While engine designing MS-500V “Mo- tor Sich JSC” uses the experience received during the creation of auxiliary engine AI-450-MS for airplane An-148 as well as existing advanced and proven constructive technological decisions. While continue eight-year tradition of engine production for trainer airplanes “Mo- tor Sich JSC” in corporation with “Salute” FSUE “MPP” implemented engine commercial production AI-222-25 with maximum thrust force 2500 kgf. For trainer-military Yak-130 airplane Yak-130, the delivery of which to pilot training centers Russian airforce has already started and in the nearest future it will be supplied to Algeria. on Chinese experimental trainer-military anti-ship X-35 and rockets air-to-surface For mounting on next military airplane airplanes L-15. class Х-59M. Today we can propose sev- modifications Yak-130 and on similar su- In the end of October this airplane first eral new more modern engines for such personic airplanes of other countries flew with engines operating in afterburn- type aircraft. on the basis of engine AI-222-25 the mod- ing mode. At present time Motor Sich JSC active- ification with afterburner was designed. For more than 50 years Motor Sich JSC ly and successively is looking for reliable This is the engine AI-222-25F with takeoff has been producing engines for different partners, extends the existing and discov- afterburning thrust 4200 kgf. robot aircraft and cruise missiles including ers new segments of the air engine world At present time engine modifications strategic X-55 and those which are the ar- markets. AI-222-25 and AI-222-25F are mounted mament of the Indian Ministry of Defense We hope that these efforts will be crys- tallized into quite obvious results of cooperation with aircraft industry in Indian Re- public, to which Motor SICH JSC can propose a whole series of modern engines AI-222-25 for realization of Indian programs dealing with new airplanes, helicopters and robot aircraft creation.

Motor Sich JSC 15, Motorostroiteley Avenue, Zaporozhye, 69068, Ukraine Tel.: (+38061) 720-48-14 Fax: (+38061) 720-50-05 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] http//www.motorsich.com AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 23 Avionics

“RADIONIX” (MICROWAVE SYSTEMS DESIGN COMPANY) — CRISIS SOLUTIONS TO UPGRADE FIGHTERS’ AVIONICS Due to the current economic situation caused by the global financial crisis, most countries have significantly adjusted their programmes for the Air Forces development in the direction of increasing the amount of work on upgrading of existing aviation equipment in military service and waiving the purchasing of new models, because of the high costs for their development and production.

UM45210, UM45212

UM45211, UM45213

Director of Radionics Ltd. Stanislav Zavyalov UU52155A(B,G), UU52172A(B), UU52158

– Increasing the target detection range an integrated approach to moderniza- and radar’s ECM immunity; tion of standard equipment and by intro- signed and commercially produced for – Creating the basis for further modern- duction of a number of additional units the foreign customer a range of micro- ization of SUV27, SUV-29 by the ex- and functional constructive modules. wave devices (such as frequency synthe- pansion the types of armament being sizer UU52155A (B, G); low-noise het- used; High technical and operational charac- erodynes UM45211 and UM45213; two- – Increasing the unification degree teristics of the upgraded units and newly channel frequency converters UM45210 of N019 and N001 radars at the unit developed blocks, would lead to a signifi- and UM45212). These products are fully and subsystem level; cant increase in performance characteris- functional analogues of microwave mod- – significant increasing of reliability; tics of the entire radar. ules designed in the USSR, but they are – N001, N019 radars tactical and tech- By now, LLC “Radionix” together with made with the new technology solutions nical characteristics improvement by the state enterprise “Novator” have de- and new components applying and as 24 Avionics

the result the significant technical charac- In contrast to the well-known concept the broadband mode involves radar teristics improvement has been achieved. of the bypass channel, realized by “Rus- working with high resolution to detect Application of microwave modules, de- sian Avionics” company, all the process- small, stationary and low speed targets veloped by LLC “Radionix” can considering of analog signal, including linear am- against the backdrop of ground or sea ably improve the quality characteristics plification and quaternary processing, is surface. of the MiG -29, Su-27 and Su-30MKK performed within a universal receiver N001-22R-multifunctional frequency fighters weapon control systems radars. module which is included in N019-09R synthesizer (BZG) is a complex, multi- One of the most important and diffi- receiving unit. functional product designed to generate cult task is to implement a fundamentally Installing a new 3-channel microwave a full range of HF, microwave signals with new operational modes for radars, such radar receiver N019-09R with the two the desired characteristics in accordance as ground mapping by the lateral search separated channels at the intermediate with the information being sent from mode with the antenna aperture synthe- frequencies of Fpr1=28MHz and the onboard computer. sis algorithm application , multi-position Fpr2=84MHz (narrowband and A new concept of frequency operational modes, modes of long-dis- broadband channels respectively ) synthesis, applied in the development tance detection that can provide a multi- allows to realize two different modes of the multifunctional frequency synthesizer functionality for the fighters under mod- of radar signals processing The mode (BZG), provides a low frequency noise and ernization. of narrowband Doppler filtering is used phase noise characteristics, the possibility In order to implement the ground (sea) to detect targets in a free space while of simple programming adaptation target search radar modes the following units developed by “Radionix” company should be installed: – N019-09R — multi-channel microwave receiver; – N001-22R — multifunctional frequency synthesizer (BZG); – BTSO-R — digital signal processor unit which includes: the module of standard radar modes (MSRR), the module for assessment of air situation (ITI) and the module for radar antenna aperture synthesizing (MTSRSA). Installation of new microwave receivers and applying the optimized algorithms for digital Doppler filtering of BTSO-R unit allows to increase significantly the detection range of aerial targets (up to 30...35% of the existing system range), and also provides wideband signals implementation by generated microwave signals phase modulation to realize the ground targets search modes.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF N001-22R UNIT Frequency range Х band Frequency channels number 52 microwave signals output power, mW 20 synchronization signals power, mW 20 carrier isolation (between the pulses), dB 60 power density of the stray radiation 10–7 mW/sm2 set up time, min 3

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 25 Avionics

the algorithm Thus the installation of a new BTSO-R of the Doppler unit into airborne radar system will make signal processing possible to: with longer period – significantly improve the detection for coherent characteristics; accumulation. It – increase ECM immunity of airborne became possible radar; due to the increase – improve reliability and maintainability in parameters of the system without any significant of long-term changes in the radar maintenance frequency stability schedule. for N001-22R unit Technical solutions that were found and (BZG) implemented by the company specialists MTSRSA module in the process of creating the microwave is designed modules of “coherent chain”, as well to implement as the development of upgraded units the ground targets for the N001 and NO19 radars, have search modes for brought the company to the level the ground (sea) of system developers. Currently, to the national frequency spectrum surface, and implements the algorithms the results obtained during the works requirements, as well as to the radio-link for straight forward and lateral antenna on modernization of airborne radar types to control air-to-air guided weapons. aperture synthesizing and Doppler beam systems for jet fighters are used to design The separate modules and subsystems sharpening. the microwave assembly for weather and of BZG unit have a high degree of unification with the regular devices, which provides an opportunity to repair the old units by using the newly developed modules. BTSO-R unit for digital processing of radar signals equipped with the module of standard radar modes (MSRR) implements the narrowband Doppler filtering optimized algorithms, which allows to significantly improve the selection of signals reflected from moving targets on the backdrop of ground noise in the air-to-air radar modes, detection and close-in action when working with high and medium pulse repetition frequency. The air surveillance module (MDO) is an optional one, which implements

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF N019-09R UNIT frequency band Х band noise figure ,dB 3,5 P-1 input signal level, dBm 35 input VSWR 1,5 bandwidth on fпч2=28 MHz at level –3 dB ,MHz 5 bandwidth on fпч2=84 MHz at level –3 dB,MHz 30

26 Avionics

navigation radar called “Esmeralda”, extends the radar capabilities. First ones with a relatively low speed) may which is currently being developed by of all the growth of PSP productivity be considered as a second application the company. with fast Fourier transform algorithm of the improvements in question. Apart from a standard set of weather application would affect the ability Another direction of the company and navigation modes this radar will have of radar to distinguish the signals from activities is developing a aircraft the modes for detection of wind shear, the target in a wider spectrum in real perspective radio-electronic protection and turbulence, for scanning the ground time. The practical outcome of such system, called “Omut” (Whirlpool), which surface with synthesizing of aperture (SA) feature could be automatic (without is intended to replace the outdated and Doppler beam narrowing (DOL). request) detected target nationality L006LM and L203B(I) systems. In future, this system will provide and type recognition. Information This radio-electronic protection a platform for testing the design solutions signs of recognition in this case will system includes radio-electronic required for creation of multifunctional be the fluctuations of the reflected surveillance system, with programmed airborne radar systems. It is assumed that signal in a broad band (wide range). database of threats and their priority, the expansion of the radar functionality Measuring the spectrum and amplitude and an electronic countermeasures will be achieved through improvements characteristics of fluctuations would allow system, thus provides high probability in software and optimization of algorithms compare the parameters of the reflected of suppression of the enemy target for digital processing of information signal with the available database and, acquisition radar systems. from the weapon control system. thus, it would be possible to identify with “Omut” (Whirlpool) radio-electronic The application of a programmable high probability the type of the target. protection complex provides real time signal processor (PSP) has allowed to The expanding of radar capabilities detection and identification use one (or group) of the processors for in air-to-ground mode, such as higher of enemy radars, evaluates the level various tasks, including communications resolution in mapping mode and of threat and selects the optimal set and navigation, which significantly recognition of moving targets (ground of electronic countermeasures for radars of anti-aircraft missile systems, fighters, as well as of missiles with active and semi- active homing devices. Since the moment of its creation, the company embarked on the creation of competitive complex set of products which are not inferior in their technical characteristics the best world standards. High scientific and technical potential, the availability of material and test facilities and technological capabilities allow the company to implement a full cycle of development, testing and serial production of the most sophisticated products of modern avionics.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF EW COMPLEX Multiple radar suppression capability, radars 20 frequency band Х, Ka output power at P-1, W, not less than 80 operating temperature range, °С –60…+80 weight, kg, not more than 45 number of preprogrammed ECM systems, not less than 200

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 27 Navigation

COMPAS: PRIORITIES OF SPACE NAVIGATION The Compas Moscow Design Bureau (Open Joint Stock Company) is an up-to-date research & production enterprise majoring in development and manufacture of consumer professional equipment for high-precision navigation operated by signals of GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO satellite navigation systems.

dio direction finder called ‘Golden Arrow’, ter would disturb the operation capacity which was helpful in assisting the crew of satellite radio navigation systems’ hard- in adverse weather conditions to find ware within a radius of 32 km. the direction of required maneuver, so as In order to level down the influence to reach the airfield and carry out landing. of natural and artificial interference, we The modern radio direction finder is an au- have created satellite navigation equip- tomatic portable device of relatively low ment which features a higher level of inter- energy consumption, featuring the wide ference immunity. use of digital signal processing techniques Taking into account the imperatives and almost not requiring field maintenance. of our era, the hardware is being worked When developing hardware, the staff out for aviation and guided weapon sys- of Compas MDB relies on the most up-to- tems, and the research and development date technologies, for the company mainly works are going on to enable the accom- specializes in delivering products for avia- plishment of combat tasks in the environ- tion and rocket-and-space facilities. ment polluted by enemy radio electron- In the 1970s the digital signal processing ic countermeasures. To jam the new equip- techniques were largely used in the compa- ment, an enemy would need jamming ny’s innovative developments. Those tech- stations of such a high capacity that will niques helped reduce the hardware weight, make them easily discoverable and vulner- size and power consumption and create: able for destruction by appropriate means. Mikhail Pestrakov, – For the Air Force — A-723 radio navi- The enhancement of digital components Commercial Director, gation receiver-indicator which operat- of navigation hardware allows minimiz- Director of special projects ed with Alpha and Omega ground ra- ing the share of analogous devices. When and at large, Compas MDB dio navigation phase systems of glob- the hardware is mounted to different veal coverage, as well as with pulse phase hicles, their capabilities have to be mod- systems, including Chaika and Loran-S; ified in conformity with specific tasks and The company has a rich history start- – For the Navy — Mars-75 multi-frequen- parameters of a vehicle. In terms of anal- ing from 1918, when the Soviet govern- cy phase radio navigation system des- ogous equipment, it would mean serious ment issued a decree on establishing ignated for supporting ship naviga- problems of adaptation, to the extent of re- a plant for manufacturing telegraph devic- tion, executing hydrographic and op- starting the development cycle. For the dig- es. The Compas MDB created a first ev- erational works, as well as servicing ital equipment, in most cases it is enough to er powerful (for that time) transmit-receive flights of aircraft at speeds not exceed- update the software, and so to obtain new airborne radio station of up-to 5,000 km ing 1,000 km/h. qualities of a product. operational range, which provided for The GLONASS, GPS and GALILEO In order to enable the efficient execu- the Moscow — North Pole -Vancouver global satellite navigation systems are tion of all the above mentioned proce- record flight by Valery Chkalov’s crew subject to active radio interference, due dures before mounting a product in vehi- aboard ANT-25 on July 18 to 20, 1937. to the low strength of signals emitted by cles, the satellite navigation system simula- In 1948, the Compas Design Bureau space vehicles. On the horizon of earth tor, modeling GLONASS/GPS/GALILEO, was detached to become an independent surface, they are 40 decibels weaker than has been developed. The development structure dealing with the development natural radio noises. The signals of such of the satellite navigation system simulator of navigation and communication equip- a low level are effectively suppressed by turned to be a complex task, with the use ment. As an item of radio navigation equip- radio electronic warfare facilities, where of most modern techniques of digital sig- ment products, the Bureau developed a ra- a 1-watt strong noise interference transmit- nal processing. The functions fulfilled by 28 Navigation

GNSS IM-2 signal simulator receiver-indicators contain errors. One of them is related to the inaccuracy of data about the space vehicle movement parameters (ephemeral information). Since the distance is measured from the vehicle to space vehicles, and such distances are used for calculating the vehicle’s position, the precision of the whole system depends on the accuracy of definition of space vehicle position. The second error is related to the fact that the signal emitted by the space vehicle goes through the ionosphere, troposphere, where it is refracted and twisted, and, therefore, the measured distance to the space vehicle proves to be inaccurate. To get rid of these errors, espe- the simulator in the industrial and research tional functions and enhance the product cially when high precision in position find- field are very broad. Those are, for ex- capabilities in precision of position finding. ing is required, for example, in the guided ample, definition of technical solutions For instance, the A-737I product brings weapons operational employment, the dif- at the stage of consumer navigation equip- together the capabilities of satellite nav- ferential error-corrections are used. These ment (CNE) development, adjustment and igation and navigation based on terres- corrections are formed by the terrestri- settings, the assessment of work quality trial pulse and phase radio systems. Such al segment of the system, enabling to in- during the production process at the man- a technological solution is due to the fact crease the precision to single meters, which ufacturing plant, issues of incoming inspec- that the interference resistance of receiv- is essential for destroying pin-point targets. tion and periodical checks during the CNE er-indicators of satellite navigation sys- In the same time we were given a task life cycle, training technical staff in oper- tems is not very high, and as for the signals of creating equipment for the guided high- ating it, conducting a complex of scientif- of pulse-phase systems, it is much more dif- precision weapons. This task primarily had ic and laboratorial researches, as well as ficult to jam them. In combat environment to be solved for the correction enabled in-line simulation with the goal of defin- the use of two-system equipment would aviation weapons. We created the satel- ing a place for mounting the CNE in the ve- largely enhance the capabilities of com- lite navigation hardware specially for that hicle, including highly dynamic systems, bat operations when enemy uses electronic purpose. During the testing of the product working out scenarios of CNE-mounting countermeasures. using the differential mode, we succeed- vehicle movement in the prescribed trajec- The next modification is A-737D, which ed in achieving the circular probable er- tories with the consideration of complex supports differential operation mode. ror calculable in single meters. The hard- impacts of atmosphere, ionosphere (ra- The results of navigational measurements ware belonging to this class is mounted to dio wave propagation conditions), and defined by the satellite navigation systems’ the correction-enabled aviation weapons. use of a priori and a posteriori information on the location of satellites in the space grouping at a certain time period. The A-737 basic product (airborne GLONASS/GPS satellite radio navigation systems receiver-indicator) was developed in the 1980s, primarily for the military aviation. Today, the products of this series are mounted almost virtually in all the aircraft. The purpose of our equipment is to define the position vector of an aircraft, i.e. three location constituents, three velocity constituents, and to receive the exact time reading, since the use of satellite navigation enables to tie to the unified time system. The A-737 product provided a basis for several modifications, which support addi- AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 29 Navigation

– monitoring, security and centralized duction of weight and size characteris- control systems for rail transport; tics. There are examples of building these – dedicated navigation equipment for products into the telemetric complexes the control systems of automobile trans- of minor space vehicles. About ten of such port. minor space vehicles have been launched, One of the main lines of activities and the first ‘Zeya’ vehicle equipped with in the Compas MDB is the development our receiver-indicator was set into orbit Automatic of navigation complex for helicopter ship in 2007. By that we reconfirmed the pos- radio compass ARC-35-1 landing. sibility of using satellite navigation hard- We were a success in creating such ware at very high vehicle movement a system. Its main difference from the same speeds. The Compas MDB currently deals with is- standard systems is that it operates The obtained high results in the use sues of development and production of ra- in the mode of relative navigation. That of satellite navigation in the precision dio navigation systems in various lines: is, when the system is activated, the air- weapons, namely aviation weapons, pri- – Small size automatic direction finders craft ‘ties’ itself to the center of landing marily, the correction-enabled aviation for all aircraft of military and civil avia- pad of the ship. And wherever the ship was bombs, lead to the fire accuracy enhance- tion (ARK-32, ARK-35, ARK-40); going, and whatever was the helicopter ment, in the context of cannon artillery. – A series of A-737 aviation receiver- movement, its position is always defined A new trend in the context of diversifica- indicators for the high precision po- relating to the center of the helipad. tion of company’s product mix is the devel- sition finding of different vehicles by We expect that the successful test results opment of search and rescue system with GLONASS/GPS satellite navigation would open up new alternatives of using the use of GLONASS/GPS equipment, as system signals (GALILEO in future) and the system in civil industries. Today there well as the “Gonets” satellite communica- terrestrial radio navigation pulse-phase is a topical issue of providing the helicop- tion segment. The above-mentioned sys- and phase systems; ter communication with shelf-based drilling tem will help significantly reduce time for – products for ground-supported trajec- plates, ensuring flights of deck-based avi- search and rescue of the those in distress tory measurements of boosters, upper- ation of the icebreaking fleet, scientific re- as well as boost the search operations ef- stage rockets and space vehicles (dis- search ships and other sea vessels. ficiency. It is notable that the existing sys- posable load); In 1996, the company created navi- tems do not allow appropriately perform- – map-enabled navigation pads, provid- gation means providing ground-supporting the set tasks. ing the planning and execution of flights ed trajectory measurements for products The search and rescue operation be- on air-routes and any prescribed routes of rocket-and-space industry: boosters, gins with the reception of distress message, out of the air-routes, as well as the air- rockets, upper-stage rockets and pay- which can appear as a signal of distress craft special employment tasks, oper- load. The equipment functions efficient- received or vehicle’s fallout from the ra- ates with signals of GLONASS/GPS ly and reliably in rocket-and-space vehi- dar’s screen or missing scheduled radio satellite navigation systems; cles and is demanded by rocket manufac- contact. After establishing the fact of dis- – equipment of navigational medium for- turers. One of reasons of the demand for tress, it is necessary to find the location mation: local system of differential er- such an equipment is the need for high- of those suffering distress with the sufficient ror-corrections, retransmitter of satellite precision control of trajectory parameters. accuracy for rescue groups to contact di- signals; There is no secret that the rocket when de- rectly those in distress. – instrument landing system for aircraft viating from the trajectory beyond the ad- For the sake of accomplishment (helicopters) onto air capable ships and missible limits, has to be destroyed. Since of search and rescue tasks, fast and effec- unequipped loading sites; the creation and maintenance of terrestrial tive coordination of actions of search and – portable receiver-indicator for the per- complexes of ground-supported trajecto- rescue forces, the two-way information ex- sonal use of signals of GLONASS/GPS ry measurements is a very expensive activi- change between them and those in distress, satellite navigation systems (GALILEO ty, the use of satellite navigation equipment thus decreasing the detection time and re- in future); facilitates the task significantly. ducing the duration of search and rescue – a number of aerials of different desti- As our company gained a certain expe- operations. The missing possibility of such nation; rience, it succeeded in creating the equip- an information exchange should be con- – dedicated jam resistant consumer nav- ment of smaller size, less weight, with bet- sidered as one of the main drawbacks igation equipment operating with ter characteristics. Compared to the first of the existing systems. GLONASS/GPS satellite navigation product installed to the booster which was In order to remove the mentioned short- systems for aircraft of all kinds and pur- 4.5 kg heavy, the equipment now weighs comings of the system, the space system poses; 1.5 kg, and there is a trend of further re- of search and rescue is now under devel- 30 Navigation

opment. It envisages the two-way data ex- The emergency radio buoys define cation. The main advantage is that there change between the distressed and rescue their positions through the GLONASS/ are no interruptions in communication ses- services. The systems is comprised of three GPS navigation signals. When using both sions. Therefore, the information about segments: the two global satellite positioning sys- the distressed will be delivered to the UCC – The space segment is represent- tems, the probability of exact position find- in the minimum time. ed by navigation space vehicles ing for ARB increases a lot. The emergen- The use of the two-way data exchange of GLONASS/GPS satellite navigation cy message made in the ARB is delivered will enable the fast and effective coordina- systems, as well as satellites of global to the UCC through the radio channel tion of actions of search and rescue teams communication systems; of global satellite communication sys- and those in distress, and at that the dis- – The user segment includes emergency tems. The emergency messages contains tressed will be informed that their distress radio buoys designed both for being the ARB’s identifier, the exact position signal has been discovered and the search mounted to mobile vehicles (ARB) and of the ARB at the time of emergency signal and rescue services have initiated the res- for the personal use (ARB-N). There is or message sending, the accident time and cue operation. also a tendency for using radio bea- accident characteristic. The UCC makes The company’s future plans are relat- cons in certain fixed installations, with the response (acknowledgment) to the re- ed with the improvement of radio naviga- the purpose of sending warning sig- ceived emergency message, which goes tion equipment, increase of interference re- nals in critical conditions (for example, to the distressed ARB through the channel sistance, integration with other navigation in case of ecological or other emer- of global communication systems. systems, precise control of air-dropped gencies); This system does not require the devel- loads, logistics navigation systems and – The control system consists of the Unified opment of communication system, since complexes of transport communications, Coordination Center (UCC), which col- there is a possibility of using the formerly navigation products of general usage. lects information about arisen emergen- developed and currently operating glob- cies, and a network of regional com- al satellite communication systems, which Mikhail Pestrakov, mand and control posts. The UCC func- allow not only organizing the two-way Commercial Director, tions include the monitoring of the whole communication channel, but the all-weath- Director of special projects system. er and round-the-clock radio communi- and at large, Compas MDB

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 31 View of analyst

INDIA AND RUSSIA: NEW JOINT PROJECTS IN THE FIELD OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGIES 32 View of analyst

Russia and India are going to implement a number of scale projects in the Field of Military Aircraft Technologies. A wide representation of Russia at the AERO INDIA-2011 Air Show testifies to the fact that the Indian weapon market is of crucial importance for Moscow. The exhibition will coincide with another round of negotiations between Russia and India regarding a number of projects to be implemented in the field of aircraft technology in the near future.

The related future programs may be di- MiG-35 vided into two types, namely the agreed projects on direct procurement of the Rus- sian aircrafts (or on their joint development and production) and tenders which invite the largest global manufacturers of aircraft technology including Russia. Today India is the only country Russia is going to cooperate with regarding the ten- year military-technical cooperation (from 2011 till 2020). Under this cooperation program two nations are collaborating on a number of projects in the field of aircraft, helicopter, ma- rine, and land technologies. However, most large-scale programs are being implemented in the field of aircraft technologies. The tender for the supply of medium- lift multi-role fighters for Indian Air Force, which cost is estimated at $10-12 billion, is crucially important to determine the trend in military-technical cooperation between India and Russia.

CURRENTLY RUSSIA PARTICIPATES IN FOUR TENDERS OFFERED BY INDIAN AIR FORCE AND NAVY FOR THE SUPPLY OF MILITARY AND DEFENCE AIRCRAFTS The aircrafts were tested under humid weather conditions at the airfield in Ban- galore, hot desert conditions in Jaisalmer, Tender for Supply of 126 Medium- The aircrafts submitted to tender were and cold mountain condition in Leh. Lift Multi-Role Fighters tested in India in 2009–2010 under The Indian Air Force expects that The contract on procurement of 126 me- the corresponding operational environ- the contract will be signed by July 2011. dium multi-role combat aircrafts (MMRCA) ment. Their flight testing was attended Yet, six other aircrafts lay claim to is expected to be signed by mid 2011. by the specialists of Bangalore Aircraft the victory in tender as well. These are In December 2010, the Indian Air Force and Systems Testing Establishment (ASTE) the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, completed the assessment of requests for in Bangalore, Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd the Lockheed Martin F-16IN, the Mikoyan proposal, and forwarded tender documen- (HAL), Defence Research and Develop- MiG-35, the Saab JAS 39 Gripen (Swe- tation to the Ministry of Defence of India ment Organization (DRDO), India’s Minis- den), the Dassault Aviacion Rafale (France), for approval. try of Defence and Air Force. and the Eurofighter EF-2000 Typhoon. AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 33 View of analyst

According to the tender requirements, the winner will supply 18 aircrafts to the In- dian Air Force in 2012. Other 108 aircrafts will be manufactured at the facilities of Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) which shall commission the first aircraft in 54 months after signing the contract. It is expected that all aircrafts will be delivered to the customer by 2020. New MMRCA fighters will remain in ser- MiG-29 KUB vice for 40 years. The future contractor will have to reinvest 50% of the contract value into the Indian defence industry. According to the request for proposal Tender for Procurement of Aerial It is expected that apart from Airbus Mil- announced by the Indian Ministry of De- Refuelling Military Aircrafts itary and Rosoboronexport the new tender fence, the number of purchased aircrafts In September 2010, the Indian Minis- participant list will include Boeing as well. may increase by 50%, that is to say 189 try of Defence announced a new tender It will take at least 2 years for the Minis- aircrafts. on procurement of aerial refuelling mili- try of Defence of India to evaluate the RFPs The Russian Mikoyan MiG-35 fighter is tary aircrafts after cancellation of the re- and determine a winner. in the running to win the tender. sults of the previous tender nine months Earlier in 2003–2004, the Indian Air ago. Force acquired six Ilyushin Il-78 aerial re- Tender for Supply of Carrier- The Government of India decided to fuelling aircrafts which can carry 75 tons Based Fighters for Indian Navy resume tender for procurement of six of fuel and refuel the Dassault Mirage Aircraft Carrier aerial refuelling military aircrafts af- 2000, Jaguar and Su-30MKI aircrafts be- In November 2009, the Indian Na- ter the Ministry of Finance refused to ap- ing in service of the Indian Air Force. vy announced the tender for procurement prove a $1.5 billion contract on acquisi- of the carrier-based fighters for future air- tion of the Airbus A330 aerial tankers with Tender for Procurement of Medium craft carriers. The Navy has forward- EADS in September 2009. Range Maritime Reconnaissance ed the requests for information to Boe- The updated requests for proposals Aircrafts ing, Dassault Aviacion, and MiG compa- (RFP) have been forwarded to the com- The Indian Navy made a decision to ac- nies. It is expected that India will purchase panies in the USA, Europe, and Russia. quire six to eight new medium range mar- 16 carrier-based fighters and will proba- The procurement contract cost is estimated itime reconnaissance aircrafts (MRMR) bly increase the order up to 40 aircrafts at $2 billion. again. to be based on three Indian aircraft carri- As compared to the previous ten- In early October 2010 the Ministry ers. The first aircraft carrier was laid at Co- der, the requirements have remained un- of Defence sent the request for informa- chin Shipyard in February 2009. Accord- changed except for an issue regarding tion to the interested companies regarding ing to the schedule, it will be handed over statement of costs for the whole service life the MRMR procurement tender. New me- to the Indian Navy in 2015. of the aircrafts. dium range maritime reconnaissance aircrafts have the cruising range of more than 350 nautical miles. Like the Boeing P-8A Poseidon long range maritime reconnaissance (LRMR) aircrafts purchased by India earlier, the MRMR aircrafts should be equipped with multi-mission surface search radar and armed with anti-submarine warfare, including torpedoes. The potential participants of a $247 million tender (approximately 11 billion rupees) are the Russian Be-200 and Canadian Bombardier Q-400. The new aircrafts will join a three-ti- Be-200 er system to guard the country’s coastline 5.4 thousand km long. 34 View of analyst

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 35 View of analyst

READY-TO-IMPLEMENT PROMISING INDIA-RUSSIA COOPERATION PROGRAMS

Program 1 sive radar which can track up to 15 tar- Program 2 Modernization of forty Sukhoi Su-30MKI gets and fire four air targets simultaneous- The second project is the program on li- fighters being in service of the Indian Air ly. The N011M radar has some limitations censed production of additional 42 Sukhoi Force can be called the first program of this in background noise processing and re- Su-30MKI fighters. type. The upgraded aircrafts should be quires more time for maintenance. In June 2010, the Safety Committee equipped with BrahMos cruise missiles. Two Indian Sukhoi Su-30MKI aircrafts of the Government of India approved In May 2010 the Safety Committee will be modernized in Russia in 2011– the funds to be allocated for implemen- of the Government of India approved 2012. Since 2015 the modernization will tation of this program in the volume the program on modernization of forty be implemented by Hindustan Aeronautics of 150 billion rupees (or $3.4 billion). Sukhoi Su-30MKI aircrafts to be equipped Ltd (HAL). According to other data, the total con- with BrahMos cruise missiles. According to this program India will tract cost amounts to 201.074 billion ru- Apart from BrahMos cruise missiles upgrade forty Sukhoi Su-30MKI fight- pees (or $4.34 billion). In August 2010, the aircrafts will be provided with a num- ers manufactured by HAL under the Rus- the program was approved by the Defence ber of other advanced technologies. As sian license. In future the Indian Air Force Acquisition Council of the Ministry of De- such, they are to be equipped with new ra- is going to equip two to three squadrons fence of India. dars, onboard computers, and electronic of fighters with BrahMos cruise missiles. This licensed program is likely to be fly combat systems. The first testing of BrahMos cruise mis- implemented by HAL as late as 2014. The project will be implemented by Hin- siles is scheduled for 2011, while the first The contract will be signed in 2011. dustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) and Irkut test flight of the Sukhoi Su-30MKI Additional Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters Research and Production Corporation. equipped with new cruise missiles is to be will join the present Indian fighter fleet The program will start in 2012. The mod- carried out in late 2012. which is likely to consist of 230 combat ernization program will likely provide for At present, the Indian and Russian ex- vehicles by 2015 according to previous installation of Zhuk-AE active phased array perts are working on integration of Brah- estimation in case of successful deals with radars manufactured by Fazotron on new Mos cruise missiles on the Sukhoi Su- Russia which are worth a total of $8.5 bil- aircrafts. 30MKI aircraft. For this purpose Brah- lion. The Zhuk-AE radars is capable of track- Mos Aerospace Company has reduced As soon as the licensed production ing up to 30 air targets and firing eight tar- the weight of the aerial missile version to of a new batch of aircrafts is completed, gets simultaneously. facilitate its onboard installation. The mis- the total number of the Russian Sukhoi Su- Currently, the Sukhoi Su-30MKI fight- sile weight is 2 550 kg, length 8.3 m, and 30MKI fighters, which will join the Indian ers are equipped with the N011M pas- body diameter 0.67 m. Air Force, will reach 270 aircrafts.

Su-30

36 View of analyst

The aircrafts are expected to be deliv- Falcon ered by 2018, whereupon the Sukhoi Su- 30MKI will become the major combat aircraft being in service of the Indian Air Force. Therefore, India will finally replace the MiG-21 fighters, which until recently have formed the core of the Indian Air Force, with the Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters. It is expected that production of 42 Suk- hoi Su-30MKI fighters will start in 2014 at the HAL facilities. The procurement of the Sukhoi Su- 30MKI fighters will go in parallel with Program 4 tance of 400 km and track nearly 60 tar- the tender for supply of 126 new medium- The forth promising project is the pro- gets simultaneously in 360-degree range. lift multi-role fighters under the MMRCA gram on acquisition of two additional Phal- Two such aircrafts have been already in- program which estimated cost is $10– con AEW&C aircrafts. ducted into the Indian Air Force. The first one 12 billion. By the time the medium-lift multi- As soon as India receives the last was delivered on 25 May 2009. The sec- role fighters are to be delivered, the Suk- AEW&C aircraft in 2011, it is going to or- ond Ilyushin Il-76 with AEW&C system was hoi Su-30MKI will be the general fight- der two more Phalcon aircrafts with air- supplied to India on 25 March 2010. De- er in service of the Indian Air Force, and borne early warning and control system livery of the third aircraft to India was ini- their total cost will be twice as large as (AEW&C) based on the Ilyushin IL-76. tially scheduled for 2010. However, based the MMRCA program cost. The Indian Air Force has already initiat- on the experience gained during opera- ed the process of acquiring two addition- tion of the first two aircrafts, the Defence Re- Program 3 al AEW&C aircrafts. They will join the air- search and Development Organization (DR- The third program is modernization of fif- craft fleet consisting of three Phalcon sys- DO) requested Israel Aerospace Industries ty Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters delivered to tems acquired according to the trilateral (IAI) to provide the last aircraft with addition- India in previous years. $1.1 billion contract concluded between al equipment. The platform was supplied to In summer 2010, the Indian Air Force de- India, Russia and Israel in March 2004. Israel by the Russian manufacturers in Octo- clared its intention to upgrade fifty Suk- Pursuant to the contract, India had an op- ber 2010. According to the preliminary da- hoi Su-30MKI fighters delivered to India tion to acquire other three to five aircrafts ta, the last aircraft will be delivered to the In- in previous years in the coming three to of this type. dian Air Force in mid 2011. All aircrafts will four years. The aircrafts are equipped with four en- be stationed at the air base in Agra, where With the assistance of Russia, India will gines of PS-90A-76 type, active phased the Il-76 military transport aircrafts and Il-78 install new avionics, upgrade the aircraft array radars, Belgium 20-inch LCD in- aerial refuelling military aircrafts are kept. design and enlarge the range of aircraft dicators, electronic countermeasure sys- The $1.1 billion contract on procurement weapons. tems manufactured by Israeli Company Al- of three Phalcon EL/M-2075 radars de- It is expected that Russia will upgrade bit Systems, and other systems developed veloped by Elta Company and installation the first five fighters of the Indian Air Force. in India and France. The aircrew consists on the Russian IL-76 aircrafts was signed by The rest 45 aircrafts are to be modernized of eighteen people. The EL/M-2075 air- the Ministry of Defence of India in March in India. borne radar can detect the targets at a dis- 2004.

MAJOR CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED BETWEEN INDIA AND RUSSIA IN 2010

Fifth Generation Fighter a deal for design and development of ad- sion is $ 295 million. These works are to be Development Program vanced fifth generation fighter aircraft completed within 18 months. During the official visit of the Russian (FGFA). In general, the development and test- President Dmitry Medvedev to India on 21 The estimated cost of the contract ing of these prototypes require from December 2010, the nations signed on draft design of the Indian FGFA ver- eight to ten years. The estimated cost AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 37 View of analyst

crafts are intended for various missions. In future, the Indian fifth generation fighter will replace the three types of combat aircrafts being in service today. The single-seat fighters will be serial- ly produced in 2017–2018. The dual- seat aircrafts will be inducted into service in 2019–2020. It is planned to produce around 200 dual-seat aircrafts for the Indi- an Air Force. Joint-Venture Agreement on Co- Development of Multi-Role Transport Aircraft On 9 September in New Deli Russia and India entered into an agreement on foundation of a Joint Venture Company (JVC) to design and develop a new generation medium-lift jet multi-role transport aircraft (MTA). The shareholders of a new company are India’s Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and president of Russian Federation (50%), and Russia’s United Aircraft Corpo- Dmitry Medvedev during the official visit of Mr. Medvedev to India ration (25%) and Rosoboronexport State Corporation (25%). The JVC headquarters will be located at Bangalore. The aircraft of the development program is $12 billion. project will be nearly 30%. In particular, will be assembled both in Russia and India. Russia and India will have equal shares the Indian company will develop software The formal intergovernmental agreement in this program. for onboard computer, navigation systems, on implementation of the MTA project was The first time Russia offered India to devel- multifunction cockpit displays, components signed by Russia and India on 12 Novem- op a new fighter was eight years ago, but made of composite materials and self-pro- ber 2007 when the prime minister of India the parties failed to agree on business in- tection system. Additionally, India will re- Manmohan Singh visited Moscow. The es- terests in the project. In October 2007, two design the single-seat PAK FA into dual- timated cost of the project is $600 million. nations signed a preliminary intergovern- seat fighter since according to the strategy, The project will be bankrolled equally by mental agreement on FGFA joint develop- adopted by the Indian Air Force, the air- Russia and India. Each party will allocate ment on the basis of the Russian Sukhoi PAK FA (promising aircraft of frontline aviation). This is the first project in the modern history of Russia when it develops the state-of- the-art weapon systems together with other country. Therefore, the allocation of duties in the project was an issue of crucial importance and required a thorough elaboration. As a result, it took three years to final- ize the general contract and nondisclosure agreement after long-term intergovernmental negotiations. In March 2010, the parties signed a preliminary technical agreement which outlines the participation inter- ests as well. The Indian Air Force plans to acquire from 250 to 300 fifth generation fighters. According to the HAL data, the share The official signing of the contract between Rosoboronexport and HAL of the Indian defence industry in the joint for creating a draft technical design of India’s version of the FGFA 38 View of analyst

craft for the Indian Air Force to transport troops, materiel and cargoes. India will have an option to acquire additional 100 MTAs. The Russian Air Force confirmed the intention to acquire 100 MTAs. Essential competitive advantage of the MTA is its comparatively low cost. The aircraft may compete against An- tonov An-12, An-26 and An-32 as well as against C-130J Super Hercules. Contract for Delivery of 29 Mikoyan Mikoyan MiG-29K MTA Carrier-Based Fighter Jets Russia and India signed the contract on delivery of 29 Mikoyan Mikoy- $300.35 million towards the MTA devel- and full authority digital engine control an MiG-29K fighters on 12 March 2010 opment. This amount includes the expendi- (FADEC). The engine type is still not speci- when the prime minister of the Russian Fed- tures prior to proceeding to the MTA full- fied and will be chosen by tender. eration Vladimir Putin visited India. The first rate production. The Russian and Indian MTA models will delivery is scheduled for 2012. The con- The new MTA is designed to replace be developed on maximally unified tech- tract is worth a total of $1.5 billion. Six- the aging fleet of Soviet Antonov An-12, nologic basis. The airframe will be assem- teen out of twenty-nine Mikoyan Mikoyan An-26 and An-32 transport aircrafts. As bled on a 50-50 basis. Individual subsys- MiG-29K fighters will be based on the Vi- of now Indian Air Force has around one tems will be designed with allowance for kramaditya aircraft carrier. hundred of Antonov An-32 transports. potential export to third countries. An important part of the Indian Navy The twin-jet powered MTA will be 33 m The MTA can be operated at day and Mikoyan MiG-29K/KUB fighter acquisi- long with wingspan of around 30 m. Max- night in any world region, under any cli- tion program is the creation of the shore- imum payload capacity of the MTA will matic and weather conditions. The MTA based test facility for maintenance of air- be 18 to 20 tons. The MTA will feature will function like a military aircraft capa- craft and training of pilots which was a takeoff weight of 65 tons, cruise speed ble of short landings and takeoffs on poor- constructed in April 2009 at INS Han- of 800 km/h, and flight range of 2 500 ly maintained runways, including those sa, Goa. to 2 700 km. The service ceiling will be in high-altitude air facilities in the Himalayas. The fighters will be operated from 12 km. The aircraft will have a glass cock- India and Russia plan to produce 205 the INS Hansa (Goa) till commissioning pit, modern avionics, fly-by-wire system, aircraft. Off take has been put at 40 air- of the Vikramaditya aircraft carrier.

MAJOR AIR FORCE PROGRAMS UNDER IMPLEMENTATION

Sixteen Mikoyan MiG-29K/KUB Mikoyan MiG-29K fighters, including four trials were the part of the pilot training and Fighter Supply Program dual-seat Mikoyan MiG-29K/KUB train- test program. The first four Mikoyan MiG-29K/KUB ers, to India in January 2004. The contract The remainder twelve Mikoyan carrier-based fighters were formally in- is part of a $1.5 billion deal to refit and de- MiG-29Ks are awaited to be supplied ducted into the Navy by Defence Minis- liver the Admiral Gorshkov aircraft carrier. in four-unit batches in 2010–2011. Before ter AK Antony at a ceremony which took The first four Mikoyan MiG-29K fighters, delivery of the Vikramaditya aircraft car- place on 19 February 2010 at INS Hansa. in a knocked down condition, were deliv- rier which was rescheduled for late 2012, The ceremony was also attended by Min- ered to India in December 2009. In Sep- the fighters will be based on INS Hansa ister of Industry and Trade of the Russian tember 2009 these Mikoyan MiG-29Ks equipped with a simulator for deck land- Federation V.Khristenko. passed their test flights from the deck ing and takeoff training. The Mikoyan The Indian Ministry of Defence signed of the Admiral Kuznetsov heavy aircraft MiG-29Ks will be a part of the 303 squad- a contract stipulating the supply of sixteen carrying cruiser in the Barents Sea. These ron, nicknamed Black Panther. AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 39 View of analyst

The ship-based Mikoyan MiG-29K is The Mikoyan MiG-29K fighter features To land on the aircraft carrier’s deck, the “4++” generation aircraft which is ca- improved performances and reliability. the carrier-based Mikoyan MiG-29K fight- pable of day/night, all-weather, year- The aircraft avionics is based on the open ers are equipped with retaining gear and round operation in any climate. The aircraft architecture. The general-purpose multi- reinforced landing gear, flexible wings and will be able to control the air, to provide mode onboard Zhuk-ME radar is capable special coat preventing sea water corrosion. air defence of the ship and to engage sur- of tracking up to ten targets and simultane- face and ground targets. Despite of formal ous firing against four targets. Indian Navy Ilyushin Il-38 resemblance the new aircraft weighs by The aircraft features an improved air- Improvement Program 30% more as against the Indian Air Force frame made of composite materials, low In mid-February 2010 Russia complet- Mikoyan MiG-29B. The Mikoyan MiG- radar signature, high payload, high-ca- ed refit of five Indian Navy Ilyushin Il-38 29K fighter will be equipped with missiles pacity fuel tanks and air-to-air refuelling ASW patrol aircrafts. The last (fifth) refitted capable of engaging non-LOS targets, (AAR) system, modified wing bending, and Ilyushin Il-38S/D landed in the naval air guided anti-ship missiles, unguided missiles, quad-redundant full authority digital en- base in Goa. aerial bombs and 30-mm caliber gun. gine control. Five Indian Navy Ilyushin Il-38 aircrafts were refitted in Russia under a $200 million contract dated 2002. The major improvement was the installation of Morskoy Zmey search and target system. The improvement program made it possible to extend the Indian Navy Ilyushin Il-38 aircraft service life for 15 years and to release the Indian Navy from urgency to procure state-of-the-art aircrafts for reconnaissance and antisubmarine warfare. The refitted Ilyushin Il-38S/D aircrafts will be further used by Indian Naval Air Com- mand, communication intelligence and control systems group, and reconnaissance air force. Tupolev Tu-142ME Repair and Refit Program In August 2010, on completion of the scheduled repair and refit by TAVIA JSC, the long-range ASW Tupolev Tu-142ME aircraft was handed over to the Indian Navy. The overhaul and refit of one more Indian Navy Tupolev Tu-142ME aircraft was to be completed by late 2010. In 1986 Russia supplied 8 ASW Tupolev Tu-142MK aircrafts designated as Tupolev Tu-142ME. The improved Tupolev Tu-142ME may be used for day/night all-weather surveillance and protection of national waters, electronic reconnaissance, searching, tracking and firing of advanced low-noise submarines running up-top or snorkeling at full or slow speed or lying still on sea ground. The Tupolev Tu-142ME aircraft equipped BrahMos missile (air version) with missiles is capable of attacking surface ships, ground and coastal targets. 40 View of analyst

Maximum flight range of the Tupolev Su-30 Tu-142ME aircraft is 12000 km, maximum flying speed at weight of 138 tons at 7000 m altitude is 855 km/h, cruise speed is 735 km/h, inflight endurance is 9 hours. Maximum payload capacity of the aircraft carrying six BrahMos cruise missiles is 9.6 tons (the BrahMos missile erection option is proposed by Indian Na- vy). Standard payload with eight X-35 ASMs is 4.4 tons. The standard ASW model aircraft accommodates up to 140 radio sonobuoys. Indian Air Force Mikoyan MiG-29 Fleet Improvement Program In February 2009 Mikoyan MiG РСК initiated the project for improvement By summer 2010 the Indian Air Force ac- AL-55I Engine Licensed Production of the Indian Air Force Mikoyan MiG-29 quired 74 Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters from Program fleet. The total number of Indian Air Force HAL. The HAL Company plans to launch a full- Mikoyan MiG-29 aircrafts to be refitted Today the Indian Air Force has five Suk- rate production of AL-55I engines under is 62. These aircrafts were supplied to In- hoi Su-30MKI squadrons, three of them be- Russian license in the coming two-three dia in three batches at different time and ing based in Buna and two — in Bareili. In- years. their technical condition differs a lot. Rus- dia plans to deploy other two squadrons The present-day problem is to se- sia will bring all the aircrafts into equal op- in Punjab and in the northeast of the country. lect a site in Koraputa (Orissa) to deploy erating state. The importance of Sukhoi Su-30MKI the engine production facilities in two to Mikoyan MiG РСК plans to refit the first fighters for India is justified by the fact that three years. The AL-55I engine was de- six aircrafts, i.e. four single-seat and two HAL was advised to complete the licensed signed by Saturn Research and Devel- dual-seat aircrafts, at its facilities. The refit production of one hundred forty Sukhoi opment Company for India special ben- is to be completed in 2011. Su-30MKI fighters by 2015 at all hazards efit. The engine was certified after suc- The remainder aircrafts will be refitted (i.e. ahead of schedule). cessful endurance testing in Russia and is in India at the 11th aircraft repair plant. An initial $1462 billion contract for de- to be mounted on the advanced Indian Mikoyan MiG РСК will forward all the re- livery of forty Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters for HJT-36 УТС. Six engines have been de- quired technical documents to the plant. the Indian Air Force was signed on 30 No- livered, and other ten have been ordered Some avionics for improvement will be de- vember 1996. Pursuant to this contract and are awaited. The Indian Air Force livered from Russia, and some assemblies eight Sukhoi Su-30K version aircrafts plans to acquire total 85 HJT-36 УТС. will be supplied by Hindustan Aeronautics were manufactured and handed over to Limited (HAL). the customer in 1997. The other contract- Summary The Indian government and Mikoyan ed aircrafts were manufactured and deliv- Pursuant to the statement by the Defence MiG РСК entered into a contract for re- ered in Sukhoi Su-30MKI version. In 1996 Minister AK Antony, the Indian Air Force fit of sixty two Mikoyan MiG-29 fighters the Indian Ministry of Defence placed will consist of 42 squadrons by the end on 7 March 2008. The contract is worth an order for additional ten Sukhoi Su-30K of the 13th schedule period (by 2022), a total of $964 million. fighters which were purchased for $277 which is more than it was previously ap- million. In 2000 India signed a $3.5 billion proved by the Indian government. Sukhoi Su-30MKI Fighter Licensed agreement for licensed production of 140 According to the Defence Minister’s Production Program Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters at HAL facilities comments on the question from depu- In the last few years Hindustan Aero- using vehicle sets delivered by Russia. ties of the Upper Chamber of Indian Par- nautics Limited (HAL) reduced the timeline In 2007 India contracted addition- liament, in 2007–2022 by the end of 11th, of Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighter licensed pro- al 40 Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters at a cost 12th and 13th schedule periods the Indi- duction. In 2009 HAL delivered 23 fight- of $1.6 billion for the Indian Air Force. an Air Force will have 35.5, 35 and 42 er to the Indian Air Force. In 2010 HAL Besides, India effected a trade-in deal squadrons respectively. planned to supply 28 Sukhoi Su-30MKI for 18 Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters instead AK Antony stated that at the beginning fighters. of earlier delivered Sukhoi Su-30K fighters. of the 11th schedule period the Indian Air AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 41 View of analyst

The major projects associated with Is India Going to Achieve a Record? transfer of license for production of Rus- Russia’s Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade (CAWAT) forecasts sian products for military purposes in- that arms import contracts India will conclude in 2011 will have the clude the licensed production of multipur- largest worth in its history. pose Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters, T-90S India has been one of the three world’s largest arms importers in the MBT, and AL-55I aircraft engines for Indi- an HJT-36 УТС as well as HJT-39 and se- last four years. ries 3 RD-33 for Mikoyan MiG-29 fighters. According to CAWAT’s preliminary information, India ranked third in Due to large-scale transfer of technologies, the world by the worth of arms import contracts it concluded ($3.756 bil- India and Russia signed an agreement for lion) in 2010 giving way only to the UAE ($6.71 billion) and Taiwan mutual protection of intellectual proper- ($4.131 billion). ty rights. There was a slight decrease in this figure in 2010 as India postponed One of the most successful projects is the co-production of BrahMos cruise mis- taking final decisions on some projects including those carried out with siles by BrahMos Aerospace JVC. Russia to 2011. It is expected to choose the winners in a number of major Russia participates in several tenders to tenders in 2011. If India keeps to the schedule, the worth of contracts it deliver helicopters for the Indian Air Force. will make this year will reach the largest figure in all its history. This year Russia will lease out the Type For comparison: In 2007, the total cost of India’s arms import contracts 971 Schuka-B nuclear-powered submarine equaled $4.783 billion, in 2008 — $4.256 billion and in 2009 — to the Indian Navy for a term of ten years. The rental cost is $650 million. $6.933 billion. In the last four years (2007–2010), India concluded All contract issues pertaining to refit $19.729 billion worth of arms imports contracts ranking the second in the of the Admiral Gorshkov aircraft carrier in- world behind only the UAE with $21.508 billion. to Vikramaditya aircraft carrier have been As for the actual volume of arms imports, India was the third with the finalized with India. The contracts for sup- amount of $4.556 billion in 2010 with only Australia and the US ahead ply of 45 Mikoyan MiG-29K/KUB fight- ($6.134 billion and $4.886, respectively). In the above-mentioned four- ers have been signed. Now India and Russia negotiate the acquisition of other year period, India imported $12.815 billion worth of armaments thus 42 Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters and imple- ranking the second after the US with its $17.122 billion. ment the program of refitting 62 MiG-29 In 2007, the actual volume of India’s arms imports reached $2.5 billion, fighters belonging to the Indian Air Force. in 2008 — $2.5 billion and in 2009 — 3.255 billion. Considering the The joint program for delivery of Phalcon figure for 2010, we can say that India has been significantly increasing AEW&C aircrafts to the Indian Air Force is its arms imports under priorly-concluded contracts year by year. under implementation. Russia and India implement several large-scale projects for Air Force, Navy and Armed Force. Force consisted of 32 squadrons only. To- Russia’s peers in Indian weapon market In late December 2010 on the eve of vis- day the Indian government authorized de- are Israel, United Kingdom, USA, France, it to India the Russian president Dmit- ployment of 39.5 fighter squadrons. Ukraine, Italy, Sweden and some other ry Medvedev stated that “India like Rus- The Indian Air Force will be in crash air countries. sia conducts the external policy and main- alert as soon as Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighters, Russia is able to reserve at least a half tains communication with other countries Jaguar, medium multi-role combat aircraft of the Indian weapon market. in the field of military technical coopera- (MMRCA), fifth generation fighter aircraft Once the quantity of the Russian-man- tion. It is reasonable that western manu- (FGFA) and light combat aircraft (LCA) are ufactured end products for military pur- facturers of weapon and other products inducted into service. poses to be delivered is reduced, the mil- for military purposes are much interested Over recent years India headed the list itary technical cooperation will be fo- in cooperation with India”. of worldwide leaders in the total weapon cused on transfer of licenses for production “We do not hesitate and are ready to imports through implementation of military of Russian products for military purposes compete. The most important thins is to be refit programs. India holds the top position in India, for joint and special-order R&D, honest and to play according to the rules”, as per the scheduled total imports of prod- and for foundation of joint venture compa- Dmitry Medvedev emphasized. ucts for military purposes for the coming nies to develop, produce, refit and repair years. the products for military purposes. Igor Ilyin 42 View of analyst

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 43 View of analyst

RUSSIAN ARMS TRADE Russia has two things that sell well in the global marketplace: natural resources (oil, gas, timber, metals) and weapons. While the former represents a much larger volume in terms of volumes and amounts, the export of weapons carries strategic importance. It helps the Kremlin build good relations with governments of other countries, and brings these nations into the Russian sphere of commercial relations, cooperation and other key areas. Another important aspect is that such activity helps domestic manufacturers stay in the business and develop critical technologies. 44 View of analyst

Natural resources and weapons Rosoboronexport, a government-run com- ade” was caused by modifications in Rus- both grew in export volume since Rus- pany responsible for military technical sian law following establishment of Russian sia emerged as a sovereign country af- cooperation with foreigners. Separate- Technologies, and also was a measure to ter the Soviet Union’s break-up. And while ly, 21 different Russian companies (all be- boost sales of high-tech civilian products the worldwide economic crisis has an im- ing original equipment makers or license- abroad (which is one of the tasks set by pact on arms sales, the overall business holders) have governmental permission to the Kremlin). volume continues to grow despite the ad- work directly with foreign customers, but In published statistics, Rosoboronex- verse economic environment. their scope of activities is limited to spare port states that its 2009 exports amount- In 2009, Russian arms exports (in ex- parts, repair and overhaul, training and lo- ed to $7.4 billion, which is 10% more ecuted deliveries) totaled $8.5 billion — gistics — and none holds the right to supply than the previous year. For new successes which was $150 million above the 2008 weapons systems independently of Roso- in the field of arms sales, Russian Technolo- level, according to estimations by the Mos- boronexport. gies head Sergei Chemezov (the man who cow-based Center for Analysis of Strate- Two years ago, Rosoboronexport and headed Rosoboronexport before receiving gies and Technologies (CAST). According more than 200 other companies were his new appointment) was decorated ear- to Russian government officials, the 2009 moved under control of the “Russian Tech- lier this year with the Order of Friendship. order book volume reached $40 billion — nologies” state corporation — a huge “This is a testimony of the fact that the arms up $7 billion up from the 2008 level. structure established by the Kremlin to con- trade developed well so far,” commented These figures are big, but they fade trol state assets in the Russian military-in- Rosoboronexport general director Anatoly in comparison with Russia’s oil income. Ac- dustrial complex. On the surface, the shift Isaikin. “We anticipate that arms trade vol- cording to official statistics from the Feder- of Rosoboronexport produced little effect. ume this year will not be less than the pre- al Customs Service, in the first half of 2010, Perhaps the most evident change was that vious one.” During the 2001–2009 time- Moscow sold fossil fuels for about $130 all Rosoboronexport representative offic- frame, the volume of arms sales made billion. Meantime, statistics from the state es outside Russia have been “re-branded,” through Rosoboronexport rose by 2.4 arms vendor Rosoboronexport say Russia’s becoming those of the Russian Technolo- times, he added. Russia has military trade weapons trade amounted to $6.46 billion gies. This, however, does not bring much partners in 70 countries around the world. in 2006; it rose to $7.55 billion in 2007 change to the everyday work. Employ- “Today, we offer not only ready-to-use and stabilized at $8.35–8.5 billion ees continue to focus on sales and interac- systems, but also technologies, joint pro- in 2008–2009. tion with customers and end-users on tech- duction of subcomponents — and some- Military export from Russia is central- nical support, modernization and up- times even sell licenses for local produc- ized. All sales of ready-to-use weapons grades, spare parts, training of personnel tion of ready-to-use weapons.” At a press (not counting some minor items) go through and logistics. The need to “change the fa- conference in February, Rosoboronexport

Su-27UB

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 45 View of analyst

officials said new contracts signed in 2009 Mi-17 exceed $34 billion, bringing the backlog to $21.5 billion. It is believed that the first figure is for deals signed and already approved by responsible governmental bodies (such as the Federal Agency for Mili- tary-Technical Cooperation) and put into force. The second is a total sum for upcom- ing deliveries of Russian-made weapons, not counting sales of property rights, licenses, documentation etc. “These figure make us look to the future with optimism, as the order book promises high workloads for enterprises of the Rus- sian military industrial complex,” Isaikin commented. In addition, he said that in 2009, the sum of newly-signed contracts amounted to $15 billion. “It doesn’t mean that all of this money will actually flow into In the past two years, the structure of Russian Russia during the short term…as many contracts span several years.” arms sales by types of weapons systems seems In the past two years, the structure of Russian arms sales by types of weapons to have settled out. Aviation is the undisputable systems seems to have settled out. Once again, aviation is the undisputable lead- leader, with share of 50% er, representing half of the grand total. Tac- tical jet fighters (Sukhoi Su-27/30 Flank- ers and Mikoyan MiG-29 Fulcrums), Mil meaningful data on Russia’s Federal Bud- found that the share of aviation equip- helicopter gunships (Mi-24/35s) utility ro- get, and particularly the finances of Rus- ment in new sales represented a 61 per- tary-wing aircraft (Mi-17s) and Kamov na- sian national defense, owing to a number cent share (compared to 50 percent in of- val helicopters (Ka-28/31s) are the best- of presentational changes.” Today, these ficial statistics), army equipment was at 21 selling items. These are widely considered words seem even more meaningful, as gov- percent (government figures place it at 19 world-class and expect to be in demand ernmental financial statistics have only be- percent), naval hardware was rated at 9 during the next 20 years before being su- come less understandable. Independent percent (compared to 14 percent in offi- perseded by a new generation of systems analysts say that, as time goes on, they cial statistics) and air defense at 8 percent from the same makers. tend to experience more and more diffi- (the government’s number is 13 percent). The next three hardware types form culty when assessing the flow of informa- Such differences are expected to grow. a second category: items for anti-aircraft tion from Russian sources. The regime of se- This means that in the future, there proba- defense, land forces and naval applica- crecy has tended to tighten, while the in- bly will more surprises when it comes to de- tions. These types continue to “compete” dependent news media — badly hit by liveries — which are harder to keep hid- against each other for the second and third the economic slump — has largely lost inden than the content of sales agreements. places in Russian arms exports by the vol- terest in covering military subjects and This also provides evidence that more and ume of annual sales. In 2009, equipment have suffered a loss of skilled staff writ- more of Russian arms exports go to coun- for land forces was in second place at 19 ers. One of the outcomes is the growing tries that tend to have less transparency percent, and navy-related hardware was number of “undiscovered” arms deals and in military affairs — including China, Ar- third at 13.9 percent, leaving anti-aircraft larger amounts of “unidentified” content abic nations and certain territories in Lat- defenses one step lower at 13.3 percent. in such deals. Equipment for navies and air in America. It is understood that the role While these numbers provide some per- defense units appears to be most difficult to of such customers in Rosoboronexport’s cli- spective on the situation, the reality is more identify in recent Russian export sales. ent base is growing. clouded. In 2008, the London-based In- This is reflected in the differences be- About 1 percent of Russian arms ex- ternational Institute for Strategic Studies re- tween official figures and those from in- ports is equipment for special forces, such ported that “in recent years, it has become dependent analytics, such CAST in Mos- as non-recoil or noiseless rifles, rapid-fire increasingly difficult to collect and analyze cow. For instance, CAST’s own calculations guns, noiseless pistols, underwater shoot- 46 View of analyst

ing devices, grenade launchers, personal ously responsible for sales of special forces BTR-80 armored personnel carriers to Ka- self-protection suites etc. While it is a small equipment. Anatoly Isaikin managed to es- zakhstan, Azerbaijan and Algeria) and business money-wise compared to avia- tablish good personal relations with certain 12 artillery systems (Smerch multiple rock- tion, the importance of this type of equip- buyers, thus opening new export perspec- et launcher systems to India). There were ment should not be underestimated. There tives for Rosoboronexport. “This is a rela- 34 combat aircraft for Algeria, Malaysia are a number of customers who buy such tively small, but a stable business,” Isaikin and India, Venezuela — including the last hardware from Russia, often without pub- explained. “Many of the items we sell are in a batch of 24 Su-30MK2V fighters, al- licity. It helps in building commercial ties, unique; they are being produced in very though this number does not take into ac- as the seller and customer probably would small quantities. It is always a trade be- count Su-30MKI kits for Hindustan Aero- never come together at a negotiating ta- tween techniques of series production and nautics Limited. The figures also included ble otherwise. One factor in drawing this needs of special forces. Certain types are 32 combat helicopters (including Mi-17s to business is the unique technologies cre- under the strictest of controls, imposed to Indonesia), 921 guided missiles, and 138 ated by Russia’s military-industrial com- ensure the terrorists never get them.” portable SAM launchers with 624 missiles. plex. Another plus for Russia is its extensive The United Nation’s register of con- These numbers demonstrate that the Unit- experience gained in counteracting ter- ventional weapons can serve as a good ed Nations register does provide a good rorists and stopping nationalist resistance source for understanding the structure snapshot of what Russian arms export is in the North Caucasus, leading to “battle- of Russian arms sales. Effectively, the reg- like these days. On the other hand, there proven” hardware that is well suited to re- ister is a list of military equipment that ev- are weaknesses in this data: for example, alistic scenarios of special forces’ needs. In ery member country fills out under good Russia did not include China in list of recip- some cases, the sales of equipment to spe- will terms, along with the desire to promote ients for its missiles in 2008, while previous cial forces have led to strong personal rela- transparency. Russia has been cooperative. year, the given figure received by the coun- tions between seller and buyer — facilitat- In its report for 2008, Moscow acknowl- try was 984 missiles. ing deals in other areas. This is particularly edged deliveries of 77 main battle tanks It also is important to keep in mind that true in case of some Arab buyers. The cur- (the T-90 MBT series to Algeria and India), dozens of smaller countries produce Rus- rent head of Rosoboronexport was previ- 46 armored vehicles (BPM-94 Vystrel and sian weapons. Some of them are in fact

Smerch multiple rocket launcher systems

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 47 View of analyst

continuing to develop the Russian (Soviet) school of defense equipment design, man- Anatoly Isaikin: “Airlifters are in demand ufacturing and after-sales support. Ukraine and Belarus are perhaps the best examples. all around the world. The An-70 has In addition, Belarus sometimes is used as a vehicle to sell equipment to certain cus- good chances in the market, provided its tomers that cannot buy directly from Rus- sia — or do not want to. This applies both development is completed soon” to new and used equipment, and can be illustrated by the fact that Belarus export- ed 33 MiG-23s to Syria (without inden- tifying exact type of the Flogger, which may lead to some interesting findings in future). According to ex-president Victor Yush- enko, Ukraine last year signed arms export contracts for $1.5 billion. Since most of the Ukrainian contracts are short term and executed quickly, they add to the grant total of “Russian” arms sales worldwide. In addition, despite 15 years of separation following the Soviet Union’s breakup, Rus- sia still uses a lot of Ukrainian components in its weapons. This is a Soviet legacy, coming from the fact that Ukraine was home to many design houses and manufacturing plants involved in the defense programs of the Soviet Union’s military industrial complex. “There is no area in our military-industrial complex where Ukrainian components would not be used,” Isaikin commented. With the election earlier this year of pro- Russian president Victor Yanukovich, ties

An-148

48 View of analyst

between the Ukrainian and Russian defense industries are expected to grow even stronger. In particular, this brings about more hope to the long-going development of Antonov’s An-70, which effectively is the only truly next-generation airlifter currently flying in the Eastern world. On the wave of warming relations with Kiev, Russian Defense Ministry leaders — including Minister of Defense Anatoly Serdyu- kov — began to speak about the need to fi- nalize a contract on delivery of 40 An-70s to the Russian air force. If this happens, such a contract may finally get this development project off the ground and open export opportunities for the aircraft. Until recently, both the Russian military and Ro- soboronexport remained cautious about the An-70’s sales opportunities. But this seems to have changed. Isaikin told report- ers recently: “In the today’s situation, airlifters are in demand all around the world; every air force needs or wants to have an efficient fleet of aircraft. Therefore, the An-70 has good chances in the market, provided its development is completed soon.” Furthermore, the Russian air force made a positive assessment of Antonov’s idea to create a 15 metric ton airlifter, the An-178, which is based on the An-148 75-seat com- An-70 mercial passenger jetliner — which is in production within Russia (at the VASO plant

An-70

AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 49 View of analyst

in Voronezh) and in Ukraine (at Antonov’s Russia also is considering re-starting a positive reception, and now Russia and plant in Kiev). Today, the An-148 is most production of the Il-76 50-ton airlifter as India are working together on opportuni- modern Eastern-built airliner, and it is in ser- a modernized Il-476 airlifter, as well as ties for both the FGFA fighter and MTA air- vice with Rossiya — Russian Airlines (operat- the super-heavy Antonov An-124 Ruslan lifter, he added. ing six An-148-100Bs as of January 2011) cargo aircraft. The Kremlin has approached In the area of anti-aircraft weapons, Rus- and Ukraine’s Aerosvit airlines (two An- China, the U.S., India and certain European sia’s S-400 Triumph draws most interest 148-100Bs in service). Russia’s United Air- nations with the idea to join forces on these from overseas customers. “It is a brand- craft Corporation (UAC) has secured pre- programs. Isaikin confirms this by saying new system being developed for Russia’s liminary orders from five Indian airlines. This that the Russian air force and undisclosed Air-Defense Forces. Once the Russian cus- enabled UAC and Antonov to launch an An- foreign customers have placed preliminary tomer’s needs are fulfilled, the system will 148 type validation campaign with India’s orders for Il-476. China is being urged to be available for export,” Isaikin told re- Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DG- renegotiate the stalled deal on some 40 Il- porters. “We are in consultations with Rus- CA) in May 2010. First deliveries to Indian 76-series aircraft in favor of the more ad- sian Defense Ministry in order to have airlines are planned for 2011. In addition, vanced Il-476. India is likely to be offered an understanding of when we can start two aircraft were contracted by the govern- either Il-476 or An-124 if it initiates a new S-400 deliveries abroad. We are talking ment of Myanmar in November 2009 for strategic airlifter tender. Such a tender may to our customers, but deliveries are some delivery in 2011; the deal is a part of a big- be launched if India does not buy the Boe- time off in the future.” ger one also involving delivery of 20 MiG- ing C-17 Globemaster III under a govern- In the meantime, Russia will contin- 29 fighters. So, the An-148 is on its way ment-to-government arrangement. ue to sell the previous-generation S-300,

Su-30MKI

of becoming the first Russian-built airliner Advanced airlifters add a new dimension which sometimes has become an issue in the Indian inventory (not counting a hand- to the sales of aviation equipment, which for politicians because of its capabilities. ful of Tu-154Ms and Il-62Ms that were op- currently are dominated by tactical jet- “The S-300 is a defensive system; there- erated for a short period of time in late fighters. In the next five years, the evolving fore, it poses no harm offensive to neigh- 1980s/early 1990s). UAC is talking to sev- Flanker and Fulcrum series of fourth-gener- boring countries,” Isaikin stated. Howev- eral Indian companies on the possibility of li- ation fighters will be succeeded by the Fifth er, long-expected deliveries to Iran are un- censed production — which would start as Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA). likely to start until newly-imposed United “screwdriver assembly” and then move to The FGFA effectively is an exportable ver- Nations sanctions are lifted. This means a high degree of “Indianization.” Should sion of the Russian air force PAK FA com- Russia will have to find another custom- the An-148 become a success story, it may bat aircraft, which has been in flight test er for the already-produced systems that prove a basis for the creation of many spe- since January 2010. Isaikin says that Rus- now are in storage following the Rus- cialized military versions, including the An- sia currently has received a proposal to co- sian government’s June decision to join 178, and even serve as the starting point for operate on joint development of fifth-gen- countries upholding sanctions for Iran. It development of the Indo-Russian Multirole eration weapons systems from one coun- may happen that these systems will find Transport Aircraft (MTA). try — India. The Indian initiative was given their way to China, which already oper- 50 View of analyst

ready is in service with the Indian navy has won additional orders from this country, along with other customers in the region. In terms geographic, Asia-Pacific continues to serve the main selling point for Ro- soboronexport. By contractual volume, Vietnam was the largest buyer of Russian weapons in 2009. It signed a contract val- ued at roughly $4 billion for six Project 636M diesel submarines (to be built at Ad- miralty Shipyards in St. Petersburg) together with infrastructure. This contract is a real breakthrough, since the purchasing nation does not operate submarines today. Anoth- er large sale there was for eight Su-30MK2 multirole aircraft (deliveries to be completed in 2011), in addition to four such air- Ka-31 craft purchased earlier. Hanoi has funded development of the Bastion shore-protection system using Yakhont supersonic missiles (similar to BrahMos PJ-10 co-devel- ates the S-300PMU2 Favorit — the latest tsir S1 short-range missile/gun air defense oped by Russia and India) — with deliv- in the evolving S-300 series of weapons. system. Reportedly, deliveries of this weap- eries of these systems to began in 2009. Isaikin also sees a new opportunity for ex- on are underway to Syria and the United With these deals, Vietnam is now among panding Russian sales with the introduction Arab Emirates. The export success of Rus- the largest Russian customers, together with of a new type of armored vehicle for the ar- sia’s Project 636 diesel submarines could India, China, Algeria, Venezuela and Syria. my — referred to as the Machine — for be repeated with the Project 677 Lada. Russia will continue to use foreign com- the support of tanks in the battlefield. He de- The lead vessel in this series was commis- ponents in its weapon systems — both for scribed it as a highly protected and heavily sioned by the Russian Navy in May 2010 export and internal use. Night vision sys- armed vehicle that can survive threats from after several years of sea trials. As another tems from Thales for use on armored vehi- mines and anti-tank missiles. It would inter- example, the 300-mm Smerch rocket sys- cles, along with avionics for aircraft appli- act with main battle tanks to clear the way tem is now being offered in a new version cations already are incorporated in the lat- for mainstay forces in the battlefield, he said. on a lighter wheeled chassis that carries est products from Russian manufacturers. “Russia has developed prototypes of such four containerized rockets. India is a like- Russia’s electronics producers are not as a vehicle. The use of such systems will al- ly launch customer for this version. Also, advanced as the French in these fields, but low a reduction in loses of personnel, and the Ka-31 radar picket helicopter that al- they are catching up. “We have started that’s the most important factor for any army.” During recent conflicts in Afghanistan, Iran and Lebanon, “classic” tanks — even Il-76 the heavily-protected Abrams and Merka- va — fell prey to anti-tank systems, and not even necessarily the most advanced missiles available. If the new vehicle finds customers, it will help UralVagodZavod — the largest Russian manufacturer of tanks — to survive the current business crisis that has badly hit this huge enterprise. “UVZ has orders, and talks with foreign customers are ongo- ing on further contracts for the plant,” Isaikin explained. Among other weapons worth mentioning as offering export possibilities — including to customers in Asia-Pacific — is the Pan- AIR FLEET· 1 · 2011( 86) 51 View of analyst

producing thermal imagers — quite good The fall of military trade with China is easy to ones, in fact — which is something we could only have dreamed of a few years explain: the local manufacturers have improved ago,” Isaikin commented. However, Russia will continue purchasing advanced components and technologies from France and Despite this success, China’s share 18 percent. I anticipate this may decrease other European nations, as well as develop in Russian military export is likely to con- further.” other means of industrial cooperation and tinue on a downward trend. “The fall In the foreseeable future weapons sales co-development in high-tech areas. of military trade with China is easy to ex- will continue to serve a major political tool At the same time, Russia has been re- plain: the local military production there in the Kremlin’s hands as an instrument negotiating older agreements with oth- develops quickly and well,” according to of keeping its allies interested in their Rus- er nations on licensed production of Rus- Isaikin. “In the past, China needed mod- sian connection. Meantime, with domes- sian weapons. This process is related ern weapons systems because its domestic orders rising, the Russian military indus- with the protection of intellectual prop- tic manufacturers could not fulfill the re- trial complex, once almost totally depen- erty rights. Isaikin says that some break- quirements of the Chinese armed forces. dent on foreign sales to keep conventional throughs have been made in this area: for Today, Chinese manufacturers have im- weapons production going, will increas- instance, China has been licensed to pro- proved, and they can produce more com- ingly see the Defense ministry of its home duce the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which petitive systems in greater numbers for country as its major customer. has been in production there for decades the Chinese customers. The share of Rus- without permission from its developer. sian exports to China has gone down to Vladimir Karnozov