ARAB SUQS: CHANGES AND CONTINUITY OF THE ORGANIZATION, FUNCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS, WITH A CASE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUQ AREA AT AL-,

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Authors SALAGOOR, JAMALUDDEN

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555240 ARAB SUQS: CHANGES AND CONTINUITY OF THE ORGANIZATION,

FUNCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS, WITH A CASE STUDY

OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUQ AREA AT AL-HOFUF, SAUDI ARABIA

by

Jamaludden Salagoor

For a

A Master's Report Submitted to the Faculty of the COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

Masters Project Committee:

Professor Fred S. MatterJrvAv Committee Chairman

Dr. Michael E. Bo Committee Member

Prof. Kenneth Clark Committee Member

t iAisLcrS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This paper would have been al-Awaied and Ibrahim al-Naimi.

impossible without the help of Allah and Thanks go to Erika Louie and

the following. brother Mustafa Shadnof for editing this

I would like to express my thanks paper.

to King Faisal University for financial Special thanks and appreciation to

support during my studies at the my wife and son, Abdulaziz, for their

University of Arizona. time, patience and understanding.

My sincere thanks and appreciation Finally, many thanks to my

to my committee members, Prof. Fred parents, brothers and the Islamic

Matter, Dr. Michael Bonine and Prof. community of Tucson for their moral

Kenneth Clark for their guidance and support. encouragement.

Special thanks to the Islamic

Architecture Group in Tucson for their

suggestions and guidance through their

meetings. The members of this group are:

Khalifa Solieman, Talal Abdullah, Said

Abu-Kamar, Said Al-Awais, Abdulaziz

iii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page Chapter Page

1. ARAB SUQS IN PRE-ISLAMIC TIMES... 1 2. SUQS IN ISLAMIC TIMES...... 19

Introduction...... 3 Decline of the Annual Suqs... 19 Arab Suqs in Pre-Islamic Classification of Arab Times...... 3 Muslim Suqs...... 20 Factors in the Germination Al-Marbad's Suq...... 20 of Annual Suqs in • 's Suq...... 22 Pre-Islamic Times...... 4 Aleppo's Suq...... 27 Growth of Trade...... 4 Characteristics of Arab Location of the Arab Muslim Suqs...... 32 Countries...... 5 Conclusion...... 35 Caravan and Commercial Routes...... 6 3. CONTEMPORARY SUQS...... 37 General Characteristics of Annual Suqs...... 7 Introduction...... 37 Time and Duration...... 7 Factors Responsible for Safety of the Annual Changes in the Traditional Suqs...... 10 Arab Muslim Suq...... 37 Methods of Selling...... 10 Urban Growth...... 38 Ukaz Annual Suq...... 11 Expansion of Traditional Location...... 12 Suqs...... 39 The Attendants...... 12 New Technology and Mass Time and Duration...... 13 Production...... 41 Ukaz, Commercial Forum...... 14 Changes in Mobility..... 45 Ukaz, Social Forum...... 15 Environment, and General Deceit Advertisements.... 15 Problems...... 47 Religious Forum...... 16 Experience of in Deprivation of Nation­ Developing its Suq Area..... 50 ality and Loyalty...... 16 Summary...... 51 Cavalries Glorious...... 16 Ukaz, Literature and 4. CASE STUDY: DEVELOPMENT OF THE Linguistic Forum...... 17 AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA......

V I Chapter Page Chapter Page

Introduction...... 59 AlrHassa Region (Historical Location and Importance..... 59 Aspect...... 116 Climate...... 64 Al-Hassa Natural Resources... 117 Temperature...... 64 Al-Hofuf City...... 118 Wind...... 65 Al-Hofuf Suq Area...... 119 Rainfall...... 66 Services to Different Suqs Historical Background of in the Suq Area...... 121 Al-Hassa and Al-Hofuf...... 68 Suq Street...... 123 The Growth of Al-Hofuf..... 70 Traffic Pressure in the First Stage: 1934-1951.. 70 Suq Street...... 125 Second Stage: 1963...... 73 Suq Al-Qaisariyah...... 127 Third Stage: 1974 to Al-Qaisariyah Wall...... 129 the Present...... 74 Al-Qaisariyah Roof...... 130 The Suq Area...... 76 Al-Qaisariyah Floor...... 131 Accessibility and Circulation Shops in Front of Patterns..... '...... 82 Al-Qaisariyah...... 132 Existing Suqs in Al-Hofuf Suq Suwayqa...... 134 Suq Area...... 86 Suw Al-Zahab (Gold Market)... 135 1. Suq Al-Qaisariyah.... Suq Al-Harim (Women's Plan and Layout..... 89 Market)...... 136 Construction Prayer Area for Women...... 137 Materials...... 91 Children's Needs...... 139 Specialization...... 93 Climate/Microclimate...... 140 2. Shops in Front of Outline of the Design Al-Qaisariyah...... 96 Program...... 142 3. Al-Khamis Suq (Thursday Market)...... 100 GLOSSARY...... 161 4. Suq Al-Zahab (Gold Market)...... 103 NOTES...... 163 5. Suq Swayqa...... 105 6. Suq Al-Harim BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 169 (Women's Market)...... 107 Al-Hassa Crafts...... 108

5. PROBLEM DEFINITION AND DESIGN PROGRAM...... 115 PREFACE

Suqs, or markets, are a vital community. Past mistakes can be theater in which to perform religious, understood, and positive solutions can be cultural, economic and even political achieved. functions. The importance of suqs in the This research is divided into four

Middle East has directed this research chapters. The first chapter discusses into the study of Arab suqs throughout Arab suqs in pre-Islamic times. The history, in order to understand their second chapter explores the suqs in functions, characteristics and organiza­ Islamic times. The third chapter is about tion. The study of Arab suqs will clarify the Arab suqs in contemporary times. The the evolution of the function, last chapter will concentrate on the study characteristics and organization of suqs of the developing al-Hafuf suq area as a which occured as a result of changes in case study. time, beliefs, sales techniques, and people's needs. Discovering these changes will provide the foundation, general ideas, and far-reaching insights into the solution of problems in contemporary suqs according to the specific needs of each

I 2 CHAPTER 1 ARAB SUQS IN PRE-•ISLAMIC TIMES

Introduction Arab Suqs in Pre-Islamic Times

The first two chapters are It is clear that there were directed toward the study of Arab suqs permanent suqs in pre-Islamic times, held

(markets) in both pre-Islamic and Islamic daily in each town and city. Mohammed S. times. The purpose of this comparison is Makki describes the situation of the to understand the similarities and permanent suqs in pre-Islamic Medina and differences of the suqs in both times, in says that "every quarter had its own suq terms of characteristic activities and which spread over a wide area without a layouts, and also to discover whether the [single] definite place for traders."^ changes over time, location, social life However, permanent suqs in pre-Islamic and people's beliefs have had a great times were not as important as the annual effect on the evolution of these suqs, because these annual suqs were more characteristics. In order to achieve than commercial markets: they were also these goals, we will study the germination forums for social and cultural life. and evolution of the Arab suq through There is no better description of the history, and the different factors that annual suqs than that of Urfan Hamor, who have affected the continuity or evolution says "No other nation had anything similar of the suqs. to what the Arab had in the annual suqs.

3 They were held at certain times each year Factors in the Origin of Annual Suqs in Pre-Islamic Times and were spread over different parts of Annual suqs developed in Pre- the Arab peninsula. People came to these Islamic times because of three factors: annual suqs from different places, moved growth in trade, the location of Arab from one annual suq to another, solved countries, and commercial trade routes. many problems and did many things. They sold and swapped goods, waited for Growth of Trade ransomed captives, settled differences Originally, the focus of the between tribes, then they went to hear annual suqs was commercial in nature, not competitions between tribes in poetry and cultural. In order to understand the main speech, and to boast of kinship. Finally, factors in the establishment of annual they socialized and told jokes in clubs. suqs, we have to know how trade was Also, in these annual suqs there were established. rulers who rendered judgments on Trade was established on the disagreements between people: these rulers Arabian Peninsula according to the needs or judges ruled over people according to of people for one another. Each region traditional ways which were accepted by had goods which were produced only in that all of them.11 ^ area. Al-Afghany, who described the

situation of the Arab countries in Pre-Islamic times, wrote that Arab will stop and no one will travel, and as a countries were not equal in wealth or result, buying and selling, taking and fertility. We will find dry and arid land giving will be prevented. But God gives without plants in the Najd, while we find each region certain benedictions absent in fertile lands in Yamin with an abundance the other to allow people to travel to of prosperity. Also we will see that other countries and let people enjoy other

Hejazy cities such as Makkah were similar people's goods. By this, trade is estab­ to the Najd in dryness and aridity, but lished . other Hejazy cities have farms and palm trees such as Medina and Taif, although Location of the Arab Countries 3 not to the same degree as in Yamin. The other factor in the origin of

Unequal amounts of fertility and the _ annual suqs is the location of the production of goods created trade. As a Arab Peninsula in relation to other result, annual suqs were established along nations. Dr. Faisal mentions that its the commercial trade routes at certain "location in the old world was. as the times and places. A1 Hamadin points out location of the heart to body."'* The how trade was established in the Arab Arabian Peninsula was surrounded by Persia

Peninsula. He wrote that "Unless God to the northeast, Rome and Egypt to the gives each region something lacking in the west, and Abyssinia in the southwest other, the trade, crafts, and industries across the Red Sea. This central location made the peninsula an important route for carefully protected. Also, the caravans and highway traffic.® Along the solved the problem of long routes by caravan routes, the annual suqs were constructing commercial stations and

established. annual suqs along these routes.

Naturally, inhabitants of these areas also

Caravans and Commercial Routes practiced trade, especially those who

One consequence of the unique lived close to the caravan routes. Those

location of the Arabian Peninsula between who did not practice trade directly also

the old cultures was that most caravans benefited from the advantages of the trade

passed through it, so that highway trade route by working as guides, drivers, or 7 and stations for huge caravans were protectors of caravans for fees.

established. Because the sea lanes were There were two main routes. The

not always safe, Arab traders used the first one was eastern; it extended from

land routes; but these land routes were to and ended in Syria

also difficult and dangerous. The Arabs (Damascus). Goods from , , and

somewhat overcame the danger and risk of Persia were carried along it, and as

these routes by the emergence of trade in traders passed the Yemeni, Iraqi,

the form of large caravans. Schedules and Tadmarian and Syrian suqs, they sold what

routes were determined beforehand and they had brought and purchased what their

caravans were surrounded by guards and countrymen needed. The second route was and traders moved from one annual suq to western; it was more important th another in sequence, starting the cycle first. It extended from Yemen to Syria again each year. and passed the cities of the Hajaz region The list below and Figure 1 show such as Makkah. Along this route, the sequence of the annual suqs starting took with them goods from Yemen, India and with the first month in the Islamic Abyssinia to Ilejaz and Syria, then they calendar. transferred Syrian goods to Yemen, 1. Doemat al-Jandal: held the first eventually imported these goods of Rabi' al-Awal through the and Abyssinia.8 The annual suqs were held middle of the month. along these two routes. 2. Haiar suq: at the beginning of

Rabi al-Thani. of Annual Suqs General Characteristics^ characteristics 3. Oman suq: closing by the end of There are some Jumada al-Awal. in all annual that can be generalised 4. Mashkar suq: held at the beginning safety factors, suqs: time and duration, of Jumada al-Thani and closing by and methods of selling. the end of the month.

5. llobash suq: lie Id at the fifth of Time a nd Du ration Rajab and continuing for three held once a year Annual suqs were places. People days. at established times and 6. Sahara suq: continuing for twenty 14. Zul-Majaz suq: starting at the

days from Rajah. Authors are not beginning of Zul-Hijjah and

sure of its duration. continuing for eight days.

7. Dubai sug: held at the last day of Then people did the pilgrimage

Rajab and extending till the tenth duty, after that continuing the

of Ramadan. circuit to other annual suqs.

8. Al-Shor suq: held at the middle of 15. Khaybar suq, lasting till the

Shcaban. twentieth of Zul-Hijjah.

9. Aden suq: lasting the first ten 16. Hajar-al-Yamama suq: until the end

days of Ramadan. of Muharam.

10. Sana suq: from the middle of Rama- 17. Deir Ayyub suq

dan until the end of the month. 18. Busr suq

11. Ukaz suq: at the beginning of 19. Az1roat suq

Zul-Qicdah ; some said at the 20. Al-Hira Suq: The last suq.

middle of the month. Authors are not sure of its time

12. Hadarmout suq: held at the middle and duration. After that, at

of Zul-Qi'dah. Rabi' 1st, the first month in the

13. Majanah suq: People started to calendar, they moved to

assemble at the last days of Doamat al-Jandal suq, the first

Zul-Qi/dah. suq in the previous cycle. Azroat

Deir Ayyub

Arabian Sea

Figure 1. Annual suqs and their chronological sequence.

9 The Safety of the Annual Suqs protect them because these governments had

The other important general power to maintain safety, to trace characteristic of these annual suqs was criminals, and to prevent hostilities. that they were safe and secure. People These governments also appointed Arab knew that both their life and money were agents to collect predetermined taxes.^ safe. There also was a great deal of The second type was the suq freedom at the annual suqs. Sometimes located in the nomadic or Bedouin area, people who complained of oppression in where there was no government dominance. their native land even went to these Traders in these areas hired guards to annual suqs, searching for someone to protect them from any hostilities, and assist them with their problems. usually some tribal chiefs nominated

The annual suqs were classified themselves as rulers in these suqs and into two types in terms of safety. The collected taxes.^ first type was located in a governmental area either dominated by Arab control, Methods of Selling such as Ukaz annual suq, or by foreign In some annual suqs in Pre-Islamic governments, such as al-Hirah, Hajar, Oman times there were sales involving fraud and and others under Persian dominance, or deception. The first type, al-Gharar. is

Busra and Damascus under Roman domination. the sale of unavailable goods. An example

Traders did not need to hire guards to is to sell fish that are not yet caught or

10 1 2 a bird that has not yet been trapped. somebody else who really wants to buy

The second type, al-Mulamasah, the it.1^ Sales techniques based on vanity touching sale, becomes valid on the and delusion were common in pre-Islamic buyer's touching the cloth without times. All of these forms of selling were checking or looking at it. An example of prohibited when gained predominance. this type is as follows: the seller brings There were also some trades that a folded garment, or the sales location is were prohibited by Islamic doctrine in darkness. The buyer offers a price, because they were considered to be and the owner of the garment says, "I sell immoral, such as prostitution in which it to you only on the condition that you traders hired their women slaves out for will touch it, not see it, and if you see money. Another example of bad trade was it you have no option to cancel the the trade of wine and spirits in certain sale." The third type, al-Munabazha, is clubs or tents.^ These types of trade like gambling. An example of this type of continued until the arrival of the Islamic sale is when two persons agree to barter faith. one thing for another without seeing or checking either of them.1^ The fourth Ukaz Annual Suq type, al-Naj sh means to offer a higher The Ukaz suq was one of the impor­ price for something without having the tant annual suqs in pre-Islamic times. I intention to buy it but just to cheat have selected Ukaz as an example in order to show the different activities that were Uka2 atlnual SU1 agree that it was held on held in these annual suqs which were almost rectangular in shape, with started as solely commercial enterprises, dimensions of four kilometers on the later becoming forums for literary, west axis and two kilometers on the social, and political activities. north-south axis. This site is located

Location 150 meterS °a the southern side of the highway connecting the cities of Taif and Many researchers have tried to , and is 35 kilometers from Taif and locate the exact site of the Ukaz annual ^ n kilometers from the present-day suq, but they face many problems. One of al-Hawiyah airport.18 these is the lack of permanent physical

structures, because the Ukaz annual suq

was a mobile suq. In addition, most Many people from different pari ancient geographers determined the of the Arabian peninsula attended the uk, location of certain places according to annual suq for twenty days, then th, environmental elements such as mountains, moved on to Majan and Zulmajaz annual su, wadis and deserts. One of their units of and prepared themselves for thQ 16 Pilgrimat measurement was the distance a camel could to Makkah. People who attended the Uk- 1 7 travel in one day. However, most annual suq came from the tribes of writers who deal with the location of the Quraish, Hwazan, Khadafan and from Abyssinia. There were also some groups who made decisions only between people in from the Arab-Gulf, Yemen, Syria and Iraq, his tribe. Sometimes a judge was a

and other parts of the Arab Peninsula. national judge who made decisions

Sometimes the Ukaz annual suq became concerning all Arabs who attended this 1 9 overcrowded despite its spacious area. annual suq, and all the people accepted

Each tribe and group of people who his judgment for this reason. From this

attended the Ukaz annual suq had their own we can understand that the situation in

tents which were reserved for them, and the Ukaz annual suq was not anarchic but

they raised flags by which they were there was discipline, and the judgments 21 distinguished from other Arab tribes. were respected by all Arabs.

Individual tents were also set up outside

the location of the trade activities and Time and Duration 20 away from the crowds. Some sources note that the Ukaz Because the Ukaz annual suq was annual suq began on the first day of attended by many different tribes, Zul-Qi'dah month; others say that it began 2? disagreements occurred between individuals in the middle of the same month. and sometimes between tribes. Because of However, all sources agree that the Ukaz the recurring disagreements, there were annual suq began some time in Dhul'Qidah, rulers and judges to settle disputes. one of the forbidden months (Zul-Qi'dah,

This person was sometimes a local judge Zul hijjah, Muharam, and Rajab), during which fighting was prohibited by pagan linen cloths mixed with silk dye, color, religions. Also, the pilgrimage period frankincense, spices and perfumes. In occurred during these months, making the another corner of this annual suq, traders

Ukaz annual suq which was near to Makkah from Oman and the Arabian Gulf regions 23 more crowded than others. carried with them pearls, dates and wine

from Hajar and al-. The Syrian

Ukaz Commercial Forum traders sold gold and silver jewelry from

The Ukaz annual suq was mainly Busra and silk fabric from Damascus and commercial. Because it was located along Gaza. Even livestock production took the caravan route and was held in place in the Ukaz annual suq and items

Zulqidah, one of the forbidden months, such as wool, soft hair, oils, and fats many people from different Arab countries were brought by the Bedouins. If we attended this annual suq. As a result, looked further, we could find displays of many types of goods were displayed, either tanned leather shoes and sandals. In imported or locally produced. Taking a other areas we find carpenters, quick glance into the Ukaz annual suq, we blacksmiths, and veterinarians. There will find that traders from the same were expensive perfumes, masks and famous country or place occupied one place in the weapons such as Indians swords and suq with different merchandise. There, we al-Khatia arrows from al-Khat town in could find traders from Yemen displaying al-Bahrain. Also there were famous wines 24 and slave traders. religious forums, stripping people of

It was known that any stolen their citizenship, and praising of merchandise or livestock could not be glorious cavalries.^ traded in the Ukaz annual suq or any annual suq because goods were known by Deceit Advertisements their brand or trademark, and people were Among the Arabs, when a person not willing to buy anything without a deceived another man or committed an proven brand or mark of ownership. This unforgivable crime, the man who was kind of trade system was rigorously deceived would go to an annul suq and post 25 enforced in the Ukaz annual suq. a deceit notice and announce to all the

people in attendance that he had been

Ukaz, Social Forum deceived, and that he knew the face of his

The Ukaz annual suq was full of deceiver, and no longer sat or listened to different social activities. Requests for him nor had any relations with him. By aid were announced; poetry and articles of this announcement, Ukaz Judgment was legislation were declared; judgments were issued on this person. Punishment was the issued; flags were raised; weapons were removal of this person from social life. put aside; slaves were sold. Also, other Consequently, such punishments encouraged social activities existed such as the Arab people to be honest with each other, raising deceitful flags, setting up or a deceit notice would be made against alliance with a tribe with whom they had them.^ an agreement because of serious crimes on

their part. In order to stop wars and

Religious Forum avenge bloodshed with other tribes, a

Many wise men, monks and preachers tribe would take away the nationality of a came to this annual suq to preach and to member or break an alliance of the tribe remind people of the hereafter, to another. A good place to do this was punishments, heaven and hell. The Prophet at annual suqs, especially the Ukaz annual

Mohammed attended the Ukaz annual suq and suq which was attended by many people. As went to each tribe in turn, inviting them soon as the tribe made the announcement, to be Muslims and to believe in him as then the tribe was no longer responsible

n Q prophet, showing them what was revealed to for that person's actions. him from Allah. He requested the protection of the tribes before he went to Cavalries Glorious the people as preacher for the new One of the Arab tribal customs was religion. to praise their cavalry. Each tribe came

with its cavalry and praised it in front

Deprivation of Nationality and Loyalty of other tribes, hoping for its cavalry to

This occurred when a tribe wanted be named the Arab Cavalry. Another custom to get rid of a member or break an among these cavalry was to mask their faces with veils, not only to hide from suq, identified by their red tents. Each the enemy, but if they were captured their tribe's poet went to them to receive their captors would request a lot of money from judgment and criticism of his words. their tribe to free them.^ Around the judges' tents, many

transcribers, poets, and spectators sat,

Ukaz, Literature and Linguistic Forum listening to poets and the judges'

The Ukaz annual suq, in addition criticism, and waiting for their decision. to its commercial and social function, As soon as the judges issued their became a literary and linguistic forum. opinions, transcribers and other people

The Arab trader was naturally a poet; he took the poems and spread them throughout usually constructed a poem to advertise the suq and beyond, to Arab urban and 31 his merchandise and to criticize rural areas. Thus, poets and orators another's. Another trader or one of his who wanted to be famous and have their tribe's poets would then, create another literary works known in all the Arab poem in defense of his merchandise and regions, selected their words very criticize the first. Thus, poetry was carefully. Through the annual suqs, poets created and gradually literary, poetic and and orators helped unite the Arab language oratory activities took place at Ukaz and into one language, since Arabs in the the other annual suqs. * As a result, pre-Islamic period had many different poetry judges appeared in the Ukaz annual dialects. These differences lay not in the origin, structure or grammar of the language but in differences in pronuncia- 22 tion. The Ukaz annual suq and other annual suqs have played a very important role in uniting the Arab language, helping

Arabic literature to flourish, and in establishing the fundamentals of literary criticism.

18 CHAPTER 2 ARAB SUQS IN ISLAMIC TIMES

Decline of the Annual Suqs large market places containing a variety

Many factors, contributed to the of goods, making risky and time-consuming 2 decline and disappearance of the great trips to faraway suqs unnecessary. annual suqs. The third reason was due to the

The first one was the holy war, discovery of new routes from the Far East al-jihad, when Muslims advanced the spread to the Mediterranean region and Europe by of Islam, causing a postponement of the sea. This caused the decline of the large-scale trade transactions. In annual suqs which were located on the conjunction, Muslims directed their ancient land routes.^ attention to the study of the holy book, The last reason was due to the al-Quran, and other Islamic learning, allowance of trade in Makkah during the causing a decrease in interest in the pilgrimage after the people had embraced literary, oratory, and poetic offerings of Islam, while it was forbidden in the the annual suqs.^ pre-Islamic period to engage in trade in

The second reason was due to the Makkah during the pilgrimage. I bn cAbbas creation of new, large Islamic cities; describes: "Ukaz, Majannah and Zul-Majaz people settled in towns and gave up their were markets in pre-Islamic period. When nomadic lifestyle. These settlements had the people embraced Islam they considered it a sin to trade there. So the following is considered to be a unique suq held holy verse came: 1 There is no harm for you during the Islamic period. to seek of the bounty of your Lord (Allah) The second type of suq was that in the Hajj season. 1 By opening the originally founded by Muslims and

Makkah suqs, the nearby annual suqs, Ukaz, developed by them, having similar

Majannah and Zul-Majaz, lost their characteristics to Arab Muslim suqs. commercial significance and their reason Medina's suq is considered to be an for existence.^ example of this type.

The third type of suq was that

Classification of Arab Muslim Suqs founded by non-Muslims and developed by

Arab Muslim suqs could be Muslims and having similar characteristics classified into three types, in terms of to the Arab Muslim suq. An example of their establishment and evolution. First, this type is Syria's Aleppo suq. there were the suqs that were originally founded by Muslims and had similar Al-Marbad's Suq characteristics to the Ukaz annual suq; Al-Marbad' s suq was a unique suq, but there were slight differences different than other Arab-Muslim suqs. It according to differences in time and was similar to the Ukaz annual suq in location. An example of this suq is terms of its characteristics; but it was al-Marbad, near the city of al-Basra which permanent and held at all times.^ The Al-Marbad suq was located in during the pre-Islamic times. The the western part of al-Basra City (a port function of the Ukaz suq was to unite the in Iraq), near Nomadis. Originally it was Arabic dialects into one ideal language, a camel suq, then the bedouins of al-Basra while the function of al-Marbad was wanted to have a suq similar to that in correcting the language structure, since

Ukaz, to be a central place between people made many grammatical mistakes as a al-Basra and the nomads. They created result of the mixture of Arabic with other al-Marbad to be a commercial market and languages during the Islamic conquest. A place for poets to recite their poems of person who sought out the classical Arabic 7 mockery and glory. language and who wanted to improve his

During the Ummayed time al-Marbad language skills had to go to the al-Marbad became a general and permanent suq. Each suq, which provided a pure Arabic 9 poet had his own place and audience. atmosphere.

People came from al-Basra for recreation The evolution of the al-Marbad suq and to refresh their bodies, which were can be classified into three periods. The weakened by warfare, since this time was first one was during al-Khulaf ah al- Q considered to be relatively peaceful. Rashidan (or orthodox caliphs). The suq

Al-Marbad fulfilled an important was then mainly commercial, and usually

role for the Arabic language, different dates and camels were sold; arms and booty

than Ukaz annual suq, which was held were also divided among the combatants.^ The second period was during the Arabic language had been significantly

Ummayed Caliphate, when the suq was influenced by Persians in southern Iraq. enlarged. People from different regions However, because of the influence of the attended the suq, especially poets, desert Arabs, the language spoken at the literary figures and scientists, because suq remained pure. Poets and grammarians this period was considered to be peaceful came to al-Marbad not to recite or teach, compared to the period of the Orthodox but to listen to these people and to 1 3 caliphs. improve and correct their own work.

At the end of the Ummayed period, The uniqueness of the al-Marbad al-Marbad reached its peak because suq was not in its commercial or social literary and science movements increased activities. Rather, some of the greatest in importance, and many students came from works in Islamic literature, poetry and in different regions to take the classical the formal science of grammar were 1 4 Arabic language to their people. produced during this time.

Al-Marbad became a practical school, and many of its students became famous Medina's Suq 1 2 grammarians and poets. In pre-Islamic times there were

During the subsequent Abbasid several suqs in Medina, and roughly every period the al-Marbad suq took on another quarter had its own suq. They spread out area of importance. By this time the over a wide area without buildings and

22 1 5 without definite space. Baqi al-Zuber, according to

When the Prophet Mohammed came to al-Samhodi's description, was not more

Medina, he established the central Medina than 150 meters from the Prophet's Mosque suq. He chose Baqi al-Zuber, which was while al-Musalla who was the beginning of very close to his mosque, as the site for the suq from the south is about 500 meters

Medina's suq. Ibn Shaba says: "The from the Prophet's Mosque. It seems prophet pitched a tent in the place of that this is why Makki mentions that

Baqi al-Zuber, at that time owned by Kaba Medina's suq is not similar to other

B. al-Ashraf and said 1 This is your suq.1 Islamic suqs, in that "The Medina market

When Kaba B. al-Ashraf arrived he went was situated outside the city and this into the tent and cut its ropes. Then the Medina suq was different from other prophet moved the suq to its present Islamic cities where the market is often 1 8 location at al-Mankha and Babi al-Shami associated with the main mosque." The and said: 'This is your suq, it is not to main reason the Medina suq was not be built or acquired and no tax is to be associated with the mosque was because the levied on it.1 According to al-Samhudi: prophet was forced to move the location of

1 This suq (new location) is bounded by the market from Baqi al-Zuber, which was al-Musala (al-Ghamama Mosque) and reaches nearer the mosque to its present location, nearly to Thamat al-Wadi on its north farther away. I bn Shabbah reports: "The 16 side. [fact that] the prophet chose Babi I

al-Zuber as the site of the suq but was The benefits of such a market may be of forced to move it to its present place more value to strangers than to suggests that the prophet wanted the suq inhabitants of the city^ (Figure 2). to be close to the Mosque.11 ^ Medina's suq continued to occupy

The other reason for selecting the the same site without permanent structures present site, which made the suq remote being built until the regime of Muawiyah. from the mosque, could be, as Makki The earliest covered markets or qaysariyah mentions, "Because . . . Medina's suq was in Medina were built by Muawiyah B. united several years after Islam by which Abi-Sufyan. He built two buildings within time the Muslims had built their own the suq area and levied taxes on those who houses around the mosque and therefore it occupied them. The two buildings were became necessary to find another site known as dar al-Qitran and dar n „ 22 large enough to accommodate the rapidly al-Nuqsan. enlarging trade activities in the new At the time of Hisham I bn Abdul

Islamic city. Malik in the Ummayed period, Ibrahim I bn

In the early Islamic era Medina's Hisham, the Governor of Al-Medina, took

suq occupied a large area of the city over the market and built shops with rooms because it was the meeting place for rural above them for rent. It is thought that

inhabitants and traders from far afield this suq was walled, as historians state who settled there for a very short time. that there were two large gates, one in

24 x ^ s N W w w x\\W\ \ x x. x X A u h u d Mount om

MEDIN, GREAT MOSQUE MEDIN, GREAT MOSQUE

Gotts Eorly forun Later addition* THE EARLY ISLAMIC SUO Volley THE PRE ISLAMIC SUOS

Figure 2. Medina's suq in pre-Islamic and Figure 3. Medina's suq during the time early Islamic times. of Hisham Ibn Abdul Malik, from 634- Source: Makki, Medina's Suq, p. 150. 705 A.D. Source: Makki, Medina's Suq, p. 152. t'. . -i Cfeoi Mosque

B E3 Boieor Aieos

(Disused)

Hobbcboh suq Doles suq Cooks suq Fire wood suq Meat suq Vegetable suq Breed suq 0 Ai-Kolfoso Suq i Ayclioneen Clothes suq b AlfolfoSuQ s HoytehMliems Suq c Vtqetobtcs one Mfot Suq I Bnc o Broc «»c Auction Govts suq d Fruit Suq m Amm eli ond Firewood Suq Auction • Breed Suq m Cor Seierooms Housh Al-Jomol f Cooks Suq o Al-Hobboboh Suq 9 Dotes Suq p Nee BeteiI Shops h Clolhing or»d JeweMen $yq # h e * Butchers Shops 1 As Shruq Suq

Figure 4. The distribution of Medina's suq Figure 5. The location of Medina's Suq according to the description of Ali Bin Musa during the Saudi time, since 1930. in 1885. Source: Makki, Medina's Suq, p. 155. Source: Makki, Medina's Suq, p. 154.

26 the north near Thanyat al-Wadi and the Prophets' Mosque, and most shops which

other in the south near the date market. clustered around the mosque were suppliers

Several small gates in the eastern and of the sanctuary, book sellers, dealers in western sides of the market led to avenues incense and other perfumes. Next to these

around i t ^ (Figure 3). shops was suq al-Qammasha, with a covered

During the Turkish period street which extended from the east and

(1555-1916), the site of the suq was west sides of the Prophet's Mosque. The

relatively central and did not extend hierarchy of Medina's suq is similar to 25 further north than the site of the Medina any Arab Muslim suq (Figure 5).

wall. The suq within the walled area Although the Medina suq was

tended to grow near the gate of al-Masri, initially removed from the Prophet's

situated near al-Manakha areas, where Mosque, through the evolution of Medina's

caravans from Makka, , Egypt and suq the Prophet's Mosque as a religious

Syria camped. Suq al-Qammasha (textile center and magnetic urban element caused

market) and al-Ayniah street were located the suq to extend to its side until the

at this gate and gave easy access to the Prophet's Mosque and the suq became one 24 hinterlands (Figure 4). urban fiber. During the Saudi times, the suq

extended from suq al-Qammasha and Aleppo's Suq

al-Ayniah streets until it reached the Aleppo's suq is considered to be one of those which were built during A.D./16 A.H. As a consequence of the

Classical times by non-Muslims and town's surrender without a fight, an maintained by Muslims during the Islamic agreement was formed between the city's

period, until it took on many of the inhabitants and the Muslim leader

characteristics of Arab Muslim suqs. Abu-Ubayd for them to live in safety, to

The first plan for Aleppo was preserve their fortifications, and to

created by the Macedonians between 301 and maintain their churches and houses in

381 B.C. on a site called Beroia, and was return for the payment of tribute. This built according to a regular plan with agreement permitted Muslims to build the rectilinear streets, and a rampart whose first mosque, outside the city on the , 28 four sides formed a square. The Beroia roadway.

layout was maintained in Islamic Aleppo After more than one century of the

until it took on many characteristics of Umayyed era had passed, most inhabitants

Arab Muslim suqs^ (Figure 6). had become Muslims. This warranted the

The Romans built a market in building of the great Mosque in the agora

Beroia which consisted of an agora and a around 715 A.D./96 A.H. Another large 37 colonnaded avenue. open place for prayer, the Musalla, was

Aleppo became an Islamic town when also founded close to the citadel^

it fell to Khalid B. al-Wahid, the (Figure 7).

commander of the Muslim troops, in 637 The introduction of these two prayer locations brought changes in the As a consequence of Aleppo's suq

urban land use pattern. The market place, transformation, many questions are raised. a section of the former agora, was removed What are the main reasons for such a

and reformed. As a result, the new hall transformation, and why was the Aleppo suq

of fruits and vegetables and khans transformed from the Hellenistic plan of

(hotels) began in a new location, leaning wide streets dominated by an agora to

against the town walls, close to the narrow streets and mazes dominated by the

produce fields. However, the cloth market mosque, which made Aleppo's suq similar to

for precious clothing, or al-Qaisariyah, any Arab Muslim suq. Sauvaget links the

still remained at the old site of transformation of Aleppo's suq to the

agora. Thus, in a changing land weakness in governmental authority and the

pattern it was eventually situated continuous instability which is believed

adjacent to the great mosque. to have affected all aspects of urban life

Since the fruit market did not during the Muslim period." Sauvaget's

provide enough room for all of the shops suggestion seems to be untrue because the

previously found in both the old agora and Muhtasib, as the governmental authority

the colonnaded avenue, people rented road­ whose responsibility was to maintain the

way locations for trade and booths. As a suq order, was known since the Prophet's 33 result, narrow streets and mazes were ere- time. The suggestion of Saleh 31 ated in the suq near the great mosque. Al-Hathloul is more reasonable. He states Figure 6. Aleppo during the Roman Empire. Figure 7. Aleppo at the end of the Source: Sauvaget, Aleppo: Album, p. 53. 13th century A.D., during the Islamic time. Source: Sauvaget, Aleppo: Album, p. 54 . 1

Trade and Trafrt

T V tm ia a r at AUppe Tht hloat nfuarr arrat ’yyr'rtm i ktuins u n / | WTodri e m aJJ fattr nJrt. irvrraJ of i Vm ui(* m a l l >nuiiuli im rV a * tn *rdi The r^trm a pur i u> lh» baiaar arr injuatrd bv ai-mt t A <#

Figure 9. Transformation of the collonaded avenue into a narrow lane with small booths, in the Islamic period. Source: Sauvaget, Aleppo: Album, p. 52.

Figure 8. Aleppo Suq in the Islamic time. Source: Michel, Architecture of the Islamic World, p. 108.

□ minirn r ------**r-*rV'' fJ>rlYf -W i f 'na i a Figure 3 31 that this kind of transformation was due suqs were developed in these cities,

to people's changing beliefs, coupled with providing an alternative to the Arab the disappearance of the wheel and the annual suqs in pre-Islamic times, which climatic need for protection from the sun, had been located along trade routes to which apparently was not considered in serve a more nomadic people. Annual suqs

Hellenistic plans.^ vanished by the end of the eighth century

A.D., giving rise to permanent suqs in

Characteristics of Arab-Muslim Suqs thriving cities and ports.^

Arab Muslim suqs can be charac­ Arab Muslim suqs tended toward terized as permanent and specialized, with specialization. Producers and retailers covered streets in some areas, a securely of the same kind of goods always occupied gated and covered edifice in its midst adjacent stalls. Each trade was likely to called a qaisariyah, with support build­ have one of the market lanes completely to ings spread out in different locations in itself. Thus, the suq was divided into the suq, such as a khan (hotel) or a specialized trades or suqs known by their madrassah'(school), all clustered around a names, such as the textile suq, vegetable 37 congregational mosque.^ suq, etc. Specialization had many advan­

Arab suqs became permanent suqs tages for all concerned: the consumers, when Muslims conquered existing cities and retailers, and administrators. Consumers established many new cities. Permanent benefited from this specialization by the

32 opportunity to select merchandise at detrimental effects the various trades may reasonable prices because of competition produce on the public.^ between the sellers. Specialization also In von Gruenbaum1s description of gave an opportunity for retailers' and pro­ Muslim suqs, he considers Arab Muslim suqs ducers to organize themselves into guilds as part of all Muslim suqs. ^ The to develop and to control their own trade. congregational mosque, as the center of

In addition, administrators benefited from religious life, is considered a magnetic specialization in the suq because the urban element, attracting certain types of grouping of retailers and producers of trades such as the suppliers of the similar goods in one lane made it easier sanctuary, candles, incense and other for the Muhtasib to control the quality of perfumes, book sellers and book binders. 38 goods and to collect taxes. Following the principle of the dependence

The hierarchy of the specialty of different trades on each other, one trades in Arab Muslim suqs followed three could see that near the book sellers and main concepts. First was the concept" of book binders suqs would be located the urban magnetic elements such as the leather merchants and the slipper suqs, mosque, which attracted to its vicinity both of whom are in one way or another 39 certain trades. Second was the concept concerned with leather goods. Next to the

of the dependence of different trades on above-mentioned groups, we would find a

each other. Third was the concept of what security gated edifice called al-Qaisariyah, which was mainly occupied urban magnetic elements, the dependency of by dealers in textiles, and precious different trades on each other, and the

materials other than fabrics. Thus, harm that trades could produce on people.

al-Qaisariyah was considered to be the These things did not develop haphazardly,

most wealthy place in the entire suq. but out of a form of government control.

Next to the textile dealers would be the Otherwise, the order would be less

carpenters, locksmiths and producers of pronounced. However, since the Prophet's

copper utensils, and somewhat farther from time, it was known that the main

the center, the smiths. From the above responsibility of the Muhtasib was to

description, it was clear that the maintain the order and the quality of the

hierarchy of specialization of trade in suq according to religious principles. the Arab Muslim suqs started from the Al-Shayzari (d. 589/1193) mentions

congregational mosque with soft goods, several things in his manual about what

gradually moving into the labor trades, the Muhtasib should do in order to

and eventually reaching the trades which maintain the quality and order of the suq:

produced noise, smoke, and other hazards "The Muhtasib should see to it that

to people, such as the smiths. producers of the same kinds of goods have

The organization of trade into one of the market lanes completely for

specialties and the hierarchy of themselves. So the lane will be known by

.specialization followed the concepts of their trade, since this will make it easier for their customers and will make Conclusion their produce more saleable. As for the There were differences between artisans whose products need the setting Arab suqs in pre-Islamic times and those of fire— such as bakers, cooks, and in Islamic times in terms of their blacksmiths--it is preferable for the characteristics, activities and layouts. al-Muhtasib to place them at a distance Because Arabs in pre-Islamic times

from the dealer in perfumes and the were more nomadic than in Islamic times, drapers, since they share no similarity their suqs were mobile suqs that were held

and because of the possibility of causing in certain times and places in a set

harm. sequence along caravan and commercial

Finally, when one knows the main routes. Even though there were permanent

characteristic of Arab Muslim suqs, he suqs in each quarter, they were held in

will find the Arab Muslim suqs unique, and very large spaces without a definite

their layout and organization did not layout for traders. In addition, the

occur haphazardly, or as Sauvaget annual suqs were not only commercial but

suggested because of the weakness of also literary; and the specialization in

governmental authority, but they in fact these suqs was not according to type of

developed according to a highly ordered trade but according to the country or

scheme. place from which the traders came; traders

from Yemen of different trade specialties I

occupied one place next to them; maybe known by its name, creating specialization there were traders from Iraq or Syria, in the suq according to the type of trade. etc. There was no hierarchy or organi­ Trade specialization followed three zation in these annual suqs, but there was concepts; urban magnetism, such as the a tent of poetry judges which might be a congregational mosque; dependency of one dominant element in these annual suqs. trade on another; and what harm the trade

Finally, Arab traditions predominated in might produce on the public. The suqs1 the settlement of disagreements between organization did not occur haphazardly but people and tribes. because the al-Muhtasib, as the govern­

In contrast to pre-Islamic suqs, mental authority, was responsible for

Arab suqs in Islamic times were permanent, maintaining the suqs1 order, to supervise with a definite physical structure, and the quality of merchandise, and to ensure they occupied central parts of the city, that the process of buying and selling since the Arabs had left behind their followed prescribed religious principles. nomadic life and became more urbanized. Finally, the difference between

Arab Muslim suqs were mainly commercial; the organization and characteristics of only the al-Marbad suq remained commercial Arab Muslim suqs in pre-Islamic and v and literary. As a result of urbaniza­ Islamic times occurred because of the tion, Arab Muslim suqs were organized very differences in historical time, location. well. Each trade occupied a certain lane and beliefs. CHAPTER? CONTEMPORARY SUQS

Introduction suqs and their present expansion will

Many changes have occurred in Arab deteriorate and their commercial

Muslim cities which consequently have activities will decrease. affected the traditional Arab Muslim suq. This chapter will articulate these

The organization of modern suqs no longer changes and the problems that have arisen, follows the same order, and their and outline how architects and city characteristics and functions have been planners can deal with these problems to influenced by many factors. These factors improve the environmental quality and to could be summarized as follows. increase the commercial activities,

1. Urban growth. turning the suq into a vital place for

2. Suq area expansion. visitors, shoppers and traders. • 3. Modernization and new technology. • Factors Responsible for Changes in the 4. Changes in patterns of mobility. Traditional Arab Muslim Suq

There are many factors that are

Since the traditional suqs were not" responsible for the changes in the designed to accommodate these changes, traditional suqs in terms of functions, many problems have arisen which need to be characteristics and organization. These solved. If they are not, the traditional factors can be summarized as follows.

37 Urban Growth organization of the city's spatial fabric,

The great expansion of the old coupled with a limited city area and

Arab Muslim cities plays a major role in limited expansion, kept the suq area changing .the function of the traditional within walking distance from different suqs. neighborhoods. This convenient walking

In the past the cities were distance from different neighborhoods to confined by the existing city wall, which the suq area, coupled with people's was built for protection. As a result,. movement to the congregational mosque for this limited the city area and forced the prayers, made the suq not only a spatial fabric to expand only within the marketplace for durable goods but also for / city wall, which consequently affected the consumable goods, and for services of functions of the suq area. The spatial various types. focus of the old Arab city consisted Today, the commercial function of ■ / mainly of the congregational mosque, the suq area is limited to durable goods located in the central area at the rather than both durables and consumables. junction of the primary pathways. The This occurred due to the outward expansion primary pathways on wljiich different types of the city beyond the wall. of suqs were located radiated from the This urban growth often occurs as congregational mosque, dividing the city a result of: \ into a number of neighborhoods. Thus, the 1. The demolishing of the city wall. since its protective function was Muslim cities make the traditional suq

no longer intact due to the area relatively remote from many

existence of advanced weapons and neighborhoods. Thus certain commercial

peace. functions which depend on proximity

2. The migration of nomads and gradually decline or become less

farmers to the city, seeking jobs. pronounced in the suq area, particularly

3. An increase in housing require­ in terms of groceries and consumable

ments due to the movement toward goods. This function gradually shifts,

autonomy rather than cohesion by following the changing pattern of

younger members of the community, population distribution either down the

which occurs as a result of the major radiating roads or in neighborhood

desire of new couples to live centers. independently from their extended

family. Expansion of Traditional Suqs

4. The use of grid, planning, which In spite of the decline in grocery

provides for wide streets and trade and in consumable goods, the

detached housing, increasing the traditional suqs have not ceased

city area many times. expanding, but have expanded in an organic

way, forming the city Central Business

The great expansion of the Arab District (C.B.D.).

I The expansion of traditional suqs As a result of the increase in the has occurred as a result of the following commercial and business support services, reasons. First, durable goods are not as new commercial developments have begun to affected by distance as consumable goods. appear in the suq area. These new

The variety and quantity of goods has also commercial developments are considered to increased due to mass production, the be a part of the gradual, organic increase of household expenditures, and expansion of the traditional suqs. The the increase of income. Second, tradi­ new developments usually occupy both sides tional suqs were considered to be the of the expansion of the traditional city's commercial and economic center. commercial spinal corridors. The new

After the introduction of modern commercial developments first appeared in technology in the fields of transportation the form of two- or three-story buildings; and telecommunications, banks and but with the increase of land values, different types of offices such as export high-rise buildings started to appear. and import offices, sought the suq area as The small lane between the high-rise a place to conduct their businesses. Thus buildings created a commercial lane for the suq area has become a commercial place certain specialty trades which provide an for selling durable goods and a place for autonomous feeling which mainly occurs in commercial offices to conduct different the traditional suq. Most of the new types of businesses. buildings contained shops on the ground floor, with offices on the upper floors, advantages: since these large commercial projects 1. It provides a religious person appeared organically and without with relief from a materialistic restrictions. These project did not fully atmosphere. consider the provision of adequate 2. It lends a good architectural automobile parking and their effect on the appearance and landmark to the existing and proposed services and road commercial corridor. network. 3. It maintains traces of the Islamic

^ Expansion of the traditional suqs tradition throughout a city. is&^usiusually associated with the mosques.

The traditional suq area expanded toward New Technology and Mass Production an existing mosque, or a new mosque might The new technology plays a great follow the new commercial expansion. role in changing some of-the characteris­

Thus, mosques follow along the commercial tics and organizational patterns of the spinal corridor. The shoppers or traders old Arab Muslim suqs. As was shown in who are remote from the congregational Chapter 2, the hierarchy of the suq mosque will at least be near a local started from the congregational mosque, mosque. with soft goods and gradually moved into

The articulation of commercial the labor trades. As it moves farther activities with a mosque have many from the mosque, you find the kind of trades which produce harmful byproducts the traditional crafts and light industry

(smoke, noise, dirt, visual pollution), gradually declined and disappeared from such as smiths. From this analysis one the suq area; those craftsmen who used can recognize that the traditional Arab modern machinery sought other locations in

Muslim suqs were a center for commercial the city, either nearer to other workshops and light industry. The traditional suqs or in the industrial area. Thus, the new mainly depended on the production of the technology and mass production changed the craftsman or local light industry; but organizational patterns of the suq area with the creation of new technology which and limited its function to commercial, provided for mass production and a variety rather than both commercial and industrial of goods, traditional industry could not uses. compete either in price, in quantity, or While new technology and mass sometimes in quality. production were responsible for the

Some of these craftsmen introduced decline of the industrial function of the modern machinery into their businesses, suq area, they were also responsible for but could not remain in the suq area since the great expansion of the suq area. New their shops were too small to accommodate technology provided for mass production of the new industrial processes. In different types of goods, of varying addition, these machines created harm to quality, from different parts of the people in terms of noise and dirt. Thus world. This variety and quantity of goods, especially durable goods, affected the name of the trade. There are suqs for the suq area. This, ' coupled with an men's clothes, women's and children's increase in household expenditures due to clothes, household goods, electrical an increase in income, encouraged old and appliances, gold, etc. Sometimes certain new traders to open new shops in the suq types of trades, especially in large area. Moreover, new technology provided cities, occupy more than one place in the new products which were unknown in the suq area. This occurred because a greater traditional suq such as electric and demand exists for particular trades, electronic goods. especially trades which have few practi­

Although great expansion occurred tioners, such as pharmacy, electronic in the suq area due to the new technology, equipment, photography, optical shops, the suq area was still characterized by etc. They could not support a lane on its specialized trades but not so much in their own. Thus, they either gather, in a hierarchy order as in the traditional one lane or are distributed between other suq. This occurs since most of the trades well-known trade specializations. in today's suqs deal with durable goods However, in spite of the existence of which do not cause harm to people. Thus mixed trades in the suq area, for the most in the suq area one will recognize that part suqs still preserve the traditional each trade occupies a certain lane or many characteristics of trade specialization. lanes connected to each other, known by New technology has a great effect walk past the many window units. on the method of display of goods in the If this discomfort continues, suq area. The traditional method of commercial activities will suffer. Thus display was not limited to the area inside it is highly recommended that the munici­ the shops but also extended to outside the palities pass legal restrictions according shop on steps 20 cm high and 40 cm out to the needs of each situation in order to from the shop. The extension of the eliminate the problem, which will increase display area to the commercial corridor commercial activities in the suqs. In the gives the impression of the commercial case of large shops, shop owners should be corridor being one big shop with a variety forced by law to not put the air of goods. Thus when one walks down this conditioning unit in the window display long commercial corridor, the scenery will area, and to replace them with units that change continuously, increasing the will operate indoors— either portable or shopper's interest and attracting them to central air conditioning units. In the buy. Today, with the use of air case of the commercial lane, which has conditioning, displays outside of the shops on both sides, it is recommended shops are no longer found in the suq area, that all traders get together to purchase even in the traditional areas. The a central air conditioning system that has exhaust from the air conditioning units the main duct installed underneath the adds to the discomfort of the shoppers who commercial lane's roof. If this is impossible, the air conditioning units

should be placed on top of the window display and a two-opening L-shaped duct

should be installed, as shown in

Figure 10. One opening will lead to the

air conditioning unit and the other will

be open to the sky to allow heated air to

rise, thus preventing an accumulation of

heat in the commercial lane.

Change in Mobility

The traditional Arab Muslim suqs

were mainly for pedestrians, but with

recent changes in transportation the suq Figure 10. Use of a two-opening L-shaped duct to eliminate heat from air conditioning area has become heavily impacted by cars. knits in the commercial street, to promote (shopper comfort. This has resulted in many problems, such

as conflict of movement between people and

cars, accessibility, traffic congestion,

inadequate automobile parking, and a

decrease in commercial activities. The spatial organization of old factors, has created many problems in the

Arab Muslim cities was the main factor for suq area. First, the traditional suqs the suq area primarily being were not designed to be occupied by cars. pedestrian-oriented. The limitation of Second, the new commercial developments in the city's area due to the city wall, and the suq area as a result of business the location of the suq area within pressures, did not concurrently provide walking distance from different neighbor­ enough automobile parking, and their hoods, made it necessary for people people effect on existing and projected networks coming to the suq area to arrive by foot. was not taken into account. Thus the

In spite of this, some animals also existing road network is inadequate to appeared in the suq area, used as a means cater to existing and predicted traffic of transportation and as a method of flows leaving and entering the suq area. displaying goods (on their backs). They This situation has rapidly accelerated the were small and did not disturb the general problems of inadequate auto shoppers and created no safety hazards. services and parking. Traffic congestion

Today, with the great expansion of has created further movement conflict the cities, coupled with the use of cars, between pedestrians and vehicles. These people have become more reliant on cars to problems further produce a decrease in move from one place to another. This commercial activities. The affected change, coupled with the following businesses consequently relocate out of

46 the suq area and new commercial businesses suffer. Discovering the history of the are discouraged from seeking suq area problem will help to provide solutions. locations. If this situation is not The following is a list of general reversed, the historical, commercial and problems which are presently occurring in economic importance of the suq area will Arab Muslim suqs. continue to decrease. Thus urgent and 1. A lack of building maintenance, rational solutions should be sought that especially in the older areas, and will revive the suqs. lack of overall planning for

building restoration.

Environment, and General Problems 2. A lack of road and foot path

The traditional Arab Muslim suqs maintenance. Some of them are and the movement to revive them suffer unpaved, which creates dust and from many general problems which create an dirt and some difficulty for environmental impression of decay and pedestrian and vehicular passage. neglect. The persistence of these 3. A lack of places for rest and problems and the impression of neglect relaxation in the commercial will gradually decrease commercial corridor, in spite of a great deal activity in the area, and the importance of expansion in the suq. of the suq area as an historical, 4. Poor sanitation systems. commercial and economic environment will 5. Lack of automobile services and »

parking facilities. overcome the problem is to tear down the j

6. Lack of traffic control, which old area, including the traditional suqs,

creates conflict of movement and then develop a modern commercial j I between pedestrians and vehicles. complex in the same location, or at a more |

7. Unrestrained expansion and lack of remote or attractive site such as near the j planning, which creates a severe ocean. One example of this approach is J strain on existing services. the design of the al-Sharik suq in the >

United Arab Emirates. Here the architects

Having described the existing copied or adapted some characteristics of situation and identified the general the traditional suqs but never managed to ! problems and their causes, we will now duplicate the traditional flavor. 1 discuss the different approaches and In the second approach, the j* responses taken by some Arab cities to planners and architects recognize the I deal with these problems. These economic, commercial and historical ! approaches can be characterized into two importance of the old area, especially the j philosophies. suqs, and they believe that the problems I

In the first approach, planners generated by improper land use can be and architects look upon the old part of corrected on the site. The area can be [ these cities as decaying and unhealthy redeveloped to become a vital place ^ places. They feel that the only way to functionally and visually, and to be more i

48 convenient, attractive and agreeable to ing to the existing and proposed live in. Thus these architects estab­ car parking areas, considering lished a general policy for conservation safety and convenience. and rehabilitation. The conservation 4. The environmental policy objective policy may be stated as follows: is to improve the quality of the 1. Recognition of the need to adapt suq area in functional and visual

uses and accommodate changes to terms by paving and landscaping

ensure continued functioning of access routes and open space, and

the suq as a thriving community. by enhancing notable vistas and 2. Recognition of the need to provide landmarks.

improved accessibility for 5. Recognition of the need to control"

shoppers and essential service suq area expansion by determining

traffic, while dissuading suq area boundaries, and balancing

non-essential traffic from new development with existing and penetrating the suq area. proposed general services. At the

3. Recognition of the need to separ­ same time, new commercial

ate the pedestrians from vehicles development is encouraged outside by providing a comprehensive the suq area, along the radiating pedestrian network, linking all commercial roads with integrated commercial corridors and connect­ parking and access.

49 ■ Experience of Jeddah in city center the primary commercial and Developing its Suq Area business area, serving more than 2,000,000 Jeddah, one of the largest Saudi people. At the same time the strategy cities on the Red Sea, has extensive called for preserving the heritage of the experience in developing its center, which old city through protection, restoration, consists of the old city and its expansion and rehabilitation, and redevelopment of areas, which form the central business the C.B.D. (see Figures 12 and 13). Some district (C.B.D.). The city center faced of the main issues faced during the many problems due to the increase of development of the city center were as traffic associated with insufficient follows: parking space and lack of traffic 1. - Limiting expansion of the city management, which created conflict between center in certain areas within the vehicles and pedestrians (see Figure 11). C.B.D. by providing a highly Additionally, the rapid expansion of the restrictive regulation for new city center, due to commercial and buildings in terms of their effect business pressures without any restric­ on existing and predicted services tions and planning control, increased and traffic. stress on the existing services. The 2. Providing enough auto parking municipality's response to these problems spaces in the city center, either was the Master Plan strategy to make the as multi-story buildings or on the ground (see Figure 14), and fire codes. These rules are

controlling traffic in terms of developed and enforced by a branch

accessibility and prevention of of the al-Balad municipality.

conflict between vehicles and

pedestrians. Summary

3. Linking of all commercial routes Many changes occurred in the tradi­

in a well-designed pedestrian tional Arab Muslim suqs which affect their

network, and extending it to functions, characteristics and organiza­

connect with existing and proposed tion. Since these changes were not taken

automobile parking in a safe and into consideration during earlier years,

convenient manner. many problems occurred as a result.

4. Upgrading the environment of the Subsequently, different approaches and

city center by paving, landscaping responses arose from architects and city

access routes and open spaces, and planners to solve these problems.

enhancing important scenic vistas The traditional Arab Muslim suqs

and landmarks (see Figure 12). were characterized by permanent and highly

5. .Upgrading the appearance of specialized trade zones. They had an

buildings and shops on the inside overall articulation with the congrega­

and outside according to certain tional mosque, which influenced the

regulations such as health and resulting trade specialization hierarchy Figure 11. Lack of maintenance, and cars entering the suq area ' create an impression of decay and conflict in movement be­ tween pedestrians and cars. Source; Khalid Khaidr and John France, Jeddah, Old and New, p. 68.

;52 Figure 12.

Open square area, with surrounding shops, alrQLwi Suq, Jeddah, 1984.

Commercial lane, emerging from pedestrian tunnel, al-cLwi, Jeddah, 1984. Figure 13.

Reserve the commercial corridor for pedestrians only, and upgrade the environment by paving the commercial corridor and maintaining the shop facade to harmonize in color and materials according to historical appearance and fire regulations.

53

Left: Above:

Figure 14. A huge commercial complex .Figure 15. Projected plan for the Jeddah creates a great strain on existing road central business district in its final networks which forces Jeddah munici­ stage. pality to reclaim shoreline acreage to provide automobile parking areas.

55 ; according to their having greater or population centers. Also, it made people

lesser environmental harm (noise, smoke, more reliant on cars for transportation. dirt, etc.). Mainly the soft trades were Consequently, the suq area changed from a

established nearer the congregational pedestrian thoroughfare to becoming

mosque, and those businesses which dependent on automobile traffic.

produced greater harm to people (labor Technology accelerated the decline

trades and smiths, which are known today of the labor trades and the industrial

as light industry) gradually becoming functions of the suq area, making it more

removed from the vicinity of the difficult for local industries to compete

congregational mosque. The spatial fabric with the variety, quality and mass

of the old city and its wall played a production provided by new technology.

major role in determining the suq function in spite of the decline of

as a commercial /center for both durable industrial and consumable trade in the suq

and consumable goods, and as a location area, it did not stop its expansion. This

for light industry or labor trades. occurred as a result of the increase in

Today, after the growth of the old variety, quality and mass production of

Arab city beyond its old walls, the ' city durable goods, coupled with an increase in

experienced explosive growth. This household expenditures due to the increase

expansion caused most of the consumable of disposable income. Additionally, the

goods trade to relocate nearer the new suq area expansion continued as a result of improvements in business management and area, were then built. the great importance of the traditional The other group decided to suq as an economic and commercial center preserve and develop the old area, for international trade. Thus banks and including the traditional suqs and their offices of import/export businesses still expanded boundaries, to accommodate the find the suq an attractive place to changing times. The last approach was conduct their business. applied in Jeddah city and proved its

Since the traditional suqs and success by satisfying all concerned— the

their expansion did not accommodate well residents and visitors alike (see

these rapid changes in mobility and the Figure 15). resultant commercial and business pressures, many problems arose. This led

to two sets of responses from architects

and planners. The first response was to

tear down the old part of the city,

including the traditional suqs, and disregard the historical importance and design in terms of environment, religion,

culture, and social needs. New commercial

complexes, with all services in the same 58

1 I

CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDY: DEVELOPMENT OF AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA

Introduction The main goal of this study is to identify

From the last chapter, we know the problems occurring in the al-Hofuf suq that many changes occurred which affect in order to provide suitable solutions for partially or totally the function, all the concerns of the residents and organization, and characteristics of the visitors. These will be expressed in the traditional Arab Muslim suq. Changes in form of a design for developing the mobility, new technology, and city and suq al-Hofuf suq area. area expansion were discussed. Also, it was mentioned that since these changes Location and Importance were not anticipated or dealt with The Al-Hassa oasis is situated in promptly, many problems occurred which the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, resulted in traffic congestion, environ­ about 150 km southwest of and 80 km mental decay, reduction in commercial from Harbor on the Arabian Gulf. viability, etc. The oasis extends approximately from 25°

In this chapter, the above- 2 1 to 25° 271 Lat N and from 49° 461 Long mentioned factors will be addressed E.1 specifically in regard to the traditional Fifty villages and three cities al-Hofuf suq area, and in more detail. (al-Hofuf, al-Mubaraz, and al-cUan) spread THE Arabian peninsula # »# »## I## »w ###

Gun. "•J? AREA SHOWN DESCRIBED IN TEXT

' bVwa eueu #LA#e#

Figure 16. The Arabian Peninsula. Source: William A. Goellner, Al-Hofuf and Jabal Al-Qara of Al-Hassa Oasis

> 60^ i (. : ; V -y • . mi ■ "/ HOFUF AREA e*»5* »U***NXr- 1 / , i 25* 30- /,;i- of the AL NASA OASIS EASTERN PROVINCE SAUDI ARABIA I___ g— !______KHOWtTtHS

> > •-rV.-Wy A\<\ •- / MILtS y. •Vz A .tifiK' y y u t i / Ji /! -^TTVaUIiT :a s X > ^ K ••• v

- > w * • T\ :i m m . V ABO y V > j g > GH/.mTm ah I«s*

ki Z # . HurtJr k '/zj »»r. iHOrUT).

I MMl MALDAH i ' % Itl* LZ r ’x z ’i:::?

Figure 17. Hofuf area of the Al-Hasa Oasis. Source: William A. Goellner, Al-Hofuf and Jabal Al-Qara Area of Al-Hassa Oasis across the oasis, with an approximate Jabal Arba'ah. The oasis is enclosed by total population of 200,000. Al-Hofuf the desert tracts of Ghawar on the west, city is the capital of the oasis and ranks Kharmah on the south and Bayadah on the first due to its population and its east and north.^ administrative, commercial, economic and The existence of the Bayadah educational importance. desert, with sand dunes on the north and

Al-Hassa oasis has an approximate east of the oasis, coupled with the summer

"L-shape." Al-Hofuf is situated in the north wind affect sand movements which corner, and to its east are the eastern have resulted in the destruction villages and to its north the cities of (covering) of many villages and cities, al-cUan and al-Mubaraz and the northern artesian springs, and agricultural areas. villages. The long axis, from north to Among these villages are Wasat, Al-Nathrh south, is about 30 km, and some 20 km from and the old Klabih, and the city of 2 east to west. Jwatha, which contained the second mosque

Al-Hassa is bounded by conspicuous in Islam in which the Friday prayer was features. On the northwest corner is held after the Prophet Mohammed (May peace 4 Jabal (Mountain) al-Rukban. On the be upon him) mosque in Medina. The ruins southwest corner is Jabal Abo-Ghanimah. of the Jwatha mosque was found during work

The southern boundary of the oasis Arba'ah on the sand barrier project in 1962 (the runs several miles further to the east to growth of native trees as barriers). Today this project has helped stop sand al-Harrah and cAin al-Khudud are the movement toward the oasis, and it has largest, with estimated discharges for become a place of recreation for the each of 30,000 gallons per hour.^ All the eastern province. artesian springs are used for drinking and

Al-Hassa oasis is considered one irrigation. The waters of cAin-Najam of the largest oases in Saudi Arabia. It spring are also used for relief from has always been an important agricultural physical pain because they are hot and center for cities on the eastern province contain sulphur. as well as other regions of the kingdom, Many things exist in the oasis and to some countries on the Arabian Gulf. which are rarely found in any other place

The oasis has more than 1.5 million palm in the eastern province and in the kingdom trees, and their dates have been renowned as a whole, such as an agriculture area, since historical times.^ The agricultural rural life, natural artesian springs, area is almost 10,000 ha; but after numerous historical sites, projects like completion of the new irrigation and the sand barrier, and irrigation and drainage system in 1972, this increased to drainage systems. The oasis is a unique about 20,000 ha.^ place which desperately needs careful

The other important feature in the development with the above taken into oasis is the existence of more than 60 consideration, in order to become a good natural artesian springs, of which cAin place for residents and tourists. Climate J FMAMJ JASON I) Al-Hassa oasis is located in the lower latitude 25° 211 N, 49° 461 Long E.

This location places al-Hassa in the arid zone. This zone is characterized as hot and dry, with scarce rainfall and low relative and yearly potential evaporation exceeding rainfall. Figure 23. Average daily temperature Source: TAC/DMJM International/DSG, King Temperature Faisal University Comprehensive Campus Plan. 1982, p. 29. Temperatures exceed 40°C from June to September. Maximum temperatures occur to cloudy days and nights. In summer, in July and August, becoming as high as differences can increase to more than 25°c

42°C, and the lowest temperature occurs in on hot, clear days. These strong daily

January, reaching as low as 8.4°C. The amplitudes are due to long-wave outgoing average monthly difference between the radiation at night. The highest extreme temperatures is lowest in January temperatures are recorded between the

(11.4°C) and highest in August and hours of 2:00 P.M. and 3:00 P.M., while

September (18.4°C).^ In winter, daily the lowest temperatures occur between 5:00 differences can drop very few degrees due A.M. and 6:00 A.M.8 I

The air temperature at 2 cm above % the ground is greater than the temperature /l' W.40% S-50% above 2 m, this being influenced by incoming and outgoing radiation and the cooling effect due to evapotranspiration.

Therefore, daily variations in air temperature near the soil surface are 9 higher than at 2 m above the ground. / i •

.V>\5C.. S Wind

In arid zones winds intensify the effect of low and high temperatures because they increase evaporation and dessication, provided that no air masses with high humidity are transported. Further, strong wind causes W WINTER (OCT. • MAR.) S -SUMMER (APR. SEPT.) soil erosion. Sand is transported and deposited. Sand accumulation leads to Figure 24. Wind effects at the al-Hofuf Suq area. dunes and shifting sands in the desert. Source: Adapted from TAC/DMJM Interna- tional/DSG, King Faisal University Al-Hassa In al-Hassa, most winds come from Campus Comprehensive Plan. 1980, p. 32. the north. Winds from the south and summer (June to August) and is at a

southwest occur less frequently. Often minimum in spring (February to April). in high wind speeds are recorded during the contrast, winds from the south peak in day only. At night, there is hardly any winter and are at a minimum in summer.

change in direction. Wind speed is slower Winds from the south and east and winds

in winter than in the summer. The first from the northwest are most frequent in

strong winds occur in March and April and summer— June July; and winds from the

last through August. The lowest wind southwest are important in April and speeds occur in October. September only. Winds from the northeast

The percentage of northern wind are frequent in spring. Easterly winds direction was 50%. From northwest to west are most frequently observed in April and

to southwest direction, with 14%, is September. relatively high. The eastern and north­

eastern directions were 8% and 9%, Rainfall 12 respectively. The yearly precipitation for

Winds from the northern directions al-Hassa varies between 17.4 mm and

(NE, N, NW) predominate, followed by the 146.3 mm, averaging 73.8 mm (Figure 25).

southern directions. All other directions In general, the first rain occurs are of minor importance. The predominant early in November and the last in May. northern wind direction peaks in the The highest monthly rainfalls occur in I

N . , r m recorded b, of r.Inf.H recorder (-) « Abtolllte „ „ „ r,in„ „ ,m)

1972 19 Month/Tear 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1 »5 1976

JAN 47.2 4.7 1.8 10.1 5.0 3.8 8.3 12.9 16.8 18.4 FEB 8.0 0.3 4.9 1.5 1.0 7.5 13.2

MAR o.7 3.7 1.5 14.1 7.4 17.2 3.1 52 APR 13.8 18.5 to.l 5.3 o.5 6.5 2.1

MAY 0.4 . 4.5 3.3

JUN •

JUl .

AUG .

SEP .

OCT 1.2 . 9.5

NOV 0.6 8.8

DEC 2.3 3.3 5.9 4.5 9.9 6.5 15.9 10

116.9 17 66/69 69/70 70/71 71/72 72/73 73/74 74/75 75/76

76.3 55.3 142.0

Table:Z7 Munber of days with precipitation Table:28 Frequencies of rainfall Month/Tear 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Average Year Number of days with rainfall <0.1 ■ 0.1-1.0 mm 1.1-2.5 m# 2.6-10.o mn >10.1 m Total JAN 2 9 1 9 2 4 7 8 5.3

FEB 2 2 4 3 1 5 6 10 4.1 1969 • 9 3 1 3 16

MAR 3 2 3 12 13 7 16 7.0 1970 1 6 4 3 • 14

APR 6 • 5 9 5 2 13 7 5.9 1971 8 2 4 5 2 21

MAY 1 3 5 4 3 2.0 1972 18 10 7 6 - 3 44

JUN . ••• 1973 3 2 2 5 • 12

JUl . ••. 1974 5 20 6 4 1 36 AUG 1975 23 12 9 6 . 50 SEP ..• 1976 13 15 4 14 5 51

OCT 1 1 . 1 o.4 Average 8.9 9.5 4.9 5.5 1.8 | 30.6 MOV 2 3 2 . .• 0.9

DEC • 5 • 6 4 6 13 6 5.0

Totll 16 14 71 44 12 36 50 51 30.6

Source: Hofuf Agricultural Research Center, Agrometeorology of the Al-Hassa Oasis (1969- 1976), Publication No. 26, May 1978, pp. 35, 36, 37 and 38. ~

67 January, March and April, these also being Aridity is pronounced in summer, without

the months with the highest daily any precipitation and with high mean

rainfall. Generally, the summer months temperature of more than 34°C. Relative

(June through October) are without precipi­ humidity is very low due to high

tation. However, occasionally rainfall temperatures and unavailability of water

may occur (Figure 26). to evaporate.

During the eight . years of Historical Background of measurement, the number of days having Al-Hassa and Al-Hofuf

rainfall varied from between 12 and 51 mm, During the earliest period of averaging 30 mm (Figure 27). Only on 23 Islamic history, the eastern region of the

days did precipitation exceed 0.1 mm; in Arabian Peninsula was part of what was

all other cases only a few raindrops were known as the al-Bahrine region. This

recorded— just enough to wet the surface region was located along the shore of the 1 4 (Figure 28). Arabian Gulf. It extended from Al-Basra

Dew occurs on clear nights with on the north to Oman on the south, and

calm winds. In arid regions dew is an from al-Dahna desert on the west to the

important portion of the total Arabian Gulf on the east. The capital of

preciptation. al-Bahrine region was known as Hajar; this

Because of low precipitation and name also applied to the surrounding group - 15 high temperatures, all months are arid. of oases. i

Al-Hassa was a city in the al-Bahrine region. It was built oh the old site of Al-Hajar city. Yaqut al-Hamoy said "Al-Hassa was a city on al-Bahrine region and it was built by Abu-Tahr,

Al-Hassan Bin Aby Saied Al-Janaba,

Al-Kharmaty on the ruins of Al-Hajar city at 317 h."16

It is not known whether the limits of al-Hassa and those of present-day al-Hofuf are exactly the same. People in al-Hofuf believe that the politicians and wealthy merchants of ancient al-Hassa owned date gardens in a place called al-Hofuf. This place was located Figure 29. Plan of al-Hofuf (1934-1951). immediately outside the al-Hassa town The city was surrounded by a wall for protection. wall, where they lived during the summer, Source: Candilis, Master Plan of Al-Hassa, and that this place eventually became p. 11. their favorite and permanent residence because of the beautiful location and 17 moderate climate. and south of al-Rif1 ah. This expansion

created three large quarters: al-Kut on

The Growth of al-Hofuf the northwest, al-Na1athal on the

Al-Hofuf passed through many southwest and al-Rif' ah on the east. stages until reaching its final form. al-Rifa1h has become the largest quarter

in the city, the northern part of

First Stage: 1934-1951 al-Rifa’h being known as Rifa1h

It was believed that the oldest al-Shamalih, and the original one in the settlement at al-Hofuf was located at the center known as al-Rif'ah al-Wasta. The northern portion of al-Na1athal quarter southern part, known as Rifa'h and the central part of al-Rif1 ah section. al-Jounabiah, Rifa'h al-Shamalih and

When the Turks came to al-Hofuf in 1872, Wastah, are separated from the al-Kut they built the al-Kut section north of quarter by the suq street (or al-Khamis al-Na1athal, separated by a forest of palm Street) 30 m wide. The Rifa'h trees.^ ® al-Jounabiah, and part of Rif'ah al'Wastah

Due to population growth as a were separated al-Na'athal Quarter by result of immigration to the town and al-Mufairig street, which is 10 m wide. restraint created by the palm tree gardens Al-Suq and al-Mufairig Streets are east and west of the town, the city connected to each other and give access to- expanded suoth of al-Na1athal and north the north and south parts of the city. I

III Al MUHAHKAZ RAIIHUAI) AND lilt NOR I 111 HN OASIS * 10 NORTHERN VILLAGES k Of EASTERN OASIS AND f EASTERN VILLAGES OF NORTHERN OASIS

Sketch plan of the town of Hofuf and its quarters.

f !• Amir’i Pslsce. 14. Al 4Ajja ji storehouse. i 1 B irracki and Army depot 16. Al-Qarn gate. *. Mosque of Ibrahim. 15. Al-Bid* gate. ^ Q **r al^Abid, old slaves* house, now a 17. Shiite Friday mosque. V ” prison. 1ft. Moeque of Faisal, Sunnite Friday S. Mosque of Muhammad (bn4Alt mosque. i. Al-Khamis gale. It. Mosque of Al Jaburi. T* Al-Hamidiyah, old Turkish town hall, tt* Mosque of Al "Ajjajl. TO A l RVQAYVIQAH .TO THE EASTERN OASIS.ALQARAH now polics barracks and storehouse, 21. Camel park and firewood m arket 'UTHMANIYAH ETC. ' CAVES AND AL'UQAIR t. Offices of the Baladiyah (Municipality). 22. H u ta in iya h of Abu Khamsin. §. Hofuf School". 23. Construction area, formerly with date I t Meat m arket gardens. I I . Pottery and new date m arket 24. Al-Khait gate. Figure 29. Sketch plan of the town of I t Al-Khabbai gate (Tw in gates, the second 2ft. Al-Kut gate. al-Hofuf and its quarters. one completed December 1961). 25. Aramco recruiting office. Outside the gate: firewood market 27. Mosque of al-Nu'aimi, old Sunnite Source: Vidal, The Oasis of Al-Hassa, I t Al-Salihlyah gate. * Friday mosque. , ARAMCO, 1955, p. 85. Note: Welled lim it, of the town or of town quarter# indicated by a continuous line; not walled limits by a broken line. However, these three quarters, al-kut, moat without water. It functioned as al-Rif'ah and al-Na'athal, and al-Suq and extra protection from outside attack or al-Mufairig streets became the urban from internal attack from residents.20 fabric of the entire town of al-Hofuf. On the town wall there were

Because the town was open to several gates, some of which gave access outside attack, it was surrounded by a to the city, and others only to al-Kut. high wall which determined the city Dirwazat al-Fathah (commonly known as boundary. The shape of the city wall was Dirwazal al-Khail, and sometimes also an irregular hexagon which was very high. called Dirwazal al-Barah) to the north of

In some places it was 12 to 15 ft. high, al-Kut, and Dirwazat al-Bid to the west of but in places where the walls of houses al-Kut, both gave access to al-Kut Quarter were part of the city wall, it was as high from inside the town from the suq street. 1 9 as 30 to 35 ft. or more. To the north and on the city wall, there

The al-Kut Quarter had its own was Dirwazat al-Khamis, which gave access

wall for extra protection) since it was to the suq street. while to the south

the residence of the ruler. The al-Kut there was Dirwazal al-Qarn, which gave

wall was considered to be the strongest access to al-Mufairig street. On the east wall in al-Hasa and was provided with portion of the city wall there were two

thirty towers irregularly spaced along its gates, Dirwazat al-Salihiyah and Dirwazat

run. Parallel to al-Kut wall there was a al-Khabaz.21 Second Stage; 1963

The rapid growth of the city due to the increase of population and the cars which replaced animals as means of transportation, in addition to the increase of security during the Saudi time, contributed to the following changes:

1. Tearing down al-Kut and the city

wall with their gates, and then

paving the moat around the al-Kut

wall.

2. New buildings of concrete, which

have styles different from the

vernacular architecture, were Figure 30. Al-Hofuf plan (1963). The built on the site of the rowing urban growth of al-Hofuf outside the city wall to the east and south of the city city and the al-Kut wall. after demolishing the city wall. 3. Widening al-Mufairig Street from Source: Candilis, Master Plan of Al-Hassa, p. 11. 10 m to 20 m, which provided a

good connection between the north and south parts of the city.

4. Tearing down the palm tree forests

behind the al-Kut wall and on the

north of al-Na'athal. This

. created a huge vacant space.

Later a part of this was used as a

street (known today as al-Fwars

Street). Along this street a new ! commercial center and government

buildings were erected.

Third Stage; 1974 to the Present

Most recently, the city has been the administrative capital for the entire 22 oasis. This resulted in the Figure 31. Al-Hofuf plan, 1973, breaking concentration of most government buildings down the homogeneous urban fabric into pieces to provide streets for cars. in al-Hofuf, and also in the construction Source: Candilis, Master Plan of Al-Hassa, of a new campus of King Faisal University p. 11. — to help provide a higher educational level Opposite Figure 32. Street plan of al-Hofuf suq area. in the oasis and develop the oasis agriculturally and in other fields of Migration to al-Hofuf was endeavor. In addition, it assured the increased during that time by Bedouins and connection of al-Hofuf with other cities people from other countries. Also, newly and villages in the oasis and with other married couples desired to live outside places in Saudi Arabia by a paved network the old town. These factors caused the of roads. city to expand southwest, east and north

All these factors had great along both sides of the main road to the influence on the growth of the city urban cities of the eastern province. The center. In consequence, new streets in difficulties of expansion into the rocky the old quarters broke down the homogenous area was overcome by the use of modern urban fabric into smaller pieces. equipment.

However, along these streets, new buildings of two stories or more were The Suq Area built from concrete in newer styles, The suq area of al-Hofuf passed different from the vernacular architec­ through many changes until reaching its ture. Most of the ground floors of these existing form. buildings were converted or were already Vidal, the author of Al-Hassa designed as shops; thus most of the Oasis described in 1955 two suq areas in streets near the old suq became commercial al-Hofuf, one inside the city wall and the in nature. other outside. 23 The suq area outside the city wall mtm conn shot CAMtl fU E

steir ha«m i was held exactly in front of the al-Khamis •ASM I l f AUD CAMU HAMIT Al M AM ! OtH gate, in the open air without definite spaces designated for each trader. The camel and basketry suqs were held in this area; both of them were considered 24 transitory suqs. R I F A ' A H

The second suq area, inside the

city wall, extended from the al-Khamis V a TO fc. KMAMAI 6ATI

gate to the beginning of al-Mufairig

Street from the north. The suqs held in

this area were both permanent and fROtl AI EKAIIA1 6AII

transitory. The permanent suqs were mainly located on the western side of

al-Rif1 ah al-Shamaliah section and in

front of the al-Kut wall. On this side of

the suq area there were many large

buildings, including the finance office. Figure 33. Sketch plan of the al-Hofuf• South .of these buildings were a few coffee suq area, 1952.

pot makers, occupying a corner commonly Source: Vidal, The Oasis of Al-Hassa, Dhahran, ARAMCO, 1955, p. 103. referred to as suq al-Safafir and the side of the main suq street. Along the government hospital. South of the east side of al-Kut wall, there were some hospital was the covered market, called commercial activities. In front of al-Qaisariyah. Next to this building, to Al-Qaisariyah and south of the al-Kut the south after crossing al-Hadadin Street wall, there were some shops dealing with

(most of the blacksmiths were concentrated hardware, groceries and wholesale grain. on this street, extending from east to South of these shops were some fresh west to be independent and away from the vegetable stands. North of the al-Kut suq street) were retail grain shops and gate and opposite the hospital was a row the old date suq. Passing these buildings of shops, which although they were built

to the south, was the al-Hamidiah of wood poles and matting, appear to have

building, which was used first as the achieved a certain status of permanency.

Turkish town hall, then for government This place was al-Hofuf's antique center:

storage, and then as headquarters of the rugs, coffee pots, mortars, Kuwaiti

local police. Next to the al-Hamidiah chests, camel saddles, and secondhand 25 building to the south were several shops tents were sold there.

selling cooking fat and oil. In front of In addition to the permanent suq

the al-Hamidiah building and cooking fat area inside the city wall, there were

and oil suq, there were the al-Hamidiah transitory suqs held in some parts of the

square and covered meat suq on the other suq area. This suq was held in the open. without a definite space for each trader; some of them were installed every day, while others were held one day per week.

Al-Khamis suq, or the Thursday market, was held on Thursday and was located in the middle of the suq street in front of

Al-Qaisariyah. In al-Hamidiah square there were also transitory suqs held every day. Here, Bedouin women set up a few stands in the al-Hamidiah square to sell wool and clothing. The square was also an open market, selling sheep, alfalfa, wool 26 and animal skins.

From the description of the suq street, including al-Hamidiah square, one can conclude that the suq street was the Figure 34. Al-Hofuf suq street, 1955. open space for the suq area, used mainly Al-Suq street was the major open space for the suq area and for the entire city. for pedestrians, with people moving easily Source: Vida, The Oasis of Al-Hassa, and safely from one place to another. Dhahran, ARAMCO, 1955.

Mosques were distributed in the suq area, but Friday mosques were located Parallel to al-Fwars Street,

nearer to the places where most people al-Bahoth Street was opened through the

congregated. Mohammed Bin Ali mosque was old quarters of al-Rifa1h, al-Jonibiah and

located in the al-Kut quarter near to al-Na1athal. Along both of these streets,

Al-Qaisariyah, which is considered an contemporary buildings were constructed

acceptable walking distance. The other with shops on the ground floor. Both mosque was al-N'mi mosque, located in streets gradually became commercial

front of the al-Hbfuf secondary school streets and an extension of the old ' suq

about 100 m from al-Hamidiah square, where area. In al-Fwars Street no specialized

the suqs of jewelers, meats, oils and fats trade occurred, but it did contain goods

were located. Each mosque seems to serve for men. Shops varied from men's

a certain segment of the suq population. clothiers and tailors, banks, pharmacies,

After the introduction of cars supermarkets, and electronic equipment

into al-Hofuf, the general form of the suq dealers. Unlike shops on al-Fwars Street,

area changed due to the rapid growth of most shops on al-Bahoth Street (which were

the urban center and increasing traffic collectively known as Suq Swayqa) catered

pressures. This resulted in the opening to women's needs, and had good access to

of new streets and widening of older al-Zahab suq (the gold market), which was

streets, and also the tearing down of a favorite place of most women.

al-Kut and the city wall. Al-Mufariq Street was widened many I

FAISAL BIN TURKY MOSQUE

SUQ SWAYQA DEALING Will WOMEN'S NEEI .33*1'

Figure 35.

- 2 5 0 100 EXISTING SUQS IN AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA, 1983-

81 times until it became as wide as the suq linked to agriculture. This role, coupled street. This has made al-Suq Street and with an increase in traffic pressures in al-Mufariq Street the main access for cars the city, resulted in the connection of moving from south to north. This resulted the villages and different parts of the in the al-Khamis suq being forced to city with the suq area. change its location from the middle of the The traffic circulation pattern street to a new site. Today the suq and access to the suq area are street no longer functions as an open accommodated to city expansion and new space for different commercial activities, settlement. Generally, the city expanded but has become a place for automobile toward the north, south, east and parking and circulation. southwest. The greatest expansion is

towards the south and southwest of the

Accessibility and Circulation city. Accordingly, most of the traffic Patterns from the eastern villages and from south As al-Hofuf is the capital of the and southwest of the city was absorbed by oasis, its suq has become the urban center the suq street, with one-way through for the city and for 50 villages scattered traffic from south to north. Traffic from throughout the oasis. Thus the suq area the north side of the city, where the functioned as center for commerce, settlement density is very low, is services, and traditional industries distributed between two main streets-- al-Kut and al-Rif'h, each carrying one-way al-Kut main street known as al-Fwars traffic from north to south. Street and passes through suq Suwayqa (the

Existing traffic circulation in women's suq). The other branch comes out the city allows people from the south side from al--Rifa'h Street and is known as of the city who have business in the suq al-Fwars Street and passes through suq area and those who have not, to pass al-Sabi1a. The traffic from these two through the suq street. Thus, branches flows down the suq street to approximately 40% of the traffic occurs increase the traffic pressure in the suq because those who have no business in the area by about 30%. Finally, traffic flows area use the street as a major vehicular and accumulates in the suq street in front route and as the shortest way from the of al-Qaisariyah to reach the maximum of south to the north side of the city. 100%. Bad traffic pressure also occurs in

About 30% of the traffic pressure occurs front of al-Qaisariyah because of conflict because those who have business in the suq between pedestrians who want to cross the area from the south side of the city use street from al-Qaisariyah to the new shops

the suq street as access to the suq in front of al-Qaisariyah or vice versa,

street. Also, there is other access to and the through traffic from south to

the suq area through two branches for north. Those who park their cars in front

those who come from the north side of the of the shops, leaving the parking lots

city. The first branch comes out from the empty, also contribute to the problem. In TRAFFIC FR O M THE NO R T H SIDE OF THE CITY

legend

llllllllll ONE WAY TRAFFIC

TWO WAY TRAFFIC

f r o m t h e -e a s t e r n VILAGES

TRAFFIC FROM SOUTH WEST

SIDE OF THE CITY

f TRAFFIC FR O M SOUTH SIDE OF THE CITY Figure 36.

— EXISTING CIRCULATION IN AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA Vl983—— 84 KING ABPULAZIZ STREET

TRAFFIC RESUMES A MORE NORMAL FLOW

AL-KHABAZ STREET

100% OF THE TRAFFIC ACCUMULATES IN FRONT OF AL-QAISARIYAH 10% OF THE TRAFFIC ARRIVES IN THE SUQ AREA FROM THE EAST SIDE OF THE C ITY

AL-FWARS STREET

20% OF THE TRAFFIC CAR ARRIVES FROM THE NORTH SIDE OF THE PARKING CITY

i AL-BAHOTH STREET

30% OF THE TRAFFIC 40% OF THE TRAFFIC IS CREATED BY THOSE, IS CREATED BY THOSE HAVING BUSINESS IN WHO HAVE NO BUSINESS THE SUQ-AREA WHO IN THE SUQ AREA BUT COME FROM THE USE IT AS THE SHORTEST SOUTH SID E OF THE ROUTE THROUGH THE C ITY CITY Al Hasa Expansion!rend*

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS OF AL-HOFUF SIX) STREET.1983 Figure 38. Al-Hasa expansion trends. Source: King Faisal University Compre- Figure 37. Traffic analysis of Suq Street, hensive Plan of Al-Hassa Campus, 1980, 1983. p. 23. addition, cars parked in front of the

shops increase the traffic, making it

difficult for people to pass between two , cars since they do not leave enough space

for one to go through. The cars also hide

the shop facade, creating a bad visual

image.

Existing Suqs in Al-Hofuf Suq Area

There are many specialized suqs in

the al-Hofuf suq area:

1. Suq Al-Qaisariyah

2. The suq in front of Al-Qaisariyah

3. Suq Al-Khamis (Thursday Market)

4. Suq Al-Zahab (Gold Market) Figure 39. Al-Qaisariyah, 1983. High Swayqa (dealing with women' traffic pressure in front of 5. Suq al-Qaisariyah creates a movement conflict between vehicles and pedes­ needs) trians, and can obscure the arcade Suq al-Hariem (Women's Market) facade. 6.

I

i Suq Al-Qaisariyah Street from the south (blacksmith street),

Al-Qaisariyah is one of the oldest and al-Khabaz from the north (baker permanent covered markets in Saudi Arabia street). The eastern part of which still exists in good condition. It al-Qaisariyah has a direct connection with is considered to be the original al-Hofuf the al-Rifa'h residential area through a suq. al-Qaisariyah has two parts. The narrow street for pedestrians. This rear portion is older than the front part, narrow street is connected with the back which faces al-suq street. It is believed part of al-Qaisariyah by a large gate, that the front part of al-Qaisariyah was while the front part is connected through rebuilt many times, in the same place with an Open space where barber shops are the same design. It was first built clustered. Attached to al-Qaisariyah and during the Turkish period (1555-1916) and facing this narrow street is a small was rebuilt during the Saudi time, between mosque whose minaret dominates the area.

1917-1923, ^ at the expense of the Saudi This mosque, known as al-Jadid mosque, is government and the two biggest traders in mainly used by those who work and shop in al-Hofuf: al-cJajy and al-Qosibay. al-Qaisariyah and by nearby residents.

Al-Qaisariyah is situated in the Most of the houses behind al-Qaisariyah western part of the al-Rifa1h al-Shamalih have been converted to storage places for section and is bounded by three streets: the traders of al-Qaisariyah after the al-suq Street from the west, al-Hadadin residents moved to newer parts of town. — -zS o .a -'n. — O- n m-zzfS - n rcx^:.. ca-.xi-z.o-. o rro a o a i f l I I I II I M . LEGEND ISARIYAH A Q - L A

iue 40.Figure 0 © o AR-1006. No. Project, Research Sanest of courtesy Arabia, Pattern in the Eastern Province of Saudi of Province theEastern in Pattern Source: Winterhalter, Indigenous Housing Indigenous Winterhalter, Source: . FRONT PART BACK PART . . . . .

.

PL . i M u i l f f i f f E M l f f i J A Nr*- o t E . m m m ^ T O M E a r O - zO- :x - - O - r t z z x c r z r t ~ o r r o - o v r o t ::xs o : -Z O -z r-o O S ET ELEVATION i WEST

88 o -a—O..s-o— r e ~ : e r— —o o - .-.is —TO -xa —o ^ . W H - H ' 5 n Plan and Layout have two types of arches; the larger ones

Al-Qaisariyah is a white, single­ are usually located in front of the main story covered building. Its shape can be. passages. Thus one can recognize from far divided into two parts. The front part is away the main access to the main passages. rectangular in shape, with an arcade Along the two-meter-wide narrow facade surrounding its north, south and passages are many booths on both sides. west sides. Its long main passages extend There are also some booths concentrated from north to south, with short passages around the central area. The average size from east to west across the main of these booths is 2m x 2m; the smallest passages. Unlike the front part of one is 0.50m x 2.00m. Here merchants not al-Qaisariyah, the back part is only display their goods inside the booth trapezoidal in shape, lacking the arcaded but also in the passage; thus, on both facade. Its main passages extend from sides of the passage there are steps of east to west and connect with a «short * 0.17m high and 0.35m wide reserved for passage in the front part, to become one merchants to put up tables for display. east-west passage. Moreover, merchants use these steps as a

Al-Qaisariyah is open, and there seating area, and also sit on display are no gates to indicate an entrance. The tables or on chairs. This makes the arcade facade is designed in such a way to salesman part of the display. It also emphasize the main entrance. The arcades creates a social relationship between all sellers because they can visit with each

other while they conduct business. Since

the display and seating of salesmen

extends to the passage, one can feel that

there is interaction between the booths

and the passage and that they become one

space. By studying al-Qaisariyah, one can

appreciate the success of its design. The

booths in al-Qaisariyah are distributed

linearly along both sides of a narrow maze

with goods extending into the maze. This,

along with changes over time and distance,

cause the scenery to constantly change

while the shoppers are walking down this

linear maze. This increases the shoppers'

interest, which as a result increases

Figure 41. Traditional display method. commercial activities. The goods extend into the commercial lane or corridor.

1 i

Construction Materials built from local materials. The roofing

Al-Qaisariyah's construction beams are usually made of tamarisk or palm materials are locally produced. A tree trunks. These beams were constructed continuous foundation was used as a base by laying down a number of wood poles for the walls. It was excavated in a closely spaced across the opening and continuous fashion to a depth where hard between two supports. The two pole ends earth with good bearing capacity was were embedded in support by filling small found. The excavation was then filled and rocks cemented together by juss mortar consolidated with rocks and limestone. (limestone mortar). The soffitt and the

Bearing walls more than 30 cm wide were two sides of the beams were plastered and built according to the rubble system, from smoothed with limestone mortar. A coat of local limestone bounded with mortar, which nurra (gypsum) was applied as a final 28 were later given a facing of gypsum. finish. Over these beams rested a network

The limestone was brought from a location of smaller branches of tamarisk, then a 29 south and east of al-Hofuf where the land layer of reed matting covered with mud.

is pitted with a large number of stone Although the al-Qaisariyah roof is a good quarries. Al-Hofuf inhabitants excavated example of local roofing, it is not well to obtain plaster and construction blocks protected from fire and rain. The wood of various sizes. requires a protective coating, and it also

Al-Qaisariyah1 s roof was also needs D.P.C. (damp proof course material) O r - , ~ r * ' ; b

£

#*#»#* # # #

Figure 42. Traditional wooden door with three folding leaves, opening vertically.

i'111, lr-^tmril • • • 1 m V i m n * b-VMn .irmxjkii^ iHiil

Figure 43. Traditional wooden door with four folding leaves, opening horizontally. iT" 92 to provide better rain insulation. of them have been replaced by rolling

Most of the booth doors in metal doors which open vertically and al-Qaisariyah were made locally from teak cannot be used to display goods. Thus, wood by carpenters in the suq area. The the wooden doors which still exist wooden doors in Al-Qaisariyah have represent the traditional booth doors; different designs; some of them open they should be conserved and maintained in horizontally, with folding leafs; others order to function for many years to come. open vertically, with three folding leafs.

The nails were either manufactured from Specialization iron or brass, with a flat or domed head Suq al-Qaisariyah is highly and having a length of approximately 2 specialized. Each kind of trade occupies inches. The studding was put on wooden a certain lane or area. The specialized doors to function as decoration and to trades are found in the front part of nail panels to the horizontal crossing al-Qaisariyah along the lane which extends beams at the door back. In addition to from north to south, while the specialized the usual function of the wooden doors, trades in the back part occupy the lanes the back of the door leaves are also used which extend from west to east.

to display goods during business hours. The specialized traders in

Today, few of these traditional wooden al-Qaisariyah are distributed according to doors exist in al-Qaisariyah because most the weight of the goods that they sell.. InrrrrrrrDrrrfyH rnmmnrft tua n r rnrn-m n nrmnrr WEST ELEVATION

a q o h o o c b o o ooooeno.earooo ao a ■ a a ■ ■ ■ —e ■ *- ■ t^_ ,a -r- - V 8fc!68B688tH B »8$$18B8Bt 5 W\v XL i i m t mi li 1 t,U U-UUl m m \ rmiiirmmiiiiLO^

LEGEND H | BEDDING TRADE CARPET TRADE ^ 3 TAJARAT AL-BUSHOT (CLOCKS) MONEY EXCHANGE TAILORS AND SEWING MACHINES STORAGE AL-JADID MOSQUE g g LEATHER AND SHOE TRADE LANE ] | TAJARAT AL-MALABAS (CLOTHING TRADE) g g ] TAJARAT AL-ARZAK (GRAIN, SPICES, HERBS, ETC.) pilfl TAJARAT AL-HWAJIN (FR I NKI NCENSE , MYRRH, INCENSE BURNERS, COFFEE POTS, MEDICINAL GRASSES, ETC.)

Figure 44. -5 O 5 10 15 20 AL-QAISARIYAH TRADE SPECIALIZATION PLAN , 1983' I I.

Goods which are heavy and need space to maneuver always occupy stalls which are

nearer the street, while the goods which

are lightweight and easy to carry always

occupy the stalls in the center. Thus,

the bedding and carpet trades occupy

stalls nearer to al-Khabaz Street, and the

grain, spice and herb trades, which are

known as Tajarat al-Arzak, occupy the

stalls which face the suq street. Figure 45. Vendor displays his goods in the al-Qaisariyah passage, and he benefits from Adjacent and north of Tajarat al-Arzak are the arcade shade.

the specialized trades of leather sandles

and shoes. Adjacent to the sandle and

shoe stalls are vendors of shoe repair

services. Both of these trades depend on

each other. The vendors occupy the north

corner of al-Qaisariyah; some of them

benefit from the arcade shade and display

their goods in the passage; others display Figure 46. Vendor displays his goods in the street adjacent to al-Qaisariyah and their goods on the street and use the uses the umbrella as sun protection.

95 .. umbrella for as sun protection. The shop in the same area. These shops were al-Hwaj en trade occupies the two lanes considered permanent although they started parallel and to the east of the leather with a light structure of wood poles and and shoe trade lanes. Al-Hwajin are the matting. Some then changed to limestone traders of frankincense, myrrh, incense structures, and finally to concrete. burners, coffee pots and medicinal herbs. Formerly there was a moat on the

To the south of al-Hwaj in and parallel to west side of the suq street along the

Tajarat al-Arzak are the clothing trades. al-Kut wall, and shops of wood poles and

Parallel to the carpet and bedding trade matting were constructed along the

are many specialized trades such as recesses on the east edge of the moat.

al-Bushot (clocks), money exchanges, But when the moat was leveled with the suq

sewing machines, and tailors. street during 1917-1923, these shops moved back against the al-Kut wall, which was

The Shops in Front of Al-Qaisariyah used as a backing for these light-weight On the west side of the suq structures. After a while, these

street, there are shops which changed many w o o d —pole—and—matting shops in front of

times before reaching their existing form. al-Qaisariyah were replaced with a line of

These shops were characterized as stone buildings with an arcade facade

permanent shops because they were held similar* to al-Qaisariyah. This building

every day and each trader had a certain consisted of many hardware, grocery and Figure 47. The first stage. Figure 49. The third stage.

Evolution of the shops in front of al-Qaisariyah.

1. First stage: light structure of wooden poles and matting.

2. Second stage: limestone building similar facing and material as al-Qaisariyah.

3. Third stage: concrete structure building totally different than al-Qaisariyah.

Source: Figure 47. William A. Goellner, Hofuf and Jabal Al-Qara Area of the Al-Hassa Oasis, p. 14. Figure 48. Vidal, The Oasis of Al-Hassa, Dhahran, ARAMCO, 1955, p. 106.

4 Figure 48. Second stage. pots, mortars, Kuwaiti chests, camel grain wholesale shops. The existence of saddles, second-hand tents, etc. were this consistency of facade and building materials on both sides of the suq street sold. After demolishing the al-Kut wall created very good interaction between the in 1963, the limestone commercial building two buildings in terms of building form. in front of al-Qaisariyah was also torn It also created a usable open space down. The auction suq spontaneously between the two buildings to accommodate relocated to another site behind the various commercial activities, and it is school in front of the al-Rwadh hotel. also a nice place for people move easily Recently the traders in the auction suq and safely from one place to another, petitioned the al-Hofuf municipality to since there were no cars there. allocate a new site for them near the suq To the north of the new limestone area because the owner of the existing commercial building in front of site wished to use his land for other al-Qaisariyah, where were a series of purposes. As a result of demolishing the shops constructed of wood poles and al-Kut wall, the houses on the east side matting located by the: al-Kut wall which became exposed to the suq street. The had the appearance of permanence because owners . of these homes took advantage of markets were held every day. These shops this and converted the ground floor of were al-Hofuf, the center for antiques, their homes into shops, which are occupied and the auction suq, where rugs, coffee today by warehouse traders. 4 After a while, the shops on the ground floor of the east side of the

Al-Kut section were no longer exposed to the suq street. This occurred because three strips of one-story concrete buildings were constructed on the same site of the al-Kut wall and the former limestone commercial building in front of al-Qaisariyah. The design of these three buildings in the old suq area are very strange and unattractive, because they were designed • without considering the Figure 50. Sketch plan of shops in front surrounding area. These three buildings of al-Qaisariyah. are like boxes and have only the row of © Al-Qaisariyah Suq shops opened to the suq street, while Al-Harim Suq (Women's Market) © and Grain Market their back, a solid wall, faced a narrow New concrete commercial structures street where the ground floor shops of the © with incongruous architectural style house • on the east side of the al-Kut © Solid wall in rear of concrete shops section faced too. These three strip Shops on the ground floor on the © eastern side of al-Kut quarter v. 99 concrete buildings have reduced the create possible harmony of relation and

economic importance of the shops on the interaction between the two buildings. ground floor of the houses on the east

side of the al-Kut section because they 3. Al-Khamis Suq (Thursday Market) have been separated from the suq street, In addition to the permanent suq

and also because there was no relationship held every day in each village and city in created with these shops, since the back the oasis, there are transitory suqs held of these three concrete- strip buildings once a week, in open spaces without of solid wall faced the former shops. It definite spaces for each trader, and in was better if the backs of these buildings certain villages to serve the entire were a row of shops open to the same oasis. These kinds of suqs are known as street, as the shops in the ground floor weekly suqs. Primarily, certain vendors of the houses in the east side of al-Kut attend all the weekly suqs, moving from were facing, to increase commercial one to another until they begin again the activities in this street, which is today following week with their first suq. Each reserved mainly for pedestrians. In • of triese weekly suqs is known by the day addition, these three concrete strip they are held. Thus, in al-Hassa there buildings were designed without are Saturday, Sunday, Monday; Tuesday, considering the old suq in terms of the Thursday and Friday suqs. outside facade and building form, to The biggest weekly suq in al-Hassa oasis is the Thursday market, or suq They moved easily and safely in the suq al-Khamis. This suq, as with other weekly street without fear of obstacles or cars. suqs, is held after al-Fajr prayer (dawn Vendors displayed their goods in the prayer) at approximately 5:30 or 6:00 A.M. middle of the street, some on a piece of and ends early in the day during summer, cloth on the ground, and others on the but in winter it lasts to 12:00 noon. back of a donkey. They protected them­

People from different parts of al-Hassa selves from the sun by either using attend this suq; thus vendors from all cameria (a portable, folding wooden frame weekly suqs try to sell their goods at covered with canvas, similar in shape to a al-Khamis suq. tent), or by occupying a place shaded by

' In the past, al-Khamis suq was building walls. The goods varied from held in the al-Hofuf suq area, in the human and animal foods to construction middle of Suq Street in front of material, kitchen items, traditional

Al-Qaisariyah. The area of display was products, agricultural implements, etc. small because of the existing moat which Although there was no special control surrounded the al-Kut wall; but after exercised in al-Khamis suq, there was leveling of the moat occurred, the specialization by trade. Vendors of al-Khamis suq began to extend to the certain goods occupied certain lanes or al-Kut wall. On each Thursday al-Suq areas.

Street was full of people and vendors. The influence of al-Khamis suq Figure 51. Looking down the suq al-Khamis of Hofuf in 1934. Source: William A. Goellner, Hofuf and Jabal Al-Qara Area of Al-Hasa Oasis created prosperity and interaction with vendors found it difficult to occupy both

the permanent suqs in the al-Ilof uf suq sides of the suq street. Finally, the

area. Al-Khamis suq attracted many people government moved al-Khamis suq to an open

from different parts of al-Hassa; they space outside the city wall to the east of

bought what they needed from al-Khamis suq the city, nearer to the vegetable market.

and from the permanent suqs in the area. The only changes from the former al-Khamis

In addition, traders in these permanent suq area are that the vendors no longer

suqs, like al-Qaisariyah, benefitted by use the backs of donkeys to display their

displaying their goods in two places: at goods, having replaced them with trucks.

the al-Khamis suq and in their own Also, in addition to the goods that are ^ 30 .shops. produced locally, they sell goods that are

After the introduction of cars imported from foreign countries. Because

into al-Hofuf city, the area of al-Khamis the existing site will also be developed

suq became smaller, and vendors found it further, al-Khamis will change to a new

difficult to display their goods in the site in between al-Hofuf and al-Mubarz

middle of the street. Gradually, by city. increasing numbers of cars in al-Hofuf and

by widening al-Mufariq Street to be the 4. Suq Al-Zahab (Gold Market)

same width as the suq street to provide Suq al-Zahab, or the gold market,

automobile access from south to north, the is the most wealthy area in the suq area.

103 only two openings, one from the north Thus its location, as in any al-Zahab suq connecting directly with the suq street in any Arab Muslim city, was not planned through al-Hamidiah square (or what is for easy access, but that people should go known today as Medain al-Balidiyah), or and seek it out. In addition, most of the the other from the south which opens to old al-Zahab suqs always occupied narrow the parking lot on the north of al-Fwars lanes that had only two openings for street. For additional security the Saudi security. government assigns guards to the area, It is difficult to find suq

al-Zahab in al-Hofuf city from the suq especially at night. The shops are small, the average street unless you ask someone or unless being 2m x 2m, and the displays are mainly you already know its location because it indoors, not extending to the main lane is hidden inside the residential area of like the ones in al-Qaisariyah. Because al-Fwaras. However, shops in the suq the goods are gold, silver and diamonds occupy both sides of a narrow lane which are valued and precious objects, the extending from north to south and also display mainly occurs inside a window occupy the dead-end branches coming out

from the main one. On top of these shops, display (vitarina) hung on the wall and inside a table vitarina, not exceeding there are close-by residences for the 1.20m. For security, some shops do not owners and workers. For security, Suq al-Zahab has allow the customer to enter the shop; they

104 put a table vitarina directly behind the found in the suq area, mainly dealing with

shop door and leave enough space in the women's and children's needs, like fabric, vitarina for a door or piece of wood to women's and children's clothing,

open vertically to let the workers enter cosmetics, sewing supplies, etc. This suq

the shop. In other shops there are two is situated on both sides of al-Fwars

spaces, one for the customers and the Street on the ground floor of the new

other for the workers, separated by the concrete building.

table vitarina. Suq Swayqa, as with . any suq

Suq al-Zahab is well protected dealing with women's needs in Saudi

from solar radiation because the houses on Arabia, began for the following reasons:

both sides of the main lane are high first, because of the increase in variety

enough to give shade. This allows people of women's goods imported from foreign

to move in comfort. The main lane is countries; and second, because of the

narrow and extends from north to south to tendency of women to buy and possess

create a current of air through the lane. casual items more then men. These factors

The only problem for suq al-Zahab is that encouraged many traders to open shops only

the main lanes are unpaved. dealing with women's and children's needs.

Thus, in any city in Saudi Arabia or in

5. Suq Swayqa any Arab country, such suqs occupy about a

Suq Swayqa is one of the new suqs quarter of the suq area. In large cities

105 this suq stands alone outside the suq area construction of newer, stone buildings without any accompanying specialized with shops on the ground floor, first trades. built in the west of Al-Bahoth Street,

The shops dealing with women's coupled with the existing Faisal Bin Turki needs always begin in the suq area near a Mosque near Suq Swayqa. place where women congregate. In the However, shops in Suq Swayqa are al-Hofuf suq area they start in the small big enough, with an average area of more portion, south of Suq al-Zahab, or the than 20m2. Some owners have more than one

Gold Market main lane. Then they shop opening into each other, and some gradually extend along the north side of connect with the shops on the second and the parking lot on al-Bahoth Street. third floors. Here, most of the shops are

After that, and in spite of the suq street well decorated on the inside with window crossing al-Fwars Street, these shops display in the front for display and a extend to the west and occupy both sides lighted sign to attract customers. These of al-Bahoth Street in a place which is shops are large; customers can go inside known today as Suq Suwayqa. The question and select what they want, unlike the arises as to why the extension of these small shops in al-Qaisariyah, where shops flows to the west of al-Bahoth customers stand outside the shops and ask

Street and not to the east or into the suq the traders for the items they want. street. This might be because of the Because Suq Swayqa is mainly < attended by women, they often bring their (butga), camel wood, colorful full-length children with them. The shops in this suq dresses, makzal (a wooden spindle with occupy both sides of al-Bahoth Street, crossed pieces which is used to convert which has created difficulty for women and rough wool into yarn). their children to move easily and safely The former location of the women1s from one side to another. It is market is at al-Hamidiah Square (known recommended that through traffic be today as Medan al-Baldiah or al-Baldiah prevented in the suq, reserving it only Square); but when the government widened for pedestrians. In addition, there al-Hamidiah Square and al-Mufairig Street should be a playground provided with a to be, along with Suq Street, the main sturdy fence where children can play while road for cars, the women's market moved their mothers shop. several times, finally occupying the

passage of what was left from the old

6. Suq Al-Harim (Women's Market) • grain market to the north of the

Suq al-Harim is a transitory suq, al-Qaisariyah and separated by al-Haddien where Bedouin women with their purges Street— blacksmith street. There are few

(face veils) gather and display goods male merchants, mainly tobacco salesmen mainly relating to women's needs, and who occupy the shops that are left from

Bedouin products are sold, such as tribal the old grain market. Because these women jewelry, cosmetics (henna), women’s veils vendors do not have shops in which to store their goods when they go back home industries were the main suppliers for at night, they have metal boxes with locks al-Hofuf and al-Mubaraz suqs. Some of the

situated in a narrow passage behind craftsmen had their own shops in the suq area, such as coffee pot makers and al-Qaisariyah. Because the women's market deals „ carpenters. Others carried out their

mainly with women's needs and occupies the trade in workshops outside the suq area,

same area as male traders, which is not either in the city or in the villages,

preferable in Islam, it is recommended their production being transported into

that the women's market be relocated to an and sold at the suq area. Today, most of

area where many women congregate, such as the al-Hassa crafts have declined because

Suq Swayqa and al-Zahab Suq (Gold Market). of cheap, mass-produced imported goods

It is also recommended that the old grain similar to the local ones. But other

market be rebuilt and used as a center for crafts still survive and could compete

antiques and local crafts, in addition to with imported ones because of the use of

the sale of tobacco, wooden carved goods new manufactured tools.

and mats. One of the most famous of al-Hassa crafts, which was affected by the imported

Al-Hassa Crafts goods, is the manufacture of coffee pots.

Al-Hassa oasis was famous for the Coffee pot makers were spread throughout

craftsmanship of its citizens, and their the suq area, most of them being

108 concentrated in al-Hamidiah Square, and dallah for their daily coffee, replacing some to the north of the old governmental them with cheap, imported dallah from hospital (which has become the American Japan or India. Thus the local dallah is

Bank), then known as Suq al-Safafier. rarely found in the suq. Recently,

Also, others who made miniature coffee miniature replicas of the old types of pots had their own shops inside the al-Kut coffee pots have been sold in al-Hofuf suq section. The local term for a coffee pot for high prices, local people and is dallah. The local coffee pot was made foreigners buying them not for daily of brass and copper, with elaborate service but as antiques. The existing designs and a characteristic beak-shaped dallah craftsmen should be encouraged by spout, as well as a tall copper ornament the Ministry of Antiques to continue their called kumrah. Local craftsmen produced techniques and production, and to also the dallah in three sizes, each used for a have some shops for them in the suq area. different function. The larger ones arc This will help to preserve this craft and used as kettles, the medium size for to encourage people to adhere to their brewing coffee, and the smallest one culture.

(called a mizall) being a pot into which The bisht (clock) industry is coffee is poured after brewing and from another of the old local crafts which which it is served into drinking cups.31 still survive, and is not affected by

Today, people no longer use the local imports. The bisht made in al-Hofuf have long been famous. The manufacture of

boshot did not occur in the suq area, but

was carried out in workshops in al-Rif1 ah

al-Shmalih, with a few in the al-Na'athal

quarter. 'In addition, today there is new

a mechanical manufacture process for

bishat which has overtaken the traditional

methods. In al-Qaisariyah, there is a

lane for sales and service of only bishat

Pottery-making was famous in

al-Hassa, and it was mainly a men's

business. This craft spread throughout

al-Hofuf and al-Mubaraz, and the resultant

products were sold in the suq area.

Pottery products such as zair, sharba, and glasses were found in every home; people depended on them for storing and cooling Figure 52. Pottery maker in al-Qarah water because pottery has pores small village.

enough to wet the outside surface of zair Source: Abdullah Ahmed Shbat, Faisal Magazine, Issue 64, August 19827” p. 41. or sharba; when dry air hits zair or sharba it cooled the vessel, also measure (three marahall equal one mane). contributing to a cool microclimate within The medium size are used by men to carry the home. Today this craft has begun to tools required in their work and for decline as a result of new imported shopping. The smallest size, which have products which cool water. Today there delicate designs and are colored, are used are only two pottery manufacturers, one in mainly by women. From the rib fronds of al-Qarah village and the other in palm trees are made toys, bird traps, baby

al-Mubarz city. Both sell their goods at cribs, packing crates, cradles, and many

their manufacturing location, not for other items. From palm fibers are made

daily use but as antiques. twisted ropes. Most of these products are

The existing 1.5 million palm still sold in the women's market and Thurs­

trees in the oasis provide raw materials day suq, and foreigners especially buy.

that make possible the manufacture of a them as souvenirs and as home decorations.

large number of goods. These products are Al-Hassa wood work also depends on

sold in Suq al-Khamis (Thursday market) palm trees and tamarisk for their

and in Suq al-Harim (women's market). production. Not all wooden items are

From palm tree reeds, women make round created by carpenters. but some of the

placemats, hand fans, and baskets. A smaller wooden items are made by

larger basket is called marhallah and are non-professionals such as toys. bird

used for collecting dates and as a unit of traps, packing crates, pot stands, cradles, baby cribs, etc. Professional tires. The most famous shoes made in carpenters make sturdy and artistic doors, al-Hassa were known as zarabil, a warm, windows, furniture, donkey saddles, high, winter shoe made of camel wool and pulleys for lifting water, etc. Today, cowhide. It is very practical and is a carpenters no longer carry out their work favorite of Bedouins in the oasis. Today in the suq area but have shops scattered leather work has declined, being replaced throughout al-Hofuf and use newer machines by sandals and shoes from Japan, Europe, rather than the old tools. In al-Hassa, the United States, etc., and the only ones there were also some small local left are some khrizan, as vendors industries which depend both on wood and occupying the passage in the north corner metal work, such as milk bowls, brass, and of al-Qaisariyah near to the shops that mirror-studded incense burners. These deal with sandals and shoes. products have also declined due to the While it seems that most of the import of similar mass-produced goods. have begun to decline, some of In al-Mufairiq Street in the these crafts, like bishat, still continue al-Hofuf suq area were some leather-work and can compete with imported ones. There shops, but they were not highly developed. are also some crafts which have begun to al-Khrizan (the leather workers) made recover because people look upon them as sandals either from leather produced by antiques that have cultural and economic

Bedouins or from discarded automobile value, such as coffee pots and pottery.

112 These craftsmen should be encouraged by the government to practice their old techniques, and some shops should also be opened in the suq area, which would be designated as the al-Hofuf center for antiques.

113 114 CHAPTER 5 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND DESIGN PROGRAM

Based on the previous study and a

description of the al-Hassa region,

al-Hofuf city and its suq area, this study

will now outline actual goals for development and suggest design solutions

to specific problems in the suq area.

This study will help provide a proper design program for developing the al-Hofuf suq area. In order to reach this goal, the outline takes the form of a table having three categories: the concerns, the problems, and the needs.

' 115 description LOCATION When a study is made to plan Al-Hassa region, a unique place Al-Hassa Region the development of the al-Hassa (Historical in the eastern province of Aspect) region, it is necessary to be Saudi Arabia, is characterized concerned about the older areas by its rural and agricultural and to develop them in such a area, and also by its history. way as not to distort their It has many villages and characteristics. In addition, settlements which are any new construction and distinguished by their history. settlements should harmonize Some of them are still buried with the old settlements. by the desert sands, and some

are recently discovered, such

as Jwasah mosque, the second

mosque in Islam that was used

for Friday prayer.

116 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Al-Hassa Natural Al-Hassa is famous for natural These natural resources, Resources resources which do not exist in coupled with historical

any other place in the eastern settlement patterns, should be

province. Al-Hassa is famous carefully taken care of by the

for its 1.5 million palm trees, government and developed for

its natural springs, caves and economic and recreational

mountains. In addition, there purposes. It is also desirable

are some projects which are to attract people from

unique in the whole kingdom, different parts of the kingdom

like the sand movement screen. and from other countries to

visit. This way, the tourist

factor will increase, which

could be another source of

income for al-Hassa

inhabitants.

117 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Al-Hofuf City Al-Hofuf is one of the oldest The most important factors in

cities in the eastern province. developing al-Hofuf area to

having a .long history unlike respect and maintain its

newer cities such as Dammam, historical area, and to accept

Khobar and al-. Al-Hofuf any new factors in such a way

is recognized by its wall, its as not to distort or change the

vernacular architecture and its identity and the characteris­

urban fabric which evolved to tics of the city.

fulfill the people's needs,

• beliefs and social life, and

also to provide protection

against a harsh environment.

118 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Al-Hofuf Suq Area The suq area is part of the Because of the historical,

historical area of al-Hofuf, commercial and cultural

and is the commercial, economic importance of the suq area, the

and cultural heart of the city. municipality and planning

The suq area is a major source offices should consider the

of income for many people in development of the suq area to

the oasis, and is also a place increase its commercial,

for buying and selling and for economic and cultural functions

recreation and tourism. In with respect to historical

addition to the oasis factors.

residents, many people from

other cities in the eastern

province, like Dammam and

al- and many foreigners

who come to the eastern

province seeking work or

business, come to see a CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

traditional suq which does not

exist in the newer cities, and

also to buy items which are

locally produced or imported

from other countries.

120 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Services to There are two types of services Two types of services should be Different Suqs in the available in the suq area: considered in order to revive Suq Area first, services from trucks to the suq street as an open space

the shops; second, services and free it from cars.

from the shops to the car Deliveries from trucks to shops

parking area done by the should occur only from 12:30

shoppers. These two types of till 3:00 P.M. and from 9:00

services are mainly related to P.M. on, and when there are not

the times the suq opens and many shoppers in the suq area.

closes, which is usually During those times, only

related to prayer time. The delivery trucks are allowed in

suq area opens from 8:00 A.M. the suq street and to park near

until Dhuhar or noon prayer (at the shops for unloading.

12:15 P.M.) and then opens Deliveries from shops to

after Asra or the afternoon parking areas should be

prayer (at 3:30 P.M.) until developed in order to make it

Aisha, night prayer (at 8:30 easier for shoppers to carry

__ ___ ‘

121 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

P.M.). Thus the services from their goods to the parking

the shops to the car parking area. This could be done by

are mainly held during business providing cart stations in the

hours while the second, for parking area. In order to

trucks to the shops, usually control this system, no one

take place when there are fewer could use the carts unless they

people in the business area, paid a deposit to ensure their

from 12:30 until 3:30 P.M. and return. from 9:00 P.M. (after the Aisha

prayer) until midnight.

122 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Suq Street The suq street functioned as In order to develop the suq the major open space in the suq area and to increase its

area, creating linkage and economic, commercial and

interaction between different cultural viability, the suq

types of suqs in the suq area. street should be revived as an

The suq street was mainly used open space only for people's

by people to move easily and activities. This could be

safely from one place to achieved by closing off the

another without fearing for street and opening it only to

cars. Also it was used - as a pedestrians. This goal could

place for different commercial be achieved after studying how

activities like. al-Khamis suq to relieve traffic pressure

in front of al-Qaisariyah and from the suq street and

other open markets in the increase use of the new parking

middle of al-Hamidiah square lot, which is not well used at

for sheep, alfalfa, wool and present, and also by studying

skins. Thus, the suq street how to make deliveries to

123 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

has many economic advantages; different suqs in the suq area. it was a source of income for

many vendors in al-Hofuf and

for the entire oasis. Not only

did vendors benefit from the

suq street being open but the

traders as well, who had

permanent shops in the suq

area. Today the advantages of

' the suq street as an open space

no longer exist because it was

converted to an automobile

thoroughfare.

124 I CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

T r a f f i c Pressure Many factors contribute to 1. Eliminate the 40% portion in the Suq Street traffic pressure in the suq of traffic which results

street. from those who have no

1. 40% occurs because people business in the suq area by

who have no business in the preventing them from

suq area use the suq street passing through the suq

as the shortest route from street by changing their

south to north in the city. direction to another road

2. 60% occurs because those with less commercial

who have business or go to activity and congestion.

shop in the suq area use The only way to achieve

Suq Street to come from the this goal is by closing the

south side of the city and suq street and reserving it

other access roads to the only for pedestrian and

suq area from the newer commercial activities.

areas of the city. In 2. Eliminate the 60% portion

addition, traffic pressure of traffic pressure which

125 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

occurs because people like to results from those having

park their cars on both sides business in the suq area.

of the suq street, especially forcing them to not use

in front of the shops they wish both sides of the suq

to patronize. Thus, in the suq street as car parking and

street you will find people forcing them to park in the

waiting in their cars for large parking lot, which is

someone to take their parking, within walking distance

• and they also drive around in from different parts of the

the suq area until they find suq area. This goal can be

parking in front of the place achieved only if the suq

where they wish to go. This street is closed and

attitude, coupled with people reserved only for

moving from one side to another pedestrians and commercial

in the suq street, increases activities. Thus people

traffic congestion in the suq will automatically park in

street. the large parking lot.

126 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Suq Al-Qaisariyah Al-Qaisariyah is the oldest Since al-Qaisariyah reflects

permanent suq in the suq area the nature of the original

which still exists in good al-Hofuf suq, and its charac­

condition. This suq maintains teristics were not of recent

its original identity. origin, al-Qaisariyah should be

Al-Qaisariyah is recognized by preserved and maintained to

its outside facade, by its function better and to last for

highly different specialized many more years. trades, by its selling methods,

and its variety of goods. All

these characteristics were not . developed over a few years, but

are the result of many years of

change. Such characteristics

are impossible to create in a

new suq either by tearing down

al-Qaisariyah and rebuilding it

127 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

in the same area or in a

different place, because it

will then be built by modern

methods and will project a

modern look.

128 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Al-Qaisariyah Wall The al-Qaisariyah wall is heavy The al-Qaisariyah walls need to and in good shape. However, be plastered and painted white. most of the plaster has. fallen down.

\ CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Al-Qaisariyah Roof Most of the traditional roof in In order to have a homogeneous the back part of al-Qaisariyah roof in al-Qaisariyah, the new

was destroyed by fire. A new roof should be modified to be

roof was constructed from similar to the traditional

plywood but it does not match roof. Since the roof is not

the existing traditional roof. well protected from rain and is

In addition, the entire roof is flammable, D.P.C. (Damp Proof

not well protected from rain. Course) should be put on top of

the roof to prevent water

leakage, coupled with a roof

grading design for better

drainage. It is also

recommended that the roof be

coated with a fire retardant.

130 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Al-Oaisariyah Some parts of al-Qaisariyah are The al-Qaisariyah floor needs Floor unpaved. Other areas are numerous replacement tiles to

paved, but with tiles that are create color harmony to make

difficult to keep clean. cleaning easier.

131 A CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Shops in Front of The three strips of concrete These three strips of buildings Al-Qaisariyah « buildings in front of need to be replaced with new

al-Qaisariyah were designed buildings that have better

without taking the surrounding interaction and relationship

areas into consideration. Thus with the surrounding area.

they look strange and out of This could be done by creating

place in the old al-H'ofuf suq two rows of shops instead of

area. They were designed with one, where one of them could

only one row of shops, with a face the 4.5m-wide pedestrian

back of solid wall which faces street, and use some of this

a 4.50m-wide street along which street to build these shops in

are shops on the ground floor order to increase economic and

of the houses on the east side commercial activities in this

of the al-Kut section. The street. In addition, an arcade

economic importance of these facade similar to al-Qaisariyah

shops decreased as a result. will give good protection from

These shops faced the suq the south sun and also give a

132 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

street before the three strips good feeling of relation and

of concrete buildings were interaction with al-Qaisariyah,

constructed. In addition, especially if Suq Street is

these buildings ware designed closed to cars and reserved as

without respect to the design an open space for pedestrians

of the old suq of al-Qaisariyah only.

in t6rms of the outside facade

and building materials.

133 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Suq Suwayqa The shops in suq Suwayqa are The portion of al-Fwars Street mainly for women's needs and where the shops in suq Suwayqa

occupy both sides of al-Fwars occupy both sides should be

Street. Where through traffic closed, to let women and their

occurs, women find it difficult children move easily and

to go from one side of the safely. In addition, places

street to another with their should be provided for sitting

children. In addition, there in the shade.

is no place to sit in this area

while they are shopping or when

the shops close at prayer time.

134 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS guq Al-Zahab (Gold Suq al-Zahab and suq Swayqa are A pedestrian route between suq M a r k e t ) mainly visited by women. The al-Zahab and suq Suqa should be two suqs are separated from created to provide a good each other by the suq street. relationship between them, in This creates difficulty, and it addition to allowing women to is dangerous for women to move move easily between these two from one suq to another. suqs. In addition, the floor Everything in the suq is in of the main lane of * suq good condition. Only the floor al-Zahab should be paved with of the main lane is unpaved. tile to prevent blowing dust. NEEDS CONCERN PROBLEMS Suq al-Harim needs to be In Suq al-Harim, Bedouin women relocated to a place near or in sell women's goods and occupy

the main passage of the old between Suq Suqa and Suq

grain market, along with al-Zahab. Since Suq al-Harem

tobacco salesmen. This is transitory and belongs to

situation is not desirable in female Bedouin merchants, it is

Islam and Arabic traditions. preferable to hold it in an

It is far away from Suq Suqa open space, with a tent to

and Suq al-Zahab, both of them provide shade and recreate a

considered women's suqs. feeling of Bedouin life. A place for storage should be

provided to prevent the

difficulty of women carrying

all their goods when they go

back home at the end of the

day. CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

Prayer Area for Most of the mosques in the suq It is recommended that a mosque Women area do not have a section for be built near the suqs which

women to pray. They will miss cater mostly to women. This

some prayers while they are in mosque should be designed with

the suq. a large prayer area, and with

toilets in the rear for women

and children.

137 t

NEEDS CONCERN PROBLEMS There should be a place for Children's Needs Parents and women especially children to play safely in the bring their children with them suq area while their parents to the suq area— usually more are shopping. This playground than one child. This creates a should be designed to attract lot of difficulty when parents children with different types try to keep their children from of play equipment and also to playing with or disturbing develop their mental abilities, things in the shop. since these children will be

the leaders of the future.

This children's playground

should be located near the

parking area and close to the

suqs which are attended mainly

by women like Suq Swayqa, Suq

al-Zahab and Suq al-Harim

(women's market). This

138 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

playground should also be

surrounded by a wall and screen

of bushes and have a place for

a guard for security

139 NEEDS CONCERN PROBLEMS

Since a hot, dry climate Climate/Micro­ The climate in al-Hofuf is climate characterized by intense solar prevails in al-Hofuf, a

radiation, a high percentage of microclimate should be designed

possible sunshine, and very low on Suq Street to improve

precipitation, resulting in thermal conditions for heat

high air temperature and low dissipation. Shading is a

humidity throughout most of the major natural cooling method

year. This predominant hot, which should be employed in the

dry climate can impose undue summer to shield against

thermal loads on the suq area, intense solar radiation and to

especially if Suq Street is minimize heat build-up. In

closed and reserved only as winter heating needs are

open space for open-air minimal and may be supplied by

commercial activities, and as a allowing solar radiation to

place for shoppers to move, to penetrate into the buildings

sit and to recreate themselves, during the winter through

and where human comfort is a proper site planning and use of

140 CONCERN PROBLEMS NEEDS

primary concern. deciduous plants. Since the

climate is also predominantly

dry, evaporation can be used as

another effective natural

cooling method to lower air

temperature, as well as surface

radiant temperatures. The loss

of heat by evaporation can be

promoted through movement of

air pre-cooled by passing

through water or plants, which

is guided to provide natural

ventilation and heat loss by

evaporation and convection.

141 Outline of the Design Program congregate and move easily and safely

Based on the previous study of the from one suq to another. It should be al-Hofuf suq area and the different reserved as an open-air market for problems occurring there, and because of commercial activities. with new its historical importance and its active construction planned for the auction commercial, economic and cultural suq. activities, it is recommended that the suq Suq Street should be freed of cars area be developed according to the which occur as a result of through following plan. traffic by those who do not have

1. The suq area should be developed as an business in the suq area, or as a

historical area, increasing its result of it: being used ias access to importance as a commercial and car parking by those who have business

cultural center. in the suq area.

2. Suq Street should be developed as one 5. Through traffic by those who have no

unit; thus suqs in the suq area should business in the suq area should be

be connected to each other only by directed to other routes with less

pedestrian paths. congestion. The new proposal for

3. Suq Street should be revived as an traffic circulation in al-Hofuf city open space for the suq area and should be considered.

reserved both as a place for people to 6. Direct all traffic of those having $

business in the suq area to the huge, from the parking area to different

new car parking area, and use the suqs. It should also be provided with

dead-end street after closure as car a cart station.

parking, with round-about circulation. 10. Suq al-Qaisariyah should be conserved

Suq Street should be used only by and maintained to last a long time,

pedestrians and for small truck and to appear in good shape by

delivery. limited to certain times plastering the wall, maintaining the

when there is little business activity roof, and protecting the building from

in the suq area. fire by coating the wooden structure,

8. The microclimate should be designed to and also by upgrading all the

make the suq street a comfortable electrical wiring.

place for pedestrians and vendors, 11. Shops in front of al-Qaisariyah should

decreasing solar radiation and dryness be demolished and replaced by new

by using light structures and plants, buildings with two rows of shops and a

and creating shaded areas, and also by facade similar to al-Qaisariyah to

using both water and plants to create provide a good appearance of relation

evaporative cooling in the suq street. and interaction, especially when the

9 . Car parking should be designed for a Suq Street will be converted to open

maximum number of cars, and should be space for pedestrians only.

provided with shaded pedestrian paths 12. The new buildings in front of market and the shops in front of al-Qaisariyah should be designed with al-Qaisariyah, light-structure shops two rows of shops. The back one should be designed in the Suq Street should be designed to face the same to serve as temporary shops while pedestrian street which the shops in shops are being demolished. Razing of the ground floor face to create an the two buildings should occur in active commercial street and to stages in order to have enough increase its economic importance. temporary shops for those whose shops This street should be shaded. are being demolished. 13. The remaining shops of the old grain 15. Suq al-Zahab should be connected with market should be demolished because Suq Suwayqa by a pedestrian walkway they are in bad condition. They because both of them deal with women's should be replaced by new buildings, needs. to become the al-Hofuf craft center, 16. Suq al-Hareem, or the women's market and also having a place for tobacco should be located nearer Suq al-Zahab and grain salesmen, each type in a and Suq Suwayqa because all of them separate lane. The grain trade should deal with women's needs. The womens' be in the front part of the building, market should be shaded by a tent to to continue to Tajarat al-Arzak in give a good approximation of the al-Qaisariyah. Bedouin lifestyle. 14. Before demolishing both the old grain A new women's mosque should be built

near the suqs primarily patronized by women, which is designed with a large

prayer area and toilets for women in

the rear. A small prayer area for men

should be included in the front.

A children's playground should be

provided near the suqs which mainly

deal with women's needs, and near to

the car parking area.

The suq area should be equipped with

bathrooms and a trash-collection

system.

145 TRAFFIC FROM THE NORTH SIDE OF THE CITY

LEGEND

l l l l l l l l l l ONE WAY TRAFFIC

■■■■■■ TWO WAY TRAFFIC

FROM THE-EASTERN MILAGES

TRAFFIC FROM SOUTH WEST

SIDE OF THE CITY

TRAFFIC FR O M SOUTH SIDE OF THE CITY

Figure 53. -100 0 200 400m* - EXISTING CIRCULATION IN AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA , 1983 146 TRAFFIC FROM THE NORTH SIDE OF THE CITY

—: PROPOSED CIRCULATION IN AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA

1 An SHOPS IN FRONT .OF Al-QAISARIYAH PROPOSED PROPOSED PROPOSED WOMEN'S CHILDREN'S PLAZA PROPOSED OPEN SPACE AND MARKET PLAYGROUND LIGHT-STRUCTURE SHOPS

(PROPOSED 'AL-HOFUj PROPOSED ANTIQUE CENTER i MOSQUE SUO Al-ZAHB (GOLD MARKET) AL-OAISARIYAH

SUO APIA PRIMARILY FOR WOMEN SUO AREA PRIMARILY FOR MEN Figure 55

— DESIGN CONCEPT OF AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA DEVELOPMENT 148 m o s q u e

2 5 O Figure 56. AL-HOFUF SUQ ARE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF —PROPOSED LEGEND

AL-QAISARIYAH

VENDOR'S AREA

PROPOSED LIGHT-STRUCTURE SHOPS

PROPOSED HEAVY STRUCTURE COVERED SUQ SIMILAR TO AL-QAISARIYAH

EXISTING SHOPS ON THE GROUND FLOOR OF THE HOUSES IN THE EASTERN SIDE OF AL-KUT QUARTER

SUQ AL-SABAI DEALING WITH MEN'S NEEDS. PHARMACY", ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

PROPOSED AL-HOFUF ANTIQUE CENTER

CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND

PROPOSED WOMEN'S PLAZA

SUQ SWAYQA DEALING WITH WOMEN'S NEEDS

SUQ AL-ZAHAB (GOLD MARKET)

PROPOSED TENTS FOR SUQ AL-HARIM (WOMEN'S MARKET)

PROPOSED MOSQUE WITH LARGE SPACE FOR WOMEN

PARKING LOT

PROPOSED CAFETERIA

PROPOSED MEN'S PLAZA

150 Figure 57. -12.5 0 —PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA 151 152 ^|jjS a l - q a is 'a r i y a h Figure 58. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURAL PLAN OF AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA -12.5 0 50m 153 154 SECTION A-A Figure 59

155 PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN PROPOSED WALKWAY WOMEN'S MARKET

SECTION B-B

Figure 60. 156 i

E

. a / -

pii 0P06I5 PROPOSED MOSQUE OMEN' 3 THE LARGE PRAYER'S _Wj.CL»_ ___AR E A.„ F_O R_ W O M E N___ JW.A-LK WA_Y_- P_rLOROSED_W .OM£NlS_PLAJLA_ W A LK WAY

SECTION C-C Figure 61.

157 PROPOSED -HEAVY STRUCTURE SHOPS AL-OAISARIY AH SIMILAR TO AL-OAISARIYAH

Figure 62.

' •••»,*••. wfm PERSPECTIVE OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUQ STREET I

Figure 63.

PERSPECTIVE OF THE PROPOSED SUQ AL-HARIM (WOMEN'S MARKET)---- 1.59 OVERALL VIEW OF PROPOSED MEN'S PLAZA OF AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA DEVELOPMENT EYE LEVEL VIEW FOR PROPOSED MEN'S PLAZA OF AL-HOFUF SUQ AREA DEVELOPMENT Ameria A portable, folding wooden Muhtasib The government authority frame covered with canvas, whose responsibility it is similar in shape to a tent to maintain the suq order, known since the Prophet's Bashot Plural of bisht, clocks time

Dallah Local coffee pot Al-Mulamasah The touching sale; becomes valid on the buyer's Juss Limestone touching the cloth without checking or looking at it. The Al-Hwajin The traders of frankin­ This sale was known in cense, myrrh, incense pre-Islamic times and was burners and medicinal herbs prohibited by Islamic doctrine. Khan Hotel Al-Munabazah A form of sales similar to Al-Kharizan The leather workers gambling. An example is when two people agree to Madrassah School barter a thing foranother without seeing or checking Mane A unit of measure equal to either item. This sale was three marahall known during pre-Islamic times and is prohibited by Marhall Singular of marahall, a Islamic doctrine. large basket made of palm tree fronds and is used for Musall Prayer area collecting dates and as a unit of measure. Three Al-Naj ash A form of sale known during marahall equal one mane. pre-Islamic times and prohibited by Islamic doc­ Mizal A medium-sized local coffee trines. This sale occurs pot (dallah) used for when one offers a higher brewing coffee price for something without having the intention of buying it. The purpose is

161 not to buy the item but to deprive another person who wants it of the item.

Sharba A medium-sized portable water vessel made of pottery

Suq Market

Suq al-Khamis The Thursday Market (weekly suq)

Suq al-Harim Women's Market

Tajarat al-Arzak Trade in grain, spices and herbs

Zair An extra large water vessel made of pottery; not portable

162 NOTES

Chapter 1 -‘"‘-Ibid., p. 58. ^Mohamed S. Makki, Medina, Saudi 1 2 Arabia: A Geographical Analysis of the City Muhammed Muhsin Khan, Sahih and Region, Amersham, England: Arebury Al-Bukhary, Vol. Ill, Ankara, : Hilal Publishing Company, 1982, pp. 148. Yayinlari, 1975, p. 199. 2 Urfan Mohammed Hamor, Aswaq al 13Ibid., p. 199. Arab: Ard Adaby Tarikhy Ll al-Aswaq al-Mosmiah 'nd al-Arab, (Arab Suqs: History 14Ibid., p. 200. and Literature Exhibition of the Arab Annual Suqs), Beirut: Dar al-Shwry, 19__, 15Ibid., p. 197. p. 4. Hamor, Op. Cit., p. 59 ^Al-Afghany, Said, Aswaq al-Arab fi 17 al-Jihiliah wa al-Islem, (Arab Suqs in Al-Afghany, Op. Cit., p. 59 Pre-Islamic and Islamic Times), Damascus: 1 8 Adarat al-Matbah al-Hashimiah, 1937, p. 21. Mohammed Hamid Yahaya, The Revival of Souk Okaz: Criteria and Design 4Ibid., p. 24. Concept, Master's Thesis, Arizona State University, December 1979, p. 10; quoted ^Hamor, Op. Cit., pp. 17, quoted from Abdulah I bn Khamis, Al Majaz Ma-bean from Faisal Shokry, Al-Majtamat al-Islamih, Al-Yamamah wa 21-Hajaz (The Way Between (Islamic Communities). Yamamah and Hajaz), Riyad: Dar al-Yamamh, 1970, p. 242. ^Al-Afghany, Op. Cit., p. 13. 1 9 7 Hamor, Op. Cit., p. 100. Hamor, Op. Cit., p. 20. 20 zuIbid., p. 101. 8Al-Afghany, Op. Cit., pp. 15-16. g 21 Ibid., p. 102. Hamor, Op. Cit., pp. 52-53. 22 Ibid., p. 53 and al-Afghan, Op. 10Ibid., p. 57. Cit., pp. 189-190.

23A1-Afghany, Op. Cit., p. 173.

.163 24Hamor, Op. Git. , p. 110. ^Hamor, Op. Git., p. 216.

25Ibid., p. 111. ■'"^Al-Afghany, Op. Git., p. 366.

26Ibid., p. 116. 11Ibid., P- 366.

27Ibid., p. 119 12Ibid., P- 367. OR Al-Afghany, Op. Git., pp. 285- 13Ibid., P- 369. 289. 1 4„ Hamor, Op. Git. , 212. 29 P- Hamor, Op. Git., p. 126. ^ 3Makki, Op. Git. , P- 148. 30Ibid., p. 128. ^Saleh Al-Hathloul, Tradition. 31 Ibid., p. 152. Continuity and Change in the Physical Environment: The Arab-Muslim City, Ph.D. 32Ibid., p. 158. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 33, quoted from A. al-Samhudi (d. 911/1506), Waf al-Wafa, 2nd Chapter 2 ed., Beirut, 1971, pp. 747-748.

^Al-Afghany, Op. Git. , p. 178. 17Ibid., p. 33.

2Ibid., p. 179. 18Ibid., p. 33.

3Ibid., p. 179. ^Makki, Op. Git., pp. 150-151. 4 20 Mohammed Khan, Op. Git., p. 177, ^Al-Hathloul, Op. Git., p. 33. quoted from The Holy Book al-Quaran (2:198). 2^Makki, Op. Git., p. 151. ^

5Ibid., p. 177. 22Ibid., p. 153.

^Al-Afghany, Op. Git., p. 356. 23Ibid., p. 152.

7Hamor, Op. Git., p. 208. 24Ibid., p. 153.

3A1-Afghany, Op. Git., p. 357. 23Al-Hathloul, Op. Git., p. 69. 164 41 2 6 A d e l Ismail, Arab Urbanization: G. E. Von Grunebaum, "The Struc­ Origin Ideology and Physical Patterns, ture of the Muslim Town," in Islam: Essays ph.D. Dissertation, University of Karls- on the Nature and Growth of Cultural

1969, p. 651 • Tradition, London: R & K, Ltd., 1969, pp. 146-147. 27Ibid., p. 68 42Saleh Al-Hathloul, Op. Git., p. 28Ibid., p. 68 73, quoted from U. Al-Shayzari (d. 569/1193), Nihayat al-Rathbah fi Talab 29Ibid., p. 8. al-Hisbah, Beirut, 1969, pp. 11-12.

30Ibid., p. 70 Chapter 3 31 Ibid., p. 70 "*"CH2M Hill, Dammam Metropolitan 32Saleh Al-H Area, Cultural Area, Technical Report No. p. 24, quoted from Jean Sauvaget, "Halab," 19, Project No. 204, August 1980, p. 9. The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. Ill, 2 Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966, pp. 104-105. Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, Municipality of Jeddah, Jeddah 33 Al-Hathloul, Op. Git., pp. 104- Master Plan, p. 69. 105. 3Hazam Muhammed Ibrahim, al-Mair 34Al-Hathloul, Op. Git., pp. 27-29. al-Takhtitiah L-Ukhdamat al-Tajarih (Plan­ ning standard for commercial services), May 3 5 George Michell, Architecture of 1980, p. 40. the Islamic World, New York: William Morrow and Company, 1978, p. 99. 4Ibid., P- 15.

"^Al-Afghany, Op. Git., pp. 178- 5Ibid., P- 7. 179. 8Anonymous, "al-Tucrat al-Hadith fi "^Al-Hathloul, Op. Git., p. 69. al-suq al-Islamy al-Qadim" (New Changes in the old Islamic Suq), Alam al-Bena, 28th 38Ibid., p. 74. Issue, Nov. 1982, p. 34. 39 Ismail, Op. Git., p. 160. 7Robert Matthews Johnson Marshall, Jeddah: Historic Area Study, Stage Two: ^8Al-Hathloul, Op. Git., p. 75. Urban Design Proposal, Feb. 1980, p. 11. 8Ibid., p. 11. 8Hofuf Agricultural Research Center, Soil Investigations in the Al-Hassa 9Ibid./ p. 11. Oasis, (Leichtweiss-Institute Research Team, Technical University of Braun­ 1°Ibid., p. 11. schweig), Publication No. 27, May 1978, p. 1. ■'■'^Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, Municipality of Jeddah, Op. Git., ^Mohammed Abdullah bin Abdul-Mohsn p. 70. al-Abdulkhader, Tohfat_____al-Mostafied B-tarikh al-Ahssas fi al-Qadim wa al-Jadid 1 2 Robert Matthews Johnson Marshall, (Beneficiary's Value in the Old and New Op. Git., p. 7. History of al-Hassa), Second Edition, 1982, p. 64. 13Ibid., P- 7. O TAC/DMJM Internationa1/DSG, King 1 4 Ibid., P- 7. Faisal University, al-Hass Campus Comprehen- sive Plan, 1980, p. 29. 15Ibid., pp. 9-10. 9Hofuf Agricultural Research ** 8Ibid., P. 11. Center, Agrometeorology of the al-Hassa Oasis (1969-1976), (Leichtweiss- Institute Research Team, Technical University of Chapter 4 Braunschweig), Publication No. 26, May 1978. 1F. S. Vidal, The Oasis , Dhahran: ARAMCO, 1955 10Ibid., p. 15.

3Ibid., p. 11. 11Ibid., p. 16.

3Ibid., p. 13. 12Ibid., p. 16.

^Abdullah Ahmed Shabat, 13Ibid., p. 16.

Al-uan wa al-Makhil" (Al-Hassa: Springs and 1 4 Palm Trees), al-Faisal [Magazine, No. 64, Ibid., p. 5. Aug. 1982, p. 36. ^Mohammed Shakr, al-Bahmn, Ibid., p. 37. al-Maktab al-Islamy, Beirut, 1981, p. 11.

al-Abdul-Khader, Op. Cit., p. 4.

166 i 7 Candilis Metra International Consultants, al-Hassa Master Plan, Dec. 1976, p. 9.

18Ibid., p. 10.

"^Vidal, Op. Cit., p. 78.

20Ibid., p. 79.

21Ibid., p. 78.

22Candilis, Op. Cit., p. 11.

23Vidal, Op. Cit., p. 104.

24Ibid., p. 104.

25Ibid., pp. 104-105.

2^Ibid., pp. 1-4-105.

27Ibid., p. 104.

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170