DOCSLIB.ORG

History 5-Year Curriculum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

History 5-Year Curriculum Map Autumn 1 Autumn 2 Spring 1 Spring 2 Summer 1 Summer 2 Battle of 1066 How William changed England How did power change throughout me- How did power change throughout Why did Henry break with Rome? How did the Tudor's change religion in dieval England? medieval England? England? What was the situation once Edward Why did William build castles? Why was the church so powerful? Why did the barons rebel? How did Henry VII become king? Why did Edward VI become king? died in 10600? What was the Doomesday book? What problems did Henry II face? What was the magna carta? What problems was Henry facing What happened the Lady Jane Grey? Year 7 Who were the claimants? How did the feudal system change Why did Henry and Thomas Beckett How did power change from the monar- when he became king? Does Mary deserve her bloody reputa- What happened at Stamford Bridge? England? fall out? chy? Why did Henry VIII ask for a divorce? tion? How did the black death effect the power of Why was Elzabeth's reign known as the How was the battle of Hastings won? Why wasThomas Becket murdered? the church and monarchy? Why was creating the CoE significant? golden age? Empire and trade Tran-Atlantic Slave trade WWI WWI WWII WWII Why did England develop an empire? How did the slave trade work? Why was there tension in 1914? What were trenches? What was the impact of the treaty of Ver- What were the significant battles of WWII in How did colonialism work? What areas did Europeans capture Why was Franz Ferdinand assassinat- How did the trench system work? sailles? Europe? Year 8 Where did England colonise? slaves from and how ed? What was life like on the Western How did Hitler come to power? What were the significant battles in the pacif- What was it like for a slave? Why did a world war start? front? What policies did Hitler introduce that ef- ic and north Africa? Why did slavery end? fected the population? What was the holocaust? Elizabeth's court and Parliament Life in Elizabethan times Troubles at home and abroad The historic environment of Elizabe- Conquered and conquerors Looking West than England Elizabeth I and her court: background and char- A ‘Golden Age’: living standards and fashions; Religious matters: the question of religion, Eng- Students will be examined on a specific Invasion: Vikings and Anglo-Saxons; reasons for Sugar and the Caribbean: piracy and plunder; the acter of Elizabeth I; court life, including patron- growing prosperity and the rise of the gentry; the lish Catholicism and Protestantism; the Northern site in depth. This site will be as specified Viking invasions; creation of the Danelaw; Alfred development of the slave trade, including John age; key ministers. Elizabethan theatre and its achievements; atti- Rebellion; Elizabeth's excommunication; the and will be changed annually. The site will and Wessex; King Cnut, Emma of Normandy Hawkins; settlements in Barbados and West In- The difficulties of a female ruler: relations with tudes to the theatre. missionaries; Catholic plots and the threat to the relate to the content of the rest of this and the North Sea Empire. dies; the economic and social impact of the slave Parliament; the problem of marriage and the The poor: reasons for the increase in poverty; Elizabethan settlement; the nature and ideas of A Norman Kingdom and ‘Angevin’ Empire: rela- trade on Britain. succession; the strength of Elizabeth’s authority attitudes and responses to poverty; the reasons the Puritans and Puritanism; Elizabeth and her depth study. It is intended that study of tionship between England and France; Henry II; Colonisation in North America: causes and conse- Year 9 at the end of her reign, including Essex’s rebel- for government action and the seriousness of government's responses and policies towards different historic environments will enrich invasion of Ireland; losses under King John. quences of British colonisation; Raleigh; Jame- lion in 1601. the problem. religious matters. students’ understanding of Elizabethan The birth of English identity: the Hundred Years’ stown; contact and relations with indigenous peo- English sailors: Hawkins and Drake; circumnavi- Mary Queen of Scots: background; Elizabeth England. War and its impact for England’s future develop- ples; commodities; Pilgrim Fathers; indentured gation 1577–1580, voyages and trade; the role and Parliament’s treatment of Mary; the chal- ment. servants; the War of Independence, loss of Ameri- of Raleigh. lenge posed by Mary; plots; execution and its can colonies. impact. Migrants to and from Britain: Huguenot migration; Conflict with Spain: reasons; events; naval war- Highland clearances; the Ulster plantations. fare, including tactics and technology; the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Expansion and empire Britain in the 21st Century America and the boom Great depression and the new deal Post War America Origins of the cold war Expansion in India: causes and impact The end of Empire: the impact of the The ‘Boom’: benefits, advertising and American society during the Depres- Post-war American society and econo- The end of the Second World War: Yalta of British control; East India Company; First and Second World Wars; the im- the consumer society; hire purchase; sion: unemployment; farmers; busi- my: consumerism and the causes of and Potsdam Conferences; the division Robert Clive; Warren Hastings; Indian pact of Suez; nationalism and inde- mass production, including Ford and nessmen; Hoover’s responses and prosperity; the American Dream; of Germany; contrasting attitudes and Rebellion (1857); the social, political, pendence in India and Africa, including the motor industry; inequalities of unpopularity; Roosevelt's election as McCarthyism; popular culture, includ- ideologies of the USA and the USSR, cultural and economic impact of em- the role of Gandhi, Nkrumrah and Ken- wealth; Republican government poli- president. ing Rock and Roll and television. including the aims of Stalin, Churchill, pire on Britain and India. yatta. cies; stock market boom. The effectiveness of the New Deal on Racial tension and developments in Roosevelt, Attlee and Truman; effect of Expansion in Africa: causes and im- The legacy of Empire: ‘Windrush’ and Social and cultural developments: en- different groups in society: successes the Civil Rights campaigns in the the dropping of the atom bomb on post- pact of British involvement; trade and the Caribbean migrants; the work of tertainment, including cinema and jazz; and limitations including opposition 1950s and 1960s: Segregation laws; war superpower relations. Year 10 missionary activity; South Africa; Claudia Jones in the UK; migration the position of women in society, in- towards the New Deal from Supreme Martin Luther King and peaceful pro- The Iron Curtain and the evolution of Egypt; the Scramble for Africa; Cecil from Asia and Africa, including the role cluding flappers. Court, Republicans and Radical politi- tests; Malcolm X and the Black Power East-West rivalry: Soviet expansion in Rhodes; the Boer War (1899–1902); of Amin in Uganda; the Common- Divided society: organised crime, pro- cians; Roosevelt's contribution as Movement; Civil Rights Acts of 1964 East Europe; US policies; the Truman imperial propaganda. wealth; the Falklands War. hibition and their impact on society; the president; popular culture. and 1968. Doctrine and Marshall Plan, their pur- causes of racial tension, the experi- pose and Stalin’s reaction; Cominform; ences of immigrants and the impact of Comecon; Yugoslavia; the Berlin Block- immigration; the Ku Klux Klan; the Red ade and Airlift. Scare and the significance of the Sac- co and Vanzetti case. Development of the cold war Transformation of the cold war Revision Revision Exams The significance of events in Asia for Berlin Wall: reasons for its construction Paper 2 revision Paper 1 revision Exams superpower relations: USSR's support and Kennedy’s response. for Mao Tse-tung and Communist rev- Tensions over Cuba: Castro’s revolu- olution in China, and the military cam- tion, the Bay of Pigs and the missile paigns waged by North Korea against crisis: the roles of Castro, Khrushchev, the UN and by the Vietcong against Kennedy; fears of the USA and reac- France and the USA. tion to missiles on Cuba; dangers and Military rivalries: the arms race; mem- results of crisis. bership and purposes of NATO and Czechoslovakia: Dubeck and the Pra- Year 11 the Warsaw Pact; the space race, in- gue Spring movement; USSR’s re- cluding Sputnik, ICBMs, Polaris, Gaga- sponse to the reforms; the effects the rin, Apollo. Prague Spring had on East-West rela- The ‘Thaw’: Hungary, the protest tions, including the Warsaw Pact; the movement and the reforms of Nagy; Brezhnev Doctrine. Soviet fears, how they reacted and the Easing of tension: sources of tension, effects on the Cold War; the U2 Crisis including the Soviets' record on human and its effects on the Paris Peace rights; the reasons for Détente and for Summit and the peace process. SALT 1; the part played by key individ- uals Brezhnev and Nixon. .
Recommended publications
  • Large Castles and Large War Machines In

    Large Castles and Large War Machines In

    Large castles and large war machines in Denmark and the Baltic around 1200: an early military revolution? Autor(es): Jensen, Kurt Villads Publicado por: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/41536 DOI: DOI:https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_30_11 Accessed : 5-Oct-2021 17:35:20 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. impactum.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt Kurt Villads Jensen * Revista de Historia das Ideias Vol. 30 (2009) LARGE CASTLES AND LARGE WAR MACHINES IN DENMARK AND THE BALTIC AROUND 1200 - AN EARLY MILITARY REVOLUTION? In 1989, the first modern replica in Denmark of a medieval trebuchet was built on the open shore near the city of Nykobing Falster during the commemoration of the 700th anniversary of the granting of the city's charter, and archaeologists and interested amateurs began shooting stones out into the water of the sound between the islands of Lolland and Falster.
  • Hunting and Social Change in Late Saxon England

    Hunting and Social Change in Late Saxon England

    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 2016 Butchered Bones, Carved Stones: Hunting and Social Change in Late Saxon England Shawn Hale Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in History at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Hale, Shawn, "Butchered Bones, Carved Stones: Hunting and Social Change in Late Saxon England" (2016). Masters Theses. 2418. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2418 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Graduate School� EASTERNILLINOIS UNIVERSITY " Thesis Maintenance and Reproduction Certificate FOR: Graduate Candidates Completing Theses in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree Graduate Faculty Advisors Directing the Theses RE: Preservation, Reproduction, and Distribution of Thesis Research Preserving, reproducing, and distributing thesis research is an important part of Booth Library's responsibility to provide access to scholarship. In order to further this goal, Booth Library makes all graduate theses completed as part of a degree program at Eastern Illinois University available for personal study, research, and other not-for-profit educational purposes. Under 17 U.S.C. § 108, the library may reproduce and distribute a copy without infringing on copyright; however, professional courtesy dictates that permission be requested from the author before doing so. Your signatures affirm the following: • The graduate candidate is the author of this thesis. • The graduate candidate retains the copyright and intellectual property rights associated with the original research, creative activity, and intellectual or artistic content of the thesis.
  • THE Vikings the VIKINGS

    THE Vikings the VIKINGS

    THE vikings THE VIKINGS 1 TABLE DES MATI RES TABLE OF CONTENTS Artistic Direction WHO WERE THE VIKINGS? Sylvain Lapointe Who were they? .............................................................................................. 4 Where did they come from? ...................................................................... ... 5 Text Pier-Luc Lasalle When did they live? .................................................................................... ... 5 Sailors ................................................................................................................ 6 Music Explorer-pirates and bandit-tradesmen ................................................ ... 7 Enrico O. Dastous How did one turn Viking? ......................................................................... ... 7 Mode of government ..................................................................................... 8 Staging Eloi ArchamBaudoin Trade ................................................................................................................. 8 Viking currency ............................................................................................... 9 Authorship of the Pedagogical Document Agriculture ....................................................................................................... 9 Aude Le Dubé DAILY LIFE IN THE VIKING ERA Translation Gaëtan Chénier Tasks ............................................................................................................. ... 10 Housing Cover Illustration Food
  • Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf

    Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf

    2 In memory of Jeffrey Martin Whittock (1927–2013), much-loved and respected father and papa. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people provided valuable advice which assisted in the preparation of this book; without them, of course, carrying any responsibility for the interpretations offered by the book. We are particularly indebted to our agent Robert Dudley who, as always, offered guidance and support, as did Simon Hamlet and Mark Beynon at The History Press. In addition, Bradford-on-Avon library, and the Wiltshire and the Somerset Library services, provided access to resources through the inter-library loans service. For their help and for this service we are very grateful. Through Hannah’s undergraduate BA studies and then MPhil studies in the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic (ASNC) at Cambridge University (2008–12), the invaluable input of many brilliant academics has shaped our understanding of this exciting and complex period of history, and its challenging sources of evidence. The resulting familiarity with Old English, Old Norse and Insular Latin has greatly assisted in critical reflection on the written sources. As always, the support and interest provided by close family and friends cannot be measured but is much appreciated. And they have been patient as meal-time conversations have given way to discussions of the achievements of Alfred and Athelstan, the impact of Eric Bloodaxe and the agendas of the compilers of the 4 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 5 CONTENTS Title Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Gathering
  • A Viking-Age Settlement in the Hinterland of Hedeby Tobias Schade

    A Viking-Age Settlement in the Hinterland of Hedeby Tobias Schade

    L. Holmquist, S. Kalmring & C. Hedenstierna-Jonson (eds.), New Aspects on Viking-age Urbanism, c. 750-1100 AD. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17-20th 2013. Theses and Papers in Archaeology B THESES AND PAPERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY B New Aspects on Viking-age Urbanism, c. 750-1100 AD. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the Swedish History Museum, April 17–20th 2013 Lena Holmquist, Sven Kalmring & Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson (eds.) Contents Introduction Sigtuna: royal site and Christian town and the Lena Holmquist, Sven Kalmring & regional perspective, c. 980-1100 Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson.....................................4 Sten Tesch................................................................107 Sigtuna and excavations at the Urmakaren Early northern towns as special economic and Trädgårdsmästaren sites zones Jonas Ros.................................................................133 Sven Kalmring............................................................7 No Kingdom without a town. Anund Olofs- Spaces and places of the urban settlement of son’s policy for national independence and its Birka materiality Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson...................................16 Rune Edberg............................................................145 Birka’s defence works and harbour - linking The Schleswig waterfront - a place of major one recently ended and one newly begun significance for the emergence of the town? research project Felix Rösch..........................................................153
  • Cnut: Stability in England and Evolving Norman Connections

    Cnut: Stability in England and Evolving Norman Connections

    Cnut: Stability in England and evolving Norman connections When we think about Cnut what immediately springs to mind is the seemingly fatuous episode when he tried to stop the tide coming in at Bosham (or wherever). Much like Æthelred II’s modern nickname ‘the Unready’ (actually Unræd (ill-counselled), it is a ‘1066 and All That’ like myth propagated for centuries. No doubt we shall return to this at the end of this paper. Cnut was born c. 990, but Cnut’s (Knútr Sweynson’s) story is prefaced by that of his father Sweyn Forkbeard (Sweyn Haraldsson), king of Denmark, and his growing ambition to take England from Æthelred II. Æthelred II had paid off the Vikings who had constantly plagued England for two centuries many times. When they raided he often gave them danegeld to go away, with the price escalating on each occasion. The underlying difficulty was that many Danes had been long settled in England, mainly in the area of the Danelaw, and having put down their roots they were not about to leave. In 1001 Æthelred thought that he could pay the raiding Vikings to stop raiding permanently , giving them what at that time was the enormous sum of £24,000. Æthelred did not gain his nickname of Unræd for nothing, as neither he nor his advisors had learnt anything about the Danes, who would either keep coming back for more or were not actually in a position to leave, having put down roots, settled and married. In 1002 he was even more ill-advised as in reaction to being told, once it was only too clear that bribery was a foolish solution: ‘……….
  • The Vikings Part I Professor Kenneth W. Harl

    The Vikings Part I Professor Kenneth W. Harl

    The Vikings Part I Professor Kenneth W. Harl THE TEACHING COMPANY ® Kenneth W. Harl, Ph.D. Professor of Classical and Byzantine History, Tulane University Kenneth W. Harl is Professor of Classical and Byzantine History at Tulane University in New Orleans, where he has been teaching since 1978. He earned his Bachelor’s degree from Trinity College and went on to earn his Master’s and Ph.D. from Yale University. Dr. Harl specializes in the Mediterranean civilizations of Greece, Rome, and Byzantium and in the ancient Near East. He has published numerous articles and is the author of Civic Coins and Civic Politics of the Roman East, A.D. 180–275 and Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to 700 A.D. He is a scholar on ancient coins and the archaeology of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). He has served on the Editorial Board of the American Journal of Archaeology and is currently is on the Editorial Board of the American Journal of Numismatics. Professor Harl’s skill and dedication as an instructor are attested by his many teaching awards. He has earned Tulane’s annual Student Award in Excellence nine times. He is also the recipient of Baylor University’s nationwide Robert Foster Cherry Award for Great Teachers. ©2005 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership i Table of Contents The Vikings Part I Professor Biography............................................................................................i Course Scope.......................................................................................................1 Lecture One The Vikings
  • Medieval Denmark As a Maritime Empire

    Medieval Denmark As a Maritime Empire

    chapter 8 Medieval Denmark as a Maritime Empire Thomas K. Heebøll- Holm Introduction In the Middle Ages (c. 500–c . 1500) Denmark arguably was the centre of not one, but three successive empires. The first was the Great North Sea Empire, which existed from 1016 to 1046. It encompassed Denmark, England, Norway and, prob- ably, parts of Sweden. After the reigns of king Cnut the Great and his son, Har- thacnut, the empire fell apart and its respective territories reverted to their orig- inal state as kingdoms of England, Denmark and Norway.1 The second Danish empire lasted from 1157 to 1332. It was founded by king Valdemar i and is some- times called the Valdemarian Kingdom or Empire, while the rulers are known as the Valdemarians. This empire collapsed in the 1320s – not because of foreign invasions, but because of a royal debt crisis caused by a policy of pledging the various Danish provinces to German creditors as security for loans. From 1332 to 1340, the kingdom of Denmark had ceased to exist in all but name. In 1340, Valde- mar iv was elected king, and he eventually succeeded in reconstituting the king- dom through a combination of warfare and the redeeming of pledges. He there- by laid the groundwork for the third Danish empire, which came into existence in the reign if his daughter, the illustrious Queen Margaret i. In 1397, Margaret orchestrated the creation of the Kalmar Union which united the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under her grand- nephew and designated succes- sor, Erik the Pomeranian.
  • History and Climate Change

    History and Climate Change

    History and Climate Change History and Climate Change is a balanced and comprehensive overview of the links between climate and man’s advance from early to modern times. It draws upon demographic, economic, urban, religious and military perspectives. It is a synthesis of the many historical and scientific theories which have arisen regarding man’s progress through the ages. Central to the book is the question of whether climate variation is a fundamental trigger mechanism from which other historical sequences develop, or one amongst a number of other factors, decisive only when a regime/society is poised for change. Evidence for irreversible climate change is either partial or lacking entirely, but it is clear that climatic variation has regularly played a part in historical development. Particular attention is here paid to Europe since ad 211. Cold and warmth, wetness and aridity can create contrary reactions within societies, which can be interpreted in different ways by scholars from different disciplines. Does climate change exacerbate famine and epidemics? Did climate fluctuation play a part in pivotal historical events such as the mass exodus of the Hsiung-nu from China, the pressure of the Huns on the Romans and the genesis of the Crusades. Did the bitter Finnish winter of 1939–40 ensure the ultimate defeat of Hitler? These events and many others are discussed throughout in the author’s distinctive style, with maps and photographs to illustrate the examples given. Neville Brown is Professorial Research Fellow at Mansfield College, Oxford University, and is attached to the Oxford Centre for the Environment, Ethics and Society.

  • The Viking Invasion of Britain for Thousands of Years, Britain Has Been Invaded by Stronger Nations

    The Viking invasion of Britain For thousands of years, Britain has been invaded by stronger nations. One of the most famous being the Roman invasion of Britain until AD 401. When the Romans left, the Anglo Saxons settled in Britain and ruled until the Vikings from Scandanavia made their way across the sea to invade and settle in Britain. They were a stronger nation than England were at that time and were able to establish themselves within England and other parts of Britain. The First Britons The Anglo Saxons in Britain From around AD400 onwards, Anglo-Saxons settled in villages next to their farmland. They set up a number of different kingdoms, led by lords and chieftains. The most powerful lords acted like local kings and fought one another to gain more land. The strongest Anglo-Saxon tribal chiefs were known as Bretwalda or ‘Ruler of Britain’. By AD800, most Anglo-Saxons had converted to Christianity, and merchants traded goods all over the country and into Europe, making some Anglo-Saxon kingdoms very wealthy. The Vikings in Britain In the mid-700s, the people of Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark and Sweden) began to explore, raid and eventually invade the countries around them. They sailed to Britain, Ireland, France, Spain and Italy. Others travelled by land, going as far as Israel, Greenland and probably America. They were known as Vikings, or Northmen, and began their raids on Britain around the AD790S. The Vikings attacked Britain because they had traded goods with the Anglo- Saxons for many years, and knew of their wealth.
  • Historical Dictionary of the Vikings

    Historical Dictionary of the Vikings

    112722 pb cover 11/7/03 3:48 PM Page 1 Holman History • Ancient • General Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 11 Rarely has an era evoked the same sense of adventure as the Viking age. For more than three centuries, small but intrepid bands of Scandinavians used Historical longships to launch lightning raids on their European neighbors to colonize new lands in the east and west and exchange furs for wine, spices, and silver. Dictionary Historical Significant changes also occurred at home, as the local kings extended their power, Norse paganism lost ground to Christianity, and new towns and ports Dictionary thrived as a result of increased contact with the world. And this new world was amazingly vast, stretching over the British Isles, much of continental Europe, into the far reaches of Russia and the Middle East, and to an undetermined extent, even North America. of the There were so many expeditions, under so many leaders, to so many places, and for so many purposes that it is difficult to track events. Moreover, much of the information is shrouded in mystery because few archaeological remains Vikings and even fewer written documents corroborate the sagas. This Historical Dictionary of the Vikings helps fill the void by providing information on major historical figures, important battles and treaties, key works, and archae- ological finds. This dictionary not only presents the big picture, but also examines the everday aspects of how people lived and worked. A chronology, detailed and annotated bibliographies for different themes and geographical locations, and an introduction discussing the major events and developments of the Viking age are also included.
  • The Coins of Denmark the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, Commonly Known As Denmark, Is a Nation Situated in the Scandinavian Region of Northern Europe

    The Coins of Denmark the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, Commonly Known As Denmark, Is a Nation Situated in the Scandinavian Region of Northern Europe

    The Coins of Denmark The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, commonly known as Denmark, is a nation situated in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries. The mainland is bordered to the south by Germany; Denmark is located to the southwest of Sweden and the south of Norway. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and a large number of islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea, and these waters are also known as the Danish straits. The Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous provinces of Denmark with home rule. Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. It is a member of NATO and the European Union, having joined the European Economic Community in 1973. The national capital and the largest city is Copenhagen. Originally a seafaring nation relying on fishing, farming and trade, Denmark experienced steady industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries and developed the Scandinavian model welfare state. The earliest archaeological findings in Denmark date back to 130,000 – 110,000 BC in the Eem interglacial period. People have inhabited Denmark since about 12,500 BC and agriculture has been in evidence since 3,900 BC.The Nordic Bronze Age (1,800–600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot.