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Gume Insects of Oregon

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Gume Insects of Oregon gumeInsects of Oregon Federal Cooperative Extension Service Oregon State College, Corvallis Extension Bulletin 749 August 1955 Legume Insects of Oregon Page How to Mix and Apply Insecticides Insecticide Formulations 4 Equipment and Application 6 Residue on Forage 6 Precautions in the Use of Insecticides 6 Chart of Insects Attacking Legumes 7 How to Identify and Control Injurious Insects Alfalfa caterpillar 8 Ladino clover seed midge 21 Alfalfa looper 8 Leafhoppers 21 Al f alf a weevil 8 Lesser clover leaf weevil 21 Blister beetles 10 Lygus bugs 22 Clover aphid 10 Meadow spittlebug 24 Clover case bearer 10 Nitidulid beetle 24 Clover flower midge 11 Omnivorous leaf tier 25 Clover leaf weevil 12 Pea aphid 26 Clover root borer 13 Pea leaf weevil 27 Clover root curculio 14 Pea weevil 27 Clover seed chalcid 15 Slugs 28 Clover seed weevil 16 Spider mites 30 Cutworms 18 Sweetclover weevil 31 Field crickets 19 Thrips 32 Grasshoppers 19 Vetch weevil 32 Western spotted cucumber beetle 33 How to Identify and Protect Beneficial Insects Damsel bugs 35 Minute pirate bug 37 Geocorus bugs 35 Parasitic insects 37 Lacewings 36 Syrphid flies 38 Ladybird beetles 36 Protect Bees 39 2 . E. A. DICKASON, Assistant Entomologist, and R. W. EVERY, Extension Entomology Specialist Oregon State College T F YOU are raising legumes for hay or seed, it is very likely you will have trouble with insects. Some insects attack foliage, others the blossoms or seeds. Still others damage roots or injure plants in the seedling stage. Informa- tion in this bulletin is the result of experimental work done at Oregon State College, other state college experiment stations, and by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In the illustrations, actual size of the insect is shown as well as an enlarged drawing to aid in identification. Host plants and distribution of insects in the state, while not complete in all cases, help in recognizing insect pests. As a further aid in identifying injurious insects, the diagram on page 7 shows the point of attack of the most common pests. Mrs. Patricia R. Hansen, Corvallis, made the insect drawings in this bulletin. 3 Insecticide Formulations Pure insecticides are usually coarsein water, not dissolved. For this reason, or sticky solids or syrupy liquids thatsuspensions require constant mechani- cannot be sprayed or dusted. The in-cal agitation to prevent solid particles secticide is usually diluted with a neu-from settlingto the bottom of the tral carrier which may be an inert dustspraytank.Suspensionspraysare or a liquid. Water will not dissolveabrasive and cause rapid wear in gear- most insecticides. They may be sus-type pumps. pended, however, as fine particles in Suspension sprays are less hazardous water, or may be dissolved in a solventto the operator than solutions or emul- later emulsified in water. Some insecti-sions as most suspensions are not read- cides may be dissolved in kerosene orily absorbed through the skin. In han- other organic solvents to produce adling highly toxic insecticides, such as true solution. parathion, extreme caution should be observed not to inhale insecticides when Dusts concentrated wettable powder is emp- Most insecticidal dusts contain antied into the spray tank because the inert carrier such as talc, clay, or dia-powder has a tendency to billow up tomaceous earth. Others, such as sulfurfrom the tank opening. Suspension dusts, are merely finely ground insecti-sprays are also lesslikely to cause cides. Dusts are not as readily absorbedfoliage burning than the solution or through the skin as sprays, but mayemulsionsprays.Wettable powders be dangerous if inhaled. usually contain from 15 to 75 per cent Dusts usually contain from 1 to 10active ingredients. The amount of wet- per cent active ingredients. The per-table powder to be used per acre can be centage of actual insecticide in the dustdetermined from Table 1 on page 5. mixture is stated on the label. ThisFor example, 1 pound of actual DDT must be taken into consideration inper acre is suggested for vetch weevil computing the amount of mixed dustcontrol. If a 50 per cent wettable pow- to apply per acre. For example, 2der is used, it would require 2 pounds pounds of actual toxaphene per acre isof wettable powder, diluted with water, one of the suggested insecticides forfor each acre treated. control of lygus bugs on alfalfa or Ladino clover. If a 10 per cent dust isEmulsifiable concentrates applied, it would require 20 pounds of Emulsifiableoremulsion concen- the dust per acre. The amount of dusttrates are made by dissolving the tech- needed for any control is easily deter-nical grade insecticide in an organic mined from Table 1 on page 5. solventand adding an emulsifying agent. The concentrated material is di- Wettable powders luted with water to form an emulsion. The wettable powders, used to pre-Emulsion sprays are not abrasive and pare suspension sprays, contain an in-can be used in all types of sprayers. secticide blended with an inert dust. A Emulsion concentrates usually con- wetting agentisadded tofacilitatetain from 11 to 8 pounds of active mixing the powder with water. Thisingredientoractualinsecticide per forms a suspension rather than a solu-gallon. The amount is stated on the tion, as the fine particles are suspendedlabel. This is helpful in determining 4 the dosage to use in insect control. ForOil solutions example, in the early season control of Many insecticides are soluble in ker- alfalfa weevil, heptachlor at the rateosene, fuel oil, or other organic sol- of 4 ounces of actual material per acrevents. When applied as sprays, the is one of the suggested materials. Thesolvent evaporates from treated sur- 25 per cent emulsion concentrate con-faces leaving a deposit of insecticide. tains 2 pounds of heptachlor per gal-Oil solutions are widely used on spe- lon. When diluted with sufficient water,cialized insect control projects, such as 1 gallon, therefore, would treat 8 acres.forest insect pest control or grasshop- The amount of concentrate neededper control on rangeland. Oil solutions per acre can be determined from Tablelend themselves to low gallonage per 1 below. acre airplane application. For exam- Extreme caution should be used inple, to control grasshoppers on range- handling emulsion concentrates of pa-land, only 2 to 3 ounces of aldrin in rathion, TEPP, metacide, and demeton1 gallon of fuel oil per acre is required. (Systox). These are very toxic mate-Oil solutions are not recommended for rialsand can bereadilyabsorbeduse on legume crops because of the through the skin. Be sure to followdanger of burning foliage and blossoms precautions on the label. with the solvent. TABLE 1. INSECTICIDE APPLICATION. APPROXIMATE AMOUNTS OF FORMULATION NEEDED PER ACRE TO OBTAIN SPECIFIED AMOUNTS OF ACTUAL INSECTICIDE PER ACRE Desired insecticide per acre Formulation 2 ounces 4 ounces 8 ounces 1 pound 2 pounds Emulsionconcentratecontain- ing 11 lbs. actual insecticide per gallon. A qt. 5 qt. 11 qts. 25 qts. 11 gals. Emulsionconcentratecontain- ing 2 lbs. actual insecticide per gallon. 1 pt. 1 pt. 1qt. 2 qts. 1 gal. Emulsion concentratecontain- ing 4 lbs. actual insecticide per gallon. 4 pt. 5 pt. 1pt. 1 qt. 2 qts. Emulsionconcentratecontain- ing 8 lbs. actual insecticide per gallon. i pt. 4 pt. 1 pt. 1 pt. 1 qt. 25% wettable powder 8 ozs. 1 lb. 2 lbs. 4 lbs. 8 lbs. 40% wettable powder 5 ozs. 10 ozs. 14 lbs. 25 lbs. 5 lbs. 50% wettable powder 4 ozs. 8 ozs. 1 lb. 2 lbs. 4 lbs. 75% wettable powder 3 ozs. 6 ozs. 9 ozs. 11 lbs. 25 lbs. 1% dust 121 lbs. 25 lbs. 50 lbs. 100 lbs. 200 lbs. 21% dust 10 lbs. 20 lbs. 40 lbs. 80 lbs. 5% dust 10 lbs. 20 lbs. 40 lbs. 10% dust 10 lbs. 20 lbs. 5 Equipment and Application Most of the legume insects can bethan wettable powders should be used controlled with either aerial or groundin most types of low volume sprayers. application of dusts or sprays. Wettable powders require constant me- Dusts may be applied by airplane orchanicalagitationto keep them in ground duster. If a ground duster issuspension, cause excessive wear to used, a canvas drag behind the dustersome pumps, and frequently clog noz- will insure better coverage and improvezles. When using low volume sprayers, the control. With aircraft, the effectivethe best coverage is obtained when at swath width and the evenness of distri-least 15 to 20 gallons of spray per acre bution is less with dusts than it is withis applied. Nozzles that deliver a flat, sprays. To avoid drift, the dust shouldfan-shaped spray pattern are commonly be applied when there is no wind. used with low pressure, low volume In recent years, sprays have beensprayers. If the sprayer has been previ- used more than dusts for insect controlously usedtoapply hormone-type on legume seed crops. Aerial sprayherbicides such as 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,it planes are usually equipped to applyshouldbethoroughlycleanedand either wettable powders or emulsionrinsed with sal soda, lye, or other neu- concentrates. Airplane sprays are usu-tralizing agents before being used to ally applied in 4-6 gallons of water perapply insecticides. acre. The airplane pilot frequently re- Orchard-type hydraulic sprayers hav- quests the grower to furnish flagmen,ing plunger or piston type pumps can or mark the effective swath width ofbe used for the control of legume in- each flight run along the edge of thesect pests. Wettable powders as well as field. emulsion concentrates can be used sat- Weed sprayers designed to apply lowisfactorily in these pumps. Nozzles volumes of spray at low pressures arethat deliver a cone-shaped spray pat- often used to apply insecticides. Emul-tern are frequently used with these sion concentrates of insecticides, rathersprayers.
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