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Environmental Protection in Beijing

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Environmental Protection in Beijing Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental K Managemarent Institutions & Public Disclosure Authorized Organizationsin Beijing Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau Public Disclosure Authorized June 1994 M t Metropolitan Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Improvement MEDP Program City WorkingPaper # MEIP/BEII1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGMENT INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN BEIJING Beijing MunicipalEnvironmental Protection Bureau June1994 The City Working Paper Series are informal papers published by the Metropolitan Environmental Improve- ment Program (MEIP), in an effort to share and exchange experiences in urban environmental governance among metropolitan cities in the Asia-Pacific Region. This paper was prepared by Staff of the Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, from funds provided by MEIP. MEIP is a UNDP-assisted, World Bank-executed initiative now operating in six Asian cities -- Beijing, Bom- bay, Colombo, Jakarta, Kathmandu and Metro Manila. The primnarygoal is to assist selected Asian metropoli- tan areas to begin reversing the process of environmental degradation through appropriate interventions and improved governance, and to enable them to continue the process following the initial phase of external assistance. MEIP is a constituent partner of UNDP's Urban Management Program for Asia and the Pacific (UMPAP). The findings, interpretationsand conclusionsexpressed in these papers are entirely those of the au- thors and should not be attributed in any manner to MEIP, the World Bank, UNDP or any of its affiliates. MEIP does not guaranteethe accuracy of the data includedin this paper and accepts no responsibilityfor any consequenceof their use. MEIP encouragesdissemination of its work and will give permission to reproduceportions of this paper if proper acknowledgementof the author is given. Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Program Environment and Natural Resources Division Asia Technical Department The World Bank 1818, HIStreet - Washington D.C., N.W. i- 20433 _l ~~~~USA -E Tel: 202-458-2726, 2729, 2747 M I P Fax: 202-522-1664 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ................................. -iv - INTRODUCTION ................................. v - BEUING ................................. 1 GEOGRAPHY .................................. 1 BEIING ................................. 3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INSTIUONS ....... ............. 5 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION INSTlTUTIONS ......... 5 MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS ... 5. THE BEIJING MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU . 6 The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Research Institute ... 7 The Beijing Municipal Environment Monitoring Center ........... 7 The Beijing Municipal Technical Training Center for Environmental Protection ........................ 8 DISTRICT AND COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORTIIES ........................ 9 District and County Environmental Protection Bureaus ......... 9 Village and Neighborhood Environmental Protection Staff ...... .... 9 Village and Neighborhood Environment Information Committees ...... 9 BUREAU, CORPORATION AND ENTERPRISE ENVIRONMENT OFFICES ......................... 9 THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM ........... 9 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN BEUING ........................ 12 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LAWS ....................... 13 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLANS ...................... 15 ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC RELATIONS ....................... 16 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND MONITORING .................... 16 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES .................... 17 SAN TONG SHI ........................................ 17 The Legal Foundation .. 17 Implementation .. 18 Results .......................................... 19 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS . 20 The Legal Foundation .. 20 - ii - Implementation ..................................... 21 Results.......................................... 22 EXCESS POLLUTION DISCHARGEFEES ....................... 22 The Legal Foundation ................................ 22 Implementation..................................... 23 Results .......................................... 24 DEADLINE CONTROL ................................... 25 The Legal Foundation ................................ 26 Implementation..................................... 26 Results .......................................... 28 POLLUTION DISCHARGEREGISTRATION AND PERMITTING ... ..... 29 The Legal Foundation ................................ 29 Implementation..................................... 30 Results .......................................... 32 CENTRALIZEDPOLLUTION CONTROL ....................... 35 The Theoretical Foundation............................. 35 Implementation..................................... 35 Results .......................................... 36 ENTERPRISEEVALUATION ............................... 37 The Legal Foundation ................................ 37 Implementation..................................... 37 Results.......................................... 38 ENVIRONMENTALGOALS AND RESPONSIBILITY................ 38 The Legal Foundation ................................ 38 Implementation..................................... 38 Results.......................................... 39 QUANTITATIVEASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT ...... 39 The Legal Foundation ................................ 40 Implementation..................................... 41 Results .......................................... 41 PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION ...................... 41 The TheoreticalFoundation ............................. 42 Implementation..................................... 42 Results.......................................... 43 CONCLUSION ..................... ........................ 44 ANNEX A -- POLLUTION PERMITTING IN BEIING . ............ Al-I ANNEX B -- POLLUTIONDISCHARGE PERMITTING AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGY ........................................ A2-1 - 111 - ABBREVIATIONS BMEMC Beijing Municipal EnvironmentalMonitoring Center BMEPB Beijing Municipal EnvironmentalProtection Bureau BMEPC Beijing Municipal EnvironmentalProtection Committee BMEPRI Beijing Municipal EnvironmentalProtection Research Institute BMG Beijing Municipal Government BMTTCEP Beijing Municipal Technical Training Center for EnvironmentalProtection EIA EnvironmentalImpact Assessment EPB EnvironmentalProtection Bureau EPC EnvironmentalProtection Commission(State Council) NEPA National EnvironmentalProtection Agency (China) Y Chinese yuan (1990) Y5.4 US$1 - iv - INIRODUCTION In the early 1970sChina introduced environmentalprotection policies emphasizing comprehensiveplanning, rational layout, integrated waste utilization, attention to public concerns, and universal environmentalprotection. The EnvironmentalProtection Act of the People's Republic of China (Draft) was issued by the National People's Congress in September 1979. In the 1980s environmentalprotection was further emphasizedand a policy of simultaneousurban and rural economic developmentand environmentalenforcement formulated. The National People's Congress formally issued the EnvironmentalProtection Act of the People's Republic of China in 1989. Since Beijing opened its first environmentalprotection office in 1974, environmental protection institutions have been establishedat all levels of governmentand the legal framework supportingthese improved; measurableprogress has been made. In April 1980, the Secretariat of the Central Party Committeeissued four directives on construction in Beijing, The Beijing Urban ConstructionMaster Plan. This clarified Beijing's status as China's capital, urging stronger environmentalmanagement and making Beijing a clean and healthy city. -v - BEIJING GEOGRAPHY Situated in the north of the Great North China Plain, Beijing is bordered by the Loess Plateau to the west and the Inner Mongolia Plateau to the north. The Beijing Administrative Area totals 16,808 km2, of which 6,390 km2 (38 percent) is flat land and 10,418 km2 (62 percent) mountainousarea. Beijing has over 120 rivers within its territory, large and small, with a total length of over 2,700 km. The rivers mostly originate in the mountainousareas to the northwestof the city, converging into Beijing's five big river systems, the Yongding River, the Chaobai River, the Grand Canal, the Daqing River and the Jiyun River, before flowing through the Heihe River into the Bohai Sea . Beijing also has 84 reservoirs, with a total storage capacity of 7.2 billion m3. Beijing has a continentaltemperate monsoon climate. It has distinct seasons: dry, windy springs; hot, rainy summers; cool, humid autumns; and cold, arid winters. During 1954-84, the average temperaturewas 11.6°C, the highest 38°C and the lowest -17°C (Figure 1-2). Annual average precipitation is 640 mm, but this fluctuates significantlybetween both different seasons and different years. 75 percent of the year's BEIJING MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE rain occurs between 29 (1951-1984: June and August 26 - 25 (Figure 1-3), 24 24 resulting in an 22 - erratic water supply 20 - and inadequate t/ wastewater dilution 14 \ in some small and 1 22 medium-size rivers t 0 during dryer 8 seasons. Beijing has 6 an annual frost-free 4- period averaging 180 2 0 days. The wind -2 -2.1 2 generally blows -4 from the north all -6 . year. The strongest I _ _ _ _A__ _ _ _ N_ _ monthly average FIGURE1-2 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONSIN BEIJING 2 3 BEIJING velocity is in April. Dust from the Loess Plateau to the northwest blows into Beijing, which during
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