Oujé-Bougoumou, L'avènement D'un Village Cri

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Oujé-Bougoumou, L'avènement D'un Village Cri UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL OUJÉ-BOUGOUMOU, L'AVÈNEMENT D'UN VILLAGE CRI MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN ÉTUDES URBAINES PAR MAUDE LANDREVILLE JANVIER 2009 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 -Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pèdagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» J< [-.\IERCl/-_\: I\TS Gens d'Oujé-Bl'ugollmou, VOliS III 'avez chakuI'cUSCJl1ènl ,lccueillie lors de mon passage au vil/age_ S:lns le s:l\oir, vous avez él~ mes premiers juges pour cc mémoire puisque j'espérais, et espàe toujours, qu'il vous pbirait ct \OUS serait lïcklc, Âvec grand respect. à la famille \-Vapachee notamment, je vous dis meeg\velch 1 Daniel Cllilrtiel', co-Jin:cteur de c('lle recherche, et Lucie K, rvrorissct. directrice, je vous suis redevable pour l'excellence avec laquelle vous remplissez vos Ilombreux engagements_ Ceb a sans cesse élevé ma motivation ct mes barèmes pour la réussite_ Comnle professeurs, comme directeurs, vous êtes à mon humble avis irréproch,lbles, Maman, ~vladame Andrée Landreville, profcsseurc cfuni\crsité, Pourquoi avoir honte de cette relation mère fille universitJire comme si je Ile pouvais m'en affr'-ll1chir '? En ce qui a tmil à cette recherche, j'ai eu droit à une reiJtion professeure étudiante extrêmemcnt enrichissante, En ce qui a trait à la vie de tous les jours, Ion support, allié à celui de mes proches, est incomparable, Je le dis le mol « magique» : merci! TABLE DES MATlÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES vi LISTE DES TABLEAUX viii RÉSUMÉ ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPITRE 1 6 PROBLÉMATIQUE 6 1.1 Mise en contexte d'Oujé- Bougoumou 6 1.1.1 Portrait géographique 8 1.1.2 Portrait socio-démographique 10 1.1.3 Portrait historique 12 1.2 Entre urbanisation et acculturation 15 1.3 Objectifs de la recherche 18 1.4 Question de recherche 19 1.5 Pertinence et réticence 19 CHAPITRE Il 22 ÉTAT DES CONNAISSANCES 22 2.1 Sources d'information et de discours 22 2.1.1 Oujé-Bougoumou 22 2.1.2 Nation crie 25 2.1.3 Architecture autochtone 35 2.2 Représentations 40 2.2.1 Absences 40 2.2.2 Théorie de la Réduction et mythe du Bon Sauvage 44 2.2.3 Du Sud au Nord 48 2.3 Interrogations de départ et énoncé de l'approche 53 CHAPITRE III 55 CADRES THÉORIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIQUE 55 3.1 Oujé-Bougoumou en tant que discours 55 3.1.1 Architecture et catégorisations 55 3.1.2 Territoire et mythe 58 3.1.3 Urbanisme et palimpseste 60 3.1.4 Forme urbaine 61 3.2 Stratégie de recherche 64 CHAPITRE IV 66 INDICES D'OUJÉ-BOUGOUMOU 66 4.1 Traces et interprétation 67 4.1.1 Premières traces 67 4.1.2 Interprétations et configurations des constructions anciennes 68 4.1.3 Interprétations anciennes et contemporaines de l'architecture autochtone 78 4.1.4 Interprétations et configurations des anciens aménagements 85 4.2 Relations au territoire 89 4.2.1 Territoires de chasse et notions de propriété 89 4.2.2 Écologie ou religion animiste? 95 4.2.3 Cosmogonie et symbolisme cri 101 4.2.4 Toponymes et consensus 112 4.2.5 Appropriation culturelle des délogements: dignité versus victimisation 1l6 CHAPITRE V 122 MORPHOGÉNÈSE ET SÉMIOGÉNÈSE, UNE HISTOIRE DU VILLAGE 122 5.1 Premières sédentarisations 123 5.1.1 Postes de traite, 1672 à 1942 123 5.1.2 Quotidien de la route Rupert, 1818 à 1926 132 5.1.3 Discours des traitants de fourrure 134 5.1.4 Efforts des missionnaires pour la sédentarisation 136 5.1.5 Obstacles à la survie sur le territoire 140 5.1.6 Premières réserves 141 5.2 Bourgs et déboires 145 5.2.1 Représentations du territoire selon les explorateurs et les prospecteurs 146 5.2.2 Wilson et le Chibougamau 150 5.2.3 Où sont les Cris d'Oujé-Bougoumou ? 154 5.2.4 Nouvelle route d'Oskelaneo 158 5.2.5 Urbanisation et exploitation minière 162 5.2.6 Premier village pour les gens d'Oujé-Bougoumou 168 5.3 Négociations 175 5.3.1 Pourquoi s'établir là? Pourquoi un village ? 175 5.3.2 Avantages du village au plan administratif 178 5.3.3 Convention et batailles juridiques 181 5.3.4 Reconnaissance d'Oujé-Bougoumou 187 5.4 Consultations 196 5.4.1 Choix d'un site 197 5.4.2 Choix d'une firme d'urbanisme 199 5.4.3 Rise up and Build 200 5.4.4 Questionnaire sur les résidences 208 5.4.5 Questionnaire sur les équipements collectifs 212 5.4.6 Options d'aménagement et deuxième consultation 215 5.4.7 Troisième consultation 220 5.5 Construction d'un village particulier 223 5.5.1 Douglas Cardinal 223 5.5.2 Système de chauffage 226 5.5.3 Architecture 228 5.5.4 Autoconstruction 232 5.5.5 Programme d'accès à la propriété et réglementation municipale 235 5.5.6 Tourisme 239 5.5.7 Réception du village 244 CONCLUSION 249 BIBLIOGRAPHlE 254 LISTE DES FIGURES FIGURE 1.1 CARTE DE LOCALISATION 9 FIGURE 1.2 ARÉNA D'OUJÉ-BOUGOUMOU 16 FIGURE 2.1 DISTRIBUTION DE LA LANGUE ALGIQUE 32 FIGURE 2.2. PREMIÈRES NATIONS DU QUÉBEC 33 FIGURE 2.3. UNE MÊME IMAGE DE L'ABRI AUTOCHTONE 39 FIGURE 2.4. UNE MÊME IMAGE DES ÉTABLISSEMENTS TRADITIONNELS AMÉRINDIENS 39 FIGURE 2.5. ABRI DE TOILES DANS UN CAMPEMENT CRI .41 FIGURE 2.6. ÉVOLUTION DES FRONTIÈRES NORDIQUES DU QUÉBEC 50 FIGURE 4.1. PLAN DU RACCORDEMENT AU SYSTÈME DE CHAUFFAGE CENTRAL 69 FIGURE 4.2. SAPINAGE ET PIEUX POUR LE POÊLE 70 FIGURE 4.3. PORCHE D'UN ANCIEN CAMPEMENT CRI.. 72 FIGURE 4.4. PORCHES À OUJÉ-BOUGOUMOU 72 FIGURE 4.5. ABRI RECTANGULAIRE SELON L'ÉQUIPE D'ARCHÉOLOGUES 73 FIGURE 4.6. STRUCTURE ET RECOUVREMENT D'UN SHAPTUAN 74 FIGURE 4.7. INTÉRIEURS DE SHAPTUAN 75 FIGURE 4.8. SCHÉMA ET STRUCTURE DE LA TENTE TREMBLANTE 77 FIGURE 4.9. MAQUETTE D'OUJÉ-BOUGOUMOU 84 FIGURE 4.1 O. RÉPARTITION DE L'ESPACE INTÉRIEUR DANS L'ABRI TRADITIONNEL CRI 90 FIGURE 4.11. TERRITOIRES DE CHASSE D'OuJÉ-BOUGOUMOU EN 1985,2002 ET 2003 94 FIGURE 4.12. OUJÉ-BOUGOUMOU AU MOMENT DE LA CONSTRUCTION DU VILLAGE 96 FIGURE 4.13. VUE SUR UNE RUE DE MISTASSINI 97 FIGURE 4.14. MAISON DE L'ANCIEN CHEF ET ENTRÉE BUREAUX DU CONSEIL DE BANDE 103 FIGURE 4.15. ANCIEN TIPI AVEC OISEAU SUR SES PAROIS 104 FIGURE 4.16. DÉCORATIONS AUX FENÊTRES 104 FIGURE 4.17. PLAN D'ARCHITECTURE AVEC UNE IMAGE D'OIE 106 FIGURE 4.18. CLOCHER DE L'ÉGLISE, L'ÉGLISE ET L'ÉCOLE D'OuJÉ-BOUGOUMOU ; 109 FIGURE 4.19. CÉRÉMONIE DES PREMIERS PAS À OUJÉ-BOUGOUMOU 110 FIGURE 4.20. ARMOIRIES D'OuJÉ-BOUGOUMOU SUR LE PANNEAU D'ENTRÉE DU VILLAGE.. 114 FIGURE 4.21. DESSINS DE GRAPPES, CHISASIBI (1989) ET OUJÉ-BOUGOUMOU (2005) 118 FIGURE 4.22. PLAN DE NEMASKA PAR LA FIRME DANIEL ARBOUR ET Ass 121 FIGURE 5.1. CARTE EXPLICATIVE DES TROIS ROUTES DE LA TRAITE 124 FIGURE 5.2. ÉTENDUE DE LA TERRE DE RUPERT 127 FIGURE 5.3. CARTE DE 1693 AVEC POSTE DE RUPERT ET LA LIGNE DE PARTAGE DES EAUX 127 FIGURE 5.4. LAC RUSH ET POSTE DE MISTASSINI 129 FIGURE 5.5. FORT GEORGE i\VEC TIPIS À L'AVANT-PLAN 131 FIGURE 5.6. UN PORTAGEUR ET SON CHARGEMENT; LE POSTE DE RUPERT 133 FIGURE 5.7. ÉTABLISSEMENT D'EASTMAIN, APRÈS 1802 138 FIGURE 5.8. CARTE DES RÉSERVES DE CASTORS DU QUÉBEC EN 1967 144 FIGURE 5.9. ÉQUIPE D'ALBERT PETER Low AU LAC MISTASSINI EN 1884 148 FIGURE 5.10. L'ÎLE PORTAGE EN 1976 150 FIGURE 5.11. PLANCHERS DURS À MISTASSINI; ABRIS À LA POINTE CAMPBELL, 1950 161 FIGURE 5.12. POINTE CAMPBELL, 1939 ET 1948 162 FIGURE 5.13. LA MINE CAMPBELL SUR L'ÎLE MERRILL. 165 FIGURE 5.14. CHIBOUGAMAU EN 1963 166 FIGURE 5.15. SWAMPY POINT : 167 FIGURE 5.16. COUPES À BLANC POUR LES LIGNES D'HYDRO-QUÉBEC, 1977 175 FIGURE 5.17. BLOCAGE D'UN CHEMIN FORESTIER EN 1989 193 FIGURE 5.18. LES REPRÉSENTANTS DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ À L'Expo D'HANOVRE, EN 2000.202 FIGURE 5.19. LE VILLAGE CULTUREL EN FORME DE RAQUETTE 218 FIGURE 5.20. LE VILLAGE CULTUREL, EN MARGE DU VILLAGE 219 FIGURE 5.21. PREMIÈRE OPTION D'AMÉNAGEMENT PROPOSÉE 221 FIGURE 5.22. DEUXIÈME OPTION D'AMÉNAGEMENT PROPOSÉE (ET CHOISIE) 221 FIGURE 5.23.
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