The Spanish State, State Agents, and Indigenous Forms of Resistance in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Spanish State, State Agents, and Indigenous Forms of Resistance in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Fictive Conquest: The Spanish State, State Agents, and Indigenous Forms of Resistance in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico THESIS submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History by Anderson Maxwell Hagler Thesis Committee: Associate Professor Rachel O'Toole, Chair Professor Heidi Tinsman Assistant Professor Alex Borucki 2015 © 2015 Anderson Maxwell Hagler TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT OF THESIS iv INTRODUCTION 1 1 CONQUEST DEFINED 3 CONQUEST INVERTED 10 DISCURSIVE CONQUEST 24 CONCLUSION 33 BIBLIOGRAPHY 36 2 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my committee chair, Professor Rachel O'Toole, who has patiently consulted with me on numerous occasions and provided valuable feedback. Without her guidance and consistent support this thesis would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my committee members Professor Heidi Tinsman and Professor Alex Borucki, whose tutelage throughout the year provided inspiring ideas which hopefully emerge in this thesis. iii ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Fictive Conquest: The Spanish State, State Agents, and Indigenous Forms of Resistance in Eighteenth-Century New Mexico By Anderson Maxwell Hagler Master of Arts in History University of California, Irvine, 2015 Professor Rachel O'Toole, Chair This thesis maintains that the ongoing conflicts between Spanish and indigenous peoples in the frontier region of the Kingdom of New Mexico in the eighteenth century demonstrated Spaniards' inability to achieve conquest. Spanish colonizers conceptualized a successful conquest in the Americas to include access to land and control over its resources. Nevertheless, analyzing this material mode of conquest on its own reveals an incomplete process. The Spanish state did not fully realize its ambition to occupy New Mexico with Spanish colonizers since the Apache, Comanche, and Pueblo refused to internalize Spanish values in the eighteenth century. Spanish colonizers resorted to discursive forms of conquest as a means to create a legal-religious discourse that justified their presence in the region. The Spanish labeled indigenous peoples such as the Pueblo variously as sodomite, heretic, and adulterer in order to remain in New Mexico. This thesis employs forms of textual analysis, qualitative content analysis, and discourse analysis of the primary sources from New Mexico including, letters, diaries, travelogues, and Inquisition testimonies written by Spanish colonizers in order to illustrate the iv ongoing contestations between the Spanish and indigenous peoples for control over a network of exchange in the frontier region of the Kingdom of New Mexico. v Introduction Spanish colonizers' struggle for control over a material and discursive exchange network frequently reshaped alliances between Spaniards and indigenous peoples in the Kingdom of New Mexico in the eighteenth century. Spanish colonizers used the law to solidify the types of discourse employed to regulate the subjugation of indigenous peoples. Spanish jurists justified conquest through the notion of a just war.1 Spanish state agents employed material and discursive types of evidence to convince the state that they had achieved conquest and to justify their continued presence in the exchange network. However, due to Spaniards' lack of political consolidation in the Kingdom of New Mexico in the eighteenth century, the conflicts in this region illustrate the disparity between theories of conquest and their implementation. The Inquisition cases examined in this essay illustrate how Spanish colonizers labeled indigenous peoples as sodomites, heretics, or adulterers to justify conquest. The perennial conflicts regarding European and indigenous interpretations of conquest demonstrated how European empires claimed vast swathes of territory, but often only exercised direct control over narrow bands, enclaves, and irregular zones.2 Spanish colonizers encountered legal and territorial disputes from the indigenous peoples regarding valid claims to land in the frontier regions of northern New Spain. In the Kingdom of New Mexico, Spaniards could only exercise partial sovereignty due to other 1 James Muldoon, The Americas in the Spanish World Order: The Justification for Conquest in the Seventeenth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 13. 2 Lauren Benton, A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 2. 1 competing spheres of influence such as the Pueblo and Comanche peoples.3 The Spanish- Comanche and Spanish-Navajo peace treaties of 1786 highlight the limits of Spanish conquest in New Mexico by acknowledging the political power of indigenous actors.4 This thesis draws on primary sources from frontier areas in northern Mexico. The majority of these sources originated in the eighteenth century. However, this essay also employs some documents from the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries in order to demonstrate the long process of colonization and the conquests in the region. The variation of historical accounts including letters, diaries, travelogues, and legal testimonies written by Spanish colonizers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries illustrates the pervasiveness of conquest in frontier regions and the material and discursive methods employed to gain power over exchange networks. This essay also utilizes testimonies from a 1731 Inquisition case in Santa Fe from the Spanish Archives of New Mexico, currently housed in the State of New Mexico Records Center in Santa Fe, to argue that Spanish colonizers employed the language used in sodomy trials to enact conquest. This essay qualitatively analyzes the discourse of state agents in sodomy trials and other correspondence to display the language used against indigenous peoples. These primary accounts illuminate a need for alternative methods in the struggle for control over the exchange network. The discussion of treaties reveals the material and discursive facets of conquest; how empires manifested, and how Spanish and indigenous peoples negotiated political and territorial space either discursively by petitioning state 3 For mention of partial sovereignty see Benton, A Search for Sovereignty, 2; For Comanche dominance in northern Mexico see Pekka Hämäläinen, The Comanche Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). 4 James F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 72 and 114. 2 representatives, or materially by rebelling against colonial authorities in the northern Mexican frontier. Documents such as the letters in The Pueblo Indian Revolt of 1696, and contemporary administrative documents in Ralph Emerson Twitchell's The Spanish Archives of New Mexico provide insight into the actions, power struggles, and the everyday discourses of contemporary state agents in their desire to exert control over exchange networks as these documents contain details of petitions for land, resentment over poverty, and pejorative labels such as barbarian and savage. The Spanish Inquisition trial of 1731 supplies evidence for discursive conquest. This section pays particular attention to the language of indigenous and Spanish peoples during the trials, and analyzes the discourses surrounding the trials to demonstrate how the language used in sodomy trials enacted conquest. This study employs a close reading of the discourse in the eighteenth century in order to understand how Spanish colonizers enacted conquest and to what extent everyday discourse played a role in conquest. This essay also considers letters exchanged between the state agents, and focuses on the terminologies used when describing indigenous peoples to prove that the Spanish enacted conquest through language. Conquest Defined Spanish colonizers in eighteenth-century New Spain conceptualized conquest as the ability to maintain exclusive control over an exchange network. Spanish commercial rights and territorial claims to the Americas exemplify material and discursive components of conquest. For example, the Spanish employed the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Requerimiento—through both written and oral declarations—in order to assert their power over the territories of the Americas and the commercial resources they 3 encountered.5 However, as Patricia Seed notes, other European powers such as Portugal and France frequently contested Spanish jurisdiction.6 Consequently, the participants who engaged in conquest created multiple interpretations regarding its meaning. Spanish attempts to establish uncontested territorial and commercial claims in the Americas demonstrate the plurality of conquest accounts—as exemplified through numerous treaties, relations, and diaries—and countered the notion of a unidirectional and terminal conquest in the Americas.7 However, the ongoing nature of conquest creates a facade with respect to the extent of control exerted over the exchange network. Thus, conquest remains context specific. This essay builds on James Brooks's notion of trade networks to define conquest as the ability of Spanish and indigenous actors to exert control over a material and discursive exchange network in eighteenth-century New Spain.8 For example, material exchanges include the transfer of land, livestock, and commodities, and discursive exchanges involve the level of assimilation attributed to languages and
Recommended publications
  • The History of Cartography, Volume 3
    THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Volume Three Editorial Advisors Denis E. Cosgrove Richard Helgerson Catherine Delano-Smith Christian Jacob Felipe Fernández-Armesto Richard L. Kagan Paula Findlen Martin Kemp Patrick Gautier Dalché Chandra Mukerji Anthony Grafton Günter Schilder Stephen Greenblatt Sarah Tyacke Glyndwr Williams The History of Cartography J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies 3 Cartography in the European Renaissance 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Cartography in the European Renaissance PART 1 Edited by DAVID WOODWARD THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON David Woodward was the Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2007 by the University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America 1615141312111009080712345 Set ISBN-10: 0-226-90732-5 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90732-1 (cloth) Part 1 ISBN-10: 0-226-90733-3 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90733-8 (cloth) Part 2 ISBN-10: 0-226-90734-1 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90734-5 (cloth) Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supported in part by grants from the Division of Preservation and Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program and Science and Society Program of the National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • European Medieval and Renaissance Cosmography: a Story of Multiple Voices
    Asian Review of World Histories 4:1 (January 2016), 35-81 © 2016 The Asian Association of World Historians doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12773/arwh.2016.4.1.035 European Medieval and Renaissance Cosmography: A Story of Multiple Voices Angelo CATTANEO New University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal [email protected] Abstract The objective of this essay is to propose a cultural history of cosmography and cartography from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries. It focuses on some of the processes that characterized these fields of knowledge, using mainly western European sources. First, it elucidates the meaning that the term cosmography held during the period under consideration, and the sci- entific status that this composite field of knowledge enjoyed, pointing to the main processes that structured cosmography between the thirteenth centu- ry and the sixteenth century. I then move on to expound the circulation of cosmographic knowledge among Portugal, Venice and Lisbon in the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries. This analysis will show how cartography and cosmography were produced at the interface of articulated commercial, dip- lomatic and scholarly networks; finally, the last part of the essay focuses on the specific and quite distinctive use of cosmography in fifteenth-century European culture: the representation of “geo-political” projects on the world through the reformulation of the very concepts of sea and maritime net- works. This last topic will be developed through the study of Fra Mauro’s mid-fifteenth-century visionary project about changing the world connectiv- ity through the linking of several maritime and fluvial networks in the Indi- an Ocean, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean Sea basin, involving the cir- cumnavigation of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of the Sea
    The Discovery of the Sea "This On© YSYY-60U-YR3N The Discovery ofthe Sea J. H. PARRY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London Copyrighted material University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright 1974, 1981 by J. H. Parry All rights reserved First California Edition 1981 Published by arrangement with The Dial Press ISBN 0-520-04236-0 cloth 0-520-04237-9 paper Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 81-51174 Printed in the United States of America 123456789 Copytightad material ^gSS3S38SSSSSSSSSS8SSgS8SSSSSS8SSSSSS©SSSSSSSSSSSSS8SSg CONTENTS PREFACE ix INTROn ilCTION : ONE S F A xi PART J: PRE PARATION I A RELIABLE SHIP 3 U FIND TNG THE WAY AT SEA 24 III THE OCEANS OF THE WORI.n TN ROOKS 42 ]Jl THE TIES OF TRADE 63 V THE STREET CORNER OF EUROPE 80 VI WEST AFRICA AND THE ISI ANDS 95 VII THE WAY TO INDIA 1 17 PART JJ: ACHJF.VKMKNT VIII TECHNICAL PROBL EMS AND SOMITTONS 1 39 IX THE INDIAN OCEAN C R O S S T N C. 164 X THE ATLANTIC C R O S S T N C 1 84 XJ A NEW WORT D? 20C) XII THE PACIFIC CROSSING AND THE WORI.n ENCOMPASSED 234 EPILOC.IJE 261 BIBLIOGRAPHIC AI. NOTE 26.^ INDEX 269 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 An Arab bagMa from Oman, from a model in the Science Museum. 9 s World map, engraved, from Ptolemy, Geographic, Rome, 1478. 61 3 World map, woodcut, by Henricus Martellus, c. 1490, from Imularium^ in the British Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • AUTOUR DU GLOBE ? La Carte Hazine N°1825 De La Bibliothèque Du Palais De Topkapi, Istanbul
    AUTOUR DU GLOBE ? La carte Hazine n°1825 de la bibliothèque du Palais de Topkapi, Istanbul par Dejanirah Couto École pratique des hautes études Section des sciences historiques et philologiques [email protected] This article deals with some issues about the Western nautical chart known as “Hazine 1825”, preserved in the library of Topkapı Palace, Istanbul. It could be the work of Jorge Reinel (c. 1462 - c. 1542), son of another great Portuguese cartographer, Pedro Reinel, and dated c. 1519. Drawn earlier than the anonymous Turin map, attributed to Giovanni Vespucci (1523), it is probably the first Portuguese and European map with a polar projection. This map was certainly drawn at the same time as the “poma e carta”, i.e. the world map offered by magellan to Charles the Vth, before his circumnavigation. Several clues indicate that this map may have been taken on board in the bundle of maps belonging to the great captain. Hazine 1825 could have been brought to Istanbul by Antonio Lombardo, called Pigafetta, who was one of the survivors of magellan’s voya - ge, but whose activity is not documented after 1524. By the way, a Turkish nautical treatise, the « Kitâb ül muhit » of Seydi ‘Ali Reîs (1555), refers to a skilful “Portuguese” navigator, a companion of magellan, who had come to Istanbul, where he entered the service of the sultan. It could be Pigafetta. on the other hand, the “Kitâb-ı Bahriyye”, by the admiral and cartographer Pîrî Reîs, in the illuminated version of 1526 offered to Suleiman the magnificent, gives first-hand information about Portuguese discoveries, which cannot be found in printed Italian texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Spices in Maps. Fifth Centenary of the First Circumnavigation of the World
    e-Perimetron, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2020 [57-81] www.e-perimetron.org | ISSN 1790-3769 Marcos Pavo López∗ Spices in maps. Fifth centenary of the first circumnavigation of the world Keywords: Spices, circumnavigation, centenary, Magellan, Elcano Summary: The first circumnavigation of the world, promoted and initially commanded by Ferdinand Magellan and finished under Juan Sebastian Elcano’s command, is considered the greatest feat in the history of explorations. The fifth centenary of this voyage (1519-1522) has brought again into light the true objective of the expedition: to reach the Spice Islands, the source of some of the most expensive goods in the sixteenth century. The interest on spices can be traced back to several centuries BC. For ancient and medieval Europeans, the spices would come from unknown and mysterious places in the East. The history of cartography until the sixteenth century is closely related to how the semi-mythical Spice Islands were represented in maps. This paper tries to show the progressive appearance of the sources of spices in maps: from the first references in Ptolemy or the imprecise representation in Fra Mauro’s or Martin Behaim’s cartography, to the well-known location of the clove islands in Portuguese nautical charts and, finally, in the Spanish Padrón Real. 1. The first circumnavigation of the world and the purpose behind it When the ship Victoria, carrying on board eighteenth exhausted crewmembers and at least three natives from the Moluccas, arrived in Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 6 September 1522 under the command of the Guipuscoan Juan Sebastián Elcano, almost three years had passed since its departure along with other four ships (Trinidad, Concepción, San Antonio and Santiago), from Sanlúcar port on 20 September 1519 ‒the official departure took place, however, in Seville on 10 August‒.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas Miller
    16 5 INTERNATIONAL MAP COLLECTORS’ SOCIETY JUNE 2021 No. 165 Fine & Rare Antique Maps, Sea Charts, Town Views & Atlases R areMaps.com 7407 La Jolla Blvd. | La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] | 858.551.8500 FOR PEOPLE WHO LOVE MAPS JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL MAP COLLECTORS’ SOCIETY JUNE 2021 No.165 ISSN 0956-5728 ARTICLES Recently Discovered: Three eighteenth-century manuscript maps of Exeter by William Chapple 7 Ian Maxted The Atlas Miller (1519–1522): A Trojan horse against Magellan’s project 15 Alfredo Pinheiro Marques Revealing the Mysterious West: Claude and Guillaume Delisle’s maps of North America, 1700–1718 29 Wesley A. Brown REGULAR ITEMS Letter from the Acting Chairman 3 Editorial 5 New Members 5 IMCoS Matters 48 IMCoS Summer Lectures 38th IMCoS International Symposium, Brussels You Write to Us 54 Book Reviews 56 The Mappae Mundi of Medieval Iceland by Dale Kedwards, (P.D.A. Harvey) Historical Sea Charts: Visions and Voyages through the Ages by Katherine Parker & Barry Lawrence Ruderman, (Andrew Cook) Charles Booth’s London Poverty Maps by Mary S. Morgan and the London School of Economics, (Ljiljana Ortolja-Baird) Bristol in 1480 – A Medieval Merchant City by The Historic Towns Trust in association with the University of Bristol, (David Fletcher) Cartography Calendar 62 Front cover Lopo Homem, Pedro Reinel, Jorge Reinel, António de Holanda, detail from the manuscript map of the Indian Ocean from the facsimile of Atlas Miller. © M. Moleiro Editor (www.moleiro.com) www.imcos.org 1 THE ATLAS MILLER (1519 –1522) A Trojan horse
    [Show full text]
  • FOSS4G Sevilla 2019 Proposal to Osgeo Conference Committee
    OSGeo Spanish Chapter FOSS4G Sevilla 2019 Proposal to OSGeo Conference Committee OSGeo Spanish Chapter FOSS4G 2019 SEVILLA Proposal to OSGeo Conference Committee Table of contents 1 The vision of FOSS4G SEVILLA 2019 ............................................................................7 2 Sevilla, city of departure .............................................................................................11 3 The crew ........................................................................................................................15 3.1 The Nao Trinidad.............................................................................................................................15 3.2 The caravel Santiago .....................................................................................................................21 4 Daily life on board! ......................................................................................................25 4.1 Our route map .................................................................................................................................27 4.2 Sailing to the West! ........................................................................................................................27 4.3 Crossing the Atlantic Ocean .......................................................................................................29 4.4 The Strait of Magellan ...................................................................................................................29 4.5 Navigating
    [Show full text]
  • La Carta Del Cantino and Its Anonymous Maker
    e-Perimetron, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2017 [1-23] www.e-perimetron.org | ISSN 1790-3769 Alida C. Metcalf* Who Cares Who Made the Map? La Carta del Cantino and its anonymous maker Keywords: Cantino World Chart; La Carta del Cantino; Pedro Reinel; compass rose Summary: This paper explores the authorship of the anonymous La Carta del Cantino through an analysis of design signatures. Using high resolution digital copies of charts in ArcGIS, La Carta del Cantino is compared to contemporaneous charts. The long-held assumption that La Carta del Cantino was a surreptitious copy of the Portuguese king’s royal pattern chart is rejected in favor of a more simple explanation: Alberto Cantino commissioned the world chart from a chartmaker in Lisbon, and that chartmaker was Pedro Reinel. An anonymous chartmaker lies behind a magnificent world chart that presents the world as it was becoming known in 1500. Titled La Carta del Cantino, the planisphere measures 102 x 218 cm. Africa dominates its center, newly discovered islands and mainlands rise in the West, India and Southeast Asia emerge in the East, and a carefully delineated Europe appears in the North. Brilliant illuminations evoke distant landscapes while an elaborate compass rose anchors the map in Africa. At right angles to coastlines appear hundreds of toponyms (place names), and flags mark the realms of kings and dukes. Texts written in Portuguese describe lucrative trading opportunities across the seas. On the back, in the upper right hand corner, a hand has written that the “Carta da Navigar” (navigational chart) is given by Alberto Cantino to Ercole I, the Duke of Ferrara (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Maps and Exploration in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries Felipe Fernández-Armesto
    30 • Maps and Exploration in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries Felipe Fernández-Armesto A cabinful: instruments, computations, maps, from at least some of these categories. The categories do guesswork and lies and credibility gaps, not, in any case, occupy watertight compartments; route travel-tales, half-dreamed, half-achieved, perhaps.1 finders often had scientific, prospecting, evangelizing, military, surveying, legal, or political motives in mind, or Introduction missions of those kinds to execute along the way. Never- theless, in order to keep the present undertaking within The scenes are easily—too easily—imagined. Explorers manageable proportions—and in the belief that distinc- plan their missions hunched over maps made by their pre- tions, if made and kept as sharp as possible, tend to clar- decessors. As they cross seas, they mark their progress on ify any inquiry—it seems best to define exploration charts. When they see land, they sketch its outlines and strictly and to confine inquiry to the links between map- transfer them to maps. When ashore, they do as much ping and route finding. Judged by breadth of relevance, surveying as circumstances permit and make at least a this is by no means a narrow remit: routes are the arter- rudimentary cartographic record of their penetrations in- ies of world history, along which, in this period, long- land. When they reach home, they pass on their newly range, thorough-going transmissions of culture took won knowledge, in map form, for the guidance of their place that transformed the world. The problems of how contemporaries and successors. Events like these, pic- new routes came to be sought and how, once explored, tured in abundance by modern book illustrators, film- news of them was recorded, communicated, and incor- makers, and romantic history painters, rarely happened.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance Maria Fernanda Alegria, Suzanne Daveau, João Carlos Garcia, and Francesc Relaño
    38 • Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance Maria Fernanda Alegria, Suzanne Daveau, João Carlos Garcia, and Francesc Relaño Introduction the fifteenth century to the end of the seventeenth and the most comprehensive guide to any country’s cartographic The study of Portuguese cartography has focused in large resources in the Renaissance. After dominating the histo- part on Portugal’s contribution to nautical charting, as- riography of Portuguese cartography for forty years, tronomical navigation at sea, and mapping in support of some of its interpretations are now being modified, but it its vast overseas expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth still forms the starting point for any detailed work on the centuries. The factors contributing to Portugal’s impor- subject, and its influence is clearly seen throughout this tance in those activities during that period are complex.1 chapter.4 Portugal’s geographical position as the westernmost part of continental Europe facing the North Atlantic, for ex- Abbreviations used in this chapter include: Bartolomeu Dias for Con- ample, cannot account entirely for its success. Other gresso Internacional Bartolomeu Dias e a sua Época: Actas, 5 vols. countries had more and better harbors and a larger pro- (Porto: Universidade do Porto, CNCDP, 1989); IAN/TT for Instituto portion of their population engaged in the sea. But Por- dos Arquivos Nacionais / Torre do Tombo, Lisbon; PMC for Armando tugal’s political unity from the thirteenth century; the sup- Cortesão and A. Teixeira da Mota, Portugaliae monumenta carto- port it received from a series of Papal bulls that gave it a graphica, 6 vols. (Lisbon, 1960; reprint, with an introduction and sup- plement by Alfredo Pinheiro Marques, Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional– monopoly in discovery, conquest, and commerce, as well Casa da Moeda, 1987); and Publicações for Publicações (Congresso do as gold and slaves from West Africa to pay for these ac- Mundo Português), 19 vols.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Civilization to 1648
    Western Civilization to 1648 3rd edition A collection of Wikipedia articles and primary sources Edited by Lisa M Lane aka History 103 Textbook Creative Commons licensed BY-NC-SA 164 Chapter*13:*The*Renaissance* The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Though the invention of printing sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch, the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics the Renaissance contributed the development of the conventions of diplomacy, and in science an increased reliance on observation that would flower later in the Scientific Revolution beginning in the 17th century. Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man". There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Leonardo da Vinci, La Gioconda Florence, Tuscany in Italy in the 14th century.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Map Before and After Magellan's Voyage Author(S): Edward Heawood Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol
    The World Map before and after Magellan's Voyage Author(s): Edward Heawood Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 57, No. 6 (Jun., 1921), pp. 431-442 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1780791 Accessed: 23-02-2016 13:36 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.237.29.138 on Tue, 23 Feb 2016 13:36:42 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ( 43i ) THE WORLD MAP BEFORE AND AFTER MAGELLAN'S VOYAGE Edward Heawood, Librarian, R.G.S. Read at the Afternoon Meeting of the Society, n April 1921. hundred years ago, in April 1521, died Fernao de Magalhaes, FOUR more familiarly known to Englishmen as Ferdinand Magellan, perhaps the greatest of the world's great navigators, the first to venture across the vast extent of the Pacific Ocean, and by so doing to virtually, if not actually, achieve the first circumnavigation of the globe.
    [Show full text]