Evaluation De L'efficacité Et De La Sécurité De La Sophrologie

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Evaluation De L'efficacité Et De La Sécurité De La Sophrologie Evaluation de l’efficacité et de la sécurité de la Sophrologie Soumaya Ben Khedher Balbolia Aminata Ali Christine Hassler Caroline Barry Bruno Falissard Avec l'expertise critique de Daniel Annequin et Julien Nizard Décembre 2020 Résumé La sophrologie est une pratique psychocorporelle s’appuyant sur des techniques de relaxation associées à des exercices de respiration et à de l’évocation positive, créée et développée en 1960 par Alfonso Caycedo (1932-2017). Il existe aujourd’hui deux courants principaux en sophrologie : • Celui fidèle au fondateur considérant que la sophrologie, en tant que pédagogie de l’existence, ne se situe pas dans le champ de la thérapie mais dans celui de l’accompagnement et dont les bases théoriques ont évolué depuis la création de la sophrologie en 1960 jusqu’à 1995 avec la création de la Sophrologie Caycédienne, appelée Méthode Caycedo. • Et une sophrologie généraliste, dont les fondements théoriques se basent sur les principes la création originelle de la sophrologie (avant 1995) et se considérant comme thérapie. De ce fait, il n’existe plus une mais des sophrologies tant d’un point de vue théorique que pratique. La sophrologie se propose de soulager un grand nombre de troubles, certains fonctionnels (acouphènes), d’autres psychologiques (anxiété), ou encore d’accompagner des patients atteints de maladies nécessitant des traitements lourds (cancérologie). La sophrologie est assez largement implantée dans le paysage sanitaire français, ce qui rend la question de son évaluation particulièrement sensible. L’évaluation d’un soin relève d’un long processus, aux nombreuses étapes, chacune contraintes par des enjeux éthiques et méthodologiques forts. Décrire le soin (formation des soignants, contenu des séances ou des produits utilisés) ; expliquer son mécanisme d’action ; étudier son efficacité sur les patients à l’aide d’études qualitatives et quantitatives, ces dernières imposant souvent de comparer des groupes de sujets dont les prises en charges sont tirés au sort ; rechercher avec vigilance ses effets nocifs, souvent sous-estimés : voilà les étapes que toute intervention en santé, qu’elle soit médicamenteuse, chirurgicale ou relevant des « interventions non médicamenteuses » (INM) devrait suivre avec le sérieux méthodologique qui s’impose. En 2020, la sophrologie ne peut prétendre avoir abordé une seule de ces étapes. Les formations sont hétérogènes, peu encadrées. Le mécanisme d’action de la sophrologie est certes décrit avec force précisions dans de nombreux textes, la théorie sous-jacente n’en est pas moins toujours largement spéculative. Quelques études se sont penchées sur la question de l’efficacité de la sophrologie, trop peu sont méthodologiquement convaincantes et leurs résultats trop hétérogènes pour que l’on puisse affirmer ou infirmer une quelconque efficacité. Enfin, la question des effets indésirables reste en 2 suspens. Les craintes sont certes limitées, mais, par principe, il n’est pas acceptable de rester dans le doute dans ce domaine. Une telle absence de données d’évaluation est particulièrement regrettable pour un soin aussi répandu. Il est difficile d’en blâmer la seule communauté des sophrologues. Rien n’est en effet organisé à l’échelon national pour aider les praticiens usant d’interventions non médicamenteuses à se lancer dans une démarche évaluative digne de ce nom. A noter cependant que dans les toutes dernières années un grand nombre d’initiatives isolées ont vu le jour et ont réussi à obtenir des financements pour mieux comprendre et apprécier l’effet de la sophrologie. Il est ainsi possible que dans quelques années l’intérêt de la sophrologie, thérapeutique qui semble susciter un certain engouement, pourra être apprécié sur des bases plus rationnelles. 3 Le contenu de ce rapport a été rédigé et édité par le Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP) de l’Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM). Pour se renseigner sur cette publication ou toute autre activité de l’Unité, s’adresser à : Pr Bruno Falissard UMR 1178 "Santé Mentale et Santé Publique" Maison de Solenn 97 Bld de Port Royal 75679 Paris cedex 14 Tel : 01 58 41 28 48 Comment citer ce document : Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des populations (CESP), Unité INSERM 1178 Santé publique et santé mentale. Evaluation de l’efficacité et de la sécurité de la sophrologie – rapport d’expertise préparé par Soumaya Ben Khedher Balbolia, Aminata Ali, Christine Hassler, Caroline Barry et Bruno Falissard, Paris, 2020, P (163). Dans ce document, l’emploi du masculin pour désigner des personnes n’a d’autres fins que celle d’alléger le texte. Les photos et images utilisées dans ce document sont libres de droits d'auteur. La reproduction totale ou partielle de ce document est autorisée à des fins non commerciales, à condition que la source soit mentionnée. Contexte : Ce projet a été effectué dans le cadre d’une convention entre la Direction Générale de la Santé (DGS) Ministère des Solidarités et de la santé et l’Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM). Ce document présente les informations répertoriées au 31 décembre 2019 pour les volets efficacité et innocuité selon la méthodologie de recherche documentaire développée. Ces informations ne remplacent pas le jugement du clinicien. Elles ne constituent pas une approbation ou un désaveu du mode d’intervention ou de l’utilisation de la pratique en cause. Ce document n’engage d’aucune façon la responsabilité de l’INSERM, de son personnel et des professionnels à l’égard des informations transmises. En conséquence, les auteurs et l’INSERM ne pourront être tenus responsables de tout dommage de quelque nature que ce soit au regard de l’utilisation ou de l’interprétation de ces informations. Divulgation de conflits d’intérêts Aucun conflit d’intérêts n’a été rapporté. 4 ABREVIATIONS CNOM : Conseil National de l'Ordre des Médecins DM : Dispositifs Médicaux DU : Diplôme d’Université EBM : Evidence Based Medicine ECR : Essai Contrôlé Randomisé ECRN : Essai Contrôlé Non Randomisé EVA : Echelle Visuelle Analogique FIQ : Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire ICAF : Combined Index of Severity of Fibromyalgia RCP : Responsabilité Civile Professionnelle PNCAVT : Pratique Non Conventionnelle à Visée Thérapeutique 5 SOMMAIRE Généralités sur la sophrologie .................................................................................................. 8 Fondements et théorie de la Sophrologie .............................................................................. 11 Théories-clé de la sophrologie ........................................................................................... 13 Les quatre principes fondamentaux de la sophrologie ....................................................... 17 Méthode en sophrologie et méthode Caycédienne ............................................................ 18 Statut de la sophrologie ..................................................................................................... 21 Formations ........................................................................................................................ 22 Fréquence des consultations et Motifs de recours ............................................................. 24 Démographie ..................................................................................................................... 27 Indications revendiquées ................................................................................................... 30 Contre-indications déclarées ............................................................................................. 32 Séance de sophrologie ...................................................................................................... 33 Controverses ..................................................................................................................... 37 Association et fédérations françaises ................................................................................ 40 Glossaire ........................................................................................................................... 44 Recherche ......................................................................................................................... 46 Revue de la littérature scientifique sur les données d'efficacité thérapeutique ............... 53 Méthodologie ..................................................................................................................... 53 Résultats ........................................................................................................................... 57 Sécurité de la sophrologie ....................................................................................................... 77 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 77 Matériel et méthodes ......................................................................................................... 77 Résultats ........................................................................................................................... 79 Synthèse générale et discussion ............................................................................................ 82 Bibliographie ............................................................................................................................. 88 ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................................
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