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Saint Catherine of Siena and Her Times

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Saint Catherine of Siena and Her Times 3 182202461 2715 UN VERS TY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO 3 182202461 2715 SAINT CATHERINE OF SIENA AND HER TIMES ST. CATHERINE OK SIENA BY ANDREA VAXNI SAINT CATHERINE OF SIENA AND HER TIMES THE AUTHOR OF " MADEMOISELLE MORI " WITH TWENTY-EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS METHUEN & CO 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON First Published in 1906 CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE A SAINT'S GIRLHOOD .... i CHAPTER II SIENA IN THE TRECENTO . * . 25 CHAPTER III A THORNY PATH . / * . SO CHAPTER IV CATHERINE AS PEACEMAKER ... 75 CHAPTER V CATHERINE AS A POLITICIAN . , . 93 CHAPTER VI FRIENDS AND FOLLOWERS . 1 16 CHAPTER VII CATHERINE IN AVIGNON . 135 CHAPTER VIII c CATHERINE AS AMBASSADRESS . 157 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER IX PAGE POPE AND SAINT . ' . , . 180 CHAPTER X CATHERINE IN FLORENCE . 2OO CHAPTER XI GATHERING STORMS 223 CHAPTER XII A LAST JOURNEY .... .243 CHAPTER XIII LAST DAYS IN ROME ..... 263 CHAPTER XIV A GOOD FIGHT WON .... LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE ST CATHERINE OF SIENA .... Frontispiece By Andrea Vanni THE CHURCH OF SAN DOMENICO AT SIENA . 12 ST CATHERINE IN ADORATION .... 23 By Beccafumi ENTRANCE TO THE ORATORY IN ST CATHERINE'S HOUSE AT SIENA ....... 38 ST CATHERINE ....... 51 By Cozzarelli ST CATHERINE CURES MATTEO DI CENNI OF THE PLAGUE 55 By G. del Pacckia THE ECSTASY OF ST CATHERINE . 60 By Sodoma A LETTER OF ST CATHERINE ..... 69 ST CATHERINE'S HOUSE AT SIENA . .79 BRONZE RELIQUARY OF ST CATHERINE AT SIENA . 90 ST CATHERINE RECEIVING THE STIGMATA ... 103 By Sana di Pietro THE ST . CATHERINE (ON RIGHT) IN ADORATION . 115 By Gerolamo di Benvenuto ST CATHERINE CHOOSES THE CROWN OF THORNS . 123 By A. Franchi ST CATHERINE . , .136 From a picture by Francesco di Giorgio STATUE IN WOOD OF ST CATHERINE . 151 By Neroccio Sandi viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ST CATHERINE ....... 160 By Sodoma THE SWOON OF ST CATHERINE .... 175 By Sodoma ST CATHERINE PERSUADES THE POPE TO RETURN TO ROME 177 By Sebastiano Conca RETURN OF GREGORY XL TO ROME ACCOMPANIED BY ST CATHERINE ...... 191 By Niccolo Franchini ST CATHERINE PRAYING FOR THE SOUL OF AN HERETIC 2o6 By Sodoma ST CATHERINE ....... 2K8 By Lorenzo di Pietro Vecchietta ST CATHERINE AND THE CONFRATERNITY OF THE MISERICORDIA ..... 22O By Sana di Pietro STATUE OF ST CATHERINE ..... 236 By Neroccio THE FOOT OF THE DEAD ST AGNES SALUTES ST CATHERINE 253 A PAGE OF ST CATHERINE'S MISSAL . 273 RELICS IN ST CATHERINE'S HOUSE AT SIENA . 287 LEFT SCENT BOTTLE, LANTERN, AND STAFF-HEAD CENTRE VEIL AND HAIR ; SHIRT RIGHT SACK IN WHICH HER HEAD WAS BROUGHT FROM ROMK ST CATHERINE'S HEAD AT SAN DOMENICO IN SIENA . 292 THE CANONISATION OF ST CATHERINE BY POPE PIUS II. 295 SAINT CATHERINE OF SIENA CHAPTER I A SAINT'S GIRLHOOD the year A.D. 1348 Siena lay in the grip of the Black Death. It had been brought some months IN " earlier to Genoa by certain galleys full of the cor- ruption of overseas," according to the chronicle of Agnolo " di Tura, who goes on to relate how great pestilence fell on the city, sent by Heaven in those accursed galleys, because the Genoese had despatched them to the Turks, and had committed cruelties on Christians worse than those done by Saracens. For this reason the great de- struction spread from town to town, and slew three parts and more of all Christian folk. And the father scarce stayed to look on the son, and the wife abandoned her husband, for it was said that the sickness could be taken by mere looking on those stricken, or breathing their breath. And none were found to bury even for hire. Relations went not with the dead, nor friend, nor priest, nor friar, nor were prayers said over them, but when any died, whether by day or night, he was straightway borne to a church and buried, covered with a little earth that the dogs might not eat him. Ditches very great and in . deep were dug many parts of the city. And I, Agnolo di Tura, buried five of my children in one of 2 SAINT CATHERINE OF SIENA them with mine own hands, and so did many others. for . And no bell tolled, and no one wept any matter, for all expected death, since things went so that folk believed none would remain, and many thought and said, ' " This is the end of the world.' Some months before this terrible moment Lapa, the wife of Giacomo Benincasa, a well-to-do dyer in the ward of Siena known as the Contrada dell" Oca, or Ward of the Goose, so called as some say from the flocks of geese kept there, gave birth to twins, who were named Giovanna and Catarina. The former lived but a short time the latter to be the of and ; grew up pride Siena, the most distinguished woman saint of the great Dominican Order. Early biographers, to whom all connected with St Catherine seemed touched by the supernatural, regarded her survival of the plague as the first of many miracles " connected with la beata popolana," as the Sienese lovingly call her, one of many fond names by which she is known in her native city. Of her childhood there is little to tell. Born on Palm Sunday, she would certainly be carried on Easter Eve to the Duomo to be christened, with all the other children whose birthdays fell after Whitsunday in the preceding year, for though sickly babies might be baptised at home, the custom was to christen one and all at Easter or Pentecost. Thus, while some were new born, others would be almost a year old, as is shown in the graffiti on the pavement before the Baptistery, where some of the children are represented as infants, while others hang back, or walk beside their mothers. At one time there was but a single Baptistery for the " whole diocese, conformable to the saying of St Paul, ' " One Lord, one faith, one baptism,' and even when the extreme inconvenience of this arrangement caused A SAINT'S GIRLHOOD 3 fonts to be introduced into country churches, all the children of Siena were carried to the Duomo, as is still the case. The first boy christened there in Catherine's day was always called Giovanni, and the second, Martino, after one of the patron saints of the city, while the first girl was named Maria, after which the infants received whatever names their relations chose. Very curious they sometimes were. Noble families who claimed descent from an ancient Roman stock would take classic names, such as Ascanio, Scipione, Tullia and Livia. The middle class often chose them from romances of and chivalry ; registers pedigrees give Alicander, Rinaldo, Biancafiori, Diamante, and others of the same sort, together with names more difficult to 1 account for, such as Uscilia, Cameola, and Leggiera. The Benincasa contented themselves with every day names for their twenty-five children, common sense rather than sentiment distinguishing both parents. Lapa seems to have been an active housewife, affectionate, but sharp- tongued and imperious, with little sympathy for anything beyond her own range of thought, but unwearied in doing her duty as far as she saw it. Her hasty temper was sometimes gently checked by her husband, who is de- scribed by Catherine's confessor and biographer, Raimondo " da Capua, as good, simple-minded, just, nourished in the fear of God, and over and above other virtues, gifted with gentleness and meekness of heart," severe only if in that household of many sons, daughters, and apprentices, any one spoke a loose or profane word. This he never passed over, though an almost incredible licence of speech prevailed among both men and women, and in spite of the statute against blasphemy, imprecations were heard on all sides such as shocked and grieved the right thinking. So strongly was Benincasa's rule impressed 1 " Zeekaner, Vita privata del Dugento." 4 SAINT CATHERINE OF SIENA on his family that when his young daughter Bonaventura married into one where oaths and coarse talk were common, she drooped so that her husband, Nicolao, asked " the cause of her saddened looks. I never heard this kind of talk before," was her explanation, and to his credit be it said that he accepted the innocent reproof, and put a stop to light and profane conversation in his house. Some of Catherine's biographers assert that her family were poor, but this was certainly not the case at her birth. Lapa had money of her own, for we find her standing surety for a son who hired a shop, and besides what trade brought in, like most of his fellow citizens " " Giacomo owned land. His podere was at some dis- it later to a tance from the gates ; passed widowed daughter-in-law, that Lisa so loved by Catherine, who " calls her sister-in-law after the flesh sister in my ; my Christ." The little property still bears her name. Another proof that the Benincasa were in easy circum- stances is found not only in the assertion of Raimondo, who must have known all about it, that for their station Catherine's family were abundantly provided with temporal goods, but in the fact that no one who begged at the Fullonica the dyer's house was ever sent empty away. Though until after the Black Death there could have been no great poverty in Siena, since almost every one could pay an income tax, from that date there was much want in the city, besides which outsiders came in whose cottages had been burned by Freelances, and their cattle driven off, or misfortune overtook some home, and the strain on private charity was great Far from being ill off, the Benincasa were so prosperous that Catherine prayed they might become less so, for fear their hearts should be set on earthly things, a prayer for which perhaps they were hardly grateful when misfortunes A SAINT'S GIRLHOOD 5 came and dispersed the family.
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