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Archimedes NEW STUDIES in the HISTORY and PHILOSOPHY of ______SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY______VOLUME 2

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Archimedes NEW STUDIES in the HISTORY and PHILOSOPHY of ______SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY______VOLUME 2 THE SCIENCES IN THE EUROPEAN PERIPHERY DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT Archimedes NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF ____________ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY____________ VOLUME 2 EDITOR Jed Z. BUCHWALD, Bern Dibner Professor of the History of Science at MIT, and Director of The Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. ADVISORY BOARD H en k BOS, University of Utrecht MORDECHAIFEINGOLD, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Allan D. F r a n k lin , University of Colorado at Boulder KOSTAS GAVROGLU, National Technical University of Athens A n th o n y G ra fto n , Princeton University F red eric L. H o lm es, Yale University Paul H o y n in g en -H u en e, University of Konstanz E velyn F ox K e ller , MIT T revor L e v e r e , University of Toronto JESPER L ljtzen, Copenhagen University W illiam N ew m a n , Harvard University JllRGEN R e n n , Max-Planck-Institutfur Wissenschaftsgeschichte A la n Sh a piro , University of Minnesota NANCY SIRAISI, Hunter College of the City University of New York M er ritt Roe Sm ith , MIT NOEL SWERDLOW, University of Chicago Archimedes has three fundamental goals; to further the integration of the histories of sci­ ence and technology with one another: to investigate the technical, social and practical histories of specific developments in science and technology; and finally, where possible and desirable, to bring the histories of science and technology into closer contact with the philosophy of science. To these ends, each volume will have its own theme and title and will be planned by one or more members of the Advisory Board in consultation with the editor. Although the volumes have specific themes, the series itself will not be limited to one or even to a few particular areas. Its subjects include any of the sciences, ranging from biology through physics, all aspects of technology, broadly construed, as well as historically-engaged philosophy of science or technology. Taken as a whole, Archimedes will be of interest to historians, philosophers, and scientists, as well as to those in business and industry who seek to understand how science and industry have come to be so strongly linked. Άrciiimectes 2 New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology The Sciences in the European Periphery During the Enlightenment edited by KOSTAS GAVROGLU University of Athens, Athens, Greece SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-6563-1 ISBN 978-94-011-4770-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4770-5 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. CONTENTS PREFACE......................................................................................................................... v ii a n a s im o e s , a n a c a r n e ir o , m a r ia p a u l a d io g o / Constructing Knowledge: Eighteenth-Century Portugal and the New Sciences.. 1 DIMITRIS DIALETIS, K.OSTAS GAVROGLU, MANOLIS PATINIOTIS / The Sciences in the Greek Speaking Regions during the 17th and 18th Centuries.............................................................................................. 41 a g u s t i n ie t o -g a l a n / The Images of Science in Modem Spain.......73 l u ig i c e r r u t i / Dante’s Bones..............................................................95 a r n e hessenbruch / The Spread of Precision Measurement in Scandinavia 1660-1800.................................................................... 179 v PREFACE This issue of ARCHIMEDES concerns a subject often referred to as “reception studies”. The articles that follow examine particular cases of ‘reception’ in ways that emphasize pressing historiographical and methodological issues. Such issues arise in any consideration of the transmission and appropriation of scientific concepts and practices that originated in the several ‘centers’ of European learning and, then, appeared (often in considerably altered guise) in regions of the European ‘periphery’. Although some important work has been done on the subject, themes surroun­ ding the transfer of new scientific ideas, the mechanisms of their introduction, and the processes of their appropriation at the periphery (including the Scandinavian countries, the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkans, and Russia) have not been studied systematically. Many such themes naturally suggest themselves. Here we will single out seven for particular notice: the ways in which the ideas of the Scientific Revo­ lution were introduced to these countries, the particularities of their expression in each place, the specific forms of resistance encountered by these new ideas, the extent to which such expressions and resistances displayed national characteristics, the procedures through which new ways of dealing with nature were made legiti­ mate, and, finally, the commonalities and the differences between the methods de­ veloped by scholars at the ‘periphery’ for handling scientific issues and those of their colleagues in the ‘central’ countries of Western Europe. These themes, as well as others, will frame our discussions of the complex relationship between “the ori­ ginal ideas of the center” and their “reception in the periphery”. The articles in this volume examine a number of these issues in Portugal, Greece, Spain, Italy and the Scandinavian countries. There are, unavoidably, ommissions and articles about Russia, other countries of the Balkans except Greece and, most importantly, about the Ottoman Empire would have been absolutely essential complements to these. Although a simple bipolar distinction between center and periphery is useful for broadly delineating the situation, it is incapable of capturing many salient details. Three factors in particular require expanding any static, bipolar conception. There are, first of all, many centers and many peripheries. Moreover - depending on the subject one is discussing - a place may at one and the same time be both center and periphery. A center may, over time, change into a periphery, and vice-versa. And a single country may contain both centers and peripheries, thereby making purely na­ tional distinctions of dubious use. To examine such issues requires discussing the ways in which ideas that originate in a specific cultural and historical setting are introduced into a different milieu with its own intellectual traditions as well as dis- Vll V lll PREFACE tinctive political and educational institutions. Any such discussion should rather emphasize the ‘appropriation’ than the unadorned ‘transfer’ of ideas. Although the concept of idea transfer can be useful and even fruitful for further research, one must always recognize that ideas are not simply transferred like, as it were, material commodities. They are always transformed in unexpected and sometimes startling ways as they are appropriated within the multiple cultural traditions of a specific society during a particular period of its history. Indeed, a major challenge for histo­ rians who examine processes of appropriation across boundaries is precisely to transcend the merely geographical, and to concentrate especially on the character of, what one might call, the “receiving culture”. Europe is presently in the throes of its most dramatic transformations since the end of the Second World War. New nations states come into being, new borders emerge, new institutions appear, and old institutions restructure themselves. Many historians and other scholars will look again at the past in the light of current chan­ ges. The work that has already been done, as well as newly available sources, com­ bine with (comparatively) open intellectual environments and increases in funding for trans-national contacts to offer an unprecedented opportunity for a critical re­ examination of the historical character of European science. One of the most intriguing challenges for historians of science, technology and medicine is to chart their own thematic atlas within this geographically expanded and culturally diverse Europe, whose present configuration provides a unique op­ portunity for symbiosis between established and emerging communities of histori­ ans. Members of newer communities will, hopefully, decide how to recast what ha­ ve often, and for many years, been local topics in ways that can be linked to con­ temporary historiography of science. Some historians in the emerging scholarly communities will certainly feel that the present moment is an opportune time to, as it were, set the record straight in respect to national contributions. This desire to bring justice to what many may consider to be their misunderstood past is, of course, a natural one and may lead to insistence on the production of biographies of scientists who, it is felt, have been unduly or unfairly neglected. Many such biographies will be interesting and signifi­ cant by any standards, provided that they are not undertaken solely in the service of a local agenda. Nevertheless, that sort of agenda must be resisted, not only because it is (at best) purely parochial, but also because in contemporary Europe historians
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