United States In cooperation with Department of the West Virginia Agriculture Agricultural and Forestry Soil Survey of Experiment Station and Natural the United States Webster County, Resources Department of Agriculture, Conservation Forest Service Service West Virginia How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and go to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map units symbols that are in that area. Look at the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

2 This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1991. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1992. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1992. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Elk Soil Conservation District. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250 or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or 202-720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

Cover: A typical landscape in an area of the Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte general soil map unit.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

3 Contents

Cover ...... 1 GaE—Gauley extremely channery sandy How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 2 loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, rubbly .... 26 Contents ...... 4 GbB—Gilpin silt loam, 3 to 8 percent Foreword ...... 7 slopes ...... 27 General Nature of the County ...... 8 GbC—Gilpin silt loam, 8 to 15 percent Settlement and Population ...... 8 slopes ...... 28 Farming ...... 8 GbD—Gilpin silt loam, 15 to 25 percent Transportation and Industry ...... 8 slopes ...... 29 Physiography, Relief, and Drainage ...... 8 GbE—Gilpin silt loam, 25 to 35 percent Geology ...... 9 slopes ...... 30 Climate ...... 9 GbF—Gilpin silt loam, 35 to 70 percent How This Survey Was Made ...... 10 slopes ...... 31 General Soil Map Units ...... 12 GcC—Gilpin silt loam, 3 to 15 percent Soil Descriptions ...... 12 slopes, very stony...... 31 1. Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte ...... 12 GcF—Gilpin silt loam, 35 to 70 percent 2. Gilpin-Laidig ...... 13 slopes, very stony...... 32 3. Gilpin ...... 13 GdE—Gilpin-Dekalb complex, 15 to 4. Shouns-Cateache-Meckesville ...... 14 35 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 33 5. Mandy-Snowdog-Gauley ...... 14 GLF—Gilpin-Laidig association, very Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 16 steep, extremely stony ...... 34 Soil Descriptions ...... 17 ItF—Itmann channery loam, very steep ...... 36 At—Atkins loam ...... 17 KaF—Kaymine very channery silt loam, CaE—Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to very steep, extremely stony ...... 36 35 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 17 LaC—Laidig channery silt loam, 8 to CeF—Cedarcreek very channery loam, 15 percent slopes ...... 37 very steep, extremely stony ...... 18 LaD—Laidig channery silt loam, 15 to Ch—Chavies fine sandy loam ...... 19 25 percent slopes ...... 38 CoB—Cotaco silt loam, 3 to 8 percent LdC—Laidig channery silt loam, 3 to slopes ...... 20 15 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 39 Cr—Craigsville gravelly loam, 0 to LdE—Laidig channery silt loam, 15 to 5 percent slopes ...... 21 35 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 40 DkC—Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to LgE—Laidig channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 22 35 percent slopes, rubbly ...... 41 DrF—Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to MaC—Mandy channery silt loam, 3 to 70 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 23 15 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 41 Ek—Elkins silt loam ...... 24 MaE—Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to 35 FeC—Fenwick loam, 3 to 15 percent percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 42 slopes, very stony...... 24 MaF—Mandy channery silt loam, 35 GaC—Gauley extremely channery sandy to 55 percent slopes, extremely loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, rubbly ...... 25 stony...... 43

4 MaG—Mandy channery silt loam, 55 to Cedarcreek Series ...... 76 70 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 44 Chavies Series ...... 76 MkE—Meckesville silt loam, 15 to Cotaco Series...... 77 35 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 45 Craigsville Series ...... 78 Pe—Philo-Pope complex ...... 46 Dekalb Series ...... 78 PgG—Pineville-Gilpin complex, 55 to Elkins Series ...... 79 70 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 46 Fenwick Series ...... 80 PLF—Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte Gauley Series ...... 80 association, very steep, extremely Gilpin Series ...... 81 stony...... 48 Guyandotte Series ...... 82 Po—Pope loam ...... 49 Itmann Series ...... 82 Pp—Pope-Potomac complex, very cobbly ...... 50 Kaymine Series ...... 83 ScF—Shouns-Cateache complex, 35 to Laidig Series ...... 83 70 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 52 Mandy Series ...... 84 SmC—Simoda silt loam, 3 to 15 percent Meckesville Series...... 85 slopes, very stony...... 53 Philo Series ...... 86 SwE—Snowdog channery loam, 15 to 35 Pineville Series ...... 86 percent slopes, rubbly ...... 54 Pope Series ...... 87 Ud—Udorthents, smoothed ...... 55 Potomac Series ...... 88 Prime Farmland ...... 57 Shouns Series ...... 88 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 58 Simoda Series ...... 89 Crops and Pasture ...... 58 Snowdog Series ...... 90 Yields per Acre ...... 59 Udorthents ...... 90 Land Capability Classification ...... 59 Formation of the Soils ...... 91 Woodland Management and Productivity ...... 60 Factors of Soil Formation ...... 91 Recreation ...... 63 Parent Material, Time, and Climate ...... 91 Wildlife Habitat ...... 64 Living Organisms ...... 91 Engineering ...... 65 Topography ...... 92 Building Site Development ...... 66 Morphology of the Soils ...... 92 Sanitary Facilities ...... 66 References ...... 93 Construction Materials ...... 67 Glossary ...... 94 Water Management ...... 68 Tables ...... 109 Soil Properties ...... 70 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 110 Engineering Index Properties ...... 70 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall...... 111 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 71 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 111 Soil and Water Features ...... 72 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Classification of the Soils ...... 74 of the Soils ...... 112 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 74 Table 5.—Prime Farmland ...... 113 Atkins Series ...... 74 Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per Cateache Series...... 75 Acre of Crops and Pasture ...... 114

5 Table 7.—Capability Classes and Table 13.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 136 Subclasses ...... 116 Table 14.—Construction Materials ...... 140 Table 8.—Woodland Management Table 15.—Water Management ...... 144 Concerns ...... 117 Table 16.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 147 Table 9.—Woodland Productivity ...... 121 Table 17.—Physical and Chemical Properties Table 10.—Recreational Development...... 126 of the Soils ...... 155 Table 11.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 130 Table 18.—Soil and Water Features ...... 158 Table 12.—Building Site Development ...... 133 Table 19.—Classification of the Soils ...... 161

Issued 1998

6 Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

William J. Hartman State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

7 8

Soil Survey of Webster County, West Virginia

By Charles H. Delp, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Soils surveyed by Charles H. Delp, Anthony B. Jenkins, Denver P. Amick, James W. Bell, Stephen G. Carpenter, Jennifer J. Brookover, Roy E. Pyle, and Walter George, Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station and the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service

WEBSTER COUNTY is in the central part of West Farming Virginia (fig. 1). It has a total area of nearly 558 square miles, or 356,000 acres, of which 1,205 acres is In 1987, the county had 105 farms and a total of covered by water. 11,722 acres of farmland (U.S. Department of This soil survey updates the survey of Webster Commerce 1987). Between 1982 and 1987, the County published in 1920 (USDA 1920). It provides number of farms decreased by 12 and the average additional information and has larger maps, which size of the farms decreased by 6 acres. show the soils in greater detail. The main agricultural enterprises in the county are raising livestock and producing potatoes and honey. General Nature of the County Transportation and Industry This section gives general information about the county. It describes settlement and population; The main highways in the county are West Virginia farming; transportation and industry; physiography, Routes 15 and 20 and County Routes 5 and 30. Rail relief, and drainage; geology; and climate. service is also available in the county. The major industries in the county are lumber and Settlement and Population coal mining operations. Webster Springs is the county seat. It is located Physiography, Relief, and Drainage at the confluence of the Elk River and the Back Fork of the Elk River. The population of Webster County The county is in the Eastern Allegheny Plateau and in 1989 was 12,245 (Holmes 1989). Mountains physiographic region (USDA 1981). The Webster County was the last county to be topography includes nearly level bottoms along stream established in West Virginia before the separation terraces and nearly level to moderately steep from Virginia in 1863 (Holmes 1989). It was formed ridgetops, but most of the survey area is dominated by in 1860 from parts of Nicholas, Braxton, and very steep, rugged side slopes, which are used for Randolph Counties. It was named in honor of timber production. Daniel Webster, an orator and statesman from New The northern half of the county is drained by the Elk England. River and the Left Fork of the Holly River. The Webster County, West Virginia 9

characterized by gray or brown sandstone beds, which sometimes are pebbly, that have intervening deposits of gray or brown shale. The east-central part of the county is characterized by red and green shales of the Mauch Chunk Group. This group is in the deep valleys along the Elk River. Cateache soils are on side slopes and shoulder slopes, Shouns soils are on side slopes, and Meckesville soils are on foot slopes. This group does not have deposits of mineable coal. Its primary value is for woodland production. Greenbrier Limestone is exposed on the floor of the Elk River in Webster CHARLESTON Springs; however, in the rest of the county, the hard, gray limestone is below drainage. The remainder of the county is characterized by the Pottsville Group and the Kanawha and New River Formations. The Kanawha Formation is characterized by massive beds of gray sandstones that are separated by deposits of sandy or carbonaceous shale and coal. It is on ridges and high shoulder Figure 1.—Location of Webster County in West Virginia. slopes. Gilpin soils are commonly in these areas. Stockton, Peerless, and Eagle coals are a few of the southern half of the county is drained by the Birch, deposits mined commercially in this part of the county. Cranberry, Gauley, and Williams Rivers. The New River Formation is characterized by massive The lowest elevation in the county is 940 feet above beds of gray sandstones that are interbedded with sea level. It is at the point where the Webster-Braxton dark, sandy shales and coal. It is on side slopes and County line crosses the Elk River, 1 mile east of extends down, in most areas, to the current level of Centralia. The highest elevation is 4,200 feet above drainage. Pineville and Guyandotte soils are on side sea level. It is near the point where Webster, slopes, and Laidig soils are on foot slopes. Sewell, Greenbrier, and Pocahontas Counties meet, just south Welch, and Fire Creek coals are mined commercially of Dogway Fork on a branch of the Cranberry River in this part of the survey area. (Reger 1920). In Webster County, the soils that formed in Quaternary deposits, including clays, gravels, and Geology sand beds along river and creek bottoms and Gordon B. Bayles, geologist, Natural Resources Conservation Pleistocene deposits on river terraces in some of the Service, helped to prepare this section. higher areas, are productive agricultural land.

The surface rocks in Webster County, with the Climate exception of the Quaternary deposits along river and creek bottoms, are of the Paleozoic era and, more Winters are cold and snowy at the higher elevations specifically, of the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian in the county. They also are frequently cold in the periods (Reger 1920). All of the exposed rocks are valleys, but intermittent thaws minimize the duration of sedimentary in origin. There is a regional dip to the the snow cover. Summers are fairly warm on mountain northwest with little local folding or disturbance. slopes and very warm with occasional very hot days in The northwestern third of the county is the valleys. Rainfall is evenly distributed during the characterized by gray sandstones, gray shales, and year, but it is appreciably heavier on the windward, coal of the Allegheny Formation. This formation is on west-facing slopes than in the valleys. The normal high ridges. It seldom is incised by drainage, except at annual precipitation is adequate for all crops the head of streams. Dekalb soils are commonly on commonly grown in the county, although temperatures the high ridges. Rock outcrop caps the ridgetops in in the summer and the length of the growing season, some areas. Lower Kittanning coal is mined particularly at the higher elevations, may be commercially in this part of the county. The ridgetops inadequate for the crops. along the northwestern border of the county are Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation capped by the Conemaugh Group. This group is for the survey area as recorded at Webster Springs, 10 Soil Survey

West Virginia, in the period 1951 to 1986. Table 2 slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is the growing season. the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. In winter, the average temperature is 35 degrees F The profile extends from the surface down into the and the average daily minimum temperature is 24 unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other occurred on January 21, 1985, is -20 degrees. In living organisms and has not been changed by other summer, the average temperature is 71 degrees and biological activity. the average daily maximum temperature is 83 The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey degrees. The highest recorded temperature, which area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the occurred on September 3, 1953, is 104 degrees. geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind growing degree days accumulate by the amount that of landform or with a segment of the landform. By the average temperature each day exceeds a base observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly survey area and relating their position to specific accumulation is used to schedule single or successive segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, and the first freeze in fall. during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist The total annual precipitation is about 48 inches. Of to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the this, 28 inches, or 58 percent, usually falls in April kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location through September. The growing season for most on the landscape. crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge rainfall in April through September is less than 23 into one another as their characteristics gradually inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, record was 4.74 inches. Thunderstorms occur on soil scientists must determine the boundaries between about 44 days each year, and most occur in summer. the soils. They can observe only a limited number of Periods of heavy rainfall, which can occur throughout soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, the year, and severe thunderstorms in summer can supplemented by an understanding of the soil- cause flash floods, particularly in narrow valleys. vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to The average seasonal snowfall is about 44 inches. verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to The greatest snow depth at any one time during the determine the boundaries. period of record was 18 inches. On the average, 22 Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the days of the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, ground. The number of such days varies greatly from texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and year to year. amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, The average relative humidity in midafternoon is reaction, and other features that enable them to about 60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines area and determining their properties, the soil 50 percent of the time possible in summer and 35 scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each southwest. Average windspeed is highest, 8 miles per taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with hour, in spring. precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. How This Survey Was Made Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind This survey was made to provide information about and character of soil properties and the arrangement the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists The information includes a description of the soils and classified and named the soils in the survey area, they miscellaneous areas and their location and a compared the individual soils with similar soils in the discussion of their suitability, limitations, and same taxonomic class in other areas so that they management for specified uses. Soil scientists could confirm data and assemble additional data observed the steepness, length, and shape of the based on experience and research. Webster County, West Virginia 11

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some predictable over long periods of time, but they are not of the soils in the area generally are collected for predictable from year to year. For example, soil laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of scientists interpret the data from these analyses and accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and within certain depths in most years, but they cannot the soil properties to determine the expected behavior predict that a high water table will always be at a of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all specific level in the soil on a specific date. of the soils are field tested through observation of the After soil scientists located and identified the soils in different uses and under different levels of significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, management. Some interpretations are modified to fit they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial local conditions, and some new interpretations are photographs and identified each as a specific map developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, from other sources, such as research information, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating production records, and field experience of specialists. boundaries accurately. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels The descriptions, names, and delineations of the of management are assembled from farm records and soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are soil. the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications Predictions about soil behavior are based not only in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of on soil properties but also on such variables as mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are areas. 12

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication very dark brown and channery in the surface layer and shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of are yellowish brown and channery and very channery soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the in the subsoil. general soil map is a unique natural landscape. Gilpin soils are moderately deep, well drained, and Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or gently sloping to very steep. They are on ridgetops miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or and side slopes. They formed in acid material miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or weathered from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit shale bedrock. Gilpin soils are medium textured in the can occur in another but in a different pattern. surface layer and the subsoil. They are very dark The general soil map can be used to compare the grayish brown in the surface layer and yellowish brown suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas and channery in the subsoil. of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, Guyandotte soils are very deep, well drained, and areas where the soils are not suitable can be very steep. They are on side slopes and in coves. They identified. formed in acid material that moved down slope from Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable soils on uplands. Guyandotte soils are medium for planning the management of a farm or field or for textured in the surface layer and the subsoil. They are selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. black and very dark grayish brown and channery in The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place the surface layer and dark yellowish brown and very in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics channery in the subsoil. that affect management. Of minor extent in this map unit are the well drained Dekalb, Laidig, Chavies, Pope, and Potomac soils. Dekalb soils are on ridgetops. Laidig soils are on foot Soil Descriptions slopes. Chavies soils are on high flood plains. Pope and Potomac soils are on low flood plains. 1. Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte Most of this map unit is wooded. Some areas of minor soils on flood plains have been cleared of trees Gently sloping to very steep, well drained soils on and are used for hay, pasture, or cultivated crops. mountainous uplands Some small areas on the ridgetops and foot slopes These soils are on uplands in the northwestern part have been cleared of trees and are used as pasture or of the county. The landscape is characterized by as sites for community development. rough, mountainous topography. It is a deeply Most farms are managed for the production of beef dissected plateau with narrow ridgetops; narrow, cattle or timber. The bottom land and gently sloping to winding valleys; and long, very steep side slopes. moderately steep ridgetops are generally suited to Sandstone outcrops and surface stones are common hay, pasture, and row crops. Because of the stones on on the ridgetops and side slopes. Slope ranges from 3 the surface, areas on foot slopes are unsuited to to 70 percent. cultivated crops and are difficult to manage for This map unit makes up about 32 percent of the pasture. The hazard of erosion is a major county. It is about 26 percent Pineville soils, 20 percent management concern. Conservation tillage in areas Gilpin soils, 11 percent Guyandotte soils, and 43 used for crops and a rotation grazing system in percent soils of minor extent. pastured areas help to control erosion. Pineville soils are very deep, well drained, and very The soils in this map unit are suited to trees. Most steep. They are on side slopes and foot slopes. They of the unit is used for timber production. The common formed in acid colluvial material that moved down tree species are yellow-poplar, scarlet oak, chestnut slope from soils on uplands. Pineville soils are medium oak, red oak, red maple, and sugar maple. The slope textured in the surface layer and the subsoil. They are limits the use of equipment. The hazard of erosion on Webster County, West Virginia 13

logging roads and skid trails is a major management moderately steep ridgetops are generally suited to the concern. Establishing roads and trails on a gentle production of hay, pasture, and row crops. Because of grade across the slope helps to control erosion. the stones on the surface, areas on foot slopes The slope and the stones on the surface are generally are unsuited to cultivated crops and are limitations affecting community development in areas difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of erosion of all three soils. The depth to bedrock is an additional is a major management concern. Conservation tillage limitation in areas of the Gilpin soils. The slope, stones in areas used for crops and a rotation grazing system on the surface, depth to bedrock, flooding, and slow in pastured areas help to control erosion. permeability are limitations in areas of the minor soils. The soils in this map unit are suited to trees and are used for timber production. The common tree species 2. Gilpin-Laidig are yellow-poplar, scarlet oak, red oak, chestnut oak, Gently sloping to very steep, well drained soils on red maple, and sugar maple. The slope limits the use mountainous uplands and foot slopes of equipment. The hazard of erosion on logging roads and skid trails is a major management concern. These soils are on rugged uplands and foot slopes Establishing roads and trails on a gentle grade across in the eastern half of the county. The landscape is the slope helps to control erosion. characterized by rough, mountainous topography. It is The slope and the stones on the surface are a strongly dissected plateau with broad to narrow, limitations affecting community development in areas gently sloping to steep ridgetops and steep or very of the Gilpin and Laidig soils. The depth to bedrock is steep side slopes. Sandstone outcrops and stones on an additional limitation in areas of the Gilpin soils. Slow the surface are common on the ridgetops, side slopes, permeability is an additional limitation in areas of the and foot slopes. Slope ranges from 3 to 70 percent. Laidig soils. The slope, stones on the surface, depth to This map unit makes up about 46 percent of the bedrock, a seasonal high water table, and flooding are county. It is about 43 percent Gilpin soils, 35 percent limitations in areas of the minor soils. Laidig soils, and 22 percent soils of minor extent. Gilpin soils are moderately deep, well drained, and 3. Gilpin gently sloping to very steep. They are on ridgetops Gently sloping to very steep, well drained soils on and side slopes. They formed in acid material upland plateaus weathered from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale bedrock. Gilpin soils are medium textured in the These soils are on uplands in the southwestern part surface layer and the subsoil. They are very dark of the county. The landscape is characterized by low, grayish brown in the surface layer and yellowish brown rolling hills. Slope ranges from 3 to 70 percent. and channery in the subsoil. This map unit makes up about 9 percent of the Laidig soils are very deep, well drained, and gently county. It is about 81 percent Gilpin soils and 19 sloping to very steep. They are on side slopes, percent soils of minor extent. benches, and foot slopes. They formed in acid material Gilpin soils are moderately deep, well drained, and that moved down slope from uplands. Laidig soils are gently sloping to very steep. They are on ridgetops, medium textured in the surface layer and the subsoil. benches, and side slopes. They formed in acid They are very dark grayish brown and channery in the material weathered from interbedded sandstone, surface layer and are yellowish brown and channery siltstone, and shale bedrock. Gilpin soils are medium and very channery in the subsoil. The lower part of the textured in the surface layer and the subsoil. They are subsoil is mottled. A firm fragipan is at a depth of very dark grayish brown in the surface layer and about 32 inches. yellowish brown and channery in the subsoil. Of minor extent in this map unit are the Kaymine, Of minor extent in this map unit are the Kaymine, Fenwick, Chavies, and Pope soils. Kaymine, Chavies, Laidig, Cotaco, and Elkins soils. Kaymine and Laidig and Pope soils are well drained. Fenwick soils are soils are well drained. Kaymine soils are on uplands. moderately well drained. Kaymine and Fenwick soils Laidig soils are on foot slopes. Cotaco soils are are on uplands. Chavies soils are on high flood plains. moderately well drained and are on low stream Pope soils are on low flood plains. terraces. Elkins soils are poorly drained and are on Most of this map unit is used as woodland. Some flood plains. areas on the ridgetops and flood plains have been Most of this map unit is used as woodland. Some cleared of trees and are used for cultivated crops, hay, areas have been cleared of trees and are used for or pasture or as sites for community development. cultivated crops, hay, or pasture or as sites for Most farms are managed for the production of beef community development. cattle or timber. The bottom land and gently sloping to Most farms in this unit are managed for the 14 Soil Survey

production of beef cattle or timber. The bottom land layer and the subsoil. They are dark brown in the and gently sloping to moderately steep ridgetops are surface layer and are yellowish red and reddish brown generally suited to the production of hay, pasture, and and channery in the subsoil. They are mottled in the row crops. Because of stones on the surface, some lower part of the subsoil. A firm fragipan is at a depth areas on foot slopes are unsuited to cultivated crops. of about 36 inches. They are better suited to hay and pasture. Of minor extent in this map unit are the well drained The soils in this map unit are suited to trees and are Gilpin, Laidig, Chavies, and Pope soils. Gilpin soils are used for timber production. The common tree species on ridgetops. Laidig soils are on benches and foot are yellow-poplar, scarlet oak, red oak, red maple, and slopes. Chavies soils are on high flood plains. Pope sugar maple. The slope limits the use of equipment in soils are on low flood plains. many areas. The hazard of erosion on logging roads Most of this map unit is used as woodland. Areas and skid trails is a major management concern. on flood plains generally have been cleared of trees Establishing roads and trails on a gentle grade across and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture or as the slope helps to control erosion. sites for community development. Some small areas The slope and the depth to bedrock are limitations on foot slopes have been cleared of trees and are affecting community development in areas of the used for pasture or as sites for community Gilpin soils. The slope, stones on the surface, a development. seasonal high water table, flooding, and slow Most farms are managed for the production of beef permeability are limitations in areas of the minor soils. cattle or timber. Because of the slope and the stones on the surface, this map unit generally is unsuited to 4. Shouns-Cateache-Meckesville cultivated crops and hay and is difficult to manage for Gently sloping to very steep, well drained soils on pasture. Some areas on ridgetops are not stony and mountainous uplands and foot slopes are used for cultivated crops. The soils in this map unit are suited to trees and are These soils are on rugged uplands and foot slopes used for timber production. The common tree species in the central part of the county. The landscape is are yellow-poplar, basswood, magnolia, red oak, characterized by narrow, strongly sloping to steep hemlock, red maple, and sugar maple. The slope limits ridgetops; narrow, winding valleys; and long, steep the use of equipment. The hazard of erosion on side slopes. Sandstone outcrops and stones on the logging roads and skid trails is a major management surface are common on the ridgetops and side slopes. concern. Establishing roads and trails on a gentle Slope ranges from 15 to 70 percent. grade across the slope helps to control erosion. This map unit makes up about 5 percent of the The slope and the stones on the surface are county. It is about 38 percent Shouns soils, 28 percent limitations affecting community development in areas Cateache soils, 8 percent Meckesville soils, and 26 of all three soils. The depth to bedrock is an additional percent soils of minor extent. limitation in areas of the Cateache soils. A seasonal Shouns soils are very deep, well drained, and very high water table and moderately slow permeability are steep. They are on side slopes. They formed in acid additional limitations in areas of the Meckesville soils. material that moved down slope from soils on uplands. The slope, stones on the surface, depth to bedrock, Shouns soils are medium textured in the surface layer slow permeability, and flooding are limitations in areas and the subsoil. They are dark brown in the surface of the minor soils. layer and reddish brown and channery in the subsoil. Cateache soils are moderately deep, well drained, 5. Mandy-Snowdog-Gauley and moderately steep to very steep. They are on Gently sloping to very steep, well drained and ridgetops and side slopes. They formed in material moderately well drained soils on cool mountainous weathered from red interbedded siltstone and shale uplands bedrock. Cateache soils are medium textured in the surface layer and the subsoil. They are dark reddish These soils are on rugged uplands in the brown and channery in the surface layer and are southeastern and eastern parts of the county. The reddish brown and channery and very channery in the landscape is characterized by rough, mountainous subsoil. topography. It is a strongly dissected high plateau with Meckesville soils are very deep, well drained, and broad, gently sloping to strongly sloping ridgetops and moderately steep and steep. They are on foot slopes steep and very steep side slopes. Sandstone outcrops and along drainageways. They formed in acid material and stones on the surface are common on the that moved down slope from soils on uplands. ridgetops and side slopes. Slope ranges from 3 to 70 Meckesville soils are medium textured in the surface percent. Webster County, West Virginia 15

This map unit makes up about 8 percent of the Of minor extent in this map unit are the moderately county. It is about 62 percent Mandy soils, 20 percent well drained Simoda and Cotaco soils and the well Snowdog soils, 11 percent Gauley soils, and 7 percent drained Cateache, Chavies, Craigsville, Pope, soils of minor extent. Potomac, and Shouns soils. Simoda soils are on Mandy soils are moderately deep, well drained, and ridgetops. Cotaco soils are on terraces. Cateache and gently sloping to very steep. They are on ridgetops Shouns soils are on the lower side slopes and foot and side slopes. They formed in acid material slopes. Chavies soils are on high flood plains. weathered from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and Craigsville, Pope, and Potomac soils are on low flood shale bedrock. Mandy soils are medium textured in the plains. surface layer and the subsoil. They are dark brown Most of this map unit is within the Monongahela and channery in the surface layer and are dark National Forest. It is used for timber production, yellowish brown and yellowish brown and channery recreation, and wildlife habitat. A few small areas on and very channery in the subsoil. Point Mountain have been cleared of trees and are Snowdog soils are very deep, moderately well used as pasture or as sites for community drained, and moderately steep or steep. They are on development. foot slopes and benches and along drainageways. The soils in this map unit are suited to trees and They formed in acid material that moved down slope are used for timber production. The tree species are from soils on uplands. Snowdog soils are medium black cherry, red spruce, eastern hemlock, American textured in the surface layer and are medium or beech, yellow birch, red maple, and red oak. The moderately coarse textured in the subsoil. They are slope and stones and boulders on the surface limit very dark brown and channery in the surface layer and the use of equipment. The hazard of erosion on are dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown and logging roads and skid trails is a major management channery and very channery in the subsoil. They are concern. Establishing roads and trails on a mottled in the lower part of the subsoil. A very firm gentle grade across the slope helps to control fragipan is at a depth of about 24 inches. erosion. Gauley soils are moderately deep, well drained, and The slope and the stones and boulders on the gently sloping to steep. They are on ridgetops and surface are limitations affecting community shoulder slopes. They formed in material weathered development in areas of all three soils. The depth to from acid sandstone bedrock under red spruce and bedrock is an additional limitation in areas of the hemlock vegetation. Gauley soils are moderately Mandy and Gauley soils. A seasonal high water table coarse textured in the surface layer, coarse textured in and slow or moderately slow permeability are the next layer, and moderately coarse textured in the additional limitations in areas of the Snowdog soils. subsoil. They are black and extremely channery in the The slope, stones on the surface, depth to bedrock, surface layer, grayish brown and very channery in the a seasonal high water table, slow or rapid next layer, and dark brown and channery and very permeability, and flooding are limitations in areas of channery in the subsoil. the minor soils. 16

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in the back of this survey represent the soils or the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit complex that it was impractical to make enough descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous be used to determine the suitability and potential of a areas on the landscape. unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan The presence of included areas in a map unit in no the management needed for those uses. More way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. information about each map unit is given under the The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” taxonomic classes but rather to separate the A map unit delineation on a map represents an area landscape into landforms or landform segments that dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or have similar use and management requirements. The miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and delineation of such segments on the map provides named according to the taxonomic classification of the sufficient information for the development of resource dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, soils and miscellaneous areas. the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name phenomena, and they have the characteristic in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of general facts about the unit and gives the principal some observed properties may extend beyond the hazards and limitations to be considered in planning limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a for specific uses. single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make without including areas of other taxonomic classes. up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils surface layer, all the soils of a series have major or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic and arrangement. classes. Soils of one series can differ in texture of the Most included soils have properties similar to those surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. they do not affect use and management. These are On the basis of such differences, a soil series is called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature however, have properties and behavioral that affects use or management. For example, Gilpin characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony, is a phase require different management. These are called of the Gilpin series. contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally Some map units are made up of two or more major are in small areas and could not be mapped soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are separately because of the scale used. Some small complexes or associations. areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous A complex consists of two or more soils or areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in The included areas of contrasting soils or such small areas that they cannot be shown miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of descriptions. A few included areas may not have been the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar Webster County, West Virginia 17

in all areas. Pope-Potomac complex, very cobbly, is an If drained, this soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, example. and pasture. In some areas suitable drainage outlets An association is made up of two or more are not available. If the soil is cultivated, applying a geographically associated soils or miscellaneous system of conservation tillage, including hay in the areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. conservation cropping sequence, delaying tillage until Because of present or anticipated uses of the map the soil is reasonably dry, and returning crop residue units in the survey area, it was not considered to the soil help to maintain fertility and tilth. In places practical or necessary to map the soils or crops are subject to damage caused by flooding. miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas grasses and legumes, a rotation grazing system, and are somewhat similar. Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte deferment of grazing until the soil is reasonably firm association, very steep, extremely stony, is an are the major management needs in pastured areas. example. The potential productivity is moderately high for Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent trees that can withstand wetness, but only a small of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the acreage is wooded. Tree species include yellow birch, soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for red maple, hemlock, and yellow-poplar. Seedling many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms mortality and plant competition are management used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas. concerns. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well developed root system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner in order to benefit from spring rains Soil Descriptions reduce the seedling mortality rate. Intensive management is needed to keep undesirable plants from competing with native plants and planted At—Atkins loam seedlings. Site preparation following harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible This soil is nearly level and poorly drained. It is on help to control plant competition. flood plains throughout the county. It is subject to The wetness and the flooding are severe limitations occasional flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. affecting recreational development. The flooding, the Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown wetness, and the slow permeability are the main loam about 7 inches thick. It has brown mottles. The limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank subsoil extends to a depth of about 48 inches. The absorption fields. If the vegetative cover is removed, upper 9 inches is grayish brown loam that has brown establishing a protective plant cover and installing a mottles. The lower 32 inches is gray loam that has surface drainage system help to control erosion and strong brown mottles. The substratum extends to a sedimentation. This soil generally is not suitable as a depth of about 65 inches. The upper 11 inches is gray site for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields silt loam that has strong brown mottles. The lower 6 unless it is protected by a flood-control structure. A inches is gray silty clay loam that has strong brown suitable alternative site should be selected. mottles. The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland Included with this soil in mapping are a few small ordination symbol is 5W. areas of the somewhat excessively drained Potomac soils, the well drained Chavies and Pope soils, the moderately well drained Cotaco and Philo soils, and CaE—Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to the poorly drained Elkins soils. Also included are a few 35 percent slopes, extremely stony small areas of soils that are subject to ponding and areas of soils that are subject to rare flooding. This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep and Included soils make up about 15 percent of the unit. steep, and well drained. It is on side slopes and The available water capacity is high in the Atkins benches on mountains, mainly in the central part of soil. Permeability is slow to moderate. Runoff is slow to the county. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter medium. Natural fertility is medium. A seasonal high cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface of the soil. water table near the surface restricts the root zone of Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown many plants. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly channery silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil acid, unless the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock extends to a depth of about 31 inches. The upper 5 is more than 60 inches. inches is dark reddish brown channery silt loam. The Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture. next 16 inches is reddish brown channery silt loam. A few are used as woodland. The lower 6 inches is reddish brown very channery silt 18 Soil Survey

loam. Reddish brown and reddish gray, fractured seeding roads and landings with grasses and legumes siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about 31 inches. when they are no longer being used. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small The dominant plant communities in the overstory on areas of the well drained Gilpin, Laidig, and Shouns this soil are yellow-poplar, basswood, sugar maple, soils and the moderately well drained Meckesville red oak, hickory, red maple, American beech, white soils. Also included are a few small areas where less oak, scarlet oak, and black birch. The dominant plant than 3 percent or more than 15 percent of the surface communities in the understory are sugar maple, is covered with stones and areas where the slopes are American beech, and yellow-poplar, and those in the less than 15 percent or more than 35 percent. ground cover are ramps, clintonia, and ferns. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. The slope and the stones are severe limitations The available water capacity is moderate in the affecting recreational development. The 15 to 25 Cateache soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. percent slope is a moderate limitation on hiking trails. Runoff is rapid or very rapid. Natural fertility is Trails can be built on the soil, but a surface drainage medium. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately system is needed to help control erosion. acid, unless the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the slippage ranges from 20 to 40 inches. are the main limitations on sites for dwellings and Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few septic tank absorption fields. In places the bedrock have been cleared of trees and are used as pasture or hinders excavation, even though it generally is as sites for community development. rippable. If the vegetative cover is removed, Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to establishing a protective plant cover and installing a cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for surface drainage system help to control erosion and pasture. The slope and the stones limit the use of farm sedimentation. This soil generally is not suited to most machinery. The very severe hazard of erosion in urban uses. A suitable alternative site should be unprotected areas and overgrazing in pastured areas selected. are the major management concerns. Proper stocking The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and ordination symbol is 4R. legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major management needs in pastured areas. The potential productivity for trees is moderately CeF—Cedarcreek very channery loam, high on this soil. Plant competition is a management very steep, extremely stony concern. Intensive management is needed to keep undesirable plants from competing with native plants This soil is very deep and well drained. It generally and planted seedlings. Site preparation following is on mountain side slopes that have been disturbed harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as by contour surface mine operations. A few areas on soon as possible help to control plant competition. ridgetops have been mined using mountaintop Seedling mortality on south aspects is a management removal methods. The soil is in areas throughout the concern. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well county. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter developed root system and planting the seedlings in a cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface of the soil. Slope timely manner in order to benefit from spring rains ranges from 35 to 70 percent. reduce the seedling mortality rate. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown very Slippage is a severe limitation affecting the channery loam about 4 inches thick. It has black operability of equipment and the construction of haul mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of more roads and skid roads on this soil. The slope and the than 65 inches. The upper 40 inches is dark grayish slippage are severe limitations affecting the location of brown very channery loam that has black and log landings. Building haul roads and skid roads in the yellowish brown mottles. The next 21 inches is dark included areas of less sloping soils helps to overcome grayish brown extremely channery loam that has black the slope. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation and yellowish brown mottles. All of the mottles are on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings during wet lithochromic. periods unless the surface is strengthened by adding Included with this soil in mapping are a few small gravel. The hazard of erosion is moderate. areas of the somewhat excessively drained Itmann Management practices that help to control erosion and soils, the well drained Gilpin, Kaymine, and Laidig sedimentation include constructing haul roads and soils, and well drained Udorthents. Also included are a skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; few small wet areas on benches, areas of surface installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and mined soils having vertical highwalls that range from Webster County, West Virginia 19

20 to 80 feet or more in height, and small areas of Ch—Chavies fine sandy loam rubble land on outslopes. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. This soil is nearly level and well drained. It is on The available water capacity is low to high in the high flood plains along the larger streams in the Cedarcreek soil. Permeability is moderate or county. It is subject to rare flooding. Slope ranges from moderately rapid in the substratum. Runoff is very 0 to 3 percent. rapid in backfilled areas and on outslopes. Natural Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy fertility is low. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a inches. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid, depth of about 42 inches. The upper 4 inches is dark unless the soil has been limed. It may be higher in the brown fine sandy loam. The lower 32 inches is dark surface layer in reclaimed areas because the soil has brown fine sandy loam. The substratum extends to a been limed. depth of about 65 inches. The upper 16 inches is dark Most areas of this soil are used as wildlife habitat. brown fine sandy loam. The lower 7 inches is dark Reclaimed areas have been seeded to sericea yellowish brown loamy sand. lespedeza, fescue, birdsfoot trefoil, or black locust. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small Many areas are reverting to woodland. areas of the somewhat excessively drained Potomac Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to soils and the well drained Craigsville, Laidig, and Pope cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for soils. Also included are a few small areas of soils that pasture. The stones and the slope limit the use of farm are moderately well drained. Included soils make up machinery. If the soil is pastured, the very severe about 15 percent of the unit. hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and The available water capacity is moderate or high in overgrazing in pastured areas are the major the Chavies soil. Permeability is moderately rapid. management concerns. Proper stocking rates that Runoff is slow or medium. Natural fertility is medium. help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid, unless rotation grazing system are the major management the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock is more than needs in pastured areas. 60 inches. The potential productivity for trees is moderately Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops, high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded. hay, or pasture (fig. 2) or as sites for community The soil is suited to coniferous and deciduous trees. development. A few are used as woodland. Planted tree species commonly include black locust This soil is well suited to cultivated crops, hay, and and eastern white pine. Species that naturally invade pasture. Applying a system of conservation tillage, this soil include red maple, sassafras, sweet birch, including hay in the conservation cropping sequence, cucumbertree, and hemlock. In most areas the trees and returning crop residue to the soil help to maintain are not large enough to harvest. Seedling mortality fertility and tilth. Proper stocking rates that help to and plant competition are management concerns. maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a Planting healthy seedlings that have a well developed rotation grazing system are the major management root system and planting the seedlings in a timely needs in pastured areas. manner in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the The potential productivity for trees is moderately seedling mortality rate. Intensive management is high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded. needed to keep undesirable plants from competing Tree species include yellow-poplar, red oak, American with native plants and planted seedlings. Site beech, mountain magnolia, cucumbertree, and preparation following harvest and the establishment of sassafras. Plant competition is a management new forest cover as soon as possible help to control concern. Intensive management is needed to keep plant competition. undesirable plants from competing with native plants The slope and the stones and boulders are the and planted seedlings. Site preparation following main limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as absorption fields. Onsite investigation is necessary to soon as possible help to control plant competition. determine if the limitations that affect urban uses can Some areas of this soil are used as log landings. be overcome. If the vegetative cover is removed, The formation of ruts is a severe limitation unless the establishing a protective plant cover and installing a surface is strengthened by adding gravel. Leaving surface drainage system help to control erosion and wide filter strips beside streams and seeding landings sedimentation. when they are no longer being used help to control The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland erosion and sedimentation. ordination symbol is 4R. The flooding is a severe limitation in camping areas. 20 Soil Survey

Figure 2.—Pasture in an area of Chavies fine sandy loam.

No major limitations affect the development of picnic mainly along the tributaries of the Gauley River, and at areas, playgrounds, or hiking trails. the headwaters of Birch River and Laurel Creek in The flooding is the main limitation on sites for Glade District near Cowen. dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. This soil Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam generally is not suitable as a site for dwellings unless it about 5 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of is protected by a flood-control structure. A suitable about 50 inches. The upper 11 inches is yellowish alternative site should be selected. If the vegetative brown silt loam. The next 7 inches is yellowish brown cover is removed, establishing a protective plant cover silt loam that has gray and strong brown mottles. The and installing a surface drainage system help to next 8 inches is light yellowish brown silt loam that has control erosion and sedimentation. gray and strong brown mottles. The next 13 inches is The capability classification is I. The woodland gray silt loam that has light yellowish brown and strong ordination symbol is 4A. brown mottles. The lower 6 inches is gray loam that has strong brown and light yellowish brown mottles. CoB—Cotaco silt loam, 3 to 8 percent The substratum to a depth of about 65 inches is gray slopes loam that has strong brown and light yellowish brown mottles. This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and Included with this soil in mapping are a few small moderately well drained. It is on low stream terraces, areas of the well drained Chavies, Craigsville, Gilpin, Webster County, West Virginia 21

and Pope soils, the moderately well drained Philo intercept water from the higher areas improve the soils, and the poorly drained Atkins and Elkins soils. capacity of the absorption field to absorb effluent. If Also included are a few small areas of slowly the vegetative cover is removed, establishing plant permeable soils that have silty clay loam or silty clay in cover in unprotected areas and installing a surface the subsoil and substratum and areas where the soils drainage system help to control erosion and are nearly level. Included soils make up about 30 sedimentation. percent of the unit. The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland The available water capacity is moderate or high in ordination symbol is 5A. the Cotaco soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is medium. Natural fertility is medium. Cr—Craigsville gravelly loam, 0 to 5 A seasonal high water table is at a depth of about 1.5 percent slopes to 2.5 feet. It restricts the rooting depth of some plants. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid, unless This soil is very deep, nearly level, and well drained. the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock is more than It is on high bottom land and alluvial fans at the mouth 60 inches. of hollows throughout the county. It is subject to rare Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture flooding. or as sites for community development. A few are used Typically, the surface layer is dark brown gravelly as woodland. loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and depth of about 39 inches. The upper 19 inches is dark pasture. The hazard of erosion in unprotected areas yellowish brown very gravelly loam. The lower 15 and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major inches is dark yellowish brown very gravelly sandy management concerns. If the soil is cultivated, loam. The substratum extends to a depth of about 65 applying a system of conservation tillage, including inches. The upper 14 inches is dark yellowish brown hay in the conservation cropping sequence, and gravelly sandy loam. The lower 12 inches is dark returning crop residue to the soil help to control yellowish brown very gravelly loamy sand. erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper stocking Included with this soil in mapping are a few small rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and areas of the somewhat excessively drained Potomac legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major soils, the well drained Chavies and Pope soils, the management needs in pastured areas. moderately well drained Philo soils, and the poorly The potential productivity for trees is moderately drained Atkins soils. Also included are a few small high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded. areas of soils that are moderately acid and areas of Tree species include yellow-poplar, yellow birch, soils that have boulders on the surface. Included soils American beech, and cucumbertree. Plant competition make up about 15 percent of the unit. is a management concern. Intensive management is The available water capacity is low to high in the needed to keep undesirable plants from competing Craigsville soil. Permeability is moderately rapid and with native plants and planted seedlings. Site rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is slow or medium. Natural preparation following harvest and the establishment of fertility is medium. Reaction is very strongly acid or new forest cover as soon as possible help to control strongly acid, unless the soil has been limed. Depth to plant competition. bedrock is more than 60 inches. Some areas of this soil are used as log landings. Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few The formation of ruts is a severe limitation unless the have been cleared of trees and are used for hay or surface is strengthened by adding gravel. Leaving pasture or as sites for community development. wide filter strips beside streams and seeding landings This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and when they are no longer being used help to control pasture. Droughtiness during dry periods and erosion and sedimentation. overgrazing in pastured areas are the major The wetness is a severe limitation affecting management concerns. If the soil is cultivated, recreational development. It is the main limitation on applying a system of conservation tillage, including sites for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. hay in the conservation cropping sequence, and Sealing foundation walls, installing foundation drains, returning crop residue to the soil help to improve the backfilling with porous material, and installing water-holding capacity and maintain fertility and tilth. diversions that intercept water from the higher areas Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable help to keep basements dry. Constructing septic tank grasses and legumes, a rotation grazing system, and absorption fields on the contour, installing larger than deferment of grazing during dry periods are the major normal absorption fields, and installing diversions to management needs in pastured areas. 22 Soil Survey

The potential productivity for trees is moderately channery sandy loam about 2 inches thick. The high on this soil. Seedling mortality and plant subsoil extends to a depth of about 24 inches. The competition are management concerns. Planting upper 3 inches is dark brown channery sandy loam. healthy seedlings that have a well developed root The next 8 inches is yellowish brown channery sandy system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner loam. The lower 11 inches is yellowish brown very in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the channery sandy loam. The substratum is yellowish seedling mortality rate. Intensive management is brown extremely channery sandy loam. Sandstone needed to keep undesirable plants from competing bedrock is at a depth of about 34 inches. with native plants and planted seedlings. Site Included with this soil in mapping are a few small preparation following harvest and the establishment of areas of the well drained Gilpin, Laidig, and Pineville new forest cover as soon as possible help to control soils and the moderately well drained Fenwick soils. plant competition. Also included are a few small areas of soils that are No major limitations affect the operability of less than 20 inches deep over bedrock, areas where equipment or logging operations. Management less than 3 percent or more than 15 percent of the practices that help to control erosion and surface is covered with stones, and areas of soils that sedimentation include installing dips, ditches, water have slopes of more than 15 percent. Inclusions make bars, and culverts; leaving wide filter strips beside up about 15 percent of the unit. streams; and seeding roads and landings to grasses The available water capacity is very low to and legumes when they are no longer being used. moderate in the Dekalb soil. Permeability is rapid in The dominant plant communities in the overstory on the subsoil. Runoff is medium or rapid. Natural fertility this soil are yellow-poplar, yellow birch, hemlock, red is low. Reaction is extremely acid or strongly acid, oak, cherry, red maple, and American beech. The unless the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock dominant plant communities in the understory are ranges from 20 to 40 inches. devils-walkingstick, yellow-poplar, rhododendron, Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few American beech, red maple, and yellow birch, and have been cleared of trees and are used for hay or those in the ground cover are orchardgrass, shield pasture or as sites for community development. fern, and greenbrier. Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to The flooding and the stones are severe limitations cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for in camp areas and on sites for playgrounds. The pasture. The stones limit the use of farm machinery. stoniness is a limitation in picnic areas. No major The severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas limitations affect the construction of hiking trails. and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major The flooding is the main limitation on sites for management concerns. Proper stocking rates that dwellings. The moderately rapid or rapid permeability help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes, a is the main limitation on sites for septic tank rotation grazing system, and deferment of grazing absorption fields. This soil is poorly suited to dwellings during dry periods are the major management needs unless it is protected from flooding. A suitable in pastured areas. alternative site should be selected. Constructing septic The potential productivity for trees is moderately tank absorption fields in areas of less permeable soils high on this soil. Seedling mortality and plant helps to overcome the rapid permeability. If the competition are management concerns. Planting vegetative cover is removed, establishing a protective healthy seedlings that have a well developed root plant cover and installing a surface drainage system system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner help to control erosion and sedimentation. in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the The capability subclass is IIs. The woodland seedling mortality rate. Intensive management is ordination symbol is 4A. needed to keep undesirable plants from competing with native plants and planted seedlings. Site DkC—Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to preparation following harvest and the establishment of 15 percent slopes, extremely stony new forest cover as soon as possible help to control plant competition. This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping to The stones and the depth to bedrock are limitations strongly sloping, and well drained. It is on ridgetops, affecting the construction of haul roads and skid roads mainly in the western half of the county. Stones that on this soil, especially where cutting and filling are are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 3 to 15 percent needed. The stones, the depth to bedrock, and the of the surface of the soil. slope are limitations affecting the location of log Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray landings. Building haul roads, skid roads, and log Webster County, West Virginia 23

landings in the included areas of soils that are not so loam. The lower 11 inches is yellowish brown very stony or less sloping helps to overcome the stoniness channery sandy loam. The substratum is yellowish and the slope. Management practices that help to brown extremely channery sandy loam. Sandstone control erosion and sedimentation include constructing bedrock is at a depth of about 34 inches. haul roads and skid roads on a gentle grade across The Rock outcrop consists of vertical or nearly the slope; installing dips, ditches, water bars, and vertical exposures of hard sandstone bedrock. The culverts; and seeding roads and landings to grasses exposures are 3 to 50 feet or more high. and legumes when they are no longer being used. Included in this unit in mapping are a few small The dominant plant communities in the overstory on areas of the well drained Gilpin, Guyandotte, and this soil are chestnut oak, scarlet oak, red maple, and Pineville soils. Also included are a few small areas of red oak. The dominant plant communities in the soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock, understory are red maple, sourwood, sassafras, and areas where less than 3 percent or more than 15 mountain laurel, and those in the ground cover are percent of the surface is covered with stones, and greenbrier, fern, and teaberry. areas of soils that have slopes of less than 35 percent. The slope and the stones are severe limitations on Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit. sites for playgrounds. The stoniness is a severe The available water capacity is very low to limitation in camp areas and picnic areas and a moderate in the Dekalb soil. Permeability is rapid in moderate limitation on hiking trails. Trails can be built the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid. Natural fertility is low. on this soil, but the stones can hinder construction. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid, unless the The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 for dwellings. Designing dwellings that can be built on to 40 inches. the bedrock and adding suitable fill material help to All areas of the Dekalb soil are used as woodland. overcome the depth to bedrock. The depth to bedrock The areas of Rock outcrop generally are barren. and the rapid permeability are the main limitations on This unit is not suited to cultivated crops, hay, or sites for septic tank absorption fields. Constructing the pasture. The slope, the stones, and the Rock outcrop absorption field in areas of deeper soils or less limit the use of farm machinery. The very severe permeable soils, constructing the absorption field on hazard of erosion in unprotected areas is a major the contour, and installing a larger than normal management concern. absorption field help to overcome the depth to bedrock The potential productivity for trees is moderately and the rapid permeability. If the vegetative cover is high on the Dekalb soil. Seedling mortality and plant removed, establishing a protective plant cover and competition are management concerns. Planting installing a surface drainage system help to control healthy seedlings that have a well developed root erosion and sedimentation. system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the ordination symbol is 4A. seedling mortality rate. Intensive management is needed to keep undesirable plants from competing DrF—Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to with native plants and planted seedlings. Site 70 percent slopes, extremely stony preparation following harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible help to control This map unit occurs as areas of a very steep, plant competition. moderately deep, well drained Dekalb soil intermingled The slope is a severe limitation affecting the with areas of Rock outcrop. It is on narrow ridgetops operability of equipment and the construction of haul and shoulder slopes, mainly in the western half of the roads, skid roads, and log landings on this unit. county. The Dekalb soil and the Rock outcrop occur as Building haul roads and skid roads in the included areas so intermingled that it was not practical to map areas of less sloping soils helps to overcome the them separately. The unit is about 60 percent Dekalb slope. The hazard of erosion is severe. Management soil and 15 percent Rock outcrop. Stones that are 10 practices that help to control erosion and to 24 inches in diameter cover 3 to 15 percent of the sedimentation include constructing haul roads and surface of the unit. skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is very installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and dark gray channery sandy loam about 2 inches thick. seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes The subsoil extends to a depth of about 24 inches. The when they are no longer being used. Conventional upper 3 inches is dark brown channery sandy loam. skidder logging techniques are not recommended on The next 8 inches is yellowish brown channery sandy slopes of more than 55 percent. Specialized 24 Soil Survey

equipment or management techniques, such as cable the soil is reasonably dry, and returning crop residue yarding, are needed when timber is harvested in these to the soil help to maintain fertility and tilth. In some areas. areas used for cultivated crops, the flooding is a The dominant plant communities in the overstory in hazard. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain this unit are chestnut oak, scarlet oak, red maple, desirable grasses and legumes, water-tolerant plants, white oak, and hickory. The dominant plant a rotation grazing system, and deferment of grazing communities in the understory are red maple, until the soil is reasonably firm are the major sassafras, mountain laurel, and huckleberry, and management needs in pastured areas. those in the ground cover are greenbrier, ferns, and The potential productivity of this soil is moderately teaberry. high for trees that can withstand wetness, but only a The slope, the stones, and the Rock outcrop are small acreage is wooded. Tree species include severe limitations affecting recreational development. American sycamore and yellow birch. Seedling This Dekalb soil is not suited to urban uses because of mortality and plant competition are management the slope, the depth to bedrock, and the rapid concerns. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well permeability. developed root system and planting the seedlings in a The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland timely manner in order to benefit from spring rains ordination symbol is 4R in areas of the Dekalb soil. reduce the seedling mortality rate. Intensive management is needed to keep undesirable plants from competing with native plants and planted Ek—Elkins silt loam seedlings. Site preparation following harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible This soil is very deep, nearly level, and poorly help to control plant competition. drained. It is on flood plains, mainly in the The flooding and the wetness are severe limitations southwestern part of the county. It is subject to affecting recreational development. The flooding, the occasional flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. wetness, and the slow permeability are the main Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown silt limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a absorption fields. This soil is poorly suited to dwellings depth of about 27 inches. It is dark gray silt loam that and septic tank absorption fields unless it is protected has strong brown mottles. The substratum extends to from flooding. A suitable alternative site should be a depth of about 65 inches. The upper 20 inches is selected. If the vegetative cover is removed, gray silt loam that has strong brown and reddish establishing a protective plant cover and installing a yellow mottles. The lower 18 inches is gray silt loam. surface drainage system help to control erosion and Included with this soil in mapping are a few small sedimentation. areas of the well drained Pope soils, the moderately The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland well drained Cotaco and Philo soils, and the poorly ordination symbol is 5W. drained Atkins soils. Also included are a few small areas of soils that are moderately well drained, areas of soils that are subject to ponding, and areas of soils FeC—Fenwick loam, 3 to 15 percent that are subject to rare flooding. Included soils make slopes, very stony up about 20 percent of the unit. The available water capacity is high in the Elkins This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping to soil. Permeability is slow in the subsoil. Runoff is slow. strongly sloping, and moderately well drained. It is on Natural fertility is medium. A seasonal high water table broad ridgetops, mainly in the southern part of the near the surface restricts the rooting depth of many county, between the Cranberry and Gauley Rivers. plants. Reaction is extremely acid or very strongly Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 1 to acid, unless the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock 3 percent of the surface of the soil. is more than 60 inches. Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown loam Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture about 2 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of or as sites for community development. A few are used about 34 inches. The upper 6 inches is dark yellowish as woodland. brown loam. The next 7 inches is yellowish brown The wetness is a limitation affecting cultivated loam. The next 5 inches is brownish yellow loam. The crops, hay, and pasture. In places diversions help to lower 16 inches is brownish yellow loam that has light intercept runoff from the higher areas. Applying a brownish gray, light yellowish brown, and strong brown system of conservation tillage, including hay in the mottles. Sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 34 conservation cropping sequence, delaying tillage until inches. Webster County, West Virginia 25

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small American beech. The dominant plant communities in areas of the well drained Dekalb and Gilpin soils. Also the understory are sugar maple, striped maple, included are a few small areas of soils that are more cucumbertree, American chestnut, and American than 40 inches deep over bedrock; areas of soils that beech, and those in the ground cover are greenbrier have a clayey subsoil or a dense, brittle layer in the and blackberry. subsoil; areas of soils that are not stony; and areas of The stoniness is a severe limitation on sites for soils that are somewhat poorly drained or poorly playgrounds. The slope, the wetness, and the stones drained. Included soils make up about 20 percent of are limitations in camp areas and picnic areas and on the unit. hiking trails. The available water capacity is moderate in the The depth to bedrock and the wetness are the main Fenwick soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. limitations on sites for dwellings. The depth to bedrock, Runoff is medium or rapid. Natural fertility is low or the wetness, and the slow permeability are the main medium. A seasonal high water table is at a depth of limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields. about 1.5 to 2.5 feet. Reaction is very strongly acid or Designing dwellings that can be built on the bedrock strongly acid, unless the soil has been limed. Depth to and adding suitable fill material help to overcome the bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. depth to bedrock. Sealing foundation walls, installing Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few foundation drains, backfilling with porous material, and have been cleared of trees and are used for hay or installing diversions that intercept water from the pasture. higher areas help to keep basements dry. Constructing This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but the absorption field in the included areas of the deeper it is suited to pasture. The stones limit the use of farm soils, constructing the absorption field on the contour, machinery. The severe hazard of erosion in installing a larger than normal absorption field, and unprotected areas and overgrazing in pastured areas installing diversions to intercept water from the higher are the major management concerns. Proper stocking areas improve the capacity of the field to absorb rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and effluent. If the vegetative cover is removed, legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major establishing a protective plant cover and installing a management needs in pastured areas. surface drainage system help to control erosion and The potential productivity for trees is moderately sedimentation. high on this soil. Plant competition is a management The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland concern. Intensive management is needed to keep ordination symbol is 4A. undesirable plants from competing with native plants and planted seedlings. Site preparation following GaC—Gauley extremely channery sandy harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, rubbly soon as possible help to control plant competition. Low strength and the depth to bedrock are This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping to limitations affecting the construction of haul roads and strongly sloping, and well drained. It is on broad skid roads on this soil, especially where cutting and ridgetops in the southeastern part of the county. It filling are needed. The depth to bedrock, the low generally is at elevations of more than 3,400 feet. strength, and the slope are limitations affecting the Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 15 location of log landings. Building haul roads, skid to 75 percent of the surface of the soil. roads, and log landings in the included areas of soils Typically, the surface layer is black extremely that are better drained, more than 40 inches deep over channery sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The bedrock, or less sloping helps to overcome these subsoil extends to a depth of about 28 inches. The limitations. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation upper 10 inches is dark brown and grayish brown very on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings unless the channery loamy sand. The next 5 inches is dark brown surface is strengthened by adding gravel. channery sandy loam. The lower 9 inches is dark Management practices that help to control erosion and brown very channery sandy loam. Sandstone bedrock sedimentation include constructing haul roads and is at a depth of about 28 inches. skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; Included with this soil in mapping are a few small installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and areas of the well drained Mandy soils and the seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes moderately well drained Simoda and Snowdog soils. when they are no longer being used. Also included are a few small areas of soils that are The dominant plant communities in the overstory on less than 20 inches deep over bedrock, areas where this soil are chestnut oak, red oak, sugar maple, and less than 15 percent or more than 75 percent of the 26 Soil Survey

surface is covered with stones and boulders, and limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank areas of soils that have slopes of more than 15 absorption fields. In areas where stones and boulders percent. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the cover 50 percent or more of the surface, excavating unit. and disposing of large fragments is difficult. If the The available water capacity is very low to vegetative cover is removed, establishing a protective moderate in the Gauley soil. Permeability is plant cover and installing a surface drainage system moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is medium or help to control erosion and sedimentation. Because rapid. Natural fertility is low. Reaction is extremely acid most of the acreage of the soil is in the Monongahela or very strongly acid, unless the soil has been limed. National Forest, the soil has limited potential for urban Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. development. All areas of this soil are used as woodland. Most The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soil has ordination symbol is 6X. low potential for any development other than woodland. This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and GaE—Gauley extremely channery sandy is difficult to manage for pasture. The stones and loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, rubbly boulders limit the use of farm machinery. The severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas is a major This soil is moderately steep and steep and is well management concern. drained. It is on shoulder slopes in the southeastern The potential productivity is high for trees on this part of the county. It generally is at elevations of more soil. Seedling mortality, the windthrow hazard, and than 3,400 feet. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in plant competition are management concerns. Planting diameter cover 15 to 75 percent of the surface of the healthy seedlings that have a well developed root soil. system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner Typically, the surface layer is black extremely in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the channery sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The seedling mortality rate. Carefully thinning stands and subsoil extends to a depth of about 28 inches. The not damaging the surficial root system help to prevent upper 10 inches is dark brown and grayish brown very windthrow. Intensive management is needed to keep channery loamy sand. The next 5 inches is dark brown undesirable plants from competing with native plants channery sandy loam. The lower 9 inches is dark and planted seedlings. Site preparation following brown very channery sandy loam. Sandstone bedrock harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as is at a depth of about 28 inches. soon as possible help to control plant competition. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small The stones and boulders severely limit the areas of the well drained Mandy soils and the operability of equipment and the construction of haul moderately well drained Simoda and Snowdog soils. roads, skid roads, and log landings on this soil. Also included are a few small areas of soils that are Building haul roads, skid roads, and log landings in the more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas where included areas of soils that are not so stony helps to less than 15 percent or more than 75 percent of the overcome this limitation. Management practices that surface is covered with stones and boulders, and help to control erosion and sedimentation include areas where the slopes are less than 15 percent or constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle more than 35 percent. Inclusions make up about 20 grade across the slope; installing dips, ditches, water percent of the unit. bars, and culverts; and seeding roads and landings to The available water capacity is very low to grasses and legumes when they are no longer being moderate in the Gauley soil. Permeability is used. moderately rapid. Runoff is rapid or very rapid. Natural The dominant plant communities in the overstory on fertility is low. Reaction is extremely acid or very this soil are red spruce, yellow birch, red maple, black strongly acid, unless the soil has been limed. Depth to cherry, hemlock, and American beech. The dominant bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. plant communities in the understory are red spruce, All areas of this soil are used as woodland. Most hemlock, American beech, red maple, and yellow are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soil has birch, and those in the ground cover are fern, red low potential for any development other than spruce, and wood sorrel. woodland. The stones and boulders are severe limitations This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and affecting recreational development. The depth to is difficult to manage for pasture. The stones and bedrock and the stones and boulders are the main boulders limit the use of farm machinery. The very Webster County, West Virginia 27

severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas is a GbB—Gilpin silt loam, 3 to 8 percent major management concern. slopes The potential productivity for trees is high on this soil. Seedling mortality, the windthrow hazard, and This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping, and plant competition are management concerns. Planting well drained. It is on ridgetops and summits of the healthy seedlings that have a well developed root lower slopes throughout the county. system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is seedling mortality rate. Carefully thinning stands and yellowish brown channery silt loam about 22 inches not damaging the surficial root system help to prevent thick. The substratum is yellowish brown channery silt windthrow. Intensive management is needed to loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a keep undesirable plants from competing with native depth of about 36 inches. plants and planted seedlings. Site preparation Included with this soil in mapping are a few small following harvest and the establishment of new forest areas of the moderately well drained Cotaco and cover as soon as possible help to control plant Fenwick soils. Also included are a few small areas of competition. soils that have a silty clay subsoil, areas of soils that The stones and boulders severely limit the are similar to the Gilpin soil but are coarser textured in operability of equipment and the construction of haul the subsoil, and areas where more than 75 percent of roads and skid roads on this soil. The stones and the original topsoil has been removed by erosion. boulders and the slope are severe limitations affecting Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. the location of log landings. Building haul roads, skid The available water capacity is moderate in the roads, and log landings in the included areas of soils Gilpin soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. that are not so stony or less sloping helps to Runoff is medium. Natural fertility is medium. Reaction overcome the stoniness and the slope. The hazard of is extremely acid to strongly acid, unless the soil has erosion is moderate. Management practices that help been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 to control erosion and sedimentation include inches. constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops, grade across the slope; installing dips, ditches, water hay, or pasture or as sites for community development. bars, and culverts; and seeding roads and landings to A few are used as woodland. grasses and legumes when they are no longer being This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and used. pasture. The hazard of erosion in unprotected areas The dominant plant communities in the overstory on and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major this soil are red spruce, yellow birch, red maple, black management concerns. If the soil is cultivated, cherry, hemlock, and American beech. The dominant applying a system of conservation tillage, including plant communities in the understory are red spruce, hay in the conservation cropping sequence, and hemlock, American beech, red maple, and yellow returning crop residue to the soil help to control birch, and those in the ground cover are fern and erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper stocking wood sorrel. rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and The slope and the stones and boulders are severe legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major limitations affecting recreational development. The management needs in pastured areas. depth to bedrock, the slope, and the stones and The potential productivity for trees is moderately boulders are the main limitations on sites for dwellings high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded. and septic tank absorption fields. In areas where Tree species include red oak, scarlet oak, chestnut stones and boulders cover 50 percent or more of the oak, white oak, black cherry, and hickory. Plant surface, excavating and disposing of large fragments competition is a management concern. Intensive is difficult. If the vegetative cover is removed, management is needed to keep undesirable plants establishing a protective plant cover and installing a from competing with native plants and planted surface drainage system help to control erosion and seedlings. Site preparation following harvest and the sedimentation. Because most of the acreage of this establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible soil is in the Monongahela National Forest, the soil has help to control plant competition. no potential for urban development. Some areas of this soil are used as log landings. The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland The formation of ruts is a severe limitation unless the ordination symbol is 6R. surface is strengthened by adding gravel. Leaving 28 Soil Survey

wide filter strips beside streams and seeding grasses This soil is dominantly used for cultivated crops, and legumes on landings when they are no longer hay, or pasture or as sites for community development. being used help to control erosion and sedimentation. A significant acreage is used as woodland. The slope is a severe limitation on sites for This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and playgrounds. No major limitations affect the pasture. The severe hazard of erosion in unprotected development of camp areas, picnic areas, or hiking areas and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major trails. management concerns. If the soil is cultivated, The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites applying a system of conservation tillage, including for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. In hay in the conservation cropping sequence, and places the bedrock hinders excavation, even though it returning crop residue to the soil help to control generally is rippable. Designing dwellings that can be erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper stocking built on the bedrock and adding suitable fill material rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and help to overcome the depth to bedrock. Constructing legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major the absorption field in areas of deeper soils, management needs in pastured areas. constructing the absorption field on the contour, and The potential productivity for trees is moderately installing a larger than normal absorption field help to high on this soil. Plant competition is a management overcome the depth to bedrock. Installing diversions to concern. Intensive management is needed to keep intercept water from the higher areas improves the undesirable plants from competing with native plants capacity of the absorption field to absorb effluent. If and planted seedlings. Site preparation following the vegetative cover is removed, establishing a harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as protective plant cover and installing a surface drainage soon as possible help to control plant competition. system help to control erosion and sedimentation. Low strength and the depth to bedrock are The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland limitations affecting the construction of haul roads and ordination symbol is 4A. skid roads on this soil. The low strength, the depth to bedrock, and the slope are limitations affecting the GbC—Gilpin silt loam, 8 to 15 percent location of log landings. Building haul roads, skid slopes roads, and log landings in the included areas of the less sloping soils helps to overcome the slope. The This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping, and formation of ruts is a severe limitation on haul roads, well drained. It is on ridgetops, benches, and summits skid roads, and log landings unless the surface is of the lower slopes throughout the county. strengthened by adding gravel. Management practices Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish that help to control erosion and sedimentation include brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle yellowish brown channery silt loam about 22 inches grade across the slope; installing dips, ditches, water thick. The substratum is yellowish brown channery silt bars, and culverts; and seeding roads and landings to loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a grasses and legumes when they are no longer being depth of about 36 inches. used. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small The dominant plant communities in the overstory on areas of the well drained Laidig soils and the this soil are red oak, scarlet oak, hickory, chestnut moderately well drained Fenwick soils. Also included oak, white oak, and black gum. The dominant plant are a few small areas of soils that have a silty clay communities in the understory are greenbrier, subsoil, areas of soils that are similar to the Gilpin soil dogwood, and black gum. The dominant plant but are coarser textured in the subsoil, areas of soils community in the ground cover is greenbrier. that are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, The slope is a severe limitation on sites for areas where more than 75 percent of the original playgrounds. It also limits the development of camp topsoil has been removed by erosion, areas where 1 areas and picnic areas. No major limitations affect the to 3 percent of the surface is covered with stones, and development of hiking trails. areas of soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent. The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. In The available water capacity is moderate in the places the bedrock hinders excavation, even though it Gilpin soil. Permeability is moderate. Runoff is rapid. generally is rippable. Designing dwellings that can be Natural fertility is medium. Reaction is extremely acid built on the bedrock and adding suitable fill material to strongly acid, unless the soil is limed. Depth to help to overcome the depth to bedrock. Constructing bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. the absorption field in areas of deeper soils, Webster County, West Virginia 29

constructing the absorption field on the contour, and desirable grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing installing a larger than normal absorption field help to system are the major management needs in pastured overcome the depth to bedrock. Installing diversions to areas. intercept water from the higher areas improves the The potential productivity for trees is moderately capacity of the absorption field to absorb effluent. If high on this soil. Plant competition is a management the vegetative cover is removed, establishing a concern. Intensive management is needed to keep protective plant cover and installing a surface drainage undesirable plants from competing with native plants system help to control erosion and sedimentation. and planted seedlings. Site preparation following The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as ordination symbol is 4A. soon as possible help to control plant competition. Seedling mortality on south aspects is a management GbD—Gilpin silt loam, 15 to 25 percent concern. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well slopes developed root system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner in order to benefit from spring rains This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep, and reduce the seedling mortality rate. well drained. It is on ridgetops, hillsides, and benches The slope is a limitation affecting the operability of throughout the county. equipment on this soil. The slope, low strength, and Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish the depth to bedrock are limitations affecting the brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is construction of haul roads and skid roads. The slope is yellowish brown channery silt loam about 22 inches a severe limitation affecting the location of log thick. The substratum is yellowish brown channery silt landings. Building haul roads, skid roads, and log loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a landings in the included areas of the less sloping or depth of about 36 inches. deeper soils helps to overcome the slope and the Included with this soil in mapping are a few small depth to bedrock. The formation of ruts is a severe areas of the well drained Laidig soils. Also included limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings are a few small areas of soils that are moderately well unless the surface is strengthened by adding gravel. drained, areas of soils that have a silty clay subsoil, The hazard of erosion is moderate. Management areas of soils that are similar to the Gilpin soil but are practices that help to control erosion and coarser textured in the subsoil, areas of soils that are sedimentation include constructing haul roads and more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas where skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; more than 75 percent of the original topsoil has been installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and removed by erosion, areas where 1 to 3 percent of the seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes surface is covered with stones, and areas of soils that when they are no longer being used. have slopes of less than 15 percent. Inclusions make The dominant plant communities in the overstory on up about 20 percent of the unit. this soil are red oak, scarlet oak, white oak, hickory, The available water capacity is moderate in the and American beech. The dominant plant communities Gilpin soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. in the understory are red maple and sassafras. The Runoff is rapid. Natural fertility is medium. Reaction is dominant plant community in the ground cover is extremely acid to strongly acid, unless the soil has ground pine. been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 The slope is a severe limitation in camp areas and inches. picnic areas and on sites for playgrounds. It is a This soil is dominantly used for hay or pasture or as moderate limitation on hiking trails. Trails can be built sites for community development. A significant on this soil, but a surface drainage system is needed acreage is used as woodland. to help control erosion. This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It The slope is the main limitation on sites for is better suited to hay or pasture. The severe hazard of dwellings. The depth to bedrock and the slope are the erosion in unprotected areas and overgrazing in main limitations on sites for septic tank absorption pastured areas are the major management concerns. fields. Because of the slope, sites for roads, dwellings, If the soil is cultivated, applying a system of and other structures need additional grading and conservation tillage, including hay in the conservation lawns are difficult to establish and maintain. Selecting cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the the included areas of less sloping soils for soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and development and designing dwellings so that they tilth. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain conform to the natural slope of the land help to 30 Soil Survey

overcome the slope. In places the bedrock hinders pastured areas are the major management concerns. excavation, even though it is rippable. Designing Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable dwellings that can be built on the bedrock and adding grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing system suitable fill material help to overcome the depth to are the major management needs in pastured areas. bedrock. Constructing absorption fields in areas of The potential productivity for trees is moderately deeper and less sloping soils, constructing the high on this soil. Plant competition is a management absorption field on the contour, and installing a larger concern. Intensive management is needed to keep than normal absorption field help to overcome the undesirable plants from competing with native plants depth to bedrock and the slope. Installing diversions to and planted seedlings. Site preparation following intercept water from the higher areas improves the harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as capacity of the absorption field to absorb effluent. If soon as possible help to control plant competition. the vegetative cover is removed, establishing a Seedling mortality on south aspects is a management protective plant cover and installing a surface drainage concern. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well system help to control erosion and sedimentation. developed root system and planting the seedlings in a The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland timely manner in order to benefit from spring rains ordination symbol is 4R. reduce the seedling mortality rate. The slope is a limitation affecting the operability of equipment on this soil. The slope, low strength, and GbE—Gilpin silt loam, 25 to 35 percent the depth to bedrock are limitations affecting the slopes construction of haul roads and skid roads. The slope is a severe limitation affecting the location of log This soil is moderately deep, steep, and well landings. Building haul roads, skid roads, and log drained. It is on hillsides, benches, and narrow landings in the included areas of the less sloping or ridgetops throughout the county. the deeper soils helps to overcome the slope and the Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish depth to bedrock. The formation of ruts is a severe brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings yellowish brown channery silt loam about 23 inches unless the surface is strengthened by adding gravel. thick. The substratum is yellowish brown channery silt The hazard of erosion is moderate. Management loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a practices that help to control erosion and depth of about 36 inches. sedimentation include constructing haul roads and Included with this soil in mapping are a few small skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; areas of the well drained Laidig soils. Also included installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and are a few small areas of soils that are moderately well seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes drained, areas of soils that have a silty clay subsoil, when they are no longer being used. areas of soils that are similar to the Gilpin soil but are The dominant plant communities in the overstory on coarser textured in the subsoil, areas of soils that are this soil are red oak, white oak, chestnut oak, hickory, more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas where American beech, and yellow-poplar. The dominant more than 75 percent of the original topsoil has been plant communities in the understory are sassafras and removed by erosion, areas where 1 to 3 percent of the red maple. The dominant plant community in the surface is covered with stones, and areas of soils that ground cover is greenbrier. have slopes of less than 25 percent. Inclusions make The slope is a severe limitation affecting up about 20 percent of the unit. recreational development. It is the main limitation on The available water capacity is moderate in the sites for dwellings. The depth to bedrock and the slope Gilpin soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. are the main limitations on sites for septic tank Runoff is very rapid. Natural fertility is medium. absorption fields. In places the bedrock hinders Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid, unless the excavation, even though it generally is rippable. This soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 soil generally is not suited to most urban uses. A to 40 inches. suitable alternative site should be selected. If the This soil is dominantly used as pasture. A vegetative cover is removed, establishing a protective significant acreage is used as woodland. plant cover and installing a surface drainage system This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but help to control erosion and sedimentation. it is suited to pasture. The very severe hazard of The capability subclass is VIe. The woodland erosion in unprotected areas and overgrazing in ordination symbol is 4R. Webster County, West Virginia 31

GbF—Gilpin silt loam, 35 to 70 percent roads, skid roads, and log landings on this soil. slopes Building haul roads, skid roads, and log landings in the included areas of the less sloping soils helps to This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well overcome the slope. The formation of ruts is a severe drained. It is on hillsides and narrow ridgetops in the limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings southwestern part of the county. unless the surface is strengthened by adding gravel. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish The hazard of erosion is severe. Management brown silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is practices that help to control erosion and yellowish brown channery silt loam about 24 inches sedimentation include constructing haul roads and thick. The substratum is yellowish brown channery silt skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and depth of about 36 inches. seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes Included with this soil in mapping are a few small when they are no longer being used. Conventional areas of the well drained Dekalb, Guyandotte, Laidig, logging techniques are not recommended on slopes of and Pineville soils. Also included are a few small areas more than 55 percent. Specialized equipment or of soils that have a silty clay subsoil, areas of soils that management techniques, such as cable yarding, are are similar to the Gilpin soil but are coarser textured in needed when timber is harvested in these areas. the subsoil, areas where more than 75 percent of the The dominant plant communities in the overstory on original topsoil has been removed by erosion, areas of this soil are red oak, white oak, scarlet oak, chestnut soils that are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, oak, hickory, yellow-poplar, red maple, and American areas of rock outcrop, areas where 1 to 3 percent of beech. The dominant plant communities in the the surface is covered with stones, and areas of soils understory are red maple and sassafras, and those in that have slopes of less than 35 percent. Inclusions the ground cover are greenbrier, ferns, and ground make up about 20 percent of the unit. pine. The available water capacity is moderate in the The slope is a severe limitation affecting Gilpin soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. recreational development. It is the main limitation on Runoff is very rapid. Natural fertility is medium. sites for dwellings. The depth to bedrock and the slope Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid, unless the are the main limitations on sites for septic tank soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 absorption fields. In places the bedrock hinders to 40 inches. excavation, even though it generally is rippable. This Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few soil generally is not suited to most urban uses. A have been cleared of trees and are used as pasture. suitable alternative site should be selected. If the This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and vegetative cover is removed, establishing a protective is difficult to manage for pasture. The very severe plant cover and installing a surface drainage system hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and help to control erosion and sedimentation. overgrazing in pastured areas are the major The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodland management concerns. Proper stocking rates that ordination symbol is 4R. help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major management GcC—Gilpin silt loam, 3 to 15 percent needs in pastured areas. slopes, very stony The potential productivity for trees is moderately high on this soil. Plant competition is a management This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping to concern. Intensive management is needed to keep strongly sloping, and well drained. It is on ridgetops undesirable plants from competing with native plants and benches throughout the county. Stones that are and planted seedlings. Site preparation following 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 1 to 3 percent of the harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as surface of the soil. soon as possible help to control plant competition. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish Seedling mortality on south aspects is a management brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is concern. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well yellowish brown channery silt loam about 22 inches developed root system and planting the seedlings in a thick. The substratum is yellowish brown channery silt timely manner in order to benefit from spring rains loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a reduce the seedling mortality rate. depth of about 36 inches. The slope is a severe limitation affecting the Included with this soil in mapping are a few small operability of equipment and the construction of haul areas of the well drained Dekalb and Laidig soils and 32 Soil Survey

the moderately well drained Fenwick soils. Also The stoniness is a severe limitation in camp areas included are a few small areas of soils that have a silty and picnic areas and on sites for playgrounds. It is a clay subsoil, areas of soils that are similar to the Gilpin moderate limitation on hiking trails. Trails can be built, soil but are coarser textured in the subsoil, areas of but the stones hinder construction in places. soils that are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites and areas where less than 1 percent or more than 3 for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. In percent of the surface is covered with stones. places the bedrock hinders construction, even though Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. it generally is rippable. Designing dwellings that can be The available water capacity is moderate in the built on the bedrock and adding suitable fill material Gilpin soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. help to overcome the depth to bedrock. Constructing Runoff is medium or rapid. Natural fertility is medium. the absorption field in areas of deeper soils, Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid, unless the constructing the absorption field on the contour, and soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 installing a larger than normal absorption field help to to 40 inches. overcome the depth to bedrock. Installing diversions to Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few intercept water from the higher areas improves the have been cleared of trees and are used for hay or capacity of the absorption field to absorb effluent. If pasture or as sites for community development. the vegetative cover is removed, establishing a This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but protective plant cover and installing a surface drainage it is suited to pasture. The stones limit the use of farm system help to control erosion and sedimentation. machinery. The severe hazard of erosion in The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland unprotected areas and overgrazing in pastured areas ordination symbol is 4A. are the major management concerns. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major GcF—Gilpin silt loam, 35 to 70 percent management needs in pastured areas. slopes, very stony The potential productivity for trees is moderately high on this soil. Plant competition is a management This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well concern. Intensive management is needed to keep drained. It is on hillsides and narrow ridgetops undesirable plants from competing with native plants throughout the county. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches and planted seedlings. Site preparation following in diameter cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface of the harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as soil. soon as possible help to control plant competition. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish Low strength and the depth to bedrock are brown silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is limitations affecting the construction of haul roads and yellowish brown channery silt loam about 24 inches skid roads on this soil. The depth to bedrock, the low thick. The substratum is yellowish brown channery silt strength, and the slope are limitations affecting the loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a location of log landings. Building haul roads, skid depth of about 36 inches. roads, and log landings in the included areas of the Included with this soil in mapping are a few small less sloping or the deeper soils helps to overcome the areas of the well drained Dekalb, Guyandotte, Laidig, slope and the depth to bedrock. The formation of ruts and Pineville soils. Also included are a few small areas is a severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and of soils that have a silty clay subsoil, areas of soils that log landings unless the surface is strengthened by are similar to the Gilpin soil but are coarser textured in adding gravel. Management practices that help to the subsoil, areas of soils that are more than 40 control erosion and sedimentation include constructing inches deep over bedrock, areas of rock outcrop, haul roads and skid roads on a gentle grade across areas where less than 1 percent or more than 3 the slope; installing dips, ditches, water bars, and percent of the surface is covered with stones, and culverts; and seeding roads and landings to grasses areas of soils that have slopes of less than 35 percent. and legumes when they are no longer being used. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit. The dominant plant communities in the overstory on The available water capacity is moderate in the this soil are red oak, black cherry, American beech, Gilpin soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. sugar maple, and yellow-poplar. The dominant plant Runoff is very rapid. Natural fertility is medium. communities in the understory are American beech, Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid, unless the sugar maple, and red maple, and those in the ground soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 cover are ferns and greenbrier. to 40 inches. Webster County, West Virginia 33

Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few the bedrock hinders construction, even though it have been cleared of trees and are used as pasture. generally is rippable. This soil generally is not suited to This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and most urban uses. A suitable alternative site should be is difficult to manage for pasture. The slope and the selected. If the vegetative cover is removed, stones limit the use of farm machinery. The very establishing a protective plant cover and installing a severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and surface drainage system help to control erosion and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major sedimentation. management concerns. Proper stocking rates that The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a ordination symbol is 4R. rotation grazing system are the major management needs in pastured areas. GdE—Gilpin-Dekalb complex, 15 to 35 The potential productivity for trees is moderately percent slopes, extremely stony high on this soil. Plant competition is a management concern. Intensive management is needed to keep This map unit consists of moderately deep, undesirable plants from competing with native plants moderately steep and steep, well drained soils on and planted seedlings. Site preparation following ridgetops and shoulder slopes throughout the county. harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as The soils occur as areas so intermingled that it was soon as possible help to control plant competition. not practical to map them separately. The unit is about Seedling mortality on south aspects is a management 55 percent Gilpin soil and 35 percent Dekalb soil. concern. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 3 to developed root system and planting the seedlings in a 15 percent of the surface of the unit. timely manner in order to benefit from spring rains Typically, the surface layer of the Gilpin soil is very reduce the seedling mortality rate. dark grayish brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The The slope is a severe limitation affecting the subsoil is yellowish brown channery silt loam about 23 operability of equipment and the construction of haul inches thick. The substratum is yellowish brown roads, skid roads, and log landings on this soil. channery silt loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone Building haul roads, skid roads, and log landings in the bedrock is at a depth of about 36 inches. included areas of the less sloping soils helps to Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is very overcome the slope. The formation of ruts is a severe dark gray channery sandy loam about 2 inches thick. limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings The subsoil extends to a depth of about 26 inches. The unless the surface is strengthened by adding gravel. upper 3 inches is dark brown channery sandy loam. The hazard of erosion is severe. Management The next 8 inches is yellowish brown channery sandy practices that help to control erosion and loam. The lower 11 inches is yellowish brown very sedimentation include constructing haul roads and channery sandy loam. The substratum is yellowish skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; brown extremely channery sandy loam about 10 installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and inches thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes 34 inches. when they are no longer being used. Conventional Included with these soils in mapping are a few small skidder logging techniques are not recommended on areas of the well drained Guyandotte, Laidig, and slopes of more than 55 percent. Specialized Pineville soils. Also included are a few small areas of equipment or management techniques, such as cable soils that are less than 20 inches or more than 40 yarding, are needed when timber is harvested in these inches deep over bedrock, areas of soils that are areas. similar to the Gilpin soil but are coarser textured in the The dominant plant communities in the overstory on subsoil, areas of rock outcrop, areas where less than this soil are red oak, chestnut oak, red maple, hickory, 3 percent or more than 15 percent of the surface is American beech, yellow-poplar, and white oak. The covered with stones, and areas where the slopes are dominant plant communities in the understory are less than 15 percent or more than 35 percent. sassafras, black birch, dogwood, and red maple. The Inclusions make up about 10 percent of the unit. dominant plant community in the ground cover is The available water capacity is moderate in the greenbrier. Gilpin soil and very low to moderate in the Dekalb soil. The slope and the stones are severe limitations Permeability is moderate in the subsoil of the Gilpin affecting recreational development. The slope and the soil and rapid in the subsoil of the Dekalb soil. Runoff depth to bedrock are the main limitations on sites for is rapid or very rapid on both soils. Natural fertility is dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. In places medium in the Gilpin soil and low in the Dekalb soil. 34 Soil Survey

Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in both are greenbrier and ferns. The dominant plant soils, unless the soils have been limed. Depth to communities in the overstory on the Dekalb soil are bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. chestnut oak, scarlet oak, red maple, and red oak. The Most areas of these soils are used as woodland. A dominant plant communities in the understory are red few have been cleared of trees and are used as maple, sourwood, sassafras, and mountain laurel, and pasture. those in the ground cover are greenbrier, ferns, and These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay teaberry. and are difficult to manage for pasture. The slope and The slope and the stones are severe limitations the stones limit the use of farm machinery. The very affecting recreational development. The 15 to 25 severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and percent slope is a moderate limitation on hiking trails. overgrazing in pastured areas are the major Trails can be built on these soils, but a surface management concerns. Proper stocking rates that drainage system is needed to help control erosion. help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main rotation grazing system are the major management limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank needs in pastured areas. absorption fields. The rapid permeability in the Dekalb The potential productivity for trees is moderately soil is an additional limitation on sites for septic tank high on both soils. Plant competition is a management absorption fields. In places the bedrock underlying the concern. Intensive management is needed to keep Gilpin soil hinders excavation, even though it generally undesirable plants from competing with native plants is rippable. These soils generally are not suited to and planted seedlings. Site preparation following most urban uses. A suitable alternative site should be harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as selected. If the vegetative cover is removed, soon as possible help to control plant competition. establishing a protective plant cover and installing a Seedling mortality is a management concern on the surface drainage system help to control erosion and Dekalb soil and on the south aspects of the Gilpin soil. sedimentation. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well developed The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland root system and planting the seedlings in a timely ordination symbol is 4R. manner in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the seedling mortality rate. GLF—Gilpin-Laidig association, very The slope is a limitation affecting the operability of steep, extremely stony equipment on these soils. The slope, the stones, the depth to bedrock, and low strength of the Gilpin soil This map unit consists of well drained soils on are limitations affecting the construction of haul roads mountain side slopes and benches, mainly in the and skid roads. The slope is a severe limitation eastern part of the county. It is about 45 percent Gilpin affecting the location of log landings. Building haul and similar soils and 35 percent Laidig and similar roads, skid roads, and log landings in the included soils. Typically, the Gilpin soil is on convex, upper and areas of the less sloping or deeper soils helps to middle side slopes, and the Laidig soil is on the less overcome the slope and the depth to bedrock. Rock sloping side slopes, on benches, and in coves. Stones outcrop hinders construction in some areas. The that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 3 to 15 formation of ruts is a severe limitation on haul roads, percent of the surface of the unit. Slope ranges from skid roads, and log landings located in areas of the 45 to 55 percent in areas of the Gilpin soil and from 35 Gilpin soil unless the surface is strengthened by to 45 percent in areas of the Laidig soil. adding gravel. The hazard of erosion is moderate. Typically, the surface layer of the Gilpin soil is very Management practices that help to control erosion and dark grayish brown silt loam about 2 inches thick. The sedimentation include constructing haul roads and subsoil is yellowish brown channery silt loam about 24 skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; inches thick. The substratum is yellowish brown installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and channery silt loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes bedrock is at a depth of about 36 inches. when they are no longer being used. Typically, the surface layer of the Laidig soil is very The dominant plant communities in the overstory on dark grayish brown channery silt loam about 4 inches the Gilpin soil are red oak, red maple, sugar maple, thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 60 scarlet oak, yellow-poplar, black cherry, white ash, and inches. The upper 8 inches is dark yellowish brown American beech. The dominant plant communities in channery silt loam. The next 8 inches is yellowish the understory are red maple, red oak, American brown channery silt loam. The next 12 inches is beech, and sassafras, and those in the ground cover yellowish brown channery loam that has yellowish Webster County, West Virginia 35

brown and strong brown mottles. The next 19 inches is a management concern on south aspects of the Gilpin yellowish brown very channery loam that has light gray soil. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well and strong brown mottles. The lower 9 inches is developed root system and planting the seedlings in a yellowish brown and strong brown very channery loam timely manner in order to benefit from spring rains that has pinkish gray mottles. The substratum is strong reduce the seedling mortality rate. brown very channery sandy clay loam about 5 inches The slope is a severe limitation affecting the thick. It has yellowish brown mottles. operability of equipment and the construction of haul Included with these soils in mapping are the well roads, skid roads, and log landings on these soils. drained Cateache and Dekalb soils on ridgetops and Building haul roads, skid roads, and log landings in the shoulder slopes and the well drained Guyandotte, included areas of the less sloping soils helps to Meckesville, Pineville, and Shouns soils in the upper overcome the slope. Rock outcrop hinders coves, in drainageways, and on benches and foot construction in some areas. The formation of ruts is a slopes. Also included are small areas of rock outcrop severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log on ridgetops and side slopes, small areas in landings unless the surface is strengthened by adding drainageways and coves where stones and boulders gravel. The hazard of erosion is severe. Management cover more than 15 percent of the surface, small areas practices that help to control erosion and of soils on benches and foot slopes that have slopes sedimentation include constructing haul roads and of less than 35 percent, and small areas of soils on skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; shoulder slopes and side slopes that are 40 to 60 installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; inches deep over bedrock. Inclusions make up about leaving wide filter strips beside streams; and seeding 20 percent of the unit. roads and landings to grasses and legumes when The available water capacity is moderate in the they are no longer being used. Conventional skidder Gilpin soil and low or moderate in the Laidig soil. logging techniques are not recommended on slopes Permeability is moderate in the Gilpin soil and is slow of more than 55 percent. Specialized equipment or and moderately slow in the firm layers of the Laidig management techniques, such as cable yarding, soil. Runoff is very rapid on both soils. Natural fertility are needed when timber is harvested in these is medium in the Gilpin soil and low in the Laidig soil. areas. The Laidig soil has a seasonal high water table at a The dominant plant communities in the overstory on depth of about 2.5 to 4.0 feet. Reaction is extremely the Gilpin soil are white oak, red oak, chestnut oak, acid to strongly acid in the Gilpin soil and extremely hickory, and American beech. The dominant plant acid or very strongly acid in the Laidig soil, unless the communities in the understory are American beech, soils have been limed. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 witchhazel, red maple, sassafras, striped maple, sweet inches in the Gilpin soil and is more than 60 inches in birch, and mountain laurel, and those in the ground the Laidig soil. cover are greenbrier and ferns. The dominant plant Most areas of these soils are used as woodland. A communities in the overstory on the Laidig soil are red few have been cleared of trees and are used as oak, yellow-poplar, sugar maple, and white oak. The pasture. dominant plant communities in the understory are These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay American beech, red maple, striped maple, and and are difficult to manage for pasture. The slope and rhododendron, and those in the ground cover are the stones limit the use of farm machinery. The very stinging nettles and ramps. severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and The slope and the stones are severe limitations overgrazing in pastured areas are the major affecting recreational development. The slope, the management concerns. Proper stocking rates that depth to bedrock, and the wetness are the main help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank rotation grazing system are the major management absorption fields. In places the bedrock underlying the needs in pastured areas. Gilpin soil hinders excavation, even though it generally The potential productivity for trees is moderately is rippable. These soils generally are not suited to high on these soils. Plant competition is a most urban uses. A suitable alternative site should be management concern on the Gilpin soil. Intensive selected. If the vegetative cover is removed, management is needed to keep undesirable plants establishing a protective plant cover in unprotected from competing with native plants and planted areas and installing a surface drainage system help to seedlings. Site preparation following harvest and the control erosion and sedimentation. establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland help to control plant competition. Seedling mortality is ordination symbol is 4R. 36 Soil Survey

ItF—Itmann channery loam, very steep determine if the limitations that affect urban uses can be overcome. If the vegetative cover is removed, This soil is very deep and somewhat excessively establishing a protective plant cover and installing a drained. It formed mostly in coal and high-carbon surface drainage system help to control erosion and shale. It generally is in valley fills and on the steep and sedimentation. very steep side slopes close to active mining The capability subclass is VIIs. This soil has not operations in the communities of Bolair and Erbacon. been assigned a woodland ordination symbol. Most areas of this soil have been covered with 12 to 20 inches of natural soil material during reclamation. KaF—Kaymine very channery silt loam, Slope ranges from 8 to 70 percent but is dominantly very steep, extremely stony 35 to 70 percent. Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown This soil is very deep and well drained. It generally channery loam about 14 inches thick. The substratum is on mountain side slopes and foot slopes that have extends to a depth of more than 65 inches. The upper been disturbed by contour surface mine operations. A 41 inches is black extremely channery sandy loam. few areas on ridgetops have been mined using The next 10 inches is black very channery sandy mountaintop removal methods. The soil is in areas loam. Carbolith fragments make up more than 50 throughout the county. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches percent of the total content of rock fragments. in diameter cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface of the Included with this soil in mapping are a few small soil. Slope ranges from 3 to 80 percent but is areas of the well drained Cedarcreek, Gilpin, Kaymine, dominantly 35 to 70 percent. and Laidig soils and well drained Udorthents. Also Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown included are a few small areas of soils that are less very channery silt loam about 7 inches thick. The than 20 inches deep over bedrock, areas that have not substratum extends to a depth of more than 65 inches. been covered with natural soil material, areas that The upper 17 inches is brown very channery silt loam. have more than 20 inches of natural soil material The next 12 inches is yellowish brown very channery covering the surface, and areas where 15 to 75 silt loam that has brown lithochromic mottles. The next percent of the surface is covered with stones and 29 inches is dark grayish brown extremely channery boulders. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the silt loam. unit. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small The available water capacity is low or moderate in areas of the somewhat excessively drained Itmann the Itmann soil. Permeability is moderately rapid and soils, the well drained Gilpin, Laidig, and Pineville rapid in the substratum. Runoff is very rapid. Natural soils, and well drained Udorthents. Also included are a fertility is very low. Reaction is extremely acid to few small areas of soils that are shallow, moderately strongly acid, unless the soil has been limed. Depth to deep, or deep; areas of surface mined soils having bedrock is more than 60 inches. vertical highwalls that are 20 to 80 feet or more in Most areas of this soil are used as wildlife habitat. height; small areas of rubble land on outslopes; and Reclaimed areas have been seeded to sericea areas of soils that have slopes of less than 35 percent lespedeza, fescue, birdsfoot trefoil, white pine, and or more than 75 percent. Inclusions make up about 25 scotch pine. The soil is not suited to cultivated crops, percent of the unit. hay, or pasture. The available water capacity is low to high in the The potential productivity for trees is low on this Kaymine soil. Permeability is moderate and soil. American sycamore, birch, and yellow-poplar are moderately rapid in the substratum. Runoff is very naturally invading some areas of the soil. None of the rapid. Natural fertility is medium or high. Reaction is trees in the unit are large enough to be harvested. moderately acid to neutral. Depth to bedrock is more Seedling mortality is a management concern. Planting than 60 inches. healthy seedlings that have a well developed root Most areas of this soil are used as wildlife habitat. system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner Reclaimed areas have been seeded to sericea in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the lespedeza, fescue, birdsfoot trefoil, or black locust. seedling mortality rate. The growth of native trees and Many areas are reverting to woodland. planted seedlings is slow because of the low fertility Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to level. cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for The slope and differential settling are the main pasture. The slope and the stones limit the use of farm limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank machinery. If the soil is pastured, the very severe absorption fields. Onsite investigation is necessary to hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and Webster County, West Virginia 37

overgrazing in pastured areas are the major areas of the well drained Gilpin soils and the management concerns. Proper stocking rates that moderately well drained Cotaco soils. Also included help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a are a few small areas of poorly drained soils, areas of rotation grazing system are the major management soils that do not have a channery surface layer, areas needs in pastured areas. where 1 to 3 percent of the surface is covered with The potential productivity for trees is moderately stones, and areas of soils that have slopes of less high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded. than 8 percent or more than 15 percent. Inclusions The soil is suited to both coniferous and deciduous make up about 25 percent of the unit. trees. Planted tree species commonly include black The available water capacity is low or moderate in locust and eastern white pine. Species that naturally the Laidig soil. Permeability is slow and moderately invade this soil include red maple, sassafras, sweet slow in the firm layers of the subsoil. Runoff is rapid. birch, cucumbertree, and hemlock. Seedling mortality Natural fertility is low. A seasonal high water table is at and plant competition are management concerns. a depth of about 2.5 to 4.0 feet. Reaction is extremely Planting healthy seedlings that have a well developed acid or very strongly acid, unless the soil has been root system and planting the seedlings in a timely limed. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. manner in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture seedling mortality rate. Intensive management is or as sites for community development. A few are used needed to keep undesirable plants from competing as woodland. with native plants and planted seedlings. Site This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and preparation following harvest and the establishment of pasture. The severe hazard of erosion in unprotected new forest cover as soon as possible help to control areas and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major plant competition. management concerns. If the soil is cultivated, The slope and the stones and boulders are the applying a system of conservation tillage, including main limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank hay in the conservation cropping sequence, and absorption fields. Onsite investigation is necessary to returning crop residue to the soil help to control determine if the limitations that affect urban uses can erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper stocking be overcome. If the vegetative cover is removed, rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and establishing a protective plant cover and installing a legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major surface drainage system help to control erosion and management needs in pastured areas. sedimentation. The potential productivity for trees is moderately The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded. ordination symbol is 4R. Tree species include yellow-poplar, red oak, white oak, and American beech. Plant competition is a LaC—Laidig channery silt loam, 8 to 15 management concern. Intensive management is percent slopes needed to keep undesirable plants from competing with native plants and planted seedlings. Site This soil is very deep, strongly sloping, and well preparation following harvest and the establishment of drained. It is on foot slopes and along drainageways, new forest cover as soon as possible help to control mainly in the southwestern part of the county. plant competition. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish The slope and low strength are limitations affecting brown channery silt loam about 4 inches thick. The the location of log landings. Locating log landings in subsoil extends to a depth of about 60 inches. The the included areas of less sloping soils helps to upper 8 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt overcome the slope. The formation of ruts is a severe loam. The next 8 inches is yellowish brown channery limitation during wet periods unless the surface is silt loam. The next 12 inches is yellowish brown strengthened by adding gravel. Leaving wide filter channery loam that has yellowish brown and strong strips beside streams and seeding log landings with brown mottles. The next 19 inches is yellowish brown grasses and legumes when they are no longer being very channery loam that has light gray and strong used help to control erosion and sedimentation. brown mottles. The lower 9 inches is yellowish brown The slope is a severe limitation on sites for and strong brown very channery loam that has pinkish playgrounds. The slope and the slow permeability in gray mottles. The substratum is strong brown very the subsoil are limitations in camp areas and picnic channery sandy clay loam about 5 inches thick. It has areas. Hiking trails can be built on this soil, but a yellowish brown mottles. surface drainage system is needed to help control Included with this soil in mapping are a few small erosion. 38 Soil Survey

The slope and the wetness are the main limitations the Laidig soil. Permeability is slow and moderately on sites for dwellings. The slow permeability and the slow in the firm layers of the subsoil. Runoff is rapid. wetness are the main limitations on sites for septic Natural fertility is low. A seasonal high water table is at tank absorption fields. Because of the slope, sites for a depth of about 2.5 to 4.0 feet. Reaction is extremely roads, dwellings, and other structures require acid or very strongly acid, unless the soil has been additional grading. Selecting included areas of less limed. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. sloping soils for development and designing dwellings Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture so that they conform to the natural slope of the land or as sites for community development. A few are used help to overcome the slope. Sealing foundation walls, as woodland. installing foundation drains, backfilling with porous This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It materials, and installing diversions that intercept water is better suited to hay and pasture. The severe hazard from the higher areas help to keep basements dry. of erosion in unprotected areas and overgrazing in Constructing the septic tank absorption field on the pastured areas are the major management concerns. contour, installing a larger than normal absorption If the soil is cultivated, applying a system of field, and installing diversions that intercept water from conservation tillage, including hay in the conservation the higher areas improve the capacity of the cropping sequence, growing crops in contour strips, absorption field to absorb effluent. If the vegetative and returning crop residue to the soil help to control cover is removed, establishing a protective plant cover erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper stocking and installing a surface drainage system help to rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and control erosion and sedimentation. legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland management needs in pastured areas. ordination symbol is 4A. The potential productivity for trees is moderately high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded. LaD—Laidig channery silt loam, 15 to 25 Tree species include yellow-poplar, red oak, white oak, percent slopes and American beech. Plant competition is a management concern. Intensive management is This soil is very deep, moderately steep, and well needed to keep undesirable plants from competing drained. It is on foot slopes and along drainageways, with native plants and planted seedlings. Site mainly in the southwestern part of the county. preparation following harvest and the establishment of Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish new forest cover as soon as possible help to control brown channery silt loam about 4 inches thick. The plant competition. subsoil extends to a depth of about 60 inches. The The slope is a severe limitation affecting the upper 8 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt location of log landings. Locating log landings in the loam. The next 8 inches is yellowish brown channery included areas of less sloping soils helps to overcome silt loam. The next 12 inches is yellowish brown the slope. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation channery loam that has yellowish brown and strong during wet periods unless the surface is strengthened brown mottles. The next 19 inches is yellowish brown by adding gravel. Leaving wide filter strips beside very channery loam that has light gray and strong streams and seeding log landings with grasses and brown mottles. The lower 9 inches is yellowish brown legumes when they are no longer being used help to and strong brown very channery loam that has pinkish control erosion and sedimentation. gray mottles. The substratum is strong brown very The slope is a severe limitation in camp areas and channery sandy clay loam about 5 inches thick. It has picnic areas and on playgrounds. Hiking trails can be yellowish brown mottles. built on this soil, but a surface drainage system is Included with this soil in mapping are a few small needed to help control erosion. areas of the well drained Gilpin and Pineville soils, well The slope is the main limitation on sites for drained Udorthents, and the moderately well drained dwellings. The slope, the slow permeability, and the Cotaco soils. Also included are a few small areas of wetness are the main limitations on sites for septic poorly drained soils, areas of soils that do not have a tank absorption fields. Because of the slope, sites for channery surface layer, areas where 1 to 3 percent of roads, dwellings, and other structures require the surface is covered with stones, and areas where additional grading. Selecting the included areas of less the slopes are less than 15 percent or more than 25 sloping soils for development and designing dwellings percent. Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the so that they conform to the natural slope of the land unit. help to overcome the slope. Sealing foundation walls, The available water capacity is low or moderate in installing foundation drains, backfilling with porous Webster County, West Virginia 39

materials, and installing diversions that intercept water Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few from the higher areas help to keep basements dry. have been cleared of trees and are used for hay or Constructing septic tank absorption fields in the pasture or as sites for community development. included areas of less sloping soils, installing a larger Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to than normal absorption field, constructing the cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for absorption area on the contour, and installing pasture. The stones limit the use of farm machinery. diversions that intercept water from the higher areas The severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas improve the capacity of the absorption field to absorb and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major effluent. If the vegetative cover is removed, management concerns. Proper stocking rates that establishing a protective plant cover and installing a help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a surface drainage system help to control erosion and rotation grazing system are the major management sedimentation. needs in pastured areas. The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland The potential productivity for trees is moderately ordination symbol is 4R. high on this soil. The stones and low strength are limitations affecting the construction of haul roads and LdC—Laidig channery silt loam, 3 to 15 skid roads. Building haul roads and skid roads in the percent slopes, extremely stony included areas of soils that are not so stony helps to overcome the stoniness. The stones, the low strength, This soil is very deep, gently sloping to strongly and the slope are limitations affecting the location of sloping, and well drained. It is on foot slopes, along log landings. Building log landings in the included drainageways, on benches, and in coves throughout areas of soils that are not so stony and are less the county. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter sloping helps to overcome the stoniness and the cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface of the soil. slope. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation on Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish haul roads, skid roads, and log landings unless the brown channery silt loam about 4 inches thick. The surface is strengthened by adding gravel. subsoil extends to a depth of about 60 inches. The Management practices that help to control erosion and upper 8 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt sedimentation include constructing haul roads and loam. The next 8 inches is yellowish brown channery skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; silt loam. The next 12 inches is yellowish brown installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; channery loam that has yellowish brown and strong leaving wide filter strips beside streams; and seeding brown mottles. The next 19 inches is yellowish brown roads and landings to grasses and legumes when they very channery loam that has light gray and strong are no longer being used. brown mottles. The lower 9 inches is yellowish brown The dominant plant communities in the overstory on and strong brown very channery loam that has pinkish this soil are red oak, sugar maple, American beech, gray mottles. The substratum is strong brown very and yellow-poplar. The dominant plant communities in channery sandy clay loam about 5 inches thick. It has the understory are sugar maple and American beech. yellowish brown mottles. The dominant plant community in the ground cover is Included with this soil in mapping are a few small ferns. areas of the well drained Gilpin and Pineville soils, well The stoniness is a severe limitation affecting drained Udorthents, and the moderately well drained recreational development. Hiking trails can be built on Cotaco soils. Also included are a few small areas this soil, but a surface drainage system is needed to where less than 3 percent or more than 15 percent of help control erosion. the surface is covered with stones and areas of soils The slope and the wetness are the main limitations that have slopes of more than 15 percent. Inclusions on sites for dwellings. The slow permeability and the make up about 20 percent of the unit. wetness are the main limitations on sites for septic The available water capacity is low or moderate in tank absorption fields. Because of the slope, sites for the Laidig soil. Permeability is slow and moderately roads, dwellings, and other structures require slow in the firm layers of the subsoil. Runoff is medium additional grading. Selecting the included areas of less or rapid. Natural fertility is low. A seasonal high water sloping soils for development and designing dwellings table is at a depth of about 2.5 to 4.0 feet. Reaction is so that they conform to the natural slope of the land extremely acid or very strongly acid, unless the soil help to overcome the slope. Sealing foundation walls, has been limed. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 installing foundation drains, backfilling with porous inches. materials, and installing diversions that intercept water 40 Soil Survey

from the higher areas help to keep basements dry. have been cleared of trees and are used as pasture or Constructing the septic tank absorption field on the as sites for community development. contour, installing a larger than normal absorption Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to field, and installing diversions to intercept water from cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for the higher areas improve the capacity of the pasture. The slope and the stones limit the use of farm absorption field to absorb effluent. If the vegetative machinery. The very severe hazard of erosion in cover is removed, establishing a protective plant cover unprotected areas and overgrazing in pastured areas and installing a surface drainage system help to are the major management concerns. Proper stocking control erosion and sedimentation. rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland legumes and a rotation grazing system are the major ordination symbol is 4A. management needs in pastured areas. The potential productivity for trees is moderately high on this soil. The slope is a limitation affecting the LdE—Laidig channery silt loam, 15 to 35 operability of equipment and the location of log percent slopes, extremely stony landings. The slope, the stones, and low strength are limitations affecting the construction of haul roads and This soil is very deep, moderately steep and steep, skid roads. Building haul roads and skid roads in the and well drained. It is on foot slopes, along included areas of less sloping soils helps to overcome drainageways, and on benches throughout the county. the slope. Building haul roads and skid roads in the Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 3 to included areas of soils that are not so stony helps to 15 percent of the surface of the soil. overcome the stoniness. The formation of ruts is a Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log brown channery silt loam about 4 inches thick. The landings unless the surface is strengthened by adding subsoil extends to a depth of about 60 inches. The gravel. The hazard of erosion is moderate. upper 8 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt Management practices that help to control erosion and loam. The next 8 inches is yellowish brown channery sedimentation include constructing haul roads and silt loam. The next 12 inches is yellowish brown skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; channery loam that has yellowish brown and strong installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; brown mottles. The next 19 inches is yellowish brown leaving wide filter strips beside streams; and seeding very channery loam that has light gray and strong roads and landings to grasses and legumes when they brown mottles. The lower 9 inches is yellowish brown are no longer being used. and strong brown very channery loam that has pinkish The dominant plant communities in the overstory on gray mottles. The substratum is strong brown very this soil are red oak, white oak, yellow-poplar, channery sandy clay loam about 5 inches thick. It has American beech, and sugar maple. The dominant yellowish brown mottles. plant communities in the understory are sugar maple, Included with this soil in mapping are a few small American beech, and rhododendron. The dominant areas of the well drained Dekalb, Gilpin, Guyandotte, plant community in the ground cover is ferns. and Pineville soils and well drained Udorthents. Also The slope and the stones are severe limitations included are a few small areas of moderately well affecting recreational development. The 15 to 25 drained soils, areas where less than 3 percent or more percent slope is a moderate limitation on hiking trails. than 15 percent of the surface is covered with stones, Trails can be built on this soil, but a surface drainage and areas where the slopes are less than 15 percent system is needed to help control erosion. or more than 35 percent. Inclusions make up about 20 The slope is the main limitation on sites for percent of the unit. dwellings. The slope, the slow permeability, and the The available water capacity is low or moderate in wetness are the main limitations on sites for septic the Laidig soil. Permeability is slow and moderately tank absorption fields. This soil generally is not suited slow in the firm layers of the subsoil. Runoff is rapid or to most urban uses. A suitable alternative site should very rapid. Natural fertility is low. A seasonal high be selected. If the vegetative cover is removed, water table is at a depth of about 2.5 to 4.0 feet. establishing a protective plant cover and installing a Reaction is extremely acid or very strongly acid, surface drainage system help to control erosion and unless the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock is sedimentation. more than 60 inches. The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few ordination symbol is 4R. Webster County, West Virginia 41

LgE—Laidig channery silt loam, 8 to 35 in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the percent slopes, rubbly seedling mortality rate. Intensive management is needed to keep undesirable plants from competing This soil is very deep, strongly sloping to steep, and with native plants and planted seedlings. Site well drained. It is on foot slopes, along drainageways, preparation following harvest and the establishment of on benches, and on head slopes near mountaintops, new forest cover as soon as possible help to control mainly in the eastern half of the county. Stones that plant competition. are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 15 to 75 percent The slope and the stones and boulders are of the surface of the soil. limitations affecting the operability of equipment and Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish the location of log landings on this soil. Building log brown channery silt loam about 4 inches thick. The landings in the included areas of soils that are not so subsoil extends to a depth of about 60 inches. The stony and are less sloping helps to overcome these upper 8 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt limitations. The stones and boulders are severe loam. The next 8 inches is yellowish brown channery limitations affecting the construction of haul roads and silt loam. The next 12 inches is yellowish brown skid roads. Building haul roads and skid roads in the channery loam that has yellowish brown and strong included areas of soils that are not so stony helps to brown mottles. The next 19 inches is yellowish brown overcome the stoniness. The formation of ruts is a very channery loam that has light gray and strong severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log brown mottles. The lower 9 inches is yellowish brown landings unless the surface is strengthened by adding and strong brown very channery loam that has pinkish gravel. The hazard of erosion is moderate. gray mottles. The substratum is strong brown very Management practices that help to control erosion and channery sandy clay loam about 5 inches thick. It has sedimentation include constructing haul roads and yellowish brown mottles. skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; Included with this soil in mapping are a few small installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; areas of the well drained Craigsville, Gilpin, leaving wide filter strips beside streams; and seeding Guyandotte, Mandy, and Pineville soils and well roads and landings to grasses and legumes when they drained Udorthents. Also included are a few small are no longer being used. areas of moderately well drained to poorly drained The dominant plant communities in the overstory on soils, areas having seeps and springs, areas of soils this soil are yellow-poplar, basswood, red oak, sugar where the content of rock fragments in the control maple, hemlock, and sweet birch. The dominant plant section is more than 35 percent, areas where less communities in the understory are rhododendron, than 15 percent of the surface is covered with stones American beech, and sweet birch, and those in the and boulders, and areas of soils that have slopes of ground cover are ferns and nettles. less than 8 percent. Inclusions make up about 25 The slope and the stones and boulders are severe percent of the unit. limitations affecting recreational development. They The available water capacity is low or moderate in are also the main limitations on sites for dwellings. The the Laidig soil. Permeability is slow and moderately wetness, the slow permeability, the slope, and the slow in the firm layers of the subsoil. Runoff is rapid or stones and boulders are the main limitations on sites very rapid. Natural fertility is low. A seasonal high for septic tank absorption fields. In areas where stones water table is at a depth of about 2.5 to 4.0 feet. and boulders cover 50 percent or more of the surface, Reaction is extremely acid or very strongly acid, excavating and disposing of large fragments is difficult. unless the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock is If the vegetative cover is removed, establishing a more than 60 inches. protective plant cover and installing a surface drainage All areas of this soil are used as woodland. The soil system help to control erosion and sedimentation. This is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to soil generally is not suited to most urban uses. A manage for pasture. The slope and the stones and suitable alternative site should be selected. boulders limit the use of farm machinery. The very The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas is a ordination symbol is 4R. major management concern. The potential productivity for trees is moderately MaC—Mandy channery silt loam, 3 to 15 high on this soil. Seedling mortality and plant percent slopes, extremely stony competition are management concerns. Planting healthy seedlings that have a well developed root This soil is gently sloping to strongly sloping and is system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner well drained. It is on ridgetops in the southeastern and 42 Soil Survey

eastern parts of the county. It generally is at elevations skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; of more than 3,400 feet. Stones that are 10 to 24 installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and inches in diameter cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes of the soil. when they are no longer being used. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery The dominant plant communities in the overstory on silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a this soil are American beech, yellow birch, black depth of about 24 inches. The upper 5 inches is dark cherry, red maple, sugar maple, mountain magnolia, yellowish brown channery silt loam. The lower 17 cucumbertree magnolia, and hemlock. The dominant inches is yellowish brown very channery silt loam. The plant communities in the understory are American substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt beech, striped maple, red maple, fire cherry, yellow loam about 10 inches thick. Weathered siltstone birch, and sugar maple, and those in the ground cover bedrock is at a depth of about 34 inches. are greenbrier, ferns, and clubmoss. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small The stoniness is a severe limitation in camp areas areas of the well drained Gauley soils and the and picnic areas and on playgrounds. Hiking trails can moderately well drained Simoda and Snowdog soils. be built on this soil, but a surface drainage system is Also included are a few small areas of soils where the needed to help control erosion. content of rock fragments in the control section is less The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main than 35 percent and areas where less than 3 percent limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank of the surface is covered with stones. Inclusions make absorption fields. In places the bedrock hinders up about 20 percent of the unit. excavation, even though it generally is rippable. If the The available water capacity is very low or low in vegetative cover is removed, establishing a protective the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate. Runoff is plant cover and installing a surface drainage system medium or rapid. Natural fertility is low. Reaction is help to control erosion and sedimentation. Because extremely acid or very strongly acid, unless the soil this soil is located in the Monongahela National Forest, has been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to the potential for urban development is limited. 40 inches. The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. They ordination symbol is 4A. are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soil has low potential for any development other than MaE—Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to 35 woodland. percent slopes, extremely stony Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep and pasture. The stones limit the use of farm machinery. steep, and well drained. It is on ridgetops and side The severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas is slopes in the southeastern and eastern parts of the a major management concern. county. It generally is at elevations of more than 3,400 The potential productivity for trees is moderately feet. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover high on this soil. Plant competition is a management 3 to 15 percent of the surface of the soil. concern. Intensive management is needed to keep Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery undesirable plants from competing with native plants silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a and planted seedlings. Site preparation following depth of about 24 inches. The upper 5 inches is dark harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as yellowish brown channery silt loam. The lower 17 soon as possible help to control plant competition. inches is yellowish brown very channery silt loam. The The stones and the depth to bedrock are limitations substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt affecting the construction of haul roads and skid roads loam about 10 inches thick. Weathered siltstone on this soil. The stones, the depth to bedrock, and the bedrock is at a depth of about 34 inches. slope are limitations affecting the location of log Included with this soil in mapping are a few small landings. Building haul roads and skid roads in the areas of the well drained Gauley and Laidig soils and included areas of soils that are not so stony and are the moderately well drained Snowdog soils. Also less sloping helps to overcome the stoniness and the included are a few small areas of soils that are more slope. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation on than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas of soils haul roads, skid roads, and log landings unless the where the content of rock fragments in the control surface is strengthened by adding gravel. section is less than 35 percent, areas where less than Management practices that help to control erosion and 3 percent of the surface is covered with stones, and sedimentation include constructing haul roads and areas where the slopes are less than 15 percent or Webster County, West Virginia 43

more than 35 percent. Inclusions make up about 20 The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main percent of the unit. limitations on sites for dwellings and septic tank The available water capacity is very low or low in absorption fields. In places the bedrock hinders the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate. Runoff is excavation, even though it generally is rippable. If the rapid or very rapid. Natural fertility is low. Reaction is vegetative cover is removed, establishing a protective extremely acid or very strongly acid, unless the soil plant cover and installing a surface drainage system has been limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to help to control erosion and sedimentation. Because 40 inches. this soil is located in the Monongahela National Forest, Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. They the potential for urban development is limited. are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soil has The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland low potential for any development other than ordination symbol is 4R. woodland. Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for MaF—Mandy channery silt loam, 35 to 55 pasture. The slope and the stones limit the use of farm percent slopes, extremely stony machinery. The very severe hazard of erosion is a major management concern in unprotected areas. This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well The potential productivity for trees is moderately drained. It is on side slopes and benches in the high on this soil. Plant competition is a management southeastern and eastern parts of the county. It concern. Intensive management is needed to keep generally is at elevations of more than 3,400 feet. undesirable plants from competing with native plants Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 3 to and planted seedlings. Site preparation following 15 percent of the surface of the soil. harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery soon as possible help to control plant competition. silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a The slope is a limitation affecting the operability of depth of about 24 inches. The upper 5 inches is dark equipment and the location of log landings on this soil. yellowish brown channery silt loam. The lower 17 The slope, the stones, and the depth to bedrock are inches is yellowish brown very channery silt loam. The limitations affecting the construction of haul roads and substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt skid roads. Building haul roads, skid roads, and log loam about 10 inches thick. Weathered siltstone landings in the included areas of soils that are not so bedrock is at a depth of about 34 inches. stony and are less sloping helps to overcome the Included with this soil in mapping are a few small stoniness and the slope. The formation of ruts is a areas of the well drained Gauley and Laidig soils and severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log the moderately well drained Snowdog soils. Also landings unless the surface is strengthened by adding included are a few small areas of soils that are more gravel. The hazard of erosion is moderate. than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas of soils Management practices that help to control erosion and where the content of rock fragments in the control sedimentation include constructing haul roads and section is less than 35 percent, areas where less than skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; 3 percent of the surface is covered with stones, and installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; and areas of soils that have slopes of less than 35 percent seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes or more than 55 percent. Inclusions make up about 25 when they are no longer being used. percent of the unit. The dominant plant communities in the overstory on The available water capacity is very low or low in this soil are American beech, yellow birch, black the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate in the cherry, red maple, sugar maple, mountain magnolia, subsoil. Runoff is very rapid. Natural fertility is low. cucumbertree magnolia, and hemlock. The dominant Reaction is extremely acid or very strongly acid, plant communities in the understory are American unless the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock beech, striped maple, red maple, fire cherry, yellow ranges from 20 to 40 inches. birch, and sugar maple, and those in the ground cover Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. They are greenbrier, ferns, and clubmoss. are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soil has The slope and the stones are severe limitations low potential for any development other than affecting recreational development. The 15 to 25 woodland. percent slope is a moderate limitation on hiking trails. Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to Trails can be built on this soil, but a surface drainage cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for system is needed to help control erosion. pasture. The slope and the stones limit the use of farm 44 Soil Survey

machinery. The very severe hazard of erosion in inches in diameter cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface unprotected areas is a major management concern. of the soil. The potential productivity for trees is moderately Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery high on this soil. Plant competition is a management silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a concern. Intensive management is needed to keep depth of about 24 inches. The upper 5 inches is dark undesirable plants from competing with native plants yellowish brown channery silt loam. The lower 17 and planted seedlings. Site preparation following inches is yellowish brown very channery silt loam. The harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt soon as possible help to control plant competition. loam about 10 inches thick. Weathered siltstone The slope is a severe limitation affecting the bedrock is at a depth of about 34 inches. operability of equipment and the construction of haul Included with this soil in mapping are a few small roads, skid roads, and log landings on this soil. areas of soils that are more than 40 inches deep over Building haul roads and skid roads in the included bedrock, areas of soils where the content of rock areas of the less sloping soils helps to overcome the fragments in the control section is less than 35 slope. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation on percent, areas where less than 3 percent of the haul roads, skid roads, and log landings unless the surface is covered with stones, and areas of soils that surface is strengthened by adding gravel. The hazard have slopes of less than 55 percent. Inclusions make of erosion is severe. Management practices that help up about 15 percent of the unit. to control erosion and sedimentation include The available water capacity is very low or low in constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate in the grade across the slope; installing dips, ditches, water subsoil. Runoff is very rapid. Natural fertility is low. bars, and culverts; and seeding roads and landings to Reaction is extremely acid or very strongly acid, grasses and legumes when they are no longer being unless the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock used. ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The dominant plant communities in the overstory on All areas of this soil are used as woodland. They this soil are American beech, yellow birch, black are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soil has cherry, red maple, sugar maple, mountain magnolia, low potential for any development other than cucumbertree magnolia, and hemlock. The dominant woodland. plant communities in the understory are American Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to beech, striped maple, red maple, fire cherry, yellow cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for birch, and sugar maple, and those in the ground cover pasture. The slope and the stones limit the use of farm are greenbrier, ferns, and clubmoss. machinery. The very severe hazard of erosion in The slope and the stones are severe limitations unprotected areas is a major management concern. affecting recreational development. The slope and the The potential productivity for trees is moderately depth to bedrock are the main limitations on sites for high on this soil. Plant competition is a management dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. In places concern. Intensive management is needed to keep the bedrock hinders excavation, even though it undesirable plants from competing with native plants generally is rippable. If the vegetative cover is and planted seedlings. Site preparation following removed, establishing a protective plant cover and harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as installing a surface drainage system help to control soon as possible help to control plant competition. erosion and sedimentation. Because this soil is The slope is a severe limitation affecting the located in the Monongahela National Forest, the operability of equipment and the construction of haul potential for urban development is limited. roads, skid roads, and log landings on this soil. The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland Building haul roads and skid roads in the included ordination symbol is 4R. areas of the less sloping soils helps to overcome the slope. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings unless the MaG—Mandy channery silt loam, 55 to 70 surface is strengthened by adding gravel. The hazard percent slopes, extremely stony of erosion is severe. Management practices that help to control erosion and sedimentation include This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle drained. It is on side slopes in the southeastern and grade across the slope; installing dips, ditches, water eastern parts of the county. It generally is at elevations bars, and culverts; and seeding roads and landings to of more than 3,400 feet. Stones that are 10 to 24 grasses and legumes when they are no longer being Webster County, West Virginia 45

used. Conventional skidder logging techniques are not Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid, unless recommended on slopes of more than 55 percent. the soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock is more than Specialized equipment or management techniques, 60 inches. such as cable yarding, are needed when timber is Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. A few harvested in these areas. have been cleared of trees and are used for hay or The dominant plant communities in the overstory on pasture. this soil are American beech, yellow birch, black Because of the stones, this soil is not suited to cherry, red maple, sugar maple, mountain magnolia, cultivated crops or hay and is difficult to manage for cucumbertree magnolia, and hemlock. The dominant pasture. The slope and the stones limit the use of farm plant communities in the understory are American machinery. The very severe hazard of erosion in beech, striped maple, red maple, fire cherry, yellow unprotected areas is a major management concern. birch, and sugar maple, and those in the ground cover The potential productivity for trees is moderately are greenbrier, ferns, and clubmoss. high on this soil. Plant competition is a management The slope and the stones are severe limitations concern. Intensive management is needed to keep affecting recreational development. The slope and the undesirable plants from competing with native plants depth to bedrock are the main limitations on sites for and planted seedlings. Site preparation following dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. In places harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as the bedrock hinders excavation, even though it soon as possible help to control plant competition. generally is rippable. If the vegetative cover is The slope is a limitation affecting the operability of removed, establishing a protective plant cover and equipment and the location of log landings on this soil. installing a surface drainage system help to control The slope, the stones, and low strength are limitations erosion and sedimentation. Because this soil is affecting the construction of haul roads and skid roads. located in the Monongahela National Forest, the Building haul roads, skid roads, and log landings in the potential for urban development is limited. included areas of soils that are not so stony and are The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland less sloping helps to overcome the stoniness and the ordination symbol is 4R. slope. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings unless the MkE—Meckesville silt loam, 15 to 35 surface is strengthened by adding gravel. The hazard percent slopes, extremely stony of erosion is moderate. Management practices that help to control erosion and sedimentation include This soil is very deep, moderately steep and steep, constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle and well drained. It is on foot slopes and benches in grade across the slope; installing dips, ditches, water the central part of the county. Stones that are 10 to 24 bars, and culverts; leaving wide filter strips beside inches in diameter cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface streams; and seeding roads and landings to grasses of the soil. and legumes when they are no longer being used. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam The dominant plant communities in the overstory on about 3 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of this soil are yellow-poplar, American beech, black about 65 inches. The upper 12 inches is reddish brown birch, sugar maple, and red oak. The dominant plant silt loam. The next 14 inches is yellowish red silt loam. communities in the understory are fire cherry, The next 7 inches is yellowish red channery silt loam. dogwood, yellow-poplar, and American beech, and The lower 29 inches is reddish brown channery loam those in the ground cover are Boston fern, trout lily, that has reddish gray and strong brown mottles. witchhazel, and blue beech. Included with this soil in mapping are a few small The slope and the stones are severe limitations areas of the well drained Cateache, Laidig, and affecting recreational development. The 15 to 25 Shouns soils. Also included are a few small areas percent slope is a moderate limitation on hiking trails. where less than 3 percent of the surface is covered Trails can be built on this soil, but a surface drainage with stones and areas of soils that have slopes of less system is needed to help control erosion. than 15 percent. Inclusions make up about 15 percent The slope is the main limitation on sites for of the unit. dwellings. The slope, the wetness, and the moderately The available water capacity is moderate in the slow permeability are the main limitations on sites for Meckesville soil. Permeability is moderately slow in the septic tank absorption fields. If the vegetative cover is lower, firm part of the subsoil. Runoff is rapid or very removed, establishing a protective plant cover and rapid. Natural fertility is medium. A seasonal high installing a surface drainage system help to control water table is at a depth of about 2.5 to 4.0 feet. erosion and sedimentation. This soil generally is not 46 Soil Survey

suited to most urban uses. A suitable alternative site crops, hay, or pasture or as sites for community should be selected. development. A few are used as woodland. The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland These soils are suited to cultivated crops, hay, and ordination symbol is 5R. pasture. Applying a system of conservation tillage, including hay in the conservation cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the soils help to maintain Pe—Philo-Pope complex fertility and tilth in cultivated areas. In places crops are subject to damage caused by flooding. Proper This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level, stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses well drained and moderately well drained soils on and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the narrow flood plains along low gradient streams. It is major management needs in pastured areas. mostly in the western part of the county. It is subject to The potential productivity is moderately high or high occasional flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. for trees on these soils, but only a small acreage is The unit is about 50 percent Philo soil and 35 percent wooded. Tree species include American beech, sugar Pope soil. The soils occur as areas so intermingled maple, yellow birch, and black cherry. Plant that it was not practical to map them separately. competition is a management concern. Intensive Typically, the surface layer of the Philo soil is very management is needed to keep undesirable plants dark grayish brown loam about 9 inches thick. The from competing with native plants and planted subsoil extends to a depth of about 30 inches. The seedlings. Site preparation following harvest and the upper 9 inches is dark yellowish brown loam. The establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible lower 12 inches is dark yellowish brown loam that has help to control plant competition. grayish brown and strong brown mottles. The Some areas of these soils are used as log landings. substratum extends to a depth of about 65 inches. The The formation of ruts is a severe limitation unless the upper 6 inches is dark brown sandy loam that has surface is strengthened by adding gravel. Leaving yellowish red and grayish brown mottles. The lower 29 wide filter strips beside streams and seeding grasses inches is dark yellowish brown very gravelly sandy and legumes on landings when they are no longer loam that has grayish brown and strong brown being used help to control erosion and sedimentation. mottles. The flooding is a severe limitation in camp areas on Typically, the surface layer of the Pope soil is dark these soils. The wetness limits the development of grayish brown loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil picnic areas on the Philo soil. The flooding and the extends to a depth of about 47 inches. The upper 11 wetness limit the development of playgrounds on both inches is dark yellowish brown loam. The lower 32 soils. No major limitations affect the development of inches is dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The hiking trails. substratum is dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam The flooding is the main limitation of these soils on about 18 inches thick. sites for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. Included with these soils in mapping are a few small The wetness is an additional limitation on the Philo areas of the somewhat excessively drained Potomac soil. If the vegetative cover is removed from either soil, soils, the well drained Chavies and Craigsville soils, establishing a protective plant cover in unprotected the moderately well drained Cotaco soils, and the areas and installing a surface drainage system help to poorly drained Atkins and Elkins soils. Also included control erosion and sedimentation. The soils are poorly are a few small areas of soils that have a thin surface suited to dwellings and septic tank absorption fields layer. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. unless they are protected from flooding. A suitable The available water capacity is moderate or high in alternative site should be selected. the Philo and Pope soils. Permeability is moderate in The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland the subsoil of the Philo soil and moderate and ordination symbol is 5A in areas of the Philo soil and moderately rapid in the subsoil of the Pope soil. Runoff 4A in areas of the Pope soil. is slow on both soils. Natural fertility is medium. The Philo soil has a seasonal high water table at a depth of PgG—Pineville-Gilpin complex, 55 to 70 about 1.5 to 3.0 feet. The water table restricts the percent slopes, extremely stony rooting depth of some plants. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid in the Philo soil and extremely This map unit consists of very deep and moderately acid to strongly acid in the Pope soil. Depth to bedrock deep, very steep, well drained soils on mountain side is more than 60 inches in both soils. slopes in the Monongahela National Forest, mainly Most areas of these soils are used for cultivated along the Cranberry and Williams Rivers. The soils Webster County, West Virginia 47

occur as areas so intermingled that it was not practical preparation following harvest and the establishment to map them separately. The unit is about 40 percent of new forest cover as soon as possible help to Pineville soil and 35 percent Gilpin soil. Stones that control plant competition. Seedling mortality is a are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 3 to 15 percent management concern on south aspects. Planting of the surface of the unit. healthy seedlings that have a well developed root Typically, the surface layer of the Pineville soil is system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner very dark brown channery loam about 5 inches thick. in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the The subsoil extends to a depth of about 50 inches. The seedling mortality rate. upper 31 inches is yellowish brown channery loam. The slope is a severe limitation affecting the The lower 14 inches is yellowish brown very channery operability of equipment and the construction of haul loam. The substratum is yellowish brown very roads, skid roads, and log landings on these soils. channery loam about 15 inches thick. Building haul roads, skid roads, and log landings in the Typically, the surface layer of the Gilpin soil is very included areas of the less sloping soils helps to dark grayish brown silt loam about 2 inches thick. The overcome the slope. The formation of ruts is a severe subsoil extends to a depth of about 26 inches. It is limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings yellowish brown channery silt loam. The substratum is unless the surface is strengthened by adding gravel. yellowish brown channery silt loam about 10 inches The hazard of erosion is severe. Management thick. Sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 36 practices that help to control erosion and inches. sedimentation include constructing haul roads and Included with these soils in mapping are a few small skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; areas of the well drained Dekalb and Laidig soils. Also installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; included are a few small areas of soils where more leaving wide filter strips beside streams; and seeding than 15 percent of the surface is covered with stones roads and landings to grasses and legumes when they and boulders, areas of soils that are 40 to 60 inches are no longer being used. Conventional skidder deep over bedrock, and areas of soils that have slopes logging techniques are not recommended on slopes of of less than 55 percent. Inclusions make up about 25 more than 55 percent. Specialized equipment or percent of the unit. management techniques, such as cable yarding, are The available water capacity is moderate or high in needed when timber is harvested in these areas. the Pineville soil and moderate in the Gilpin soil. The dominant plant communities in the overstory on Permeability is moderate in the subsoil of both soils. the Pineville soil are red oak, yellow-poplar, American Runoff is very rapid. Natural fertility is medium. beech, white oak, and sugar maple. The dominant Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the plant communities in the understory are American Pineville soil and extremely acid to strongly acid in the beech, red maple, sweet birch, dogwood, and Gilpin soil. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches in serviceberry, and those in the ground cover are ferns the Pineville soil and ranges from 20 to 40 inches in and greenbrier. The dominant plant communities in the the Gilpin soil. overstory on the Gilpin soil are red oak, hickory, All areas of these soils are used as woodland. They scarlet oak, chestnut oak, white oak, and American are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soils beech. The dominant plant communities in the have low potential for any development other than understory are American beech, red maple, sassafras, woodland. mountain laurel, dogwood, and serviceberry, and These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay those in the ground cover are ferns and greenbrier. and are difficult to manage for pasture. The slope and The slope and the stones are severe limitations the stones limit the use of farm machinery. The very affecting recreational development. The slope is the severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and main limitation on sites for dwellings and septic tank overgrazing in pastured areas are the major absorption fields. The depth to bedrock is an additional management concerns. Proper stocking rates that limitation on the Gilpin soil. In places the bedrock help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a underlying the Gilpin soil hinders excavation, even rotation grazing system are the major management though it generally is rippable. If the vegetative cover is needs in pastured areas. removed from either soil, establishing a protective The potential productivity is moderately high for plant cover and installing a surface drainage system trees on these soils. Plant competition is a help to control erosion and sedimentation. Because management concern. Intensive management is these soils are located in the Monongahela National needed to keep undesirable plants from competing Forest, the potential for urban development is limited. with native plants and planted seedlings. Site The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland 48 Soil Survey

ordination symbol is 5R in areas of the Pineville soil drainageways and below rock outcrops where more and 4R in areas of the Gilpin soil. than 15 percent of the surface is covered with stones and boulders. Inclusions make up about 25 of PLF—Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte the unit. association, very steep, extremely The available water capacity is moderate or high in stony the Pineville soil, moderate in the Gilpin soil, and low to high in the Guyandotte soil. Permeability is This map unit consists of very deep and moderately moderate in the subsoil of the Pineville and Gilpin soils deep, well drained soils on mountain side slopes in the and moderate and moderately rapid in the subsoil of western half of the county. Slopes are long, and the the Guyandotte soil. Runoff is very rapid on all three landscape is deeply dissected by numerous soils. Natural fertility is medium. Unless the soils have drainageways. The unit is about 35 percent Pineville been limed, the Pineville soil is very strongly acid or and similar soils, 25 percent Gilpin and similar soils, strongly acid, the Gilpin soil is extremely acid to and 15 percent Guyandotte and similar soils. Typically, strongly acid, and the Guyandotte soil is very strongly the Pineville soil is on middle and lower side slopes acid to neutral in the surface layer and very strongly and in south-facing coves; the Gilpin soil is on convex, acid to moderately acid in the subsoil and substratum. upper and middle side slopes; and the Guyandotte soil The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches in the is in north-facing coves and on the upper and middle, Pineville and Guyandotte soils and is 20 to 40 inches north-facing side slopes. Stones that are 10 to 24 in the Gilpin soil. inches in diameter cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface Most areas of these soils are used as woodland. A of the unit. Slope generally ranges from 35 to 70 few have been cleared of trees and are used as percent. pasture. Typically, the surface layer of the Pineville soil is These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay very dark brown channery loam about 5 inches thick. and are difficult to manage for pasture. The slope and The subsoil extends to a depth of about 50 inches. The the stones limit the use of farm machinery. The very upper 31 inches is yellowish brown channery loam. severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and The lower 14 inches is yellowish brown very channery overgrazing in pastured areas are the major loam. The substratum is yellowish brown very management concerns. Proper stocking rates that channery loam about 15 inches thick. help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a Typically, the surface layer of the Gilpin soil is very rotation grazing system are the major management dark grayish brown silt loam about 2 inches thick. The needs in pastured areas. subsoil is yellowish brown channery silt loam about 24 The potential productivity is moderately high for inches thick. The substratum is yellowish brown trees on these soils. Plant competition is a channery silt loam about 10 inches thick. Sandstone management concern. Intensive management is bedrock is at a depth of about 36 inches. needed to keep undesirable plants from competing Typically, the surface layer of the Guyandotte soil is with native plants and planted seedlings. Site black and very dark grayish brown channery silt loam preparation following harvest and the establishment of about 19 inches thick. The subsoil is dark yellowish new forest cover as soon as possible help to control brown very channery silt loam about 36 inches thick. plant competition. Seedling mortality is a management The substratum is dark yellowish brown extremely concern on the Guyandotte soil and on south aspects channery loam about 10 inches thick. of the Pineville and Gilpin soils. Planting healthy Included with these soils in mapping are the well seedlings that have a well developed root system and drained Laidig soils on foot slopes and the lower side planting the seedlings in a timely manner in order to slopes; the well drained Dekalb soils on ridgetops, benefit from spring rains reduce the seedling mortality shoulder slopes, and nose slopes; and the well rate. drained Craigsville soils and the somewhat The slope is a severe limitation affecting the excessively drained Potomac soils at the mouth of operability of equipment and the construction of haul hollows and on narrow flood plains. Also included are roads, skid roads, and log landings on these soils. small areas of rock outcrop on ridgetops and side Building haul roads and skid roads in the included slopes, areas of soils on ridgetops where the slopes areas of the less sloping soils helps to overcome the are less than 35 percent, small areas of soils that are slope. Rock outcrop hinders construction in some 40 to 60 inches deep over bedrock on shoulder slopes areas. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation on and side slopes, and small areas in coves and haul roads, skid roads, and log landings unless the Webster County, West Virginia 49

surface is strengthened by adding gravel. The hazard Po—Pope loam of erosion is severe. Management practices that help to control erosion and sedimentation include This soil is very deep, nearly level, and well drained. constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle It is on flood plains along high gradient streams grade across the slope; installing dips, ditches, water throughout the county. It is subject to occasional bars, and culverts; leaving wide filter strips beside flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. streams; and seeding roads and landings to grasses Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown and legumes when they are no longer being used. loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a Conventional skidder logging techniques are not depth of about 47 inches. The upper 11 inches is dark recommended on slopes of more than 55 percent. yellowish brown loam. The lower 32 inches is dark Specialized equipment or management techniques, yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The substratum is such as cable yarding, are needed when timber is dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 18 inches harvested in these areas. thick. The dominant plant communities in the overstory on Included with this soil in mapping are a few small the Pineville soil are red oak, yellow-poplar, American areas of the somewhat excessively drained Potomac beech, black oak, white oak, and sugar maple. The soils, the well drained Chavies soils, the moderately dominant plant communities in the understory are well drained Philo soils, and the poorly drained Atkins American beech, red maple, sweet birch, dogwood, soils. Also included are a few small areas of sand and and serviceberry, and those in the ground cover are gravel bars immediately adjacent to the streams. ferns, greenbrier, mayapple, bloodroot, trillium, and Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit. spikenard. The dominant plant communities in the The available water capacity is moderate or high in overstory on the Gilpin soil are red oak, hickory, the Pope soil. Permeability is moderate and scarlet oak, chestnut oak, white oak, and American moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is slow. Natural beech. The dominant plant communities in the fertility is medium. Reaction is extremely acid to understory are American beech, red maple, sassafras, strongly acid, unless the soil has been limed. Depth to mountain laurel, dogwood, and serviceberry, and bedrock is more than 60 inches. those in the ground cover are ferns, greenbrier, false Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. Some Solomons seal, clintonia, white baneberry, and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture or as sarsaparilla. The dominant plant communities in the sites for community development. overstory on the Guyandotte soil are red oak, yellow- This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and poplar, basswood, cucumbertree, sugar maple, black pasture. If the soil is cultivated, applying a system of locust, black cherry, and white ash. The dominant plant conservation tillage, including hay in the conservation communities in the understory are sugar maple, cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the American beech, sweet birch, and dogwood, and soil help to improve the water-holding capacity and those in the ground cover are ferns, blue cohosh, maintain fertility and tilth. In places crops are subject stinging nettles, ginseng, Dutchmans breeches, to damage caused by flooding. Proper stocking rates bloodroot, trillium, and spikenard. that help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes The slope and the stones are severe limitations and a rotation grazing system are the major affecting recreational development. The slope is the management needs in pastured areas. main limitation on sites for dwellings and septic tank The potential productivity for trees is moderately absorption fields. The depth to bedrock is an additional high on this soil. Plant competition is a management limitation on the Gilpin soil. In places the bedrock concern. Intensive management is needed to keep hinders excavation, even though it generally is undesirable plants from competing with native plants rippable. If the vegetative cover is removed from these and planted seedlings. Site preparation following soils, establishing a protective plant cover and harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as installing a surface drainage system help to control soon as possible help to control plant competition. erosion and sedimentation. The soils generally are not The flooding is a hazard affecting the operability of suited to most urban uses. A suitable alternative site equipment on this soil. Low strength and the flooding should be selected. are limitations affecting the construction of haul roads, The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland skid roads, and log landings. Building haul roads, skid ordination symbol is 5R in areas of the Pineville roads, and log landings in the included areas that are and Guyandotte soils and 4R in areas of the Gilpin only rarely flooded minimizes the damage caused by soil. flooding. The formation of ruts is a severe limitation on 50 Soil Survey

haul roads, skid roads, and log landings unless the Included with these soils in mapping are a few small surface is strengthened by adding gravel. areas of the well drained Chavies and Craigsville soils, Management practices that help to control erosion and the moderately well drained Cotaco and Philo soils, sedimentation include leaving wide filter strips beside and the poorly drained Atkins and Elkins soils. Also streams and seeding roads and landings to grasses included are a few small areas of sand and gravel bars and legumes when they are no longer being used. immediately adjacent to the stream channels. The dominant plant communities in the overstory on Inclusions make up about 10 percent of the unit. this soil are yellow-poplar, white oak, red oak, The available water capacity is moderate or high in American beech, and black cherry. The dominant plant the Pope soil and very low or low in the Potomac soil. communities in the understory are American beech, Permeability is moderate and moderately rapid in the rhododendron, sweet birch, and sugar maple. The subsoil of the Pope soil and rapid and very rapid in the dominant plant community in the ground cover is substratum of the Potomac soil. Runoff is slow on both ferns. soils. Natural fertility is medium in the Pope soil and The flooding is a hazard in camp areas. It also limits low in the Potomac soil. Unless the soils have been the development of playgrounds. No major limitations limed, reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid in affect the development of picnic areas or hiking trails. the Pope soil and very strongly acid in the Potomac The flooding is the main limitation on sites for soil. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches in both dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. This soil is soils. poorly suited to dwellings and septic tank absorption Most areas of these soils are used as woodland. A fields unless it is protected from flooding. A suitable few have been cleared of trees and are used for hay or alternative site should be selected. If the vegetative pasture or as sites for community development. cover is removed, establishing a protective plant cover These soils are not suited to cultivated crops and and installing a surface drainage system help to hay. They are better suited to pasture. The rock control erosion and sedimentation. fragments in the surface layer of the Potomac soil limit The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland the use of farm machinery. Droughtiness during dry ordination symbol is 4A. periods and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major management concerns. In places crops are Pp—Pope-Potomac complex, very cobbly subject to damage caused by flooding. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses This map unit consists of very deep, nearly level, and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the well drained and somewhat excessively drained soils major management needs in pastured areas. on narrow flood plains along high gradient streams The potential productivity is moderately high for throughout the county (fig. 3). It is subject to trees on these soils. Plant competition is a occasional flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. management concern. Intensive management is The soils occur as areas so intermingled that it was needed to keep undesirable plants from competing not practical to map them separately. The unit is about with native plants and planted seedlings. Site 45 percent Pope soil and 45 percent Potomac soil. preparation following harvest and the establishment of Cobbles that are 3 to 10 inches in diameter cover 1 to new forest cover as soon as possible help to control 3 percent of the surface of the unit. plant competition. Seedling mortality is a management Typically, the surface layer of the Pope soil is dark concern on the Potomac soil. Planting healthy grayish brown loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil seedlings that have a well developed root system and extends to a depth of about 47 inches. The upper 11 planting the seedlings in a timely manner so that full inches is dark yellowish brown loam. The lower 32 advantage is taken of spring rains reduce the seedling inches is dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam. The mortality rate. substratum is dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam The flooding is a hazard affecting the operability of about 28 inches thick. equipment and the construction of haul roads, skid Typically, the surface layer of the Potomac soil is roads, and log landings on these soils. Low strength is very dark grayish brown and dark brown gravelly an additional limitation on the Pope soil. Building haul sandy loam about 9 inches thick. The substratum roads, skid roads, and log landings in the included extends to a depth of about 65 inches. The upper 17 areas of soils that are only rarely flooded helps to inches is dark yellowish brown very gravelly loamy overcome the flooding. The formation of ruts is a sand. The next 11 inches is dark yellowish brown very severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log gravelly loamy sand. The lower 28 inches is dark landings unless the surface is strengthened by adding yellowish brown extremely cobbly loamy coarse sand. gravel. Management practices that help to control Webster County, West Virginia 51

Figure 3.—Potomac soils along the Elk River in an area of Pope-Potomac complex, very cobbly. erosion and sedimentation include leaving wide filter The dominant plant communities in the overstory on strips beside streams and seeding roads and landings the Potomac soil are black birch, yellow birch, to grasses and legumes when they are no longer magnolia, hemlock, red oak, and sugar maple. The being used. dominant plant communities in the understory are The dominant plant communities in the overstory on rhododendron, hemlock, and birch. The dominant plant the Pope soil are red oak, sugar maple, yellow-poplar, community in the ground cover is ferns. and white oak. The dominant plant communities in the The flooding is a severe limitation in camp areas. understory are rhododendron, hemlock, and birch. The No major limitations affect the development of picnic dominant plant community in the ground cover is ferns. areas on the Pope soil, but the stones limit 52 Soil Survey

development of picnic areas on the Potomac soil. The that have slopes of less than 35 percent. Inclusions flooding is a limitation on sites for playgrounds on the make up about 10 percent of the unit. Pope soil, and the stoniness is a severe limitation on The available water capacity is moderate in the sites for playgrounds on the Potomac soil. No major Cateache soil and moderate or high in the Shouns soil. limitations affect the development of hiking trails on Permeability is moderate in the subsoil of both soils. either soil. Runoff is very rapid. Natural fertility is medium. The flooding is the main limitation of both soils on Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the sites for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. Shouns soil and very strongly acid to moderately acid The moderately rapid permeability in the Potomac soil in the Cateache soil. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 is an additional limitation on sites for septic tank inches in the Shouns soil and is 20 to 40 inches in the absorption fields. If the vegetative cover is removed on Cateache soil. either soil, establishing a protective plant cover and Most areas of these soils are used as woodland. A installing a surface drainage system help to control few have been cleared of trees and are used as erosion and sedimentation. The soils are poorly suited pasture. to dwellings and septic tank absorption fields unless These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay they are protected from flooding. A suitable alternative and are difficult to manage for pasture. The slope and site should be selected. the stones limit the use of farm machinery. The very The capability subclass is Vs. The woodland severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas and ordination symbol is 4A in areas of the Pope soil and overgrazing in pastured areas are the major 4F in areas of the Potomac soil. management concerns. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a ScF—Shouns-Cateache complex, 35 to 70 rotation grazing system are the major management percent slopes, extremely stony needs in pastured areas. The potential productivity is moderately high or high This map unit consists of very deep and moderately for trees on these soils. Plant competition is a deep, very steep, well drained soils on the lower side management concern. Intensive management is slopes. It is mostly in the central part of the county. It is needed to keep undesirable plants from competing about 53 percent Shouns soil and 37 percent with native plants and planted seedlings. Site Cateache soil. The soils occur as areas so preparation following harvest and the establishment of intermingled that it was not practical to map them new forest cover as soon as possible help to control separately. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter plant competition. Seedling mortality is a management cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface of the unit. concern on south aspects. Planting healthy seedlings Typically, the surface layer of the Shouns soil is that have a well developed root system and planting dark brown silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil the seedlings in a timely manner in order to benefit extends to a depth of about 45 inches. The upper 4 from spring rains reduce the seedling mortality rate. inches is dark brown silt loam. The lower 37 inches is Slippage is a severe limitation affecting the reddish brown channery silt loam. The substratum is operability of equipment and the construction of haul reddish brown channery silt loam about 20 inches roads and skid roads on these soils. The slope and the thick. slippage is a severe limitation affecting the location of Typically, the surface layer of the Cateache soil is log landings. Building haul roads and skid roads in the dark reddish brown channery silt loam about 4 inches included areas of the less sloping soils helps to thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 31 overcome the slope. The formation of ruts is a severe inches. The upper 5 inches is dark reddish brown limitation on haul roads, skid roads, and log landings channery silt loam. The next 16 inches is reddish unless the surface is strengthened by adding gravel. brown channery silt loam. The lower 6 inches is The hazard of erosion is severe. Management reddish brown very channery silt loam. Reddish brown practices that help to control erosion and and reddish gray, fractured siltstone bedrock is at a sedimentation include constructing haul roads and depth of about 31 inches. skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope; Included with these soils in mapping are a few small installing dips, ditches, water bars, and culverts; areas of the well drained Gilpin and Laidig soils and leaving wide filter strips beside streams; and seeding the moderately well drained Meckesville soils. Also roads and landings to grasses and legumes when they included are a few small areas of rock outcrop, areas are no longer being used. Conventional skidder where less than 3 percent or more than 15 percent of logging techniques are not recommended on slopes of the surface is covered with stones, and areas of soils more than 55 percent. Specialized equipment or Webster County, West Virginia 53

management techniques, such as cable yarding, are included are a few small areas of soils that are less needed when timber is harvested in these areas. than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas of soils that The dominant plant communities in the overstory on do not have stones on the surface, and areas of the Shouns soil are American beech, yellow-poplar, somewhat poorly drained or poorly drained soils. hickory, and sugar maple. The dominant plant Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit. communities in the understory are red maple, The available water capacity is low or moderate in hemlock, American beech, dogwood, and sugar the Simoda soil. Permeability is slow in the lower, firm maple, and those in the ground cover are ferns and part of the subsoil. Runoff is medium or rapid. Natural chickweed. The dominant plant communities in the fertility is medium. A seasonal high water table is at a overstory on the Cateache soil are yellow-poplar, depth of about 1.5 to 2.5 feet. Reaction is extremely basswood, sugar maple, red oak, hickory, red maple, acid or very strongly acid, unless the soil has been American beech, white oak, scarlet oak, and black limed. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches. birch. The dominant plant communities in the Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. They understory are sugar maple, American beech, and are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soil has yellow-poplar, and those in the ground cover are low potential for any development other than ramps, clintonia, and ferns. woodland. The slope and the stones are severe limitations This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and affecting recreational development. The slope is the is difficult to manage for pasture. The stones limit the main limitation of these soils on sites for dwellings and use of farm machinery. The severe hazard of erosion septic tank absorption fields. The depth to bedrock and in unprotected areas is a major management concern. the slippage are additional limitations in areas of the The potential productivity is moderate for trees on Cateache soil. In places the bedrock underlying the this soil. Seedling mortality, the windthrow hazard, and Cateache soil hinders excavation, even though it plant competition are management concerns. Planting generally is rippable. If the vegetative cover is removed healthy seedlings that have a well developed root on either soil, establishing a protective plant cover and system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner installing a surface drainage system help to control in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the erosion and sedimentation. The soils generally are not seedling mortality rate. Carefully thinning stands and suited to most urban uses. A suitable alternative site not damaging the surficial root system help to prevent should be selected. windthrow. Intensive management is needed to keep The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland undesirable plants from competing with native plants ordination symbol is 4R. and planted seedlings. Site preparation following harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as SmC—Simoda silt loam, 3 to 15 percent soon as possible help to control plant competition. slopes, very stony Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction of haul roads and skid roads on this soil. This soil is deep, gently sloping to strongly sloping, The low strength and the slope are limitations affecting and moderately well drained. It is on ridgetops in the the location of log landings. Building haul roads and southeastern part of the county. It generally is at skid roads in the included areas of the less sloping elevations of more than 3,400 feet. Stones that are 10 soils helps to overcome the slope. The formation of to 24 inches in diameter cover 1 to 3 percent of the ruts is a severe limitation on haul roads, skid roads, surface of the soil. and log landings unless the surface is strengthened by Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish adding gravel. Management practices that help to brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil control erosion and sedimentation include constructing extends to a depth of about 48 inches. The upper 9 haul roads and skid roads on a gentle grade across inches is yellowish brown silt loam. The next 6 inches the slope; installing dips, ditches, water bars, and is dark yellowish brown silt loam. The next 6 inches is culverts; and seeding roads and landings to grasses yellowish brown channery silt loam that has light and legumes when they are no longer being used. brownish gray and strong brown mottles. The lower 25 The dominant plant communities in the overstory on inches is yellowish brown channery loam that has gray this soil are black cherry, American beech, yellow and strong brown mottles. Sandstone bedrock is at a birch, red maple, sugar maple, red spruce, mountain depth of about 48 inches. magnolia, hemlock, cucumbertree magnolia, and white Included with this soil in mapping are a few small ash. The dominant plant communities in the areas of the well drained Gauley and Mandy soils and understory are striped maple, American beech, red the moderately well drained Snowdog soils. Also maple, sugar maple, red spruce, black cherry, yellow 54 Soil Survey

birch, and hemlock, and those in the ground cover are Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. They ferns, greenbrier, club moss, and sedges. are in the Monongahela National Forest. The soil has The stones and the slope are severe limitations on low potential for any development other than sites for playgrounds. They also limit the development woodland. of camp areas and picnic areas. The wetness is a This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and limitation affecting the development of hiking trails. is difficult to manage for pasture. The slope and the The wetness is the main limitation on sites for stones and boulders limit the use of farm machinery. dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. If the The very severe hazard of erosion in unprotected vegetative cover is removed, establishing a protective areas is a major management concern. plant cover and installing a surface drainage system The potential productivity for trees is moderately help to control erosion and sedimentation. Because high on this soil. The windthrow hazard and plant the soil is located in the Monongahela National Forest, competition are management concerns. Carefully the potential for urban development is limited. thinning stands and not damaging the surficial root The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland system help to prevent windthrow. Intensive ordination symbol is 3A. management is needed to keep undesirable plants from competing with native plants and planted SwE—Snowdog channery loam, 15 to 35 seedlings. Site preparation following harvest and the percent slopes, rubbly establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible help to control plant competition. Seedling mortality on This soil is moderately steep and steep and is south aspects is a management concern. Planting moderately well drained. It is on foot slopes, along healthy seedlings that have a well developed root drainageways, on benches, and on head slopes near system and planting the seedlings in a timely manner mountaintops in the southeastern part of the county. It in order to benefit from spring rains reduce the generally is at elevations of more than 3,400 feet. seedling mortality rate. Stones that are 10 to 24 inches in diameter cover 15 The slope and the stones and boulders are to 75 percent of the surface of the soil. limitations affecting the operability of equipment and Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown the location of log landings on this soil. The stones and channery loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil boulders are severe limitations affecting the extends to a depth of about 51 inches. The upper 21 construction of haul roads and skid roads. Building inches is dark yellowish brown channery loam. The haul roads, skid roads, and log landings in the next 9 inches is yellowish brown channery sandy loam included areas of soils that are less sloping and are that has light brownish gray and brown mottles. The not so stony helps to overcome these limitations. The lower 18 inches is yellowish brown very channery formation of ruts is a severe limitation on haul roads, sandy loam that has light brownish gray and brown skid roads, and log landings unless the surface is mottles. The substratum is yellowish brown very strengthened by adding gravel. The hazard of erosion channery sandy loam about 14 inches thick. is moderate. Management practices that help to Included with this soil in mapping are a few small control erosion and sedimentation include constructing areas of the well drained Gauley and Mandy soils and haul roads and skid roads on a gentle grade across the moderately well drained Simoda soils. Also the slope; installing dips, ditches, water bars, and included are a few small areas of somewhat poorly culverts; leaving wide filter strips beside streams; and drained or poorly drained soils, areas where less than seeding roads and landings to grasses and legumes 15 percent or more than 75 percent of the surface is when they are no longer being used. covered with stones and boulders, and areas where The dominant plant communities in the overstory on the slopes are less than 15 percent or more than 35 this soil are red spruce, black cherry, yellow birch, red percent. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the maple, American beech, and hemlock. The dominant unit. plant communities in the understory are black cherry, The available water capacity is low or moderate in American beech, striped maple, and hemlock. The the Snowdog soil. Permeability is slow and moderately dominant plant community in the ground cover is slow in the firm layers of the subsoil. Runoff is rapid or ferns. very rapid. Natural fertility is medium. A seasonal high The slope and the stones and boulders are severe water table is at a depth of about 1.5 to 2.5 feet. limitations affecting recreational development. The Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid, unless the slope and the wetness are the main limitations on soil has been limed. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 sites for dwellings and septic tank absorption fields. inches. The slow permeability is an additional limitation on Webster County, West Virginia 55

Figure 4.—An area of Udorthents, smoothed, in the foreground. Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte association, very steep, extremely stony, is in the background. sites for septic tank absorption fields. In areas where associated with mining (fig. 4). They are in areas stones and boulders cover 50 percent or more of the throughout the county. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 surface, excavating and disposing of large rock percent. fragments is difficult. If the vegetative cover is In a representative profile, the surface layer is dark removed, establishing a protective plant cover and brown silt loam about 5 inches thick. The substratum installing a surface drainage system help to control extends to a depth of more than 65 inches. The upper erosion and sedimentation. Because this soil is 17 inches is brown, dark grayish brown, and strong located in the Monongahela National Forest, the brown loam. The next 13 inches is brown, yellowish potential for urban development is limited. brown, and strong brown loam. The lower 30 inches is The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland brown and brownish yellow loam. ordination symbol is 4R. Included with these soils in mapping are a few small areas of the well drained Cedarcreek, Gilpin, Itmann, Ud—Udorthents, smoothed Kaymine, Laidig, and Pineville soils. Also included are a few small areas that are covered with concrete or These nearly level to very steep, well drained soils asphalt. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the are mostly in areas that have been disturbed during unit. road construction or by earthmoving activities Estimating the physical and chemical properties of 56

these soils is impractical because of the disturbed poplar, sycamore, and birch are naturally invading the nature and high variability of the soils. Most fill unit. areas are more than 60 inches deep over bedrock. Because of the extreme variability of the soils, an Runoff ranges from slow in nearly level areas to very onsite investigation is necessary to determine the rapid in very steep areas. Natural fertility generally is limitations affecting any proposed use. If the vegetative low. cover is removed, establishing a protective plant cover These soils are not used for cultivated crops, and installing a surface drainage system help to hay, pasture, or woodland. Some areas have been control erosion and sedimentation. seeded to sericea lespedeza, orchardgrass, or fescue This unit has not been assigned a capability to help control erosion and sedimentation. Yellow- subclass or a woodland ordination symbol. 57

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important excessively erodible or saturated with water for long farmland defined by the U.S. Department of periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the the growing season or is protected from flooding. The Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is information about the criteria for prime farmland is limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes available at the local office of the Natural Resources that responsible levels of government, as well as Conservation Service. individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise About 6,145 acres in the survey area, or 1.7 use of our Nation’s prime farmland. percent of the total acreage, meets the soil Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department requirements for prime farmland. Most areas of this of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of land are along the larger streams in the southwestern physical and chemical characteristics for producing part of the county. food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is A recent trend in land use in some parts of the available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal growing season, and moisture supply are those lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, needed for the soil to economically produce sustained and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. high yields of crops when proper management, The map units in the survey area that are including water management, and acceptable farming considered prime farmland are listed in table 5. This methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has list does not constitute a recommendation for a an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from particular land use. The extent of each listed map unit precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an detailed soil maps at the back of this publication. The acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no soil qualities that affect use and management are rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not described under the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” 58

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the main crops and pasture plants are listed for each the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust soil and the system of land capability classification land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural used by the Natural Resources Conservation Service resources and the environment. Also, it can help to is explained. prevent soil-related failures in land uses. Planners of management systems for individual In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, fields or farms should consider the detailed conservationists, engineers, and others collect information given in the description of each soil under extensive field data about the nature and behavioral the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific characteristics of the soils. They collect data on information can be obtained from the local office of the erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that Natural Resources Conservation Service or the affect various soil uses and management. Field Cooperative Extension Service. experience and collected data on soil properties and Although individual soils or groups of soils require performance are used as a basis in predicting soil different kinds of management, some general behavior. principles apply throughout the county to all of the Information in this section can be used to plan the soils suitable for crops and pasture. use and management of soils for crops and pasture; Most of the soils in Webster County have a as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, moderate or low supply of basic plant nutrients, highways and other transportation systems, and parks making the application of lime and fertilizer necessary and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat. for optimum crop production. The amounts to be It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations applied depend on the type of soil, the cropping of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent history, the type of crop grown, the yield desired, and construction failures caused by unfavorable soil tests and analysis of the individual soils. properties. The organic matter content is low in most of the Planners and others using soil survey information soils in the county. Increasing it generally is not can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on feasible. Maintaining the organic matter content at the productivity and on the environment in all or part of the current level is important. Applying manure, returning survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain crop residue to the soil, and growing sod crops, cover or create a land use pattern in harmony with the crops, and green manure crops help to maintain the natural soil. content of organic matter. Contractors can use this survey to locate sources Tillage tends to break down the structure of the of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use surface layer and should be kept to the minimum it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very necessary to prepare the seedbed and control weeds. firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. In some soils, frequent tillage also causes the Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and formation of a firm, dense layer immediately below the others may also find this survey useful. The survey plow layer. This dense layer restricts permeability and can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and the penetration of roots. Maintaining the organic matter locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, content of the plow layer helps to maintain the playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. structure of the soil. Surface runoff and erosion are management Crops and Pasture concerns in cultivated areas in spring and early summer and following harvest. All of the gently sloping Richard Heaslip, state resource conservationist, Natural and steeper soils that are cultivated are subject to Resources Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section. erosion and thus require a cropping system that helps General management needed for crops and pasture to control erosion. The main management needs are is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of using proper crop rotations, applying minimum tillage, Webster County, West Virginia 59

no-till planting, leaving crop residue on the surface, Crops other than those shown in table 6 are grown growing cover crops and green manure crops, and in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed applying lime and fertilizer. Other major erosion-control because the acreage of such crops is small. The local measures are contour cultivation, contour office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service stripcropping, diversions, and grassed waterways. The or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide effectiveness of a particular combination of these information about the management and productivity of measures differs from one soil to another, and different the soils for those crops. combinations can be equally effective on the same Land Capability Classification soil. A cover of pasture plants helps to control erosion in Land capability classification shows, in a general most areas. A high level of pasture management, way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. including fertilization, controlled grazing, water Crops that require special management are excluded. management, and careful selection of pasture The soils are grouped according to their limitations for mixtures, is needed to provide enough plant cover to field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for prevent erosion. Grazing is controlled by rotating the crops, and the way they respond to management. The livestock from one field to another and allowing for criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major regrowth of the pasture plants. Some soils can support and generally expensive landforming that would plant mixtures that require less intensive management change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the than others to maintain good ground cover and forage soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major for grazing. Controlled grazing and optimum reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a applications of lime and fertilizer are needed in these substitute for interpretations designed to show areas. suitability and limitations of groups of soils for woodland or for engineering purposes. Yields per Acre In the capability system, soils are generally grouped The average yields per acre that can be expected at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit of the principal crops under a high level of (USDA 1961). Only class and subclass are used in management are shown in table 6. In any given year, this survey. yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in Capability classes, the broadest groups, are the table because of variations in rainfall and other designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals climatic factors. The land capability classification also indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower is shown in the table. choices for practical use. The classes are defined as The yields are based mainly on the experience and follows: records of farmers, conservationists, and extension Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and use. results of field trials and demonstrations are also Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce considered. the choice of plants or that require moderate The management needed to obtain the indicated conservation practices. yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce and the crop. Management can include drainage, the choice of plants or that require special erosion control, and protection from flooding; the conservation practices, or both. proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- Class IV soils have very severe limitations that yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; management, or both. favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, Class VI soils have severe limitations that make and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures them generally unsuitable for cultivation. the smallest possible loss. Class VII soils have very severe limitations that The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity make them unsuitable for cultivation. of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have likely to increase as new production technology is limitations that nearly preclude their use for developed. The productivity of a given soil compared commercial crop production. with that of other soils, however, is not likely to Capability subclasses are soil groups within one change. class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, 60 Soil Survey

w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The degrees to 135 degrees. South aspects are those that letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of face in any compass direction from 135 degrees to erosion unless close-growing plant cover is 315 degrees. A soil with north aspect generally is maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil more moist than the same soil with south aspect and interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils commonly has a productivity rating that is one number the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial better than that for the same soil with south aspect. drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly Aspect also affects the occurrence of tree species and because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used the degree of management concerns. in only some parts of the United States, shows that the The detailed soil map unit descriptions identify the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. dominant land use conditions. Where woodland is the In class I there are no subclasses because the soils dominant land use, plant species are identified for the of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only overstory, understory, and ground cover. Where the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the woodland is not the dominant land use, only the typical soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They tree species in the unit are identified. have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, Tables 8 and 9 can be used by woodland owners or rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. forest managers when planning the use of soils for The acreage of soils in each capability class and wood crops. subclass is shown in table 7. The capability In table 8, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the classification of the map units in this survey area is degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in management. the yields table. Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where Woodland Management and Productivity the soil is exposed along roads, skid roads, and fire lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have Lewis Rowan, state staff forester, Natural Resources been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. Conservation Service, and Mayford Lake, service forester, West Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the Virginia Department of Natural Resources, helped to prepare this section. percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no particular prevention measures are needed under About 320,700 acres, or 90 percent of the total ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that acreage in the county, is used as woodland erosion-control measures are needed in certain (DiGiovanni 1990). The size of the woodland tracts silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that ranges from small farm woodlots to several thousand special precautions are needed to control erosion in acre areas owned by corporations. most silvicultural activities. The proper construction The common forest types, or natural association of and maintenance of roads, landings, and fire lanes tree species, are oak-hickory and maple-beech-birch. help to control erosion. The oak-hickory types make up about 65 percent of Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally the wooded areas, and the maple-beech-birch types occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by make up about 35 percent (DiGiovanni 1990). the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic Woodland plays an important part in the economy conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for of the county (fig. 5). Eight sawmills in the county are seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer, operated on a full-time basis, and several smaller depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of sawmills are operated on a part-time basis (West the period when the water table is high, rock Virginia Department of Agriculture 1988). Green fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, lumber, posts and rails, board fences, wood siding, and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that and paneling are some of the products. Nearly all of seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under the higher grades of lumber are shipped to states in normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 the south or overseas to be manufactured into fine percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some furniture. problems from seedling mortality can be expected. For the past 10 to 15 years, reclaimed strip mines in Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is some areas have been planted to mostly white pine 25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates seedling and Norway spruce. mortality is a serious problem. Extra precautions are The aspect of the soils affects woodland important. Replanting may be necessary. Expected management and productivity. North aspects are mortality is more than 50 percent. Special planting those that face in any compass direction from 315 stock and special site preparation, such as bedding, Webster County, West Virginia 61

Figure 5.—A young stand of yellow-poplar in an area of Chavies fine sandy loam. furrowing, or surface drainage, reduce the seedling development, but it will not prevent the eventual mortality rate. development of fully stocked stands. A rating of severe Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to indicates that competition can be expected to prevent which undesirable species are expected to invade and natural regeneration unless precautionary measures grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The are applied. Adequate site preparation before planting main factors that affect plant competition are depth to helps to control plant competition. the water table and available water capacity. A rating Haul roads and skid roads ratings refer to the soil of slight indicates that competition from undesirable properties that affect construction, trafficability, and plants is not likely to prevent natural regeneration or maintenance of roads. Slope, soil stability, wetness, suppress the more desirable species. Planted rockiness, stoniness, soil strength, soil texture, depth seedlings can become established without undue to hard bedrock, and flooding should be considered competition. A rating of moderate indicates that when selecting routes. A rating of slight indicates no competition may delay the natural establishment of serious limitations affect construction, maintenance, desirable species. Competition may hamper stand season of use, or the return of the soil to forest 62 Soil Survey

production. A rating of moderate indicates some use of equipment can be restricted for a period not to limitations affect construction. These limitations can be exceed 3 months. A rating of moderate indicates that overcome by applying routine construction techniques. the use of equipment is moderately restricted Construction and maintenance costs are higher in because of one or more soil factors. If soil wetness these areas than in areas that have only slight is a factor, the use of equipment is restricted for a limitations. Returning the soils to forest production period of 3 to 6 months. A rating of severe indicates generally is more difficult. The season of use is that the use of equipment is severely restricted either somewhat limited in places. A rating of severe in kind of equipment or season of use. If soil wetness indicates that one or more limitations require the is a factor, the use of equipment is restricted for a application of special or expensive construction period of more than 6 months. Using the best suited techniques. Construction and maintenance costs are equipment and operating the equipment only when the high, or the season of use is severely limited in places. soil is dry or frozen help to overcome the equipment Returning the disturbed soils to forest production is limitation. difficult or impossible. Planning routes so that the least Table 9 lists the ordination symbol, which shows the amount of soil is disturbed during construction, potential productivity of merchantable or common building the roads on a gentle grade across the slope, trees, for those soils in the county that are suitable for providing for adequate disposal of surface water, and wood crops. It also lists the site index and average surfacing the roads with durable material help to annual growth. Soils assigned the same ordination overcome the limitations. symbol require the same general management and Log landings are areas where logs are assembled have about the same potential productivity. and loaded for transport. Areas that require little or no The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, surface preparation or cutting and filling are the best indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an sites for log landings. Wetness, flooding, rockiness, indicator tree species. The number indicates the stoniness, rock fragments in the soil, depth to hard volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which bedrock, soil strength, soil texture, slope, and soil the indicator species can produce. The larger the stability should be considered when selecting the number, the greater the potential productivity. The sites. A rating of slight indicates that no serious number 1 indicates low potential productivity; 2 or 3, limitations affect the construction, season of use, or moderate; 4 or 5, moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, the return of the soil to forest production. A rating of very high; and 12 or more, extremely high. The second moderate indicates that some limitations affect part of the symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of construction. These limitations can be overcome by soil limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; X, applying proper construction techniques. Areas rated stoniness or rockiness; W, excess water in or on the moderate generally are more difficult to return to forest soil; T, toxic substances in the soil; D, restricted rooting production than those rated slight. A rating of severe depth; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; S, sandy indicates that some limitations require the application texture; F, a high content of rock fragments in the soil; of special or expensive construction techniques. and N, snowpack. The letter A indicates that limitations Construction and maintenance costs are high, or the or restrictions are insignificant. If a soil has more that season of use is very limited. Areas rated severe are one limitation, the priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, very difficult or impossible to return to forest C, S, F, and N. production. Installing diversion ditches, grading the soil Site index is the average height, in feet, that so that it has a more desirable slope, and surfacing dominant and codominant trees of a given species the landing with durable material help to overcome the attain in 50 years. The site index applies to fully limitations. stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. Commonly Operability of equipment in logging areas ratings grown trees are those that woodland managers refer to the characteristics and conditions of the soil generally favor in intermediate or improvement that restrict use of the equipment generally needed in cuttings. They are selected on the basis of growth rate, woodland management or harvesting. The chief quality, value, and marketability. characteristics and conditions considered in the Average annual growth per acre of some of the ratings are slope, slippage, soil wetness, rock common trees is expressed as cubic feet, board feet, outcrops, stones on the surface, texture of the surface or cords. It varies with stand vigor and other factors layer, and flooding. A rating of slight indicates that the and is equal to the total volume growth at rotation use of equipment generally is not restricted either in divided by the rotation age. Yield data are calculated kind of equipment that can be used or time of year on the basis of site indices of natural stands at age 50 1 because of soil factors. If soil wetness is a factor, the using the International /4 Log Rule and standard Webster County, West Virginia 63

rough cords. This information should be used for important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for planning purposes only. recreational uses by the duration and intensity of The first tree species listed under commonly grown flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In trees for a soil is the indicator species for that soil. It is planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of the most common species on the soil and generally is the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of the most productive species. flooding is essential. In the table, the degree of soil limitation is expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight Recreation means that soil properties are generally favorable Sherry Dahl-Cox, soil scientist, Forest Service, helped to and that limitations are minor and easily overcome. prepare this section. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, design, or special Many areas in the county offer opportunities for maintenance. Severe means that soil properties are camping, canoeing, fishing, hiking, hunting, and unfavorable and that limitations can be offset only by sightseeing, and some are suited to cross-country costly soil reclamation, special design, intensive skiing. The main public lands available for recreational maintenance, limited use, or a combination of these use are the Monongahela National Forest, Holly River measures. State Park, and Big Ditch Recreational Area. The information in the table can be supplemented Cranberry Campground, Bishop Knob by other information in this survey, for example, Campground, part of the Cranberry Wilderness, and interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table Cranberry Back Country are in the Webster County 13 and interpretations for dwellings without basements portion of the Monongahela National Forest. Cranberry and for local roads and streets in table 12. Wilderness, which encompasses a total of 35,864 Camp areas require site preparation, such as acres, has about 60 miles of marked hiking trails. Only shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, nonmotorized and nonmechanized travel is permitted stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and in Cranberry Wilderness. installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp A 27,000-acre area west of Cranberry Wilderness areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some has more than 40 miles of hiking trails. This area also vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and provides excellent opportunities for cross-country are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of skiing on the gated roads. It is closed to public use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, motorized travel. Bicycles, horses, and hand drawn absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not carts and wagons are permitted. dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders Monongahela National Forest, which was originally can greatly increase the cost of constructing established to help protect watersheds and supply campsites. timber, provides woodland resources and an Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most opportunity for recreational activities. It is rich in vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and wildlife, forage, and recreational opportunities. It is parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to Forest Service. Many different specialists coordinate flooding during the period of use, and do not have and balance uses of the area so that people will slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of continue to receive maximum benefits throughout the shaping sites or of building access roads and parking years. areas. The soils of the survey area are rated in table 10 Playgrounds require soils that can withstand according to limitations that affect their suitability for intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil and are not wet or subject to flooding during the features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the season of use. The surface is free of stones and surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. Not considered in the ratings, but important in If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of or a hardpan should be considered. the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water should require little or no cutting and filling. The best impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also once a year during the period of use. They have 64 Soil Survey

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or the surface. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. established, improved, or maintained in most places. They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders Moderately intensive management is required for on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that greens is not considered in rating the soils. limitations are severe for the designated element or kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or maintained in most places, but management is difficult Wildlife Habitat and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are Gary A. Gwinn, state biologist, Natural Resources Conservation very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be Service, helped to prepare this section. expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat Webster County dominantly is forest land. More is impractical or impossible. than 90 percent of the total acreage is covered with The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the trees. Wildlife species inhabiting the county are those following paragraphs. that prefer the wooded environment. Common game Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and species include white-tailed deer, black bear, gray seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties squirrel, wild turkey and ruffed grouse. Furbearers and features that affect the growth of grain and seed include gray fox, beaver, mink, raccoon, muskrat, and crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface bobcat. Webster County is one of the leading counties layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface in the state in the harvest of bears and bobcats. stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil A variety of songbirds, including several species of moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain wood warblers, inhabit the county. The county also and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. provides habitat for numerous reptiles and Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial amphibians. Several types of relatively rare grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and salamanders inhabit the high mountain areas. features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes The county has an abundance of high-quality cold are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, water streams. Native brook trout are in many of the available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, streams. Some of the streams in the county are flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture stocked with trout. They include the Cranberry River, are also considerations. Examples of grasses and Williams River, and the Back Fork of Elk River. legumes are orchardgrass, timothy, bromegrass, Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that clover, and alfalfa. is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally affect the construction of water impoundments. The established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the properties and features that affect the growth of these amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild of desirable plants. herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod, In table 11, the soils in the survey area are rated beggartick, quackgrass, ragweed, foxtail, wild carrot, according to their potential for providing habitat for and panic grass. various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used Hardwood trees and shrubs produce nuts or other in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils properties and features that affect the growth of that are suitable for establishing, improving, or hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of determining the intensity of management needed for these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, sweetgum, apple, each element of the habitat. hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and Webster County, West Virginia 65

blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are ratings are based on observed performance of the suitable for planting on soils rated good are gray soils and on the estimated data and test data in the dogwood and crabapple. “Soil Properties” section. Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil Information in this section is intended for land use properties and features that affect the growth of planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth planning site investigations prior to design and of the root zone, available water capacity, and construction. The information, however, has limitations. wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, For example, estimates and other data generally apply spruce, yew, and hemlock. only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild Because of the map scale, small areas of different herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. soils may be included within the mapped areas of a Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. specific soil. Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants The information is not site specific and does not are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in wetland plants are smartweed, arrowhead, bur reed, the design and construction of engineering works. pickerelweed, cutgrass, rushes, sedges, and cattails. Government ordinances and regulations that Shallow water areas have an average depth of less restrict certain land uses or impose specific design than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are criteria were not considered in preparing the created by dams, levees, or other water-control information in this section. Local ordinances and structures. Soil properties and features affecting regulations should be considered in planning, in site shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, selection, and in design. surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples Soil properties, site features, and observed of shallow water areas are marshes, waterfowl feeding performance were considered in determining the areas, and ponds. ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described survey, determinations were made about grain-size in the following paragraphs. distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark, the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox. cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and available water capacity, and other behavioral associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous characteristics affecting engineering uses. plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild This information can be used to evaluate the turkey, ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes, potential of areas for residential, commercial, woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, deer, and industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary bear. estimates of construction conditions; evaluate Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank shore birds, muskrat, frogs, and tree swallow. absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate Engineering potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, This section provides information for planning land terraces, and other structures for soil and water uses related to urban development and to water conservation; and predict performance of proposed management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the small structures and pavements by comparing the most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given performance of existing similar structures on the same for building site development, sanitary facilities, or similar soils. construction materials, and water management. The The information in the tables, along with the soil 66 Soil Survey

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface this survey, can be used to make additional and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. interpretations. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and special meaning in soil science and are defined in the a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally Glossary. limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed Building Site Development performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and with and without basements, small commercial grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if action potential, and depth to a high water table affect soil properties and site features are generally the traffic-supporting capacity. favorable for the indicated use and limitations are Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and maintained. The ratings are based on soil and special planning, design, or maintenance is properties, site features, and observed performance of needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to severe if soil properties or site features are so bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of design, significant increases in construction costs, and salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant possibly increased maintenance are required. Special growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the feasibility studies may be required where the soil amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface limitations are severe. layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established. Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a Sanitary Facilities maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The Table 13 shows the degree and kind of soil ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, observed performance of the soils. The ease of sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth are considered slight if soil properties and site features to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense are generally favorable for the indicated use and layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if of the year that excavations can be made is affected soil properties or site features are not favorable for the by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the indicated use and special planning, design, or susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features affected by soil texture and depth to the water table. are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that Dwellings and small commercial buildings are special design, significant increases in construction structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed costs, and possibly increased maintenance are soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family required. dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are The table also shows the suitability of the soils for made for small commercial buildings without use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good basements, for dwellings with basements, and for indicates that soil properties and site features are dwellings without basements. The ratings are based favorable for the use and good performance and low on soil properties, site features, and observed maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, properties and site features are moderately favorable shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause for the use and one or more soil properties or site the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to features make the soil less desirable than the soils bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil and flooding affect the ease of excavation and properties or site features are unfavorable for the use construction. Landscaping and grading that require and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. considered. Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which Webster County, West Virginia 67

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin site features, and observed performance of the soils. layer of soil from a source away from the site. Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation interfere with installation. should be considered. Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank The ratings in the table are based on soil absorption fields, including excessively slow properties, site features, and observed performance of absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the content of salts and sodium affect trench landfills. water table is near the surface. There must be Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate require that this material be of a certain thickness. may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the used to cover compacted solid waste in an area solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly affect the ease of removing and spreading the material impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that is required to minimize seepage and contamination of are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best ground water. cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy The table gives ratings for the natural soil that and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, wind erosion. generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface After soil material has been removed, the soil layer are excavated to provide material for the material remaining in the borrow area must be thick embankments. The ratings are based on soil enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water properties, site features, and observed performance of table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to plants. The surface layer generally has the best a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of workability, more organic matter, and the best potential organic matter. for plants. Material from the surface layer should be Excessive seepage resulting from rapid stockpiled for use as the final cover. permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Construction Materials enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution Table 14 gives information about the soils as a results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on cemented pans can cause construction problems, and soil properties and site features that affect the removal large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal floor. compaction, minor processing, and other standard Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is construction practices are assumed. Each soil is disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and place and used in road embankments in another 68 Soil Survey

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 properties. feet high and less exacting in design than higher A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of embankments. clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is The ratings are for the soil material below the up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as suitability within their profile. The table showing shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and engineering index properties provides detailed gravel. information about each soil layer. This information Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation can help to determine the suitability of each layer for can be established and maintained. The upper 40 use as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also stabilized with lime or cement is not considered in the evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow ratings. area. The ratings are based on soil properties, site Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by features, and observed performance of the soils. The such properties as soil reaction, available water thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable in place after it has been compacted and drained is material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by determined by its strength (as inferred from the slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell toxic material. potential. Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a Soils rated good contain significant amounts of depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They difficult. are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large the material is less than 3 feet thick. amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high commercial use with a minimum of processing. They water table at or near the surface. are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications The surface layer of most soils is generally for each use vary widely. In the table, only the preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter probability of finding material in suitable quantity is content. Organic matter greatly increases the evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect plant growth. excavation of the material. Water Management The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as Table 15 gives information on the soil properties indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), and site features that affect water management. The the thickness of suitable material, and the content of degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil Webster County, West Virginia 69

properties and site features are generally favorable for content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts the indicated use and limitations are minor and are or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site usable material. It also affects trafficability. features are not favorable for the indicated use and Drainage is the removal of excess surface and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to subsurface water from the soil. How easily and overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to properties or site features are so unfavorable or so bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that difficult to overcome that special design, significant affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth increase in construction costs, and possibly increased to a high water table or depth of standing water if the maintenance are required. soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to This table also gives for each soil the restrictive flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the features that affect drainage, terraces and diversions, potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and and grassed waterways. the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme seepage potential is determined by the permeability of acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the outlets is not considered in the ratings. storage capacity of the reservoir area. Terraces and diversions are embankments or a Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised combination of channels and ridges constructed structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet across a slope to control erosion and conserve high, constructed to impound water or to protect land moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan source of material for embankment fill. The ratings affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse be uniformly mixed and compacted during texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect construction. maintenance. The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural Grassed waterways are natural or constructed soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct depth even greater than the height of the embankment surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large can affect performance and safety of the embankment. stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to cemented pan affect the construction of grassed determine these properties. waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available Soil material in embankments must be resistant to water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features permeability adversely affect the growth and include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high maintenance of the grass after construction. 70

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles the course of the soil survey. The data and the coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” are explained on the following pages. Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. Soil properties are determined by field examination Classification of the soils is determined according to of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some the Unified soil classification system (ASTM 1993) and benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are the system adopted by the American Association of followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO made and examined to identify and classify the soils 1986). and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are The Unified system classifies soils according to taken from some typical profiles and tested in the properties that affect their use as construction laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, material. Soils are classified according to grain-size plasticity, and compaction characteristics. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 16 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A- soils have layers of contrasting properties within the 7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, upper 5 or 6 feet. A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade layer is indicated. The range in depth and information material can be indicated by a group index number. on other properties of each layer are given for each Group index numbers range from 0 for the best soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. Morphology.” Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are Texture is given in the standard terms used by the indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry- U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are weight basis. The percentages are estimates defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and determined mainly by converting volume percentage clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 in the field to weight percentage. millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 Webster County, West Virginia 71

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard matter, and soil structure. Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area downward movement of water when the soil is and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the saturated. They are based on soil characteristics field. observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption estimates are based on test data from the survey area fields. or from nearby areas and on field examination. Available water capacity refers to the quantity of The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, water that the soil is capable of storing for use by and plasticity index are generally rounded to the plants. The capacity for water storage is given in nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil percentage points) across classification boundaries, properties that affect the retention of water and the the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the depth of the root zone. The most important properties table. are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is Physical and Chemical Properties an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of Table 17 shows estimates of some characteristics irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates estimate of the quantity of water actually available to are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey plants at any given time. area. The estimates are based on field observations Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and and on test data for these and similar soils. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in many soils, values have been verified by laboratory diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of millimeters in diameter. corrosion. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume fertility and physical condition of the soil. They change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and change occurs mainly because of the interaction of to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell clay minerals with water and varies with the amount potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling operations. of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on the 1 /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after basis of measurements of similar soils. drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to estimated moist bulk density of each major soil very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. design is often needed. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the potential, available water capacity, total pore space, change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The soil indicates the pore space available for water and classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent; water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density and very high, greater than 9 percent. 72 Soil Survey

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, structure and permeability. Values of K range from and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious 0.02 to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the material. These soils have a very slow rate of water value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill transmission. erosion by water. Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short that can occur without affecting crop productivity over periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes year. is considered ponding rather than flooding. Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in The table gives the frequency and duration of the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the flooding and the time of year when flooding is most table, the estimated content of organic matter is likely. expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil Frequency, duration, and probable dates of material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as The content of organic matter in a soil can be none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that maintained or increased by returning crop residue to flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but the soil. Organic matter affects the available water possible under unusual weather conditions (the capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on Soil and Water Features the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Duration Table 18 gives estimates of various soil and water is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 features. The estimates are used in land use planning to 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if that involves engineering considerations. more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four occurs during the stated period. groups according to the rate of water infiltration when The information is based on evidence in the soil the soils are not protected by vegetation, are profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic duration storms. matter content with increasing depth; and little or no The four hydrologic soil groups are: horizon development. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low Also considered are local information about the runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate the extent of flooding based on soil data is less of water transmission. specific than that provided by detailed engineering Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of flood frequency levels. moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates moderately coarse texture. These soils have a are based mainly on observations of the water table at moderate rate of water transmission. selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the layer that impedes the downward movement of water depth to the seasonal high water table; the kind of Webster County, West Virginia 73

water table—that is, perched, apparent, or artesian; thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves and the months of the year that the water table into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally density, permeability, content of organic matter, and high for less than 1 month is not indicated in the depth to the water table are the most important factors table. considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well perched water table is water standing above an drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during water table is separated from a lower one by a dry thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other zone. An artesian water table is under hydrostatic rigid structures. head, generally below an impermeable layer. When Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced this layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or uncased borehole. weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of Two numbers in the column showing depth to the corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors water table indicate the normal range in depth to a as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion The first numeral in the range indicates the highest of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the indicates that the water table is above the surface of soil. Special site examination and design may be the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table needed if the combination of factors results in a severe is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that 6 feet for less than a month. intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil borings and on observations during soil mapping. The layer. rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed fractured, excavations can be made with trenching as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field hard or massive, blasting or special equipment capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation generally is needed for excavation. extract. Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on extract. 74

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories on the basis of physical and chemical properties and (USDA 1975). Beginning with the broadest, these other characteristics that affect management. categories are the order, suborder, great group, Generally, the properties are those of horizons below subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on plow depth where there is much biological activity. soil properties observed in the field or inferred from Among the properties and characteristics considered those observations or from laboratory measurements. are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature Table 19 shows the classification of the soils in the regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name survey area. The categories are defined in the consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms following paragraphs. that indicate soil properties. An example is fine-loamy, ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults. differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family forming processes and the degree of soil formation. that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical example is Ultisol. composition, and arrangement in the profile. SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil Soil Series and Their Morphology genesis and are important to plant growth or properties that reflect the most important variables In this section, each soil series recognized in the within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud, and the material in which it formed are identified for meaning humid, plus ult, from Ultisol). each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, described. The detailed description of each soil arrangement, and degree of development of horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature (USDA 1993). Many of the technical terms used in the regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA great group is identified by the name of a suborder 1975). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedon example is Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal description is the range of important characteristics of horizonation, plus udult, the suborder of the Ultisols the soils in the series. that has a udic moisture regime). The map units of each soil series are described in SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept Atkins Series of the great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, The Atkins series consists of very deep, poorly suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some drained soils that formed in acid, alluvial deposits properties that are not representative of the great washed from soils on uplands. The Atkins soils are on group but do not indicate transitions to any other flood plains throughout the county. They are subject to taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or occasional flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. more adjectives preceding the name of the great Atkins soils are on the landscape with the group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that somewhat excessively drained Potomac soils, the well typifies the great group. An example is Typic drained Chavies and Pope soils, the moderately well Hapludults. drained Cotaco and Philo soils, and the poorly drained Webster County, West Virginia 75

Elkins soils. Atkins soils are fine-loamy, while Elkins or 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. The texture of the fine- soils are fine-silty. earth material is loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam. Typical pedon of Atkins loam in a field that has been cleared of trees; about 500 feet south of Dyer Church; Cateache Series about 1,000 feet north of the Williams River; USGS Webster Springs topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 The Cateache series consists of moderately deep, degrees 22 minutes 54 seconds N. and long. 80 well drained soils that formed in material weathered degrees 28 minutes 02 seconds W. from red interbedded siltstone and shale bedrock. These soils are on mountain side slopes and benches Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) in the central and eastern parts of the county. Slope loam; few fine brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; weak ranges from 15 to 70 percent. medium granular structure; friable; many fine and Cateache soils are on the landscape with the well medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth drained Gilpin, Laidig, and Shouns soils and the boundary. moderately well drained Meckesville soils. Cateache Bg1—7 to 16 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; soils do not have the yellowish brown Bt horizon that is common fine and medium brown (7.5YR 4/4) typical of Gilpin soils. They are not so deep as Laidig, mottles; weak medium and coarse subangular Meckesville, and Shouns soils. blocky structure; friable; common very fine and Typical pedon of Cateache channery silt loam in a fine roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. wooded area of Shouns-Cateache complex, 35 to 70 Bg2—16 to 35 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) loam; many percent slopes, extremely stony; about 1 mile fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) northwest of Webster Springs; about 150 feet north of mottles; weak medium and coarse subangular State Route 20 at the southeast end of Sommer Lane; blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine USGS Webster Springs topographic quadrangle; lat. roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 38 degrees 29 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 80 BCg—35 to 48 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) loam; common degrees 25 minutes 03 seconds W. fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8 and 4/6) mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure Oi—2 inches to 0; loose hardwood leaf litter. parting to weak medium and coarse subangular A—0 to 4 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) blocky; friable; few very fine and fine roots; very channery silt loam; weak fine and medium strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. granular structure; very friable; many fine to Cg1—48 to 59 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; coarse roots; 20 percent rock fragments; slightly common fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR acid; clear wavy boundary. 5/8 and 4/6) mottles; massive; friable; few very fine BA—4 to 9 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) and fine roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky boundary. structure; friable; many fine to coarse roots; 25 Cg2—59 to 65 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam; percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy common fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR boundary. 5/8 and 4/6) mottles; massive; friable; few very fine Bt—9 to 25 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) channery and fine roots; very strongly acid. silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 50 on faces of peds; common fine and medium roots; inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. 15 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or wavy boundary. strongly acid. BC—25 to 31 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) very The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, channery silt loam; weak fine and medium and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture of the fine-earth subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; material is loam. 40 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 wavy boundary. to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture of the fine- Cr—31 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) and reddish earth material is loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam. gray (5YR 5/2), fractured siltstone bedrock. The BCg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 1. The texture of the fine-earth material is The thickness of the solum ranges from 21 to 40 loam. inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 inches. The content of rock fragments ranges from 5 to 76 Soil Survey

25 percent, by volume, in the A and BA horizons, from fragments (30 percent sandstone, 15 percent 10 to 25 percent, by volume, in the Bt horizon, and siltstone, and 5 percent coal); very strongly acid; from 35 to 80 percent, by volume, in the BC horizon. In gradual wavy boundary. unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid to C2—26 to 44 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moderately acid. very channery loam; common black and yellowish The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of brown lithochromic mottles; massive; firm; few 2 or 3, and chroma of 2. The texture of the fine-earth very fine roots; 50 percent rock fragments (25 material is silt loam. percent sandstone, 20 percent siltstone, and 5 The BA horizon has hue of 5YR, value of 3 or 4, percent coal); very strongly acid; gradual wavy and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine-earth boundary. material is silt loam. C3—44 to 65 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR and value extremely channery loam; many black and and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth yellowish brown lithochromic mottles; massive; material is silt loam or silty clay loam. firm; few very fine and fine roots; 60 percent rock The BC horizon has hue of 5YR, value of 3 or 4, fragments (25 percent sandstone, 25 percent and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth siltstone, and 10 percent coal); very strongly acid. material is silt loam. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The The Cr horizon is weathered siltstone bedrock. content of rock fragments of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal ranges from 30 to 60 percent, by Cedarcreek Series volume, throughout the profile. The percentage of each rock type is less than 65 percent of the total rock The Cedarcreek series consists of very deep, well fragments in the control section. Most of the rock drained soils that formed in a mixture of partially fragments are channers, but some are stones or weathered, acid sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal boulders. Most pedons have red, black, brown, yellow, fragments and partially weathered fine-earth material or gray lithochromic mottles in some or all horizons. In in areas disturbed by surface mine operations. These unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid or very soils are on side slopes, benches, and ridgetops strongly acid. throughout the county. Slope ranges from 35 to 70 The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, percent. and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth Cedarcreek soils are on the landscape with the well material is loam or silt loam. drained Gilpin, Itmann, and Laidig soils and The C horizon is neutral in hue or has hue of 10YR. Udorthents. Cedarcreek soils are loamy-skeletal, while It has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 to 6. The texture Gilpin and Laidig soils and Udorthents are fine-loamy. of the fine-earth material is loam or silt loam. Cedarcreek soils do not have the high content of carbolithic rock fragments that is typical of Itmann soils. Chavies Series Typical pedon of Cedarcreek very channery loam, The Chavies series consists of very deep, well very steep, extremely stony, in a wooded area; about drained soils that formed in acid, alluvial material 5,500 feet west-northwest of the confluence of Jack’s washed from acid soils on uplands. The Chavies soils Run and Birch Run; USGS Cowen topographic are on high flood plains, mainly along the Elk, Gauley, quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 25 minutes 26 seconds N. Holly, and Williams Rivers. They are subject to rare and long. 80 degrees 35 minutes 57 seconds W. flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Oi—2 inches to 0; loose hardwood leaf litter. Chavies soils are on the landscape with the A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very somewhat excessively drained Potomac soils, the well channery loam; common black lithochromic drained Craigsville and Pope soils, the moderately well mottles; weak medium granular structure; very drained Philo soils, and the poorly drained Atkins soils. friable; many very fine to coarse roots; 35 percent Chavies soils are coarse-loamy, while Craigsville soils rock fragments (10 percent sandstone, 20 percent are loamy-skeletal and Potomac soils are sandy- siltstone, and 5 percent coal); very strongly acid; skeletal. Chavies soils flood less frequently than the clear wavy boundary. Pope soils. C1—4 to 26 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Typical pedon of Chavies fine sandy loam in a very channery loam; common black and yellowish hayfield along the Elk River; about 500 feet west of brown lithochromic mottles; massive; friable; few County Route 7; about 6 miles north of Webster very fine to coarse roots; 50 percent rock Springs; USGS Diana topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 Webster County, West Virginia 77

degrees 31 minutes 05 seconds N. and long. 80 The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of degrees 29 minutes 07 seconds W. 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- earth material is loamy sand, fine sandy loam, sandy Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam, or silt loam. loam; weak very fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine to medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy Cotaco Series boundary. The Cotaco series consists of very deep, BA—6 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) fine moderately well drained soils that formed in acid, sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky alluvial material washed from soils on uplands. The structure; very friable; many very fine and fine Cotaco soils are on low stream terraces, mainly along roots; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; Strouds Creek and at the headwaters of Birch River clear wavy boundary. and Laurel Creek near Cowen and along tributaries of Bt1—10 to 23 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine the Gauley River. Slope ranges from 3 to 8 percent. sandy loam; weak fine and medium subangular Cotaco soils are on the landscape with the well blocky structure; very friable; few distinct clay films drained Pope soils, the moderately well drained Philo on faces of peds and bridging of sand grains; soils, and the poorly drained Atkins and Elkins soils. common fine and medium roots; strongly acid; Cotaco soils have an argillic horizon, which is not gradual wavy boundary. characteristic of Atkins, Elkins, Philo, and Pope soils. Bt2—23 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine Typical pedon of Cotaco silt loam, 3 to 8 percent sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky slopes, in an idle field; about 400 feet east of County structure; very friable; few distinct clay films on Route 15/8; about 3,150 feet northeast of the faces of peds and bridging of sand grains; few fine intersection of State Route 20 and County Route 15/8; and medium roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy USGS Cowen topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees boundary. 24 minutes 52 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 31 BC—30 to 42 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine minutes 32 seconds W. sandy loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine and medium Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. moderate fine and medium granular structure; C1—42 to 58 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine friable; common very fine to medium roots; slightly sandy loam; massive; very friable; strongly acid; acid; abrupt smooth boundary. gradual wavy boundary. Bt1—5 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt C2—58 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky loamy sand; single grain; loose; very strongly acid. structure; friable; common thin distinct clay films on faces of peds; common very fine and fine roots; The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 45 common coarse yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. organic stains on faces of peds; strongly acid; The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 5 clear smooth boundary. percent, by volume, in the solum and from 0 to 30 Bt2—16 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt percent, by volume, in the C horizon. In unlimed areas loam; common medium gray (10YR 6/1) and few reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid. fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine- friable; many thin distinct clay films on faces of earth material is fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. peds; few fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy The BA horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, boundary. value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of Bt3—23 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) the fine-earth material is fine sandy loam. silt loam; many coarse gray (10YR 6/1) and The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, common medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture of mottles; moderate coarse prismatic structure the fine-earth material is fine sandy loam, loam, or silt parting to moderate medium and coarse loam. subangular blocky; friable; many thin distinct clay The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of films on faces of peds; few very fine roots; very 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. earth material is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or Btg—31 to 44 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; many loam. coarse light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and many 78 Soil Survey

medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8 and 5/6) mottles; about 1,600 feet south of the confluence of Hodam moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to Creek and the Left Fork of Holly River; USGS Hacker weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; common thin Valley topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 38 distinct clay films on faces of peds; very strongly minutes 38 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 23 acid; clear smooth boundary. minutes 51 seconds W. BCg—44 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) loam; many Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8 and 5/6) and loam; weak medium granular structure; very common coarse light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) friable; many very fine and fine roots; 30 percent mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth friable; common black (N 2/0) concretions; very boundary. strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw—5 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Cg—50 to 65 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) loam; many very gravelly loam; weak medium and coarse medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6 and 5/8) and few subangular blocky structure; friable; common very medium light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) mottles; fine and fine roots; 45 percent rock fragments; massive; friable; few black (N 2/0) concretions; few very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. coarse pockets of fine sandy loam; very strongly BC—24 to 39 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) acid. very gravelly sandy loam; weak medium and The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 55 coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. very fine and fine roots; 55 percent rock The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 15 fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy percent, by volume, in the solum and from 0 to 50 boundary. percent, by volume, in the substratum. In unlimed 2C1—39 to 53 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid. 4/6) gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and roots; 25 percent rock fragments; very strongly chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth material acid; clear wavy boundary. is silt loam. 2C2—53 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR and value of 5 or 6. 4/6) very gravelly loamy sand; single grain; very It has chroma of 4 to 6 in the upper part and 1 to 4 in friable; 50 percent rock fragments; very strongly the lower part. The texture of the fine-earth material is acid. loam, silt loam, or clay loam. The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 The BCg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. and chroma of 1 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth The content of rock fragments ranges from 10 to 40 material is loam or clay loam. percent, by volume, in the A horizon and from 25 to 70 The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, percent, by volume, in the B and C horizons. In and chroma of 1 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly material is loam or sandy clay loam. acid. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3, and Craigsville Series chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth material is loam. The Craigsville series consists of very deep, well The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, drained soils that formed in acid, alluvial material and chroma of 6. The texture of the fine-earth material washed from soils on uplands. The Craigsville soils is loam or sandy loam. are on high flood plains and on alluvial fans at the The BC horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and mouth of hollows throughout the county. They are chroma of 6. The texture of the fine-earth material is subject to rare flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 sandy loam. percent. The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and Craigsville soils are on the landscape with the chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth material somewhat excessively drained Potomac soils, the well is loamy sand or sandy loam. drained Chavies and Pope soils, and the moderately well drained Philo soils. Craigsville soils are loamy- skeletal, while Chavies, Philo, and Pope soils are Dekalb Series coarse-loamy and Potomac soils are sandy-skeletal. Typical pedon of Craigsville gravelly loam, 0 to 5 The Dekalb series consists of moderately deep, percent slopes, in a meadow along Hodam Creek; well drained soils that formed in acid material Webster County, West Virginia 79

weathered from sandstone bedrock. These soils are The BA horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, on the upper mountain side slopes and ridgetops, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth mostly in the western half of the county. Slope ranges material is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. from 3 to 70 percent. The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, Dekalb soils are on the landscape with the well and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth drained Gilpin, Guyandotte, Laidig, and Pineville soils. material is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. They are not so deep as the Guyandotte soils. They The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, are loamy-skeletal, while Gilpin, Laidig, and Pineville and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth soils are fine-loamy. material is sandy loam or loam. Typical pedon of Dekalb channery sandy loam, in a wooded area of Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to Elkins Series 70 percent slopes, extremely stony; about 700 feet west of County Route 28/1; about 3.2 miles northeast The Elkins series consists of very deep, poorly of Wainville; USGS Erbacon topographic quadrangle; drained soils that formed in acid, alluvial deposits lat. 38 degrees 31 minutes 13 seconds N. and long. 80 washed from soils on uplands. The Elkins soils are on degrees 32 minutes 38 seconds W. flood plains in the southwestern part of the county. They are subject to occasional flooding. Slope ranges Oi—3 inches to 1 inch; loose hardwood leaf litter. from 0 to 3 percent. Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood leaf Elkins soils are on the landscape with the well litter. drained Pope soils, the moderately well drained A—0 to 2 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) channery Cotaco and Philo soils, and the poorly drained Atkins sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very soils. Elkins soils are fine-silty, while Philo and Pope friable; many fine and medium roots; 20 percent soils are coarse-loamy and Cotaco soils are fine- rock fragments; extremely acid; clear wavy loamy. boundary. Typical pedon of Elkins silt loam in a hayfield; about BA—2 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) channery 400 feet north of the junction of Big Ditch Run with sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky State Route 20 in the town of Cowen; about 130 feet structure; very friable; many fine and medium west of Big Ditch Run; USGS Cowen topographic roots; 20 percent rock fragments; very strongly quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 24 minutes 43 seconds N. acid; gradual wavy boundary. and long. 80 degrees 33 minutes 19 seconds W. Bw1—5 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery sandy loam; weak fine and medium Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and loam; moderate fine and medium granular medium roots; 30 percent rock fragments; very structure; very friable; many fine and medium strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Bw2—13 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Bg1—7 to 15 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam; very channery sandy loam; weak medium common medium strong brown (7.5YR 4/6 and subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine 5/6) mottles; weak medium and coarse subangular to coarse roots; 45 percent rock fragments; very blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. C—24 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Bg2—15 to 27 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/0) silt loam; extremely channery sandy loam; massive; friable; few medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; few coarse roots; 75 percent rock fragments; very weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. medium and coarse subangular blocky; friable; few R—34 inches; weathered sandstone bedrock. fine roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Cg1—27 to 47 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silt loam; common The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 30 medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 medium reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) mottles; inches. The content of rock fragments ranges from 20 massive; friable; very strongly acid; clear wavy to 50 percent, by volume, in the solum and from 50 to boundary. 75 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. In unlimed Cg2—47 to 65 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/0) silt loam; areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. massive; friable; very strongly acid. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture of the fine-earth The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 40 material is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. 80 Soil Survey

In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid or very blocky structure; friable; few thin distinct clay films strongly acid. on faces of peds; few fine roots; 10 percent rock The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture of the fine-earth boundary. material is silt loam. Bt3—20 to 29 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is loam; few fine light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), neutral in hue. It has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 0 to common medium light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4), 2. The texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam or and common medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam. mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y or is blocky structure; friable; few thin distinct clay films neutral in hue. It has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 0 to on faces of peds; few fine and medium roots; 10 2. The texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam. percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Fenwick Series BC—29 to 34 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loam; common fine and medium light brownish The Fenwick series consists of moderately deep, gray (10YR 6/2), common medium light yellowish moderately well drained soils that formed in acid brown (2.5Y 6/4), and common medium strong material weathered from interbedded sandstone, brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine platy siltstone, and shale bedrock. These soils are on gently structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; sloping ridgetops, mostly in the southern part of the firm; few very fine roots; 10 percent rock county between the Gauley and Cranberry Rivers. fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy Slope ranges from 3 to 15 percent. boundary. Fenwick soils are on the landscape with the well R—34 inches; porous sandstone bedrock. drained Gilpin soils. Unlike Gilpin soils, Fenwick soils have grayish mottles in the Bt horizon. The thickness of the solum and the depth to Typical pedon of Fenwick loam, 3 to 15 percent bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. The content of slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about 0.6 mile rock fragments ranges from 0 to 15 percent, by north of the intersection of Mills Mountain Road and volume, in the A horizon and from 5 to 25 percent, by Forest Service Route 101; about 300 feet east of Mills volume, in the BA, Bt, and BC horizons. In unlimed Mountain Road; USGS Webster Springs SW areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid. topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 21 minutes 18 The A horizon has hue of 10Y and value and seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 29 minutes 27 chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine-earth material seconds W. is loam. The BA horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, Oi—3 inches to 1 inch; loose hardwood leaf litter. and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood leaf material is loam or silt loam. litter. The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam; and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth moderate very fine and fine granular structure; material is loam or silt loam. very friable; many very fine to coarse roots; 5 The BC horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt and chroma of 6. The texture of the fine-earth material smooth boundary. is loam or silt loam. BA—2 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many very fine to coarse roots; 10 percent Gauley Series rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Gauley series consists of moderately deep, Bt1—8 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; well drained soils that formed in acid material weak fine and medium subangular blocky weathered from sandstone bedrock. These soils are structure; friable; few thin distinct clay films on on ridgetops and shoulder slopes, mainly at elevations faces of peds; common very fine to medium roots; of more than 3,400 feet, in the eastern part of the 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; county. Slope ranges from 3 to 35 percent. clear wavy boundary. Gauley soils are on the landscape with the well Bt2—15 to 20 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) drained Mandy soils and the moderately well drained loam; moderate fine and medium subangular Simoda and Snowdog soils. Unlike Gauley soils, Webster County, West Virginia 81

Mandy, Simoda, and Snowdog soils do not have a chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth material spodic horizon. is sandy loam or loam. Typical pedon of Gauley extremely channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, rubbly, in a wooded area; Gilpin Series about 5,000 feet south-southwest of the confluence of Dogway Run and Cranberry River; about 50 feet south The Gilpin series consists of moderately deep, well of Pocahontas Trail; USGS Fork Mountain topographic drained soils that formed in acid material weathered quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 14 minutes 28 seconds N. from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale and long. 80 degrees 23 minutes 02 seconds W. bedrock. These soils are on ridgetops, benches, and side slopes throughout the county. Slope ranges from Oi—4 to 3 inches; undecomposed leaf litter from red 3 to 70 percent. spruce. Gilpin soils are on the landscape with the well Oe—3 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaf litter drained Cateache, Cedarcreek, Dekalb, Guyandotte, from red spruce. Itmann, Kaymine, Laidig, Pineville, and Shouns soils A—0 to 4 inches; black (N 2/0) extremely channery and Udorthents and the moderately well drained sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Fenwick soils. Gilpin soils are fine-loamy, while friable; many very fine to very coarse roots; 75 Cedarcreek, Dekalb, Guyandotte, Itmann, and percent rock fragments; extremely acid; gradual Kaymine soils are loamy-skeletal. Gilpin soils are not wavy boundary. so deep as the Laidig, Pineville, and Shouns soils and E—4 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) and grayish Udorthents. They do not have the reddish brown Bt brown (10YR 5/2) very channery loamy sand; horizon that is typical of Cateache soils. weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Typical pedon of Gilpin silt loam in a wooded area medium granular; firm; few very fine and fine roots; of Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte association, very steep, 35 percent rock fragments; extremely acid; clear extremely stony; about 600 feet east of Amos Branch; smooth boundary. about 1.0 mile east of County Route 28; about 3.6 Bhs—14 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2 and 4/4) miles northeast of Wainville; USGS Erbacon channery sandy loam; weak fine and medium topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 30 minutes 56 subangular blocky structure; friable; common very seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 31 minutes 19 fine and fine roots; few fine black (5YR 2.5/1) seconds W. organic stains; 30 percent rock fragments; Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; loose hardwood leaf litter. extremely acid; gradual wavy boundary. Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood leaf Bs—19 to 28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very litter. channery sandy loam; weak coarse and very A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) coarse platy structure parting to weak medium silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; subangular blocky; firm; few fine black (5YR 2.5/1) many fine to coarse roots; 10 percent rock organic stains; 45 percent rock fragments; fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth extremely acid. boundary. R—28 inches; hard, gray sandstone bedrock. Bt1—2 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) The thickness of the solum and the depth to channery silt loam; weak fine and medium bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. The content of subangular blocky structure; friable; common rock fragments ranges from 20 to 75 percent, by distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine volume, in the individual horizons. In unlimed areas to coarse roots; 15 percent rock fragments; very reaction is extremely acid or very strongly acid. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The A horizon is neutral in hue or has hue of 10YR. Bt2—11 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) It has value of 2 and chroma of 0 or 1. The texture of channery silt loam; weak medium subangular the fine-earth material is sandy loam or loam. blocky structure; friable; common distinct clay films The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of on faces of peds; common fine to coarse roots; 15 4 to 6, and chroma of 2. The texture of the fine-earth percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear material is loamy sand or sandy loam. wavy boundary. The Bhs horizon has hue of 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, C—26 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine-earth channery silt loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; material is sandy loam or loam. 30 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid. The Bs horizon has hue of 7.5YR, value of 4, and R—36 inches; sandstone bedrock. 82 Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 36 4/4) very channery silt loam; weak medium and inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; inches. The content of rock fragments ranges from 5 to common fine roots; 55 percent rock fragments; 40 percent, by volume, in individual horizons of the strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. solum and from 30 to 50 percent, by volume, in the C C—55 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) horizon. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to extremely channery loam; massive; friable; 70 strongly acid. percent rock fragments; moderately acid. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3, and The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to 60 chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth material inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. is loam or silt loam. The content of rock fragments ranges from 15 to 65 The B horizon has hue of 10YR and value and percent, by volume, in individual horizons of the solum chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth material and from 30 to 70 percent, by volume, in the C is loam or silt loam. horizon. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, to neutral in the surface soil and very strongly acid to and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth moderately acid in the B and C horizons. material is loam or silt loam. The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture of the fine-earth Guyandotte Series material is loam or silt loam. The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, The Guyandotte series consists of very deep, well and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth drained soils that formed in acid, colluvial material material is loam or silt loam. moved downslope from soils on uplands. The The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Guyandotte soils are on north-facing mountain side 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- slopes. Slope ranges from 35 to 70 percent. earth material is loam or silt loam. Guyandotte soils are on the landscape with the well drained Dekalb, Gilpin, Laidig, and Pineville soils. Guyandotte soils are loamy-skeletal, while Gilpin, Itmann Series Laidig, and Pineville soils are fine-loamy. Guyandotte soils are deeper than Dekalb soils. The Itmann series consists of very deep, somewhat Typical pedon of Guyandotte channery silt loam in a excessively drained soils that formed in acid waste wooded area of Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte material from deep mined coal. Most areas are association, very steep, extremely stony; about 0.5 covered with as much as 20 inches of natural soil from mile west of County Route 28/1; about 2.5 miles east the surrounding area. The Itmann soils are on of Erbacon at the head of Camp Creek; USGS ridgetops, benches, and hillsides, mostly around Bolair Erbacon topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 31 and Erbacon. Slope ranges from 8 to 70 percent. minutes 16 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 32 Itmann soils are on the landscape with the well minutes 41 seconds W. drained Cedarcreek, Gilpin, Kaymine, and Laidig soils and Udorthents. Itmann soils have more carbolithic Oi—1 inch to 0; loose hardwood leaf litter. rock fragments throughout the profile than A1—0 to 11 inches; black (10YR 2/1) channery silt Cedarcreek, Gilpin, Kaymine, and Laidig soils and loam; weak medium and coarse granular Udorthents. structure; very friable; many fine and medium Typical pedon of Itmann channery loam, very steep, roots; 15 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear in an area of reclaimed mine spoil in the community of smooth boundary. Bolair; about 1,000 feet behind Spring Ridge Coal Co. A2—11 to 19 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR tipple; USGS Webster Springs topographic 3/2) channery silt loam; moderate fine subangular quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 26 minutes 02 seconds N. blocky structure; very friable; many fine and and long. 80 degrees 26 minutes 03 seconds W. medium roots; 25 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 Bw1—19 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR and 4/6) channery loam; massive; very friable; 4/4) very channery silt loam; weak medium many fine to coarse roots; 25 percent rock subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and fragments (90 percent sandstone, 5 percent medium roots; 35 percent rock fragments; strongly mudstone, and 5 percent carbolith); neutral; abrupt acid; clear wavy boundary. smooth boundary. Bw2—30 to 55 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR C1—14 to 22 inches; black (N 2/0) extremely Webster County, West Virginia 83

channery sandy loam; single grain; loose; A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very common very fine to medium roots; 65 percent channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky rock fragments (80 percent carbolith and 20 structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 40 percent mudstone); strongly acid; gradual wavy percent rock fragments (55 percent mudstone and boundary. 45 percent sandstone); neutral; gradual wavy C2—22 to 55 inches; black (N 2/0) extremely boundary. channery sandy loam; single grain; loose; few fine C1—7 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very channery roots; 80 percent rock fragments (80 percent silt loam; massive; friable; common fine roots; 50 carbolith and 20 percent mudstone); strongly acid; percent rock fragments (55 percent mudstone and gradual wavy boundary. 45 percent sandstone); slightly acid; gradual wavy C3—55 to 65 inches; black (N 2/0) very channery boundary. sandy loam; single grain; loose; 55 percent rock C2—24 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very fragments (80 percent carbolith and 20 percent channery silt loam; massive; firm; many fine and mudstone); strongly acid. medium brown (10YR 5/3) lithochromic mottles; 60 percent rock fragments (55 percent mudstone The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The and 45 percent sandstone); neutral; clear wavy content of rock fragments of carbolith, mudstone, and boundary. sandstone ranges from 15 to 80 percent, by volume, C3—36 to 65 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) throughout the profile but averages 35 percent or more extremely channery silt loam; massive; firm; 65 in the control section. Carbolith fragments make up percent rock fragments (50 percent mudstone, 45 more than 50 percent of the total content of rock percent sandstone, and 5 percent coal); slightly fragments. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid acid. to strongly acid. The A horizon has hue of 10YR and value and The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth material content of rock fragments of sandstone, siltstone, is loam. shale, mudstone, and coal ranges from 15 to 50 The C horizon is neutral in hue. The texture of the percent, by volume, in the A horizon and from 45 to 70 fine-earth material is sandy loam. percent, by volume, in the C horizon. The percentage of each rock type is less than 65 percent of the total rock fragments in the control section. Most of the rock Kaymine Series fragments are channers, but some are stones or boulders. All of the horizons in some pedons and The Kaymine series consists of very deep, well some of the horizons in other pedons have red, brown, drained soils that formed in a mixture of partially yellow, or gray lithochromic mottles. In unlimed areas weathered sandstone, siltstone, shale, mudstone, and reaction is moderately acid to neutral. coal rock fragments and partially weathered fine-earth The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, material in areas that have been disturbed by surface and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth mining operations. These soils are on ridgetops, material is silt loam. benches, and side slopes throughout the county. Slope The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 ranges from 3 to 80 percent. to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4. The texture of the fine-earth Kaymine soils are on the landscape with the well material is silt loam or loam. drained Gilpin, Itmann, Laidig, and Pineville soils and Udorthents. Kaymine soils are loamy-skeletal, while Gilpin, Laidig, and Pineville soils and Udorthents are Laidig Series fine-loamy. Kaymine soils do not have the high content of carbolithic rock fragments that is typical of Itmann The Laidig series consists of very deep, well soils. drained soils that formed in acid, colluvial material Typical pedon of Kaymine very channery silt loam, moved downslope from soils on uplands. The Laidig very steep, extremely stony, in an idle area; about 0.68 soils are on foot slopes and mountain side slopes. mile east of the junction of Board Fork and County Slope ranges from 3 to 45 percent. Route 44; about 850 feet southeast of Board Fork; Laidig soils are on the landscape with the well USGS Tioga topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees drained Cateache, Cedarcreek, Dekalb, Gilpin, 25 minutes 40 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 37 Guyandotte, Itmann, Kaymine, Mandy, Pineville, and minutes 38 seconds W. Shouns soils and Udorthents and the moderately well 84 Soil Survey

drained Meckesville and Simoda soils. Laidig soils are parting to weak medium subangular blocky; brittle; deeper than the Cateache, Dekalb, Gilpin, and Mandy very firm; few distinct clay films on faces of peds soils. They are fine-loamy, while Cedarcreek, and in pores; common black concretions; 50 Guyandotte, Itmann, and Kaymine soils are loamy- percent rock fragments; extremely acid; gradual skeletal. Laidig soils have a fragipan, which is not wavy boundary. characteristic of Pineville and Shouns soils and 2C—60 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very Udorthents. They do not have the red Bt horizon channery sandy clay loam; common medium typical of Meckesville soils. yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; massive; firm; Typical pedon of Laidig channery silt loam, 8 to 35 common black concretions; 40 percent rock percent slopes, rubbly, in a wooded area; about 150 fragments; extremely acid. feet north of Bear Run along a logging road; about 2.1 The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to 70 miles northeast of Forest Service Route 76; about 2.0 inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. miles east of Big Rock campground; USGS Webster The depth to the fragipan ranges from 30 to 50 inches. Springs SW topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees The content of rock fragments ranges from 10 to 50 18 minutes 54 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 29 percent, by volume, in the A, BA, and Bt horizons and minutes 30 seconds W. from 25 to 60 percent, by volume, in the Btx and C Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood leaf horizons. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid litter. or very strongly acid. A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3, and channery silt loam; weak fine and medium chroma of 1 or 2. The texture of the fine-earth material granular structure; very friable; many fine to is silt loam. coarse roots; 15 percent rock fragments; The BA horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, extremely acid; clear smooth boundary. and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth BA—4 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) material is loam or silt loam. channery silt loam; weak fine and medium The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, subangular blocky structure; friable; many medium and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth and coarse roots; 15 percent rock fragments; very material is loam or silt loam. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. The Btx horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Bt1—12 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- channery silt loam; weak medium subangular earth material is sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. blocky structure; friable; few distinct clay films on The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of faces of peds; common fine and medium roots; 25 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth percent rock fragments; extremely acid; gradual material is fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or sandy wavy boundary. clay loam. Bt2—20 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery loam; few fine yellowish brown (10YR Mandy Series 5/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; The Mandy series consists of moderately deep, well friable; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; drained soils that formed in acid material weathered common fine and medium roots; 30 percent rock from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale fragments; extremely acid; clear smooth boundary. bedrock. These soils are on mountain side slopes, Btx1—32 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) shoulder slopes, and ridgetops, mainly at elevations of very channery loam; common medium light gray more than 3,400 feet, in the eastern part of the county. (2.5Y 7/2) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; Slope ranges from 3 to 70 percent. weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to Mandy soils are on the landscape with the well weak medium subangular blocky; brittle; firm; few drained Gauley and Laidig soils and the moderately distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores; well drained Simoda and Snowdog soils. Mandy soils common black concretions; 50 percent rock are not so deep as the Laidig, Simoda, and Snowdog fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth soils. They do not have the spodic horizon that is boundary. typical in Gauley soils. Btx2—51 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Typical pedon of Mandy channery silt loam, 35 to and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very channery 55 percent slopes, extremely stony, in a wooded area; loam; common medium pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) about 2,500 feet south-southeast of the confluence of mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure Pheasant Hollow and Cranberry River; about 100 feet Webster County, West Virginia 85

south of Forest Service Route 77; USGS Webster Meckesville Series Springs SW topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 15 minutes 28 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 24 The Meckesville series consists of very deep, well minutes 31 seconds W. drained soils that formed in acid, colluvial material Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; loose hardwood leaf litter. moved downslope from soils on uplands. The Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood leaf Meckesville soils are on foot slopes in the central and litter. eastern parts of the county. Slope ranges from 15 to A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery silt 35 percent. loam; moderate fine and medium granular Meckesville soils are on the landscape with the well structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; drained Cateache, Laidig, and Shouns soils. They 20 percent rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt have a fragipan, which is not characteristic of wavy boundary. Cateache and Shouns soils. Meckesville soils have a BA—2 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redder Bt horizon than Laidig soils. channery silt loam; weak fine and medium Typical pedon of Meckesville silt loam, 15 to 35 subangular blocky structure; very friable; many percent slopes, extremely stony, in a wooded area; fine to coarse roots; 25 percent rock fragments; about 500 feet south of Elk River; about 800 feet extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. southeast of the Western Maryland Railroad bridge; Bw1—7 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very USGS Samp topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees channery silt loam; weak fine and medium 30 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 13 subangular blocky structure; friable; many very minutes 40 seconds W. fine to coarse roots; 35 percent rock fragments; Oi—1 inch to 0; loose hardwood leaf litter. extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam; Bw2—14 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moderate fine and medium granular structure; very channery silt loam; weak fine and medium very friable; many fine to coarse roots; 5 percent subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy and fine roots; 50 percent rock fragments; very boundary. strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt1—3 to 15 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt C—24 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky extremely channery silt loam; massive; firm; few structure; friable; common distinct clay films on very fine to coarse roots; 85 percent rock faces of peds; many fine to coarse roots; 5 percent fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. boundary. Cr—34 inches; fractured siltstone bedrock. Bt2—15 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silt The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 30 loam; moderate medium subangular blocky inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 structure; friable; common distinct clay films on inches. The content of rock fragments ranges from 15 faces of peds; many fine and medium roots; 10 to 25 percent, by volume, in the A and BA horizons, percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy from 30 to 50 percent, by volume, in the Bw horizon, boundary. and from 60 to 90 percent, by volume, in the C Bt3—29 to 36 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) horizon. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid or channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular very strongly acid. blocky structure; friable; common distinct clay films The A horizon has hue of 10YR and value and on faces of peds; many fine roots; 20 percent rock chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth material fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. is silt loam. Btx1—36 to 55 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) The BA horizon has hue of 10YR and value and channery loam; few fine reddish gray (5YR 5/2) chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth material and few medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) is silt loam. mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of parting to weak medium and coarse subangular 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- blocky; firm and brittle; few distinct clay films on earth material is loam or silt loam. faces of peds and in pores; many black The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5, and concretions; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth material acid; gradual wavy boundary. is loam or silt loam. Btx2—55 to 65 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) 86 Soil Survey

channery loam; few fine and medium reddish gray 4/4) loam; common medium grayish brown (10YR (5YR 5/2) and few medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/2) and common fine and medium strong brown 5/6) mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure (7.5YR 4/6 and 5/6) mottles; weak medium and parting to weak very coarse platy; very firm and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; many brittle; few distinct clay films on faces of peds and very fine to coarse roots; moderately acid; clear in pores; many black concretions; 20 percent rock wavy boundary. fragments; strongly acid. C—30 to 36 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; common fine and medium yellowish red The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to 80 (5YR 4/6) and few fine grayish brown (10YR 5/2) inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. mottles; massive; friable; few very fine and fine The depth to the fragipan ranges from 25 to 40 inches. roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. The content of rock fragments ranges from 5 to 20 2C—36 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) percent, by volume, in the A and Bt horizons and from very gravelly sandy loam; few fine grayish brown 15 to 40 percent, by volume, in the Btx horizons. In (10YR 5/2) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly massive; very friable; 40 percent rock fragments; acid. very strongly acid. The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 3, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 48 material is silt loam. inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 20 chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth material percent, by volume, in the A, Bw, and C horizons and is silt loam or silty clay loam. from 0 to 40 percent, by volume, in the 2C horizon. In The Btx horizon has hue of 5YR, value of 3 or 4, unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid to and chroma of 4. The texture of the fine-earth material moderately acid. is loam or silt loam. The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth Philo Series material is loam. The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, The Philo series consists of very deep, moderately and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth well drained soils that formed in acid, alluvial deposits material is loam or silt loam. washed from soils on uplands. The Philo soils are on The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is narrow flood plains throughout the county. They are neutral in hue. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to subject to occasional flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3. The texture of the fine-earth material is sandy loam, 3 percent. loam, or silt loam. Philo soils are on the landscape with the somewhat The 2C horizon is neutral in hue or has hue of excessively drained Potomac soils, the well drained 10YR or 2.5Y. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to Chavies, Craigsville, and Pope soils, the moderately 4. The texture of the fine-earth material is fine sandy well drained Cotaco soils, and the poorly drained loam or sandy loam. Atkins and Elkins soils. Cotaco soils are on terraces. Typical pedon of Philo loam in an idle area of Philo- Pope complex; about 25 feet east of Amos Run; about Pineville Series 1.75 miles northeast of the intersection of County The Pineville series consists of very deep, well Routes 9 and 28; USGS Erbacon topographic drained soils that formed in acid, colluvial material that quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 30 minutes 15 seconds N. moved downslope from soils on uplands. The Pineville and long. 80 degrees 32 minutes 48 seconds W. soils are on mountain side slopes and foot slopes. Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Slope ranges from 35 to 70 percent. loam; moderate fine and medium granular Pineville soils are on the landscape with the well structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse drained Dekalb, Gilpin, Guyandotte, Kaymine, and roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Laidig soils and Udorthents. Pineville soils are fine- Bw1—9 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy, while Dekalb, Guyandotte, and Kaymine soils loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; are loamy-skeletal. Pineville soils are deeper than friable; many very fine to coarse roots; moderately Gilpin soils. They do not have a fragipan, which is acid; clear wavy boundary. characteristic of Laidig soils. They have a Bt horizon, Bw2—18 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR which is not typical of Udorthents. Webster County, West Virginia 87

Typical pedon of Pineville channery loam in a and chroma of 1 to 3. The texture of the fine-earth wooded area of Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte material is sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. association, very steep, extremely stony; about 1,500 The BA horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, feet west of County Route 28; about 2.5 miles and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth northeast of Wainville; USGS Erbacon topographic material is sandy loam or loam. quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 31 minutes 46 seconds N. The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of and long. 80 degrees 32 minutes 29 seconds W. 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- earth material is sandy loam or loam. Oi—3 inches to 1 inch; loose hardwood leaf litter. The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood leaf 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- litter. earth material is loam. A—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, channery loam; weak fine and medium granular and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth structure; very friable; common fine and medium material is sandy loam or loam. roots; 20 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. BA—5 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Pope Series channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium roots; 25 The Pope series consists of very deep, well drained percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear soils that formed in acid, alluvial deposits washed from wavy boundary. soils on uplands. The Pope soils are on flood plains Bt1—11 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) throughout the county. They are subject to occasional channery loam; moderate fine and medium flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct Pope soils are on the landscape with the somewhat clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common excessively drained Potomac soils, the well drained medium and coarse roots; 25 percent rock Chavies and Craigsville soils, the moderately well fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy drained Cotaco and Philo soils, and the poorly drained boundary. Atkins and Elkins soils. Pope soils are coarse-loamy, Bt2—22 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) while Potomac soils are sandy-skeletal and Craigsville channery loam; moderate medium and coarse soils are loamy-skeletal. Pope soils do not have the subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct argillic horizon typical of Chavies soils. clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common Typical pedon of Pope loam in a wooded area along medium and coarse roots; 30 percent rock the Gauley River; about 250 feet south of County fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Route 42; about 3 miles west of Jerryville; USGS boundary. Bergoo topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 25 BC—36 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very minutes 33 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 20 channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky minutes 45 seconds W. structure; friable; few medium roots; 45 percent Oi—2 inches to 0; loose hardwood leaf litter. rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam; boundary. weak medium and coarse granular structure; very C—50 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very friable; many fine to coarse roots; very strongly channery loam; few medium distinct strong brown acid; clear smooth boundary. (7.5YR 5/6) and faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Bw1—4 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottles; massive; friable; few roots; 55 percent loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky rock fragments; very strongly acid. structure; very friable; common fine to coarse The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Bw2—15 to 47 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR The content of rock fragments ranges from 10 to 55 4/6) fine sandy loam; weak medium and coarse percent, by volume, in individual horizons of the solum subangular blocky structure; very friable; strongly and from 25 to 70 percent, by volume, in the C acid; gradual wavy boundary. horizon. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid C—47 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) or strongly acid. fine sandy loam; massive; very friable; strongly The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, acid. 88 Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 50 C2—26 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. very gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; few The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 15 fine roots; 55 percent gravel; very strongly acid; percent, by volume, in the A and Bw horizons and gradual wavy boundary. from 0 to 50 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. In C3—37 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly extremely cobbly loamy coarse sand; single grain; acid. loose; few fine roots; 70 percent cobbles; very The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and strongly acid. chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth material The A horizon is 3 to 9 inches thick. The depth to is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam. bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of rock The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR and value and fragments ranges from 20 to 30 percent, by volume, in chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth material the A horizon and from 35 to 70 percent, by volume, in is loam. the C horizon. In unlimed areas reaction is very The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, strongly acid. and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of material is loamy sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine- or loam. earth material is sandy loam. The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Potomac Series 4 or 5, and chroma of 4. The texture of the fine-earth material ranges from coarse sand to fine sandy loam. The Potomac series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in acid, alluvial deposits washed from soils on uplands. Shouns Series The Potomac soils are on flood plains throughout the county. They are subject to occasional flooding. Slope The Shouns series consists of very deep, well ranges from 0 to 3 percent. drained soils that formed in acid, colluvial material that Potomac soils are on the landscape with the well moved downslope from soils on uplands. The Shouns drained Chavies, Craigsville, and Pope soils, the soils are on mountain side slopes in the central and moderately well drained Philo soils, and the poorly eastern parts of the county. Slope ranges from 35 to drained Atkins soils. Potomac soils are sandy-skeletal, 70 percent. while Chavies and Pope soils are coarse-loamy and Shouns soils are on the landscape with the well Craigsville soils are loamy-skeletal. drained Cateache, Gilpin, and Laidig soils and the Typical pedon of Potomac gravelly sandy loam in a moderately well drained Meckesville soils. Shouns wooded area of Pope-Potomac complex, very cobbly; soils do not have the fragipan in the subsoil that is about 1,300 feet upstream from the confluence of typical of Laidig and Meckesville soils. They are Right Fork and Turkey Creek; about 75 feet north of deeper than Cateache and Gilpin soils. Turkey Creek; USGS Bergoo topographic quadrangle; Typical pedon of Shouns silt loam in a wooded area lat. 38 degrees 24 minutes 35 seconds N. and long. 80 of Shouns-Cateache complex, 35 to 70 percent degrees 21 minutes 13 seconds W. slopes, extremely stony; about 2.5 miles southeast of Bergoo on County Route 26/4; about 300 feet Oi—1 inch to 0; loose hardwood leaf litter. northeast of County Route 26/4; USGS Bergoo A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 27 minutes 57 gravelly sandy loam; weak fine and medium seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 15 minutes 58 granular structure; very friable; many very fine to seconds W. coarse roots; 20 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Oi—2 inches to 0; loose hardwood leaf litter. A2—4 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam; sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky moderate fine and medium granular structure; structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; very friable; many fine roots; 10 percent rock 20 percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. boundary. BA—4 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; C1—9 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moderate fine and medium subangular blocky very gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 10 common very fine and fine roots; 35 percent percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. boundary. Webster County, West Virginia 89

Bt1—8 to 31 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 15 minutes 09 channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 22 minutes 52 blocky structure; friable; few distinct clay films on seconds W. faces of peds; common medium roots; 25 percent Oi—1 inch to 0; loose hardwood leaf litter. rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) boundary. silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular Bt2—31 to 45 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse channery silt loam; weak medium subangular roots; 10 percent rock fragments; extremely acid; blocky structure; friable; few distinct clay films on clear wavy boundary. faces of peds; common medium roots; 25 percent BA—3 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy loam; moderate fine granular and weak medium boundary. subangular blocky structure; friable; many very C—45 to 65 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fine to coarse roots; 10 percent rock fragments; channery silt loam; massive; firm; 20 percent rock extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. fragments; strongly acid. Bw1—12 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR The thickness of the solum ranges from 45 to 55 4/6) silt loam; moderate fine and medium inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. subangular blocky structure; friable; common very The content of rock fragments ranges from 5 to 25 fine to coarse roots; 10 percent rock fragments; percent, by volume, in the A, BA, and Bt horizons and extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. from 15 to 50 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. In Bw2—18 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly channery silt loam; common fine light brownish acid. gray (10YR 6/2) and common fine and medium The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate fine 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine- and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; earth material is silt loam. common very fine to coarse roots; 20 percent rock The BA horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth value of 4, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the boundary. fine-earth material is loam or silt loam. Bx1—23 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 channery loam; common medium gray (10YR 5/1) or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; moderate earth material is silt loam or silty clay loam. very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4, coarse platy; very firm and brittle; common black and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth manganese concretions; 20 percent rock material is loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam. fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bx2—36 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Simoda Series channery loam; many medium gray (10YR 6/1) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak very The Simoda series consists of deep, moderately coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse well drained soils that formed in acid material platy; firm and slightly brittle; few black weathered from interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and concretions; 30 percent rock fragments; very shale bedrock. These soils are on broad ridgetops and strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. in upland depressions, mainly at elevations of more R—48 inches; interbedded sandstone and shale than 3,400 feet, in the eastern part of the county. bedrock. Slope ranges from 3 to 15 percent. Simoda soils are on the landscape with the well The thickness of the solum ranges from 36 to 50 drained Gauley, Laidig, and Mandy soils and the inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 moderately well drained Snowdog soils. They are inches. The depth to the fragipan ranges from 15 to 30 deeper than Gauley and Mandy soils. Snowdog soils inches. The content of rock fragments ranges from 5 to formed in colluvium. 30 percent, by volume, in the solum. In unlimed areas Typical pedon of Simoda silt loam, 3 to 15 percent reaction is extremely acid or very strongly acid. slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about 2,000 feet The A horizon has hue of 10YR and value and southwest of the confluence of Dogway Fork and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth material Cranberry River; USGS Webster Springs SW is loam or silt loam. 90 Soil Survey

The BA horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, Bx2—33 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth very channery sandy loam; few fine light brownish material is loam or silt loam. gray (10YR 6/2) and common medium brown The Bw and Bx horizons have hue of 10YR, value (10YR 5/3) mottles; weak very coarse prismatic of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine- structure parting to weak very coarse platy; very earth material is loam or silt loam. firm and brittle; common iron and manganese stains; 45 percent rock fragments; very strongly Snowdog Series acid; clear wavy boundary. C—51 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) very The Snowdog series consists of very deep, channery sandy loam; massive; friable; 55 percent moderately well drained soils that formed in acid, rock fragments; very strongly acid. colluvial material that moved downslope from The thickness of the solum ranges from 46 to 65 soils on uplands. The Snowdog soils are on foot inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. slopes and mountain side slopes, mainly at The depth to the fragipan ranges from 16 to 35 inches. elevations of more than 3,400 feet, in the eastern The content of rock fragments ranges from 15 to 45 part of the county. Slope ranges from 15 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A, BA, and Bw horizons and percent. from 20 to 55 percent, by volume, in the Bx and C Snowdog soils are on the landscape with the well horizons. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid drained Gauley and Mandy soils and the moderately to strongly acid. well drained Simoda soils. They are deeper than the The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of Gauley and Mandy soils. Simoda soils formed in acid 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 4. The texture of the fine- material weathered from interbedded sandstone, earth material is loam. siltstone, and shale bedrock. The BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and Typical pedon of Snowdog channery loam, 15 to 35 value and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine- percent slopes, rubbly, in a wooded area; about 1.25 earth material is loam. miles north and 80 degrees east of the confluence of The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, Lick Branch and Cranberry River; USGS Webster and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth Springs SW topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees material is loam or silt loam. 17 minutes 54 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 23 The Bx horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 6, minutes 55 seconds W. and chroma of 2 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood leaf material is sandy loam or loam. litter. The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth channery loam; moderate fine and medium material is sandy loam, loam, or silty clay loam. granular structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; 30 percent rock fragments; Udorthents extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary. BA—3 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Udorthents are generally very deep, well drained channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky soils in areas that have been disturbed by road structure; friable; many fine to coarse roots; 25 construction and other urban development. These percent rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt soils are along highways and railroads and in mining wavy boundary. sites, construction sites, and other areas that have Bw—8 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) been excavated or filled. Slope is 0 percent in places channery loam; moderate medium and coarse to nearly vertical in cuts. subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine to A typical pedon of Udorthents is not given because coarse roots; 25 percent rock fragments; of the variability of these soils. The depth to bedrock is extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. generally more than 60 inches. Rock fragments of Bx1—24 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mudstone, sandstone, and shale vary in size and channery sandy loam; few fine light brownish gray amount. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to (10YR 6/2) and common medium brown (10YR neutral. 5/3) mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure These soils have hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR, parting to moderate very coarse platy; firm and value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. The texture of brittle; 35 percent rock fragments; very strongly the fine-earth material is silt loam, loam, silty clay acid; clear wavy boundary. loam, or clay loam. 91

Formation of the Soils

The origin and development of the soils in Webster The parent material on terraces and flood plains County are explained in this section. The five major was washed from areas of acid soils on uplands. The factors of soil formation are identified, and their soil-forming processes have had considerable time to influence on the soils in the county is described. Also, act on the material on terraces. Many additions, the morphology of the soils is related to horizon losses, and alterations have taken place. The resulting nomenclature, the processes of horizon development, Cotaco soils are strongly leached and have a and the geologic characteristics of the area. moderately well developed profile. The alluvium on flood plains is the youngest Factors of Soil Formation parent material in the county. Most of this material is well suited to soil formation, but the soil-forming The soils in Webster County formed as a result of processes have had little time to act. The soils on flood the interaction of five major factors of soil formation— plains generally have a weakly developed profile. parent material, time, climate, living organisms, and Atkins, Elkins, Philo, Pope, and Potomac soils are topography. Each factor modifies the effect of the examples. others. Parent material, topography, and time have Climate generally is relatively uniform throughout resulted in the major differences among the soils in the most of the survey area; however, a sharp contrast in county. Climate and living organisms generally climate occurs on the high plateaus south of the Elk influence soil formation uniformly throughout broad River. This contrast in climate is responsible for areas. differences in soils. On the high plateaus, precipitation is greater, mean annual temperatures are lower, and Parent Material, Time, and Climate the growing season is shorter. Temperature has The character of the parent material strongly exerted a marked influence on the type and quantity of influences the time required for soil formation and the vegetation produced and thus influences the amount nature of the soil that forms. The soils in Webster of organic matter produced. As a result, some soils County formed in residual, colluvial, and alluvial have accumulated organic matter-sesquioxide material. Most formed in material weathered from complexes in subsurface horizons, or spodic horizons. interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale bedrock. The Gauley soils are an example of soils that have a For example, Gilpin soils formed in material weathered spodic horizon. A detailed description of the climate is from interbedded fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, given in the section “General Nature of the County.” and shale bedrock, Dekalb soils formed in sandstone Living Organisms bedrock, and Shouns soils formed in siltstone and shale bedrock. All living organisms, including plants, animals, The residuum is the oldest parent material in the bacteria, fungi, and people, affect soil formation. The county. Soil formation has been retarded by clayey kind and amount of vegetation are generally material, resistant rock, the slope, and constant responsible for the content of organic matter and color erosion. Consequently, the profile of some of the soils of the surface layer and are partly responsible for the that formed in residual material is less well developed content of nutrients. Earthworms and burrowing than that of some of the soils that formed in younger animals help to keep the soil open and porous. They material. mix organic material with mineral material by moving Colluvial material is along foot slopes and at the soil to the surface. Bacteria and fungi decompose head of drainageways. This material moved downslope organic matter, thus releasing plant nutrients. They from areas of residual soils. Laidig soils formed in somewhat influence the weathering and colluvium below areas of Gilpin soils, and Meckesville decomposition of minerals. People influence the and Shouns soils formed in colluvium below areas of characteristics of the surface layer of soils when they Cateache soils. clear vegetation, plow, mine, or otherwise disturb the 92

soil. They add fertilizer and lime and apply has the maximum accumulation of organic matter. It is management techniques to increase the tilth and also the layer of maximum leaching, or eluviation, of productivity of the surface layer. clay and iron. The B horizon underlies the A horizon and is Topography commonly called the subsoil. It is the horizon of Topography affects soil formation by its effect on the maximum accumulation, or illuviation, of clay, iron, amount of water moving through the soil, the amount aluminum, or other compounds leached from the and rate of runoff, and the rate of erosion. Large surface layer. It commonly has blocky structure and amounts of water have moved through gently sloping generally is firmer and lighter in color than the A and strongly sloping soils. In some places water horizon. percolates freely through the soils, such as in the The C horizon is below the A and B horizons. It Gilpin soils, and in other places its movement may be consists of material that has been modified by restricted, such as in the Laidig soils. On steep and weathering but is little altered by the soil-forming very steep hillsides, less water moves through the processes. soils and more water runs off the surface. The soil Many processes have influenced the formation of material is washed away almost as rapidly as the soil horizons in the soils of Webster County. The more forms. As a result, the soils on many of the steeper important of these are the accumulation of organic hillsides are shallower over bedrock than the soils on matter, the leaching of soluble soils, the reduction and the more gentle slopes. transfer of iron, the formation and translocation of clay The topography in Webster County favors the minerals, and the formation of soil structure. These formation of soils on flood plains and terraces, and processes are continuous and have been taking place formation is progressing at a rapid rate. The soils on for thousands of years. low flood plains are weakly developed, however, In most of the well drained soils on uplands in the mainly because too little time has elapsed since the county, the B horizon is yellowish brown or reddish parent material was deposited. brown, mainly because of iron oxides. It has blocky structure and commonly contains translocated clay Morphology of the Soils materials. A fragipan has formed in the B horizon of the well The results of the soil-forming processes are drained Laidig soils and moderately well drained evident in the different layers, or horizons, in the soil Meckesville soils on foot slopes. This layer is dense profile. The profile extends from the surface downward and brittle, is mottled, and is slowly or very slowly to material that has been little changed by the soil- permeable to water and air. Most fragipans are grayish forming processes. Most soils have three major or are mottled with gray. horizons, called the A, B, and C horizons. Subdivisions Moderately well drained to poorly drained soils of these horizons are indicated by numbers and commonly have gray colors. These colors are the lowercase letters in the horizon designators. result of gleying, or the reduction of iron, during soil The A horizon is the surface layer. It is the layer that formation. 93

References

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

DiGiovanni, Dawn M. 1990. Forest statistics for West Virginia—1975 and 1989. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv. Resourc. Bull. NE-114.

Holmes, Darrell E., and others. 1989. West Virginia blue book. Rec. W. Va. Senate, vol. 72.

Reger, David B., and others. 1920. West Virginia geological survey, Webster County report.

United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils. 1920. Soil survey of Webster County, West Virginia.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1981. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 296.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1987. Census of agriculture: Major results, preliminary data.

West Virginia Department of Agriculture, Forestry Division. 1988. The forest industry of West Virginia. 94

Glossary

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. after the removal of soil for construction and other Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during uses. Revegetation and erosion control are the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of extremely difficult. crudely sorted sand and gravel are common. Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. an accumulation of illuvial clay. Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium; on Arroyo. The flat-floored channel of an ephemeral steep, rocky slopes; or in areas disturbed during stream, commonly with very steep to vertical mining or construction. banks cut in alluvium. Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a areas geographically associated in a characteristic poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. single map unit. Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single Available water capacity (available moisture mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods available for use by most plants. It is commonly are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. defined as the difference between the amount of Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of soil water at field moisture capacity and the alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is that plant growth is restricted. expressed as: Alluvial cone. The material washed down the sides of Very low ...... 0 to 2.4 mountains and hills by ephemeral streams and Low ...... 2.4 to 3.2 deposited at the mouth of gorges in the form of a Moderate ...... 3.2 to 5.2 moderately steep, conical mass descending High ...... more than 5.2 equally in all directions from the point of issue. Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary the steepest inclined surface and principal stream near or at its junction with its main stream. element of many hillsides. Back slopes in profile Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may deposited on land by streams. not include cliff segments. Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony, 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the barren land dissected by many intermittent presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A drainage channels. Badland is most common in positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic semiarid and arid regions where streams are feature. entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff required by one mature cow of approximately potential is very high, and geologic erosion is 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 active. month. Bajada. A broad alluvial slope extending from the Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized base of a mountain range out into a basin and by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic formed by coalescence of separate alluvial fans. features. Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim generally referring to the section at breast height Webster County, West Virginia 95

and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for stand density, commonly expressed in square some species of wildlife. feet. Butte. An isolated small mountain or hill with steep or Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the precipitous sides and a top variously flat, rounded, ice. or pointed that may be a residual mass isolated by Base saturation. The degree to which material having erosion or an exposed volcanic neck. cation-exchange properties is saturated with Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), nearby central area for transport to a processing expressed as a percentage of the total cation- facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of exchange capacity. a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees or marine sediment. generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or Bedding system. A drainage system made by the entire log is suspended. plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows. carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at Caliche. A more or less cemented deposit of calcium the surface. carbonate in soils of warm-temperate, subhumid Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where to arid areas. Caliche occurs as soft, thin layers in the configuration and relief of the landforms are the soil or as hard, thick beds directly beneath the determined or strongly influenced by the solum, or it is exposed at the surface by erosion. underlying bedrock. California bearing ratio (CBR). The load-supporting Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. First supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, standardized in California. A soil having a CBR of and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage 16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be and to prevent accelerated erosion. supported by standard crushed limestone, per unit Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of area, with the same degree of distortion. which consists of an illuvial horizon and the Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See overlying eluvial horizons. Crown.) Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, very steep sided valley of the soil material has been removed by the wind. with high, precipitous walls in an area of high local A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a relief. resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is particles and in tiny spaces between particles. exposed. Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, capillary water in the soil. subject to flooding. Carbolith. Dark sedimentary rocks that leave black or Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 very dark (Munsell value of 3 or less) streaks or centimeters) in diameter. powder. Carbolith includes coal, bone coal, and Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the shale and mudstone that have a high content of border of an upland summit that is dissected by carbon. In general, this material contains at least ravines. 25 percent carbonaceous matter, by volume, Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above oxidizable at 350 to 400 degrees C. the ground surface; the point on a tree where Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or material but have different characteristics as a biological methods to make conditions favorable result of differences in relief and drainage. for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. from woody vegetation and thus allow understory The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. increases forage production and thus reduces the Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of 96 Soil Survey

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60 grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some percent. other stated pH value. The term, as applied to Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity moved by creep, slide, or local wash and but is more precise in meaning. deposited at the base of steep slopes. Catsteps. Very small, irregular terraces on steep Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning hillsides, especially in pasture, formed by the or establishing terraces, diversions, and other trampling of cattle or the slippage of saturated soil. water-control structures on a complex slope is Cement rock. Shaly limestone used in the difficult. manufacture of cement. Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of or so small in area that it is not practical to map sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as them separately at the selected scale of mapping. much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the The pattern and proportion of the soils or longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation areas. through the use of chemicals. Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or volume of soft soil under load. more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a plow depth. plane. They typically take the form of concentric Cirque. A semicircular, concave, bowllike area that layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, has steep faces primarily resulting from glacial ice iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common and snow abrasion. compounds making up concretions. If formed in Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural oxide are generally considered a type of class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, redoximorphic concentration. less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 Congeliturbate. Soil material disturbed by frost percent silt. action. Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock content of iron, manganese, and clay because of composed of rounded or subangular rock the chemical reduction of iron and manganese fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured type of redoximorphic depletion. material. Conglomerate is the consolidated Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the equivalent of gravel. surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. combination with needed cultural and Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that management practices. In a good conservation contains much more clay than the horizons above cropping system, the soil-improving crops and it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and practices more than offset the effects of the soil- plastic or stiff when wet. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Climax plant community. The stabilized plant are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving community on a particular site. The plant cover practices in a conservation cropping system reproduces itself and does not change so long as include the use of rotations that contain grasses the environment remains the same. and legumes and the return of crop residue to the Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. soil. Other practices include the use of green Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest centimeters) in diameter. control. Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion Webster County, West Virginia 97

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes tend to cave in or slough. resistance of soil material to rupture and to Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of plants. Because they are the most palatable, they puddled soil material; and the manner in which the are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. soil material behaves when subject to Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting compression. Terms describing consistence are grazing land for a prescribed period. defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” Delta. A body of alluvium having a surface that is Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that nearly flat and fan shaped; deposited at or near follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing the mouth of a river or stream where it enters a crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled body of relatively quiet water, generally a sea or crops or summer fallow. lake. Control section. The part of the soil on which Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that classification is based. The thickness varies has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches digging and can affect filling and compacting. and 40 or 80 inches. Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over Coppice dune. A small dune of fine grained soil bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches material stabilized around shrubs or small trees. deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat). Fecal moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to material deposited in water by aquatic organisms. 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the action that dissolves or weakens concrete or surface for the specified use. uncoated steel. Desert pavement. On a desert surface, a layer of Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to gravel or larger fragments that was emplaced by improve and protect the soil between periods of upward movement of the underlying sediments or regular crop production, or a crop grown between that remains after finer particles have been trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. removed by running water or the wind. Cropping system. Growing crops according to a Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly planned system of rotation and management determined by and approximately conforming to practices. the dip of the underlying bedrock. Crop residue management. Returning crop residue Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, generally a terrace, built to protect downslope organic matter content, and fertility and helps to areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. control erosion. Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting in which crops are grown in a systematic farming operations on sloping farmland in such a arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the way that tillage is across the general slope. slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the strip is in a close-growing crop that provides living branches and their foliage. protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a Cuesta. A hill or ridge that has a gentle slope on one crop that provides less protection from erosion. side and a steep slope on the other; specifically, This practice is used where slopes are not long an asymmetric, homoclinal ridge capped by enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be resistant rock layers of slight or moderate dip. used. Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and The average annual increase per acre in the duration of wet periods under conditions similar to volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total those under which the soil formed. Alterations of volume of the stand by its age. As the stand the water regime by human activities, either increases in age, the mean annual increment through drainage or irrigation, are not a continues to increase until mortality begins to consideration unless they have significantly reduce the rate of increase. The point where the changed the morphology of the soil. Seven stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— is called the culmination of the mean annual excessively drained, somewhat excessively increment. drained, well drained, moderately well drained, 98 Soil Survey

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and remains on the surface after fine particles are very poorly drained. These classes are defined in removed by sheet or rill erosion. the “Soil Survey Manual.” Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, or cliff breaking the general continuity of more from an area. gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. open and has broader bottom land than a ravine Esker. A narrow, winding ridge of stratified gravelly or gulch. and sandy drift deposited by a stream flowing in a Drumlin. A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, or tunnel beneath a glacier. ridge of compact glacial till. The longer axis is Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the parallel to the path of the glacier and commonly soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel has a blunt nose pointing in the direction from or sand for construction purposes. which the ice approached. Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of that restrict the growth of some plants. mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material Excess salts (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in that is in the process of decomposition and the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. includes everything from the litter on the surface to Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable underlying pure humus. sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution properties restrict the growth of plants. or colloidal suspension from one place to another Excess sulfur (in tables). Excessive amount of sulfur within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material in the soil. The sulfur causes extreme acidity if the through eluviation are eluvial; those that have soil is drained, and the growth of most plants is received material are illuvial. restricted. Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deep- which all horizons between the upper boundary of seated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. earth’s surface. Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore accumulated through wind action; commonly productivity through accumulation of moisture. refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in Summer fallow is common in regions of limited blankets on the surface. rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, tilled for at least one growing season for weed that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It control and decomposition of plant residue. receives no long-continued supply from melting Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of snow or other source, and its channel is above the active deposition, incised by younger and lower water table at all times. alluvial surfaces. Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water perched water table in a soil in which saturated into the soil. layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide layers within 2 meters of the surface. plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by balance, for the growth of specified plants when water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth such processes as gravitational creep. factors are favorable. Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of processes acting over long geologic periods and all organic soil material. Peat contains a large resulting in the wearing away of mountains and amount of well preserved fiber that is readily the building up of such landscape features as identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural the lowest bulk density and the highest water erosion. content at saturation of all organic soil material. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has such as a fire, that exposes the surface. drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that days after a soaking rain; also called normal field Webster County, West Virginia 99

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary responsible for the formation of the solum, or true capacity. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys downhill side of the road. and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop considerably with changes in moisture content. or help control creeping or running fires. It also Glacial drift. Pulverized and other rock material serves as a line from which to work and to transported by glacial ice and then deposited. facilitate the movement of firefighters and Also, the sorted and unsorted material deposited equipment. Designated roads also serve as by streams flowing from glaciers. firebreaks. Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater. subject to frequent or occasional flooding. Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift Flaggy soil material. Material that is, by volume, 15 to consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material transported and deposited by glacial ice. has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent and subsequently sorted and deposited by flagstones. streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas, slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to and outwash plains. 38 centimeters) long. Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited stream and is subject to flooding unless protected in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many artificially. deposits are interbedded or laminated. Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, action, as a fluvial plain. resulting in the reduction of iron and other Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as elements in the profile and in gray colors. much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. grade toward a protected waterway. Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants grass as protection against erosion. Conducts (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. surface water away from cropland. Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as and development because of given physical and much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 biological factors by which it may be differentiated centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a from other stands. pebble. Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 use or disturbance. percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as porosity and content of organic matter and low or 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher of maturity or soon after maturity. bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under the material below the water table. pressure rather than to deform slowly. Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil running water and through which water ordinarily moisture. Frost action can damage roads, runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a buildings and other structures, and plant roots. gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to especially to the processes or soil-forming factors be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser 100 Soil Survey

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or tillage. browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated a combination of these. except by blasting or by the use of special C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, equipment that is not commonly used in excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected construction. by soil-forming processes and does not have the Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or properties typical of the overlying soil material. layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey The material of a C horizon may be either like or and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium unlike that in which the solum formed. If the carbonate, or other substance. material is known to differ from that in the solum, Head out. To form a flower head. an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil letter C. material intermediate in degree of decomposition Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath between the less decomposed fibric material and the soil. the more decomposed sapric material. R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. from these crops can be used to control erosion Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable until the next crop in the rotation is established. part of the organic matter in mineral soils. These crops return large amounts of organic Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped matter to the soil. according to their runoff potential. The soil Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as properties that influence this potential are those much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on commonly of limited summit area and having a a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting well defined outline; hillsides generally have when the soil is not frozen. These properties are slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction depth to a seasonal high water table, the between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged dependent on local usage. wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not the surface, having distinct characteristics considered but are separate factors in predicting produced by soil-forming processes. In the runoff. identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a represents the major horizons. Numbers or molten or partially molten state. Major varieties lowercase letters that follow represent include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation andesite, basalt, and granite. of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, follows: material is removed from an upper horizon and O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and deposited in a lower horizon. decaying plant residue. Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is surface in which an accumulation of humified absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was increase in amount as the more desirable plants originally part of a B horizon. are reduced by close grazing. Increasers E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main commonly are the shorter plants and the less feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or palatable to livestock. some combination of these. Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A immediate surface of soil or other material, as horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of contrasted with percolation, which is movement of transition from the overlying A to the underlying C water through soil layers or material. horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; conditions. Webster County, West Virginia 101

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually tree and row crops. expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. rate at which water is applied at the surface. Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the tile lines until the water table is raised enough to soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial wet the soil. rate; the rate decreases with application time. Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a allowed to flow onto an area without controlled constant but is a variable depending on the net distribution. irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in Kame. An irregular, short ridge or hill of stratified inches per hour, is expressed as follows: glacial drift. Less than 0.2 ...... very low Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low forming numerous depressions or small basins. 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high landforms. 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water More than 2.5 ...... very high and exposed when the water level is lowered or the elevation of the land is raised. Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of that flows for prolonged periods only when it soil and loose rock, generally when wet or receives ground-water discharge or long, saturated. The speed and distance of movement, continued contributions from melting snow or other as well as the amount of soil and rock material, surface and shallow subsurface sources. vary greatly. Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches and grow after the climax vegetation has been (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade adversely affect the specified use of the soil. following disturbance of the surface. Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low other material by percolating water. content of iron and manganese oxide because of Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay passes from a plastic to a liquid state. content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A Lithochromic mottles. Mottles that have inherited type of redoximorphic depletion. their color from the rocks that made up the parent Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in material of the soil. production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less plains surrounded by levees or dikes. than 52 percent sand particles. Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled particles, deposited by wind. by small earth ridges called border dikes, or Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for borders. silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from Controlled flooding.—Water is released at these crops is not adequate to control erosion intervals from closely spaced field ditches and until the next crop in the rotation is established. distributed uniformly over the field. These crops return little organic matter to the Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely soil. spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only support loads. one direction. Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in under low pressure to the surface of the soil or approximately equal amounts. into the soil through such applicators as emitters, Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil porous tubing, or perforated pipe. matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made with the surrounding soil material and cannot be 102 Soil Survey

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding making up masses are calcium carbonate, lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated or manganese oxide generally are considered a mass or in a group forming a chain or range. type of redoximorphic concentration. Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) for seeding, brush management, and other Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of management practices. silt and clay in approximately equal amounts. Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees silt loam, or silt. of three simple variables—hue, value, and Mesa. A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a isolated upland mass characterized by summit color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of widths that are more than the heights of bounding 4. erosional scarps. Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an mineralogical composition, chemical composition, adverse effect on the physical condition of the or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. subsoil. Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and (See Reaction, soil.) low in organic material. Its bulk density is more Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal than that of organic soil. structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop manganese oxide are common compounds production and prevention of soil damage. making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. types of redoximorphic concentrations. Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, loam, or silty clay loam. magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the water. upper part of the subsoil. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other various stages of decomposition. The content of debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are organic matter in the surface layer is described as terminal, lateral, medial, and ground. follows: Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent including the texture, structure, porosity, Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent and biological properties of the various horizons, Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent and the thickness and arrangement of those High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent horizons in the soil profile. Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as Outslope. The exposed area sloping away from a follows: abundance—few, common, and many; bench cut section. size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse faint, distinct, and prominent. The size textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An measurements are of the diameter along the outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 it generally is low in relief. millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, movement of water and the growth of roots. For more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, and traffic pan. Webster County, West Virginia 103

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and Pitting (in tables). Pits caused by melting around ice. mineral material in which soil forms. They form on the soil after plant cover is removed. Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed Plasticity index. The numerical difference between organic matter, that has accumulated under the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) moisture content within which the soil remains Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a plastic. granule, a prism, or a block. Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Pedisediment. A thin layer of alluvial material that changes from semisolid to plastic. mantles an erosion surface and has been Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat transported to its present position from higher summit area that is considerably elevated (more lying areas of the erosion surface. than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” separated from them on one or more sides by A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to escarpments. permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 that occupies the lowest parts of closed square meters), depending on the variability of the depressional areas, such as those on soil. intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding Percolation. The downward movement of water occurs primarily in response to precipitation and through the soil. runoff. Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly through the soil adversely affects the specified weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other use. diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, Permafrost. Layers of soil, or even bedrock, occurring usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. in arctic or subarctic regions, in which a Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone temperature below freezing has existed hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated continuously for a long time. wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can or air to move downward through the profile. The be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite. rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil directly below the plowed layer. physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil depressions. Unless the soils are artificially Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in drained, the water can be removed only by the engineering profession and with traditional percolation or evapotranspiration. usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms permeability, the soil may not adequately filter describing permeability, measured in inches per effluent from a waste disposal system. hour, are as follows: Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch material consisting mainly of particles of nearly Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch the same size. Because there is little difference in Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch size of the particles, density can be increased only Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch slightly by compaction. Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches or expensive to install. Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches Potential native plant community. See Climax plant community. Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). features that affect its use and management, such Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content as slope, stoniness, and flooding. of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and no properties restricting the penetration of roots to alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) this depth. Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. specific management purposes, under the 104 Soil Survey

appropriate conditions of weather and soil Red beds. Sedimentary strata that are mainly red and moisture and at the proper time of day. are made up largely of sandstone and shale. Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, producing a specified plant or sequence of plants concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and under specific management. other features resulting from the accumulation of Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending iron or manganese oxide. An indication of through all its horizons and into the parent chemical reduction and oxidation resulting from material. saturation. Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from maintains enough cover to protect the soil and which iron and manganese oxide or a combination maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been desirable vegetation. This practice increases the removed. These zones are indications of the vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants chemical reduction of iron resulting from and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch saturation. necessary to conserve soil and water. Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic Range condition. The present composition of the concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, plant community on a range site in relation to the reduced matrices, a positive reaction to potential natural plant community for that site. alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features Range condition is expressed as excellent, good, indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of fair, or poor on the basis of how much the present iron and manganese compounds resulting from plant community has departed from the potential. saturation. Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or The chemical reduction results from nearly browsing. It includes natural grasslands, continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after and areas that support certain forb and shrub exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A communities. type of redoximorphic feature. Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil, Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the distinct natural plant community. A range site is the loose earth material above the solid rock. product of all the environmental factors Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, responsible for its development. It is typified by an considered collectively. association of species that differ from those on Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, other range sites in kind or proportion of species weathered or partly weathered mineral material or total production. that accumulated as consolidated rock Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a disintegrated in place. soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH machinery. values, are: Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 means during road construction. It is commonly on Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 the uphill side of the road. Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 by plant roots. Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher channels from an area. The water that flows off the Webster County, West Virginia 105

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil soil material from the land surface by the action of before reaching surface streams is called ground- rainfall and surface runoff. water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil swelling can damage roads, dams, building does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. foundations, and other structures. It can also Salty water (in tables). Water that is too salty for damage plant roots. consumption by livestock. Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral mineral form is called quartz. fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a molecules of silica to the number of molecules of soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more alumina and iron oxide. The more highly sand and not more than 10 percent clay. weathered soils or their clay fractions in warm- Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly temperate, humid regions, and especially those in sand-sized particles. the tropics, generally have a low ratio. Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine density, and the lowest water content at saturation sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil of all organic soil material. that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material percent clay. underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly below. silt-sized particles. Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix and have similar conservation needs or into an unlined auger hole. management requirements for the major land uses Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching, in the survey area. loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where increase water absorption or to provide a more limestone has been dissolved. tillable soil. Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal based on the height of the dominant stand at an flood plain (or first bottom) of a river. arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles height attained by dominant and codominant trees deposited from suspension in water. The chief in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, 75 feet, the site index is 75. formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed produced by one mass sliding past another. In from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of blocks, sand is consolidated into sandstone. prisms, and columns; and in swelling clayey soils, Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through where there is marked change in moisture the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified content. use. Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled, Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) exchangeable sodium. The soil generally is silty or Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in almost alike, except for differences in texture of productivity. the surface layer. All the soils of a series have Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or and arrangement. wet. Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the clay deposit. horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical 106 Soil Survey

distance divided by horizontal distance, then horizon, in which the processes of soil formation multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special the material in these horizons are unlike those of practices are required to ensure satisfactory the material below the solum. The living roots and performance of the soil for a specific use. plant and animal activities are largely confined to Sloughed till. Water-saturated till that has flowed the solum. slowly downhill from its original place of deposit by Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a glacial ice. It may rest on other till, on glacial soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered outwash, or on a glaciolacustrine deposit. surface. In a cross section, the line may be one Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water fragment or more thick. It generally overlies into the soil. material that weathered in place and is overlain by Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, recent sediment of variable thickness. resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree of that interfere with or prevent tillage. alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent arrangement of strips or bands that provide or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water that plant growth is restricted. erosion. Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a particles into compound particles or aggregates. sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation The principal forms of soil structure are—platy extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are: longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Slight ...... less than 13:1 rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), Moderate ...... 13-30:1 and granular. Structureless soils are either single Strong ...... more than 30:1 grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering without any Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on other equipment commonly used in construction. the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the properties resulting from the integrated effect of next crop, and during the early growing period of climate and living matter acting on earthy parent the new crop. material, as conditioned by relief over periods of Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of time. the solum below plow depth. Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. between specified size limits. The names and Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. the United States are as follows: Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 color and lower in content of organic matter than Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 the overlying surface layer. Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 or EB) below the surface layer. Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 the summer to control weeds and allow storage of Clay ...... less than 0.002 moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A practice common in semiarid regions, where Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C annual precipitation is not enough to produce a Webster County, West Virginia 107

crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling practiced before planting winter grain. emergence, and root penetration. Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth of a hill; part of a foot slope. from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Too arid (in tables). The soil is dry most of the time, Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the and vegetation is difficult to establish. “Ap horizon.” Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, most favorable material for plant growth. It is considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to of these horizons. topdress roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by Talus. Fragments of rock and other soil material mining. accumulated by gravity at the foot of cliffs or steep Toxicity (in tables). Excessive amount of toxic slopes. substances, such as sodium or sulfur, that Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a severely hinder establishment of vegetation or series recognized in the classification system. severely restrict plant growth. Such soils are named for a series they strongly Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils that series because they differ in ways too small to in extremely small amounts. They are essential to be of consequence in interpreting their use and plant growth. behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more when one or more of their characteristics are volcanic ash and dust. slightly outside the range defined for the family of Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on the series for which the soils are named. banks of fill material. Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than generally marks the termination of important the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the glacial advances. lowlands along streams. Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or heavily loaded streams. flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors field generally is built so that the field can be assumed to be inherited from the parent material farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage rather than to be the result of poor drainage. has a deep channel that is maintained in Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of permanent sod. laminae deposited in a body of still water within a Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic other body of still water in front of a glacier. textural classes, in order of increasing proportion Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy areas that are excavated at an angle across a loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay sloping road. They are used to reduce the loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and downward velocity of water and divert it off and clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam away from the road surface. Water bars can easily classes may be further divided by specifying be driven over if constructed properly. “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” Weathering. All physical and chemical changes Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the that is too thin for the specified use. earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to changes result in disintegration and undulating soils underlain by glacial till. decomposition of the material. Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of 108 Soil Survey

coarse grained particles that are well distributed moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so normally can be easily increased in density and much that it does not recover when placed in a bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with humid, dark chamber. poorly graded soil. Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The the wind. 109

Tables 110 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1951-86 at Webster Springs, West Virginia)

______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- | Average | Month |Average|Average|Average|______|number of|Average|______|number of|Average | daily | daily | daily | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch| | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more | | | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | o__F | o__F | __oF | __oF | __oF | _____Units | __In | __In | __In | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 42.5 | 21.5 | 32.0 | 69 | -10 | 68 | 3.29 | 2.03 | 4.41| 9 | 13.7 | | | | | | | | | | | February----| 46.8 | 23.8 | 35.3 | 73 | -4 | 85 | 3.10 | 1.77 | 4.27| 8 | 11.4 | | | | | | | | | | | March------| 56.2 | 30.9 | 43.6 | 82 | 6 | 197 | 4.04 | 2.47 | 5.44| 10 | 5.6 | | | | | | | | | | | April------| 67.9 | 39.6 | 53.8 | 88 | 20 | 414 | 4.06 | 2.47 | 5.48| 10 | .9 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 76.2 | 47.8 | 62.0 | 90 | 28 | 682 | 4.42 | 2.76 | 5.92| 9 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 82.0 | 55.6 | 68.8 | 92 | 39 | 864 | 4.84 | 3.10 | 6.41| 9 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 84.5 | 59.9 | 72.2 | 93 | 44 | 998 | 5.87 | 3.74 | 7.78| 10 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | August------| 82.8 | 59.1 | 71.0 | 92 | 43 | 961 | 4.59 | 2.82 | 6.16| 9 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | September---| 77.8 | 52.7 | 65.3 | 91 | 33 | 759 | 3.81 | 1.88 | 5.48| 7 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | October-----| 68.2 | 41.5 | 54.9 | 84 | 21 | 462 | 3.49 | 1.75 | 5.00| 7 | .2 | | | | | | | | | | | November----| 56.2 | 32.9 | 44.6 | 78 | 9 | 181 | 3.57 | 1.99 | 4.96| 8 | 3.0 | | | | | | | | | | | December----| 46.2 | 25.7 | 36.0 | 72 | -3 | 97 | 3.39 | 1.93 | 4.67| 9 | 8.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average----| 65.6 | 40.9 | 53.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme----| --- | --- | --- | 94 | -11 | --- | --- | --- | ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5,768 | 48.47 |41.29 | 55.42| 105 | 43.6 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F). Webster County, West Virginia 111

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1951-86 at Webster Springs, West Virginia)

______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF | or lower | or lower | or lower ______| | | | | | | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 20 | May 6 | May 24 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 14 | Apr. 30 | May 17 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 4 | Apr. 20 | May 4 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 20 | Oct. 8 | Sept. 25 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 25 | Oct. 13 | Sept. 30 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 3 | Oct. 22 | Oct. 9 ______| | |

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1951-86 at Webster Springs, West Virginia)

______| | Daily minimum temperature | during growing season |______Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| | | | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 189 | 162 | 133 | | | 8 years in 10 | 197 | 170 | 141 | | | 5 years in 10 | 212 | 185 | 157 | | | 2 years in 10 | 227 | 199 | 173 | | | 1 year in 10 | 235 | 207 | 181 ______| | | 112 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | | | | At |Atkins loam------| 255 | 0.1 CaE |Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 690 | 0.2 CeF |Cedarcreek very channery loam, very steep, extremely stony------| 550 | 0.2 Ch |Chavies fine sandy loam------| 3,040 | 0.9 CoB |Cotaco silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 835 | 0.2 Cr |Craigsville gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes------| 1,000 | 0.3 DkC |Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 1,095 | 0.3 DrF |Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 70 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 7,135 | 2.0 Ek |Elkins silt loam------| 580 | 0.2 FeC |Fenwick loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------| 580 | 0.2 GaC |Gauley extremely channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, rubbly------| 2,075 | 0.6 GaE |Gauley extremely channery sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, rubbly------| 1,260 | 0.4 GbB |Gilpin silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------| 475 | 0.1 GbC |Gilpin silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 7,385 | 2.1 GbD |Gilpin silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 2,305 | 0.6 GbE |Gilpin silt loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes------| 7,185 | 2.0 GbF |Gilpin silt loam, 35 to 70 percent slopes------| 7,250 | 2.0 GcC |Gilpin silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------| 8,710 | 2.4 GcF |Gilpin silt loam, 35 to 70 percent slopes, very stony------| 8,685 | 2.4 GdE |Gilpin-Dekalb complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 17,110 | 4.8 GLF |Gilpin-Laidig association, very steep, extremely stony------| 111,045 | 31.2 ItF |Itmann channery loam, very steep------| 240 | 0.1 KaF |Kaymine very channery silt loam, very steep, extremely stony------| 5,035 | 1.4 LaC |Laidig channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 270 | 0.1 LaD |Laidig channery silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 290 | 0.1 LdC |Laidig channery silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 895 | 0.3 LdE |Laidig channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 14,365 | 4.0 LgE |Laidig channery silt loam, 8 to 35 percent slopes, rubbly------| 10,560 | 3.0 MaC |Mandy channery silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 4,140 | 1.2 MaE |Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 4,360 | 1.2 MaF |Mandy channery silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 8,420 | 2.4 MaG |Mandy channery silt loam, 55 to 70 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 945 | 0.3 MkE |Meckesville silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 1,530 | 0.4 Pe |Philo-Pope complex------| 745 | 0.2 PgG |Pineville-Gilpin complex, 55 to 70 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 1,245 | 0.3 PLF |Pineville-Gilpin-Guyandotte association, very steep, extremely stony------| 87,360 | 24.5 Po |Pope loam------| 1,885 | 0.5 Pp |Pope-Potomac complex, very cobbly------| 3,015 | 0.8 ScF |Shouns-Cateache complex, 35 to 70 percent slopes, extremely stony------| 12,495 | 3.5 SmC |Simoda silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------| 1,390 | 0.4 SwE |Snowdog channery loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, rubbly------| 5,805 | 1.6 Ud |Udorthents, smoothed------| 560 | 0.2 | Water------| 1,205 | 0.3 | |------|------| Total------| 356,000 | 100.0 ______| | | Webster County, West Virginia 113

Table 5.--Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland)

______| Map | Soil name symbol | ______| | | Ch |Chavies fine sandy loam GbB |Gilpin silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Pe |Philo-Pope complex Po |Pope loam ______| 114 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn | Oats | Wheat |Grass-legume | Alfalfa hay | Kentucky ______| | | | | hay | | bluegrass | | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | At------| IIIw | 100 | 60 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 4.5 Atkins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cateache | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cedarcreek | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------| I | 125 | 80 | 50 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 5.5 Chavies | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoB------| IIe | 110 | 65 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.5 Cotaco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cr------| IIs | 70 | 45 | 25 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.5 Craigsville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DkC------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Dekalb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DrF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Dekalb-Rock | | | | | | | outcrop | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ek------| IIIw | 100 | 60 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 4.5 Elkins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FeC------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0 Fenwick | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GaC, GaE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gauley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbB------| IIe | 90 | 65 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.5 Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbC------| IIIe | 85 | 60 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.5 Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbD------| IVe | 80 | 55 | 30 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 4.0 Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbE------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0 Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbF------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GcC------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0 Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GcF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gilpin-Dekalb | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 115

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | Land | | | | | | map symbol |capability| Corn | Oats | Wheat |Grass-legume | Alfalfa hay | Kentucky ______| | | | | hay | | bluegrass | | __Bu | __Bu | __Bu | ____Tons | ____Tons | ____AUM* | | | | | | | GLF**------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Gilpin-Laidig | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ItF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Itmann | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KaF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Kaymine | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaC------| IIIe | 95 | 65 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 Laidig | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaD------| IVe | 85 | 60 | 30 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.0 Laidig | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LdC, LdE, LgE---| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Laidig | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaC, MaE, MaF, | | | | | | | MaG------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Mandy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MkE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Meckesville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pe------| IIw | 110 | 65 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 Philo-Pope | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PgG------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pineville- | | | | | | | Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PLF**------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pineville- | | | | | | | Gilpin- | | | | | | | Guyandotte | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Po------| IIw | 115 | 70 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 Pope | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pp------| Vs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.5 Pope-Potomac | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ScF------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Shouns-Cateache| | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmC------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Simoda | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwE------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Snowdog | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | |

* Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 116 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Capability Classes and Subclasses

(Miscellaneous areas are excluded. Absence of an entry indicates no acreage)

______| |Major______management concerns (Subclass) Class | Total | | | Soil | acreage | Erosion | Wetness | problem ______| | (e) | (w) | (s) | | _____Acres | _____Acres | _____Acres | | | | | | | | I | 3,040| --- | --- | --- | | | | II | 4,940| 1,310 | 2,630 | 1,000 | | | | III | 8,490| 7,655 | 835 | --- | | | | IV | 2,595| 2,595 | --- | --- | | | | V | 3,015| --- | --- | 3,015 | | | | VI | 16,475| 7,185 | --- | 9,290 | | | | VII | 315,680| 7,250 | --- | 308,430 | | | | VIII | ---| --- | --- | --- ______| | | | Webster County, West Virginia 117

Table 8.--Woodland Management Concerns

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

______| | | | | | Map symbol and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant | Haul roads and | Log landings** |Operability of soil name | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | equipment in | | | | | |logging areas** ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Slight-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Atkins | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | CaE------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Cateache | slope. | | high | slippage. | slope, | slippage. | | | productivity.| | slippage. | | | | | | | CeF------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Cedarcreek | slope. | rock | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | fragments. | productivity.| | | | | | | | | Ch------|Slight-----|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Chavies | | | high | low strength. | low strength. | | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | CoB------|Slight-----|Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Cotaco | | | high | low strength. | low strength. | | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | Cr------|Slight-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Craigsville | | rock | high | | | | | fragments. | productivity.| | | | | | | | | DkC------|Slight-----|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Dekalb | | rock | | stony, | stony, | | | fragments. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | DrF***: | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | fragments. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | Ek------|Slight-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Elkins | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | FeC------|Slight-----|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Fenwick | | | high | low strength, | low strength, | | | | productivity.| depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | GaC------|Slight-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gauley | | rock | high | stones. | stones. | boulders, | | fragments. | productivity.| | | stones. | | | | | | GaE------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gauley | slope. | rock | high | stones. | stones, | boulders, | | fragments. | productivity.| | slope. | stones. | | | | | | GbB------|Slight-----|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Gilpin | | | high | low strength, | depth to rock, | | | | productivity.| depth to rock. | low strength. | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 118 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management Concerns--Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant | Haul roads and | Log landings** |Operability of soil name | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | equipment in | | | | | |logging areas** ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbC------|Slight-----|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Gilpin | | | high | low strength, | depth to rock, | | | | productivity.| depth to rock. | low strength, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | GbD, GbE------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Gilpin | slope. | | high | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| low strength, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | | GbF------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gilpin | slope. | | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | GcC------|Slight-----|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Gilpin | | | high | low strength, | depth to rock, | | | | productivity.| depth to rock. | low strength, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | GcF------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gilpin | slope. | | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | GdE***: | | | | | | Gilpin------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | | high | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| stones, | | | | | | low strength, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope. | | fragments. | | stones, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | | GLF***: | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | Laidig------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | ItF------|Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Itmann | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | fragments. | | | | | | | | | | KaF------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Kaymine | slope. | rock | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | fragments. | productivity.| | | | | | | | | LaC------|Slight-----|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Laidig | | | high | low strength. | low strength, | | | | productivity.| | slope. | | | | | | | LaD------|Slight-----|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Laidig | | | high | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| low strength. | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 119

Table 8.--Woodland Management Concerns--Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant | Haul roads and | Log landings** |Operability of soil name | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | equipment in | | | | | |logging areas** ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LdC------|Slight-----|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Laidig | | | | stones, | stones, | | | | | low strength. | low strength, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | LdE------|Slight-----|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Laidig | | | | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | | stones, | | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | | LgE------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Laidig | slope. | rock | high | stones. | stones, | slope, | | fragments. | productivity.| | slope. | stones. | | | | | | MaC------|Slight-----|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Mandy | | | high | stones, | stones, | | | | productivity.| depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | MaE------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Mandy | slope. | | high | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| stones, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | | | MaF, MaG------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Mandy | slope. | | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | MkE------|Moderate: |Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Meckesville | slope. | | high | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| stones, | | | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | | Pe***: | | | | | | Philo------|Slight-----|Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | | | high | low strength, | flooding, | flooding. | | | productivity.| flooding. | low strength. | | | | | | | Pope------|Slight-----|Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | | | high | low strength, | flooding, | flooding. | | | productivity.| flooding. | low strength. | | | | | | | PgG***: | | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | PLF***: | | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | productivity.| | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 120 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management Concerns--Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant | Haul roads and | Log landings** |Operability of soil name | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | equipment in | | | | | |logging areas** ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PLF***: | | | | | | Guyandotte------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | rock | high | slope. | slope. | slope. | | fragments. | productivity.| | | | | | | | | Po------|Slight-----|Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Pope | | | high | low strength, | flooding, | flooding. | | | productivity.| flooding. | low strength. | | | | | | | Pp***: | | | | | | Pope------|Slight-----|Slight------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | | | high | low strength, | flooding, | flooding. | | | productivity.| flooding. | low strength. | | | | | | | Potomac------|Slight-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | | droughty, | high | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | | rock | productivity.| | low strength. | | | fragments. | | | | | | | | | | ScF***: | | | | | | Shouns------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | | high | slope, | slope, | slope, | | | productivity.| slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | | | | | | Cateache------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | | high | slope, | slope, | slope, | | | productivity.| slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | | | | | | SmC------|Slight-----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. Simoda | | restrictive| high | low strength. | low strength, | | | layer. | productivity.| | slope. | | | | | | | SwE------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Snowdog | slope. | restrictive| high | boulders. | boulders, | slope, | | layer. | productivity.| | slope. | stones. | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | ______| | | | | |

* Ratings for erosion hazard, seedling mortality, and plant competition are from criteria in the "National Forestry Manual." ** Ratings for haul roads and skid roads, log landings, and operability of equipment in logging areas are from criteria jointly prepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. *** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Webster County, West Virginia 121

Table 9.--Woodland Productivity

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available. If a soil has a slope of more than 15 percent, the site index given is for north aspects. It generally is 5 to 10 points lower on south aspects)

______| | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**-- Map symbol and |Ordination| ______| soil name | symbol* | | |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords | | Commonly grown trees |Site index| per acre | per acre |per acre ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------| 5W |Pin oak------| 88 | 70 | 306 | 0.92 Atkins | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |American sycamore------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | CaE------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Cateache | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Black cherry------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | |Cucumbertree------| 80 | --- | --- | --- | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | | | | | | CeF------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Cedarcreek | |Eastern white pine------| 94 | 174 | --- | --- | |Yellow-poplar------| 105 | 115 | 650 | 1.32 | |American sycamore------| 90 | 98 | --- | --- | |Black locust------| 91 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Ch------| 4A |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Chavies | |Yellow-poplar------| 93 | 95 | 482 | 1.10 | |Black walnut------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Black cherry------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Sugar maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | CoB------| 5A |Northern red oak------| 87 | 69 | 299 | 0.91 Cotaco | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Black walnut------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Cr------| 4A |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Craigsville | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |Virginia pine------| 80 | 122 | --- | --- | | | | | | DkC------| 4A |Northern red oak------| 69 | 51 | 173 | 0.65 Dekalb | |White oak------| 71 | 53 | 187 | 0.68 | |Black cherry------| 83 | 51 | --- | --- | |Hickory------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | DrF***: | | | | | | Dekalb------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 69 | 51 | 173 | 0.65 | |White oak------| 71 | 53 | 187 | 0.68 | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | Ek------| 5W |Pin oak------| 94 | 76 | 348 | 1.00 Elkins | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |Black willow------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | FeC------| 4A |Northern red oak------| 75 | 57 | 215 | 0.74 Fenwick | |Black cherry------| 85 | 52 | --- | --- | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |White ash------| 85 | 111 | --- | --- | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | |Hickory------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 122 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued ______| | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**-- Map symbol and |Ordination| ______| soil name | symbol* | | |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords | | Commonly grown trees |Site index| per acre | per acre |per acre ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GaC------| 6X |Red spruce------| 42 | 88 | --- | --- Gauley | |Yellow birch------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | GaE------| 6R |Red spruce------| 42 | 88 | --- | --- Gauley | |Yellow birch------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | GbB, GbC------| 4A |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Gilpin | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |White oak------| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73 | | | | | | GbD, GbE, GbF------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Gilpin | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |White oak------| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73 | | | | | | GcC------| 4A |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Gilpin | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |White oak------| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73 | | | | | | GcF------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Gilpin | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |White oak------| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73 | | | | | | GdE***: | | | | | | Gilpin------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Sugar maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Dekalb------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 69 | 51 | 173 | 0.65 | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Sugar maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Sweet birch------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | GLF***: | | | | | | Gilpin------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Sugar maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Laidig------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | |American basswood------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | ItF------| --- |Black locust------| --- | --- | --- | --- Itmann | |Eastern white pine------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Virginia pine------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | KaF------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Kaymine | |Eastern white pine------| 94 | 174 | --- | --- | |Black locust------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 123

Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued ______| | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**-- Map symbol and |Ordination| ______| soil name | symbol* | | |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords | | Commonly grown trees |Site index| per acre | per acre |per acre ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaC------| 4A |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Laidig | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | | | | | | LaD------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Laidig | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | | | | | | LdC------| 4A |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Laidig | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | |American basswood------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | LdE------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Laidig | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | |American basswood------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | LgE------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Laidig | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |Black cherry------| 95 | 57 | --- | --- | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | |American basswood------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | MaC------| 4A |Black cherry------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- Mandy | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Red spruce------| 65 | 152 | --- | --- | |Yellow birch------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | MaE, MaF, MaG------| 4R |Black cherry------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- Mandy | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Red spruce------| 65 | 152 | --- | --- | |Yellow birch------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | MkE------| 5R |Northern red oak------| 90 | 72 | 320 | 0.95 Meckesville | |Yellow-poplar------| 105 | 115 | 650 | 1.32 | |American basswood------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Black cherry------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Pe***: | | | | | | Philo------| 5A |Northern red oak------| 86 | 68 | 292 | 0.89 | |Yellow-poplar------| 102 | 110 | 608 | 1.27 | |White oak------| 85 | 67 | 285 | 0.88 | |American sycamore------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Pope------| 4A |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| 104 | 114 | 636 | 1.31 | |American sycamore------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Northern red oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 124 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued ______| | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**-- Map symbol and |Ordination| ______| soil name | symbol* | | |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords | | Commonly grown trees |Site index| per acre | per acre |per acre ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PgG***: | | | | | | Pineville------| 5R |Northern red oak------| 88 | 70 | 306 | 0.92 | |Yellow-poplar------| 112 | 127 | 749 | 1.46 | |Sugar maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Hickory------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |American basswood------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Cucumbertree------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Gilpin------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |Sugar maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Cucumbertree------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | PLF***: | | | | | | Pineville------| 5R |Northern red oak------| 88 | 70 | 306 | 0.92 | |Yellow-poplar------| 112 | 127 | 749 | 1.46 | |Sugar maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Hickory------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |American basswood------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Cucumbertree------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Gilpin------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14 | |Sugar maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Cucumbertree------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Guyandotte------| 5R |Northern red oak------| 95 | 77 | 355 | 1.02 | |American basswood------| 110 | --- | --- | --- | |Yellow-poplar------| 114 | 130 | 779 | 1.50 | |Black cherry------| 114 | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Po------| 4A |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 Pope | |Yellow-poplar------| 104 | 114 | 636 | 1.31 | |American sycamore------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Northern red oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Pp***: | | | | | | Pope------| 4A |White oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| 104 | 114 | 636 | 1.31 | |American sycamore------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Northern red oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Potomac------| 4F |Northern red oak------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67 | |White oak------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67 | |Black walnut------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |American sycamore------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | ScF***: | | | | | | Shouns------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04 | |American basswood------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |White oak------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Cateache------| 4R |Northern red oak------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81 | |Yellow-poplar------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Black cherry------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- | |Cucumbertree------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Sugar maple------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

See footnotes at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 125

Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued ______| | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**-- Map symbol and |Ordination| ______| soil name | symbol* | | |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords | | Commonly grown trees |Site index| per acre | per acre |per acre ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SmC------| 3A |Black cherry------| 60 | 38 | --- | --- Simoda | |Red spruce------| 45 | 95 | --- | --- | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Yellow birch------| --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | SwE------| 4R |Black cherry------| 80 | 50 | --- | --- Snowdog | |Red spruce------| 65 | --- | --- | --- | |Red maple------| --- | --- | --- | --- | |Yellow birch------| --- | --- | --- | --- ______| | | | | |

* The number in the ordination symbol is the yield in cubic meters per hectare per year calculated at the age of culmination of mean annual increment for fully stocked natural stands. The woodland ordination symbols have been developed from criteria in the "National Soil Survey Handbook" and from separate criteria developed for this soil survey by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. ** Average annual growth is equal to total volume growth at rotation divided by rotation age. Actual annual growth varies with stand vigor and other factors. Yield data are based on site indices of natural stands at age 50 using the International 1/4 Log Rule and standard rough cords. This information should be used for planning purposes only. *** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 126 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Recreational Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Atkins | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding. | | | | | | | | | CaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | CeF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Cedarcreek | | | | | | | | | | Ch------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Chavies | flooding. | | | | | | | | | CoB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Cotaco | wetness. | wetness. | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | | | wetness, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Cr------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Craigsville | flooding. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | DkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Dekalb | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | small stones, | | | small stones, | | slope, | | | large stones. | | large stones. | | | | | DrF*: | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones, | | | | | large stones. | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Ek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Elkins | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | FeC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Fenwick | large stones, | wetness, | large stones, | wetness. | large stones, | wetness. | large stones. | slope. | | wetness. | | | | | GaC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gauley | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | | | large stones. | | | | | | | GaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gauley | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | slope. | | | | | GbB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Gilpin | | | small stones, | | thin layer. | | | slope. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 127

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Gilpin | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope, | | | | | thin layer. | | | | | GbD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Gilpin | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | GbE, GbF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gilpin | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | GcC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Gilpin | small stones, | small stones, | slope, | | small stones, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones. | | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | thin layer. | | | | | GcF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gilpin | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones, | | | | | large stones. | | | | | | | GLF*: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Laidig------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | ItF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Itmann | | | | | | | | | | KaF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Kaymine | | | | | | | | | | LaC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Laidig | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | small stones. | | slope. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | | | LaD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Laidig | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | LdC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Laidig | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | large stones, | | | large stones, | | small stones, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 128 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LdE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Laidig | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | LgE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Laidig | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | small stones, | | large stones. | | | large stones. | | | | | | | MaC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Mandy | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | | droughty, | | | slope, | | small stones, | | | small stones. | | large stones. | | | | | MaE, MaF, MaG------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Mandy | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | MkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Meckesville | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | Philo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness, | | | flooding, | | flooding. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | flooding. | | small stones, | | flooding. | | | flooding. | | | | | | | PgG*: | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Guyandotte------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 129

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways map symbol | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Po------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: Pope | flooding. | | small stones, | | flooding. | | | flooding. | | | | | | | Pp*: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | flooding. | | small stones, | | flooding. | | | flooding. | | | | | | | Potomac------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | flooding, | large stones. | small stones, | | droughty. | large stones. | | large stones. | | | | | | | ScF*: | | | | | Shouns------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | Cateache------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | SmC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: Simoda | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | | small stones, | | | slope, | | wetness, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | SwE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Snowdog | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | large stones, | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | ______| | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 130 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. Atkins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaE------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Cateache | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CeF------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Cedarcreek | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ch------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Chavies | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CoB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Cotaco | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cr------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very Craigsville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DkC------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Dekalb | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DrF*: | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ek------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good. Elkins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FeC------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very Fenwick | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GaC, GaE------|Very |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very Gauley | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GbB------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Gilpin | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GbC------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very Gilpin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GbD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very Gilpin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GbE------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very Gilpin | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GbF------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Gilpin | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GcC------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very Gilpin | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 131

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GcF------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Gilpin | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------|Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GLF*: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Laidig------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ItF------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Itmann | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | KaF------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Kaymine | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LaC------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very Laidig | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LaD------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Laidig | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LdC------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Laidig | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LdE------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Laidig | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | LgE------|Very |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very Laidig | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MaC, MaE, MaF, MaG-|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very Mandy | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MkE------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Meckesville | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | | | | | | Philo------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pope------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PgG*: | | | | | | | | | | Pineville------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | | | | | | Pineville------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 132 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | | map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife ______| crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Guyandotte------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Po------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very Pope | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pp*: | | | | | | | | | | Pope------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Potomac------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ScF*: | | | | | | | | | | Shouns------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cateache------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SmC------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very Simoda | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SwE------|Very |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very Snowdog | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Webster County, West Virginia 133

Table 12.--Building Site Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Atkins | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | CaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | | | | | | | CeF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Cedarcreek | | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight. Chavies | | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | | CoB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Cotaco | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Cr------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Craigsville | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | large stones. | small stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | | | | | | | | DkC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Dekalb | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | small stones, | | depth to rock,| | | depth to rock,| slope, | | large stones. | | | large stones. | large stones. | | | | | | DrF*: | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | Ek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Elkins | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | FeC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Fenwick | depth to rock,| wetness, | wetness, | slope. | frost action. | large stones, | wetness. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | wetness. | | | | | | GaC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gauley | depth to rock,| large stones. | depth to rock,| slope, | large stones. | large stones. | cutbanks cave,| | large stones. | large stones. | | | large stones. | | | | | | | | | | | GaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gauley | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope, | large stones, | cutbanks cave,| large stones. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | large stones. | | large stones. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 134 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbB------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Gilpin | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | frost action. | thin layer. | | | | | | GbC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Gilpin | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | frost action. | thin layer. | | | | | | GbD, GbE, GbF-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gilpin | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | GcC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Gilpin | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones, | large stones, | large stones. | slope, | | frost action, | slope, | slope. | | large stones. | | large stones. | thin layer. | | | | | | GcF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Gilpin | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | GLF*: | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Laidig------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | ItF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Itmann | | | | | | | | | | | | KaF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Kaymine | | | | | | | | | | | | LaC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Laidig | wetness, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope, | small stones, | slope. | | wetness. | | frost action. | slope. | | | | | | LaD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Laidig | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | LdC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Laidig | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | slope. | frost action, | large stones, | slope. | large stones. | slope, | | slope. | small stones, | | | large stones. | | | slope. | | | | | | LdE, LgE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Laidig | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | large stones. | | | | | | | | | | | MaC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Mandy | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | droughty, | slope, | large stones. | slope, | | large stones. | small stones, | large stones. | | large stones. | | | large stones. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 135

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | | Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaE, MaF, MaG-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Mandy | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | MkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Meckesville | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness, | wetness. | | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | PgG*: | | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Guyandotte------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | Po------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Pope | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Pp*: | | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | Potomac------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty. | | | | | | ScF*: | | | | | | Shouns------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Cateache------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | | | | | | | SmC------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: Simoda | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | low strength, | large stones. | | slope. | | | wetness, | | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | SwE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Snowdog | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones, | wetness, | large stones. | wetness, | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | large stones. | | large stones. | | | ______| | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 136 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "severe," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Atkins | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | | percs slowly. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | CaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slippage. | seepage. | slippage. | slippage. | thin layer. | | | | | CeF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Cedarcreek | | | | | | | | | | Ch------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Chavies | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | CoB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Cotaco | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Cr------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Craigsville | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | | large stones. | | | | | DkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dekalb | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones, | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | seepage. | | | | | | | | DrF*: | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones, | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Ek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Elkins | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | FeC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Fenwick | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | | | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | | | | | | GaC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Gauley | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | large stones. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | | large stones. | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 137

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | GaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Gauley | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | large stones. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | GbB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Gilpin | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | | | | | thin layer. | | | | | GbC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Gilpin | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | | slope. | | | thin layer. | | | | | GbD, GbE, GbF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Gilpin | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock. | area reclaim, | | | | | thin layer. | | | | | GcC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Gilpin | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | GcF------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Gilpin | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones, | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | area reclaim. | | | | | GLF*: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Laidig------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | percs slowly, | wetness. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | ItF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Itmann | | | | | | | | | | KaF------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable------|Variable. Kaymine | | | | | | | | | | LaC------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: Laidig | percs slowly, | slope, | wetness, | slope, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | slope. | wetness. | small stones, | | | | | wetness. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 138 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | LaD------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Laidig | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | percs slowly, | wetness. | | seepage. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | LdC------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Fair: Laidig | percs slowly, | slope, | wetness, | seepage. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness. | large stones, | | wetness, | | | slope. | | slope. | | | | | LdE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Laidig | slope, | slope, | slope. | seepage, | slope. | percs slowly, | wetness. | | slope. | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | LgE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Laidig | wetness, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | small stones, | percs slowly, | wetness, | large stones. | slope. | slope. | slope. | large stones. | | | | | | | | MaC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Mandy | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | MaE, MaF, MaG------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Mandy | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | MkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Meckesville | wetness, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | percs slowly, | | | | thin layer. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | seepage. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | | | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | PgG*: | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 139

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill ______| fields | | landfill | landfill | | | | | | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Guyandotte------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones, | | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Po------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. Pope | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | | | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | Pp*: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | | | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | Potomac------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | poor filter. | large stones. | seepage. | seepage. | too sandy, | | | | | ScF*: | | | | | Shouns------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Cateache------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | thin layer. | | | | | SmC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Simoda | wetness, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | small stones, | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | depth to rock, | | | | slope. | slope. | | | | | SwE------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Snowdog | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | | slope. | | | | | Ud. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | ______| | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 140 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Construction Materials

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | At------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Atkins | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | CaE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Cateache | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones. | | | | CeF------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Cedarcreek | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | Ch------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Chavies | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | CoB------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Cotaco | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Cr------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Craigsville | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | DkC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Dekalb | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | DrF*: | | | | Dekalb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | area reclaim. | | | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | Ek------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Elkins | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | FeC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Fenwick | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | GaC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Gauley | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | large stones. | | | | | | | GaE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Gauley | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | large stones, | | | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | GbB, GbC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Gilpin | thin layer. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | GbD------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Gilpin | thin layer. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 141

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | GbE, GbF------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Gilpin | thin layer, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | GcC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Gilpin | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | GcF------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Gilpin | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | GdE*: | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | Dekalb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | area reclaim. | | | small stones. | | | | GLF*: | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | Laidig------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | ItF------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Itmann | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | KaF------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Kaymine | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | LaC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Laidig | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | LaD------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Laidig | wetness, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | LdC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Laidig | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | LdE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Laidig | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 142 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | LgE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Laidig | large stones, | excess fines. | excess fines. | large stones, | slope. | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | MaC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Mandy | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | MaE, MaF, MaG------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Mandy | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | MkE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Meckesville | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | Pe*: | | | | Philo------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Pope------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim. | | | | PgG*: | | | | Pineville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | PLF*: | | | | Pineville------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Gilpin------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | slope. | | | slope. | | | | Guyandotte------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | large stones, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope. | | | | Po------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Pope | | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim. | | | | Pp*: | | | | Pope------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim. | | | | Potomac------|Fair: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | large stones. | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 143

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil map symbol | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | ScF*: | | | | Shouns------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Cateache------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones. | | | | SmC------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Simoda | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | wetness. | | | area reclaim. | | | | SwE------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Snowdog | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | large stones. | | | large stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Ud. | | | | Udorthents | | | | ______| | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 144 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Water Management

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of "moderate" and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | At------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness, Atkins | seepage. | piping, | frost action, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | CaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Cateache | slope, | thin layer, | | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | slippage. | piping. | | slippage. | | | | | | CeF------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Cedarcreek | seepage, | large stones. | | large stones. | slope, | slope. | | | | droughty. | | | | | Ch------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Soil blowing-----|Favorable. Chavies | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | CoB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slope------|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. Cotaco | seepage, | piping. | | wetness. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Cr------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones, Craigsville | seepage. | seepage, | | too sandy. | droughty. | | large stones. | | | | | | | | DkC------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Dekalb | seepage, | piping, | | depth to rock, | large stones, | slope. | large stones, | | large stones. | droughty. | | thin layer. | | | | | | | | DrF*: | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | piping, | | depth to rock, | large stones, | slope. | large stones. | | large stones. | droughty. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Ek------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness, Elkins | seepage. | wetness, | flooding, | percs slowly, | erodes easily, | | piping. | poor outlets. | poor outlets. | percs slowly. | | | | | FeC------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock. Fenwick | slope. | piping, | frost action, | wetness. | | | thin layer. | slope. | | | | | | | GaC, GaE------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Gauley | seepage, | large stones, | | large stones, | slope, | slope. | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | GbB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, Gilpin | seepage, | piping, | | large stones. | large stones. | depth to rock, | thin layer. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 145

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | GbC, GbD, GbE, | | | | | GbF------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, Gilpin | slope. | piping, | | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | | thin layer. | | large stones. | large stones. | | | | | GcC, GcF------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Gilpin | slope. | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | slope. | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | Dekalb------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | piping, | | depth to rock, | large stones, | slope. | large stones, | | large stones. | droughty. | | thin layer. | | | | | | | | GLF*: | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | slope. | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | Laidig------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones, | seepage, | piping. | percs slowly, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | | large stones. | rooting depth. | rooting depth. | | | | | ItF------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope, Itmann | seepage, | seepage. | | | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | KaF------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Kaymine | seepage, | large stones. | | large stones. | slope, | slope. | | | | droughty. | | | | | LaC, LaD------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Laidig | seepage, | piping. | percs slowly. | rooting depth. | rooting depth. | slope. | | | | | | | | | LdC------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones, Laidig | seepage, | piping. | percs slowly, | large stones, | rooting depth. | slope. | | large stones. | rooting depth. | | | | | | LdE------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones, Laidig | seepage, | piping. | percs slowly, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | | large stones. | rooting depth. | rooting depth. | | | | | LgE------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope, |Slope, |Large stones, Laidig | seepage, | piping. | percs slowly, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | | large stones. | wetness. | rooting depth. | | | | | MaC, MaE, MaF, | | | | | MaG------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, Mandy | slope. | thin layer. | | large stones, | slope, | | | | depth to rock. | droughty. | | | | | MkE------|Severe: |Severe: |Slope------|Slope, |Large stones, Meckesville | slope. | piping. | | large stones, | slope, | | | | wetness. | rooting depth. | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 146 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces | map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed ______| areas | levees | | diversions | waterways | | | | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | Philo------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding------|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | wetness. | | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | PgG*: | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. | seepage, | piping. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | slope. | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | Pineville------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | piping. | | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones, | slope. | piping, | | large stones, | slope, | | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | | | Guyandotte------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | piping. | | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Po------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily. Pope | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | Pp*: | | | | | Pope------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | Potomac------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones, | seepage. | seepage, | | too sandy, | droughty. | | large stones. | | soil blowing. | | | | | | ScF*: | | | | | Shouns------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------|Slope. | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | Cateache------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope, | slope, | thin layer, | | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | slippage. | piping. | | slippage. | | | | | | SmC------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Large stones, Simoda | slope. | piping. | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | | slope. | wetness. | rooting depth. | | | | | SwE------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Large stones, Snowdog | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | seepage. | piping. | slope. | wetness. | rooting depth. | | | | | Ud. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | ______| | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Webster County, West Virginia 147

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | At------| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|60-95 |45-75 | 20-35 | 1-15 Atkins | | | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | 7-48|Silty clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|65-100|45-85 | 20-40 | 3-20 | | loam, sandy | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |48-65|Stratified silty |SM, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |60-100|60-100|50-95 |30-85 | 20-40 | 1-15 | | clay loam to | GM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaE------| 0-9 |Extremely stony |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 |15-30 |70-85 |65-80 |60-75 |45-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 Cateache | | silt loam. | GM-GC, GC| | | | | | | | | 9-31|Channery silt |CL-ML, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |40-85 |35-80 |30-80 |25-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | loam, very | GC, GM-GC| A-6 | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 31 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | CeF------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GC |A-2, A-4,|30-55 |45-60 |40-55 |30-50 |20-40 | 25-35 | 7-12 Cedarcreek | | loam. | | A-6 | | | | | | | | 4-65|Extremely |GC |A-2, A-4 | 5-30 |30-55 |25-50 |20-45 |15-40 | 25-35 | 7-12 | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | | | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------| 0-6 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|40-90 |40-75 | <25 | NP-5 Chavies | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | 6-42|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|65-100|45-85 | <35 | NP-8 | | silt loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | |42-65|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-5 |70-100|60-95 |40-85 |20-75 | <25 | NP-5 | | gravelly fine | CL-ML, | A-1-b | | | | | | | | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoB------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0-5 |80-100|75-95 |55-85 |35-80 | <30 | NP-7 Cotaco | | | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | 5-50|Gravelly sandy |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |60-100|50-95 |40-90 |20-80 | <35 | NP-15 | | clay loam, loam,| GC, CL | A-6, | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | |50-65|Gravelly silt |SC, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |60-100|50-95 |40-90 |20-80 | <35 | NP-15 | | loam, clay loam,| GC, CL | A-6, | | | | | | | | | loam. | | A-1-b | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cr------| 0-5 |Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-25 |65-90 |60-85 |40-75 |25-60 | <25 | NP-10 Craigsville | | | CL-ML, SC| | | | | | | | | 5-39|Gravelly sandy |SM, GM, |A-1, A-2,|25-60 |50-80 |30-65 |25-60 |15-40 | <25 | NP-10 | | loam, very | GC, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam, | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |39-65|Very gravelly |GC, GM, |A-1, A-2 |35-75 |35-55 |30-50 |20-45 |10-25 | <25 | NP-8 | | loamy sand, | GP-GM, | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy | GM-GC | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | cobbly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | 148 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | DkC------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10 Dekalb | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | 2-24|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |24-34|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-50 |45-85 |25-75 |20-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, extremely | SC, GC | A-1 | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DrF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10 | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | 2-24|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |24-34|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-50 |45-85 |25-75 |20-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, extremely | SC, GC | A-1 | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ek------| 0-7 |Silt loam------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-90 | 20-40 | 4-14 Elkins | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 7-27|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-90 | 20-40 | 4-17 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |27-65|Silt loam, loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|90-100|65-95 |40-85 | 15-35 | 1-13 | | fine sandy loam.| SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FeC------| 0-2 |Very stony loam |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-15 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |60-90 | 20-35 | 2-10 Fenwick | 2-34|Loam, silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |85-100|75-100|65-95 |55-90 | 25-40 | 4-14 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GaC, GaE------| 0-4 |Rubbly sandy loam|ML, CL-ML,|A-1, A-2,|50-85 |40-80 |40-75 |35-70 |20-55 | 15-25 | NP-7 Gauley | | | SM, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | 4-14|Very channery |ML, CL-ML,|A-1, A-2,|10-40 |40-80 |40-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-25 | NP-7 | | loamy sand, | SM, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |14-28|Channery sandy |SC-SM, |A-1, A-2,|10-50 |45-75 |30-75 |25-70 |20-50 | 15-25 | NP-7 | | loam, very | GM-GC, | A-4 | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | SM, GM | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 28 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 149

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | GbB, GbC, GbD, | | | | | | | | | | | GbE, GbF------| 0-2 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-95 |75-90 |70-85 |65-80 | 20-40 | 4-15 Gilpin | 2-26|Channery loam, |GC, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | channery silt | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GC, GM-GC |A-1, A-2,| 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | loam, very shaly| | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GcC, GcF------| 0-2 |Very stony silt |GC, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 2-10 |50-90 |45-85 |35-75 |30-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 Gilpin | | loam. | SC, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | 2-26|Channery silt |GM-GC, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | loam, channery | CL-ML, SC| A-5 | | | | | | | | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GC, GM-GC |A-1, A-2,| 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-5| | | | | | | | | loam, very shaly| | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |GC, CL, |A-2, A-4,|10-40 |50-90 |45-85 |35-75 |30-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | silt loam. | SC, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | 2-26|Channery silt |GM-GC, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | loam, channery | CL-ML, SC| A-5 | | | | | | | | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GC, GM-GC |A-1, A-2,| 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | very channery | | A-4, A-5| | | | | | | | | silt loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | shaly silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10 | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | | | 2-24|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |24-34|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-50 |45-85 |25-75 |20-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9 | | loam, extremely | SC, GC | A-1 | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 150 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | GLF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |GC, CL, |A-2, A-4,|10-40 |50-90 |45-85 |35-75 |30-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | silt loam. | SC, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | 2-26|Channery silt |GM-GC, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | loam, channery | CL-ML, SC| A-5 | | | | | | | | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GC, GM-GC |A-1, A-2,| 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-5| | | | | | | | | loam, very shaly| | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Laidig------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GM-GC, |A-4 |15-30 |65-90 |50-80 |45-80 |35-70 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | silt loam. | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM, SM| | | | | | | | | 4-32|Channery loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |70-95 |50-90 |40-80 |20-70 | 15-40 | 2-18 | | channery sandy | CL, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |32-65|Very channery |GC, GM-GC,|A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-90 |40-85 |30-80 |15-70 | 15-35 | 2-16 | | sandy clay loam,| CL-ML, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ItF------| 0-14|Channery loam----|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4 | 0-10 |65-85 |60-80 |50-75 |30-60 | 20-30 | NP-8 Itmann | | | SM, SC | | | | | | | | |14-65|Very channery |GM, GM-GC |A-1, A-2 | 0-15 |30-55 |25-50 |20-45 |10-35 | 15-25 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | | | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | | | | extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KaF------| 0-7 |Extremely stony |GC |A-2, A-4,|30-55 |45-60 |40-55 |30-50 |20-40 | 25-35 | 7-12 Kaymine | | silt loam. | | A-6 | | | | | | | | 7-65|Extremely |GC |A-2, A-4,| 5-30 |30-55 |25-50 |20-45 |15-40 | 25-35 | 7-12 | | channery silt | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaC, LaD------| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |65-90 |50-80 |45-80 |35-70 | 15-30 | 1-10 Laidig | | loam. | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | 4-32|Channery loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |70-95 |50-90 |40-80 |20-70 | 15-40 | 2-18 | | channery sandy | CL, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |32-65|Very channery |GC, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-90 |40-85 |30-80 |15-70 | 15-35 | 2-16 | | sandy clay loam,| GM-GC, | A-6 | | | | | | | | | very channery | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 151

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | LdC, LdE------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GM-GC, |A-4 |15-30 |65-90 |50-80 |45-80 |35-70 | 15-30 | NP-10 Laidig | | silt loam. | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM, SM| | | | | | | | | 4-32|Channery loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |70-95 |50-90 |40-80 |20-70 | 15-40 | 2-18 | | channery sandy | CL, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |32-65|Very channery |GC, GM-GC,|A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-90 |40-85 |30-80 |15-70 | 15-35 | 2-16 | | sandy clay loam,| CL-ML, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LgE------| 0-4 |Rubbly silt loam |GM-GC, |A-4 |15-30 |65-90 |50-80 |45-80 |35-70 | 15-30 | NP-10 Laidig | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | | SC-SM, SM| | | | | | | | | 4-32|Channery loam, |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |70-95 |50-90 |40-80 |20-70 | 15-40 | 2-18 | | channery silt | CL, ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |32-65|Very channery |GC, GM-GC,|A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-90 |40-85 |30-80 |15-70 | 15-35 | 2-16 | | sandy clay loam,| CL-ML, SC| A-6 | | | | | | | | | very channery | | | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaC, MaE, MaF, | | | | | | | | | | | MaG------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |CL-ML, CL |A-4 |15-30 |65-80 |60-75 |55-70 |50-65 | 20-32 | 4-10 Mandy | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | 2-24|Channery silt |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 20-32 | 4-10 | | loam, very | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | |24-34|Extremely |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 20-32 | 4-10 | | channery silt | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | | 34 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | MkE------| 0-3 |Extremely stony |ML |A-4 |15-25 |80-100|70-95 |65-85 |55-80 | --- | --- Meckesville | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | 3-36|Loam, channery |ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-20 |60-100|60-95 |60-90 |55-70 | 25-40 | 2-15 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly silty | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |36-65|Channery loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-2 | 0-20 |45-95 |40-90 |35-85 |30-65 | 20-30 | 2-10 | | channery silt | GM, SC | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | | | | | | | Philo------| 0-9 |Loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|75-90 |60-80 | 20-35 | 1-10 | 9-30|Silt loam, loam, |ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|75-100|70-90 |45-80 | 20-35 | 1-10 | | sandy loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | |30-65|Stratified sand |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 |60-95 |50-90 |40-85 |30-80 | 15-30 | 1-10 | | to silt loam. | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 152 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | | | | | | | Pope------| 0-4 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-100|45-90 | <30 | NP-10 | | | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | 4-47|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|80-100|51-95 |25-75 | <30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |47-65|Sandy loam, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |45-100|35-100|30-95 |15-70 | <30 | NP-7 | | sand, fine sandy| ML, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PgG*: | | | | | | | | | | | Pineville------| 0-5 |Extremely stony |ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 |15-30 |55-90 |50-85 |45-80 |30-75 | 25-35 | 4-10 | | loam. | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | 5-50|Channery loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |55-85 |50-80 |45-75 |30-65 | 25-40 | 6-15 | | channery clay | SC, SC-SM| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | |50-65|Very channery |GM, GM-GC,|A-1, A-2,| 5-20 |35-75 |30-70 |25-65 |20-60 | 25-35 | 4-12 | | loam, very | SC, SC-SM| A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | channery clay | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |GC, CL, |A-2, A-4,|10-40 |50-90 |45-85 |35-75 |30-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | silt loam. | SC, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | 2-26|Channery silt |GM-GC, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | loam, channery | CL-ML, SC| A-5 | | | | | | | | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GC, GM-GC |A-1, A-2,| 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-5| | | | | | | | | loam, very shaly| | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Pineville------| 0-5 |Extremely stony |ML, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 |15-30 |55-90 |50-85 |45-80 |30-75 | 25-35 | 4-10 | | loam. | SM, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | 5-50|Channery loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |55-85 |50-80 |45-75 |30-65 | 25-40 | 6-15 | | channery clay | SC, SC-SM| A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | |50-65|Very channery |GM, GM-GC,|A-1, A-2,| 5-20 |35-75 |30-70 |25-65 |20-60 | 25-35 | 4-12 | | loam, very | SC, SC-SM| A-4, A-6| | | | | | | | | channery clay | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 153

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |GC, CL, |A-2, A-4,|10-40 |50-90 |45-85 |35-75 |30-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | silt loam. | SC, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | | | 2-26|Channery silt |GM-GC, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |50-95 |45-90 |35-85 |30-80 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | loam, channery | CL-ML, SC| A-5 | | | | | | | | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |26-36|Channery loam, |GC, GM-GC |A-1, A-2,| 0-35 |25-55 |20-50 |15-45 |15-40 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-5| | | | | | | | | loam, very shaly| | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Guyandotte------| 0-19|Extremely stony |GM-GC, |A-1, A-2,|20-50 |25-65 |20-60 |15-55 |10-55 | 20-30 | NP-8 | | silt loam. | SC-SM, | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | CL-ML, ML| | | | | | | | |19-65|Very channery |GM-GC, |A-1, A-2,| 5-35 |25-65 |20-60 |15-55 |10-55 | 20-30 | NP-8 | | sandy loam, very| SC-SM, | A-4 | | | | | | | | | channery silt | CL-ML, ML| | | | | | | | | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | | | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Po------| 0-4 |Loam------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-100|45-90 | <30 | NP-10 Pope | | | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | 4-47|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|80-100|51-95 |25-75 | <30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |47-65|Sandy loam, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |45-100|35-100|30-95 |15-70 | <30 | NP-7 | | sand, fine sandy| ML, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pp*: | | | | | | | | | | | Pope------| 0-4 |Very cobbly loam |ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-100|45-90 | <30 | NP-10 | | | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | 4-47|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|80-100|51-95 |25-75 | <30 | NP-7 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |47-65|Sandy loam, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |45-100|35-100|30-95 |15-70 | <30 | NP-7 | | sand, fine sandy| ML, GM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Potomac------| 0-9 |Very cobbly sandy|SM, GM, |A-1, A-2,| 0-25 |50-85 |40-75 |30-65 |15-50 | <20 | NP-5 | | loam. | SC-SM, | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | GM-GC | | | | | | | | | 9-65|Extremely cobbly |SM, GM, |A-1, A-2 |15-50 |50-80 |35-70 |20-50 | 5-25 | <15 | NP-3 | | loamy sand, very| SW-SM, | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | GW-GM | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 154 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | __In | | | | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | ScF*: | | | | | | | | | | | Shouns------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 5-15 |80-100|75-100|65-95 |55-90 | 15-30 | 3-12 | | silt loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | | | 4-45|Silty clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|70-95 |60-90 | 25-40 | 8-17 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |45-65|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 |10-25 |75-100|65-90 |60-85 |50-75 | 30-45 | 10-20 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cateache------| 0-9 |Extremely stony |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 |15-30 |70-85 |65-80 |60-75 |45-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | silt loam. | GM-GC, GC| | | | | | | | | 9-31|Channery silt |CL-ML, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |40-85 |35-80 |30-80 |25-70 | 20-40 | 4-15 | | loam, very | GC, GM-GC| A-6 | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | 31 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | SmC------| 0-3 |Very stony silt |CL, CL-ML,|A-4 |25-60 |55-75 |50-70 |45-65 |35-60 | 20-30 | 5-10 Simoda | | loam. | GC, GM-GC| | | | | | | | | 3-23|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-20 |70-100|65-100|60-95 |45-90 | 25-40 | 7-14 | | channery silt | GC, SC | | | | | | | | | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |23-48|Sandy loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-20 |65-100|60-95 |55-90 |35-85 | 25-40 | 7-14 | | channery loam, | GC, SC | | | | | | | | | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | 48 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | SwE------| 0-3 |Rubbly loam------|CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | 0-25 |60-95 |55-90 |45-90 |35-80 | 20-30 | 4-10 Snowdog | | | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | | 3-24|Channery loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |60-95 |55-90 |45-90 |35-80 | 25-35 | 6-15 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |24-51|Channery sandy |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,|10-30 |45-80 |40-75 |25-75 |10-70 | 25-35 | 6-15 | | loam, channery | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |51-65|Channery loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,|10-30 |45-80 |40-75 |25-75 |10-70 | 20-40 | 4-18 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Webster County, West Virginia 155

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | At------| 0-7 | 15-25 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 2-4 Atkins | 7-48| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | |48-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | CaE------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 1-4 Cateache | 9-31| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | CeF------| 0-4 | 18-27 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| 5 | <.5 Cedarcreek | 4-65| 18-27 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------| 0-6 | 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | .5-4 Chavies | 6-42| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |42-65| 7-18 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | CoB------| 0-5 | 7-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 3 | .5-4 Cotaco | 5-50| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |50-65| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.07-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Cr------| 0-5 | 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.07-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 3 | 1-5 Craigsville | 5-39| 5-15 |1.30-1.60| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | |39-65| 5-10 |1.35-1.55| >6.0 |0.04-0.09|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | DkC------| 0-2 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-4 Dekalb | 2-24| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | |24-34| 5-15 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | DrF*: | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-2 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-4 | 2-24| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | |24-34| 5-15 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ek------| 0-7 | 18-30 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-5 Elkins | 7-27| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.0 |Moderate-----|0.37| | |27-65| 7-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.10-0.14|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | FeC------| 0-2 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 1-4 Fenwick | 2-34| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | GaC, GaE------| 0-14| 3-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-4 Gauley |14-28| 5-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| | | 28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | GbB, GbC, GbD, | | | | | | | | | | GbE, GbF------| 0-2 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| 3 | .5-4 Gilpin | 2-26| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |26-36| 15-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 36 | --- | --- | 0.2-2.0 | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 156 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | GcC, GcF------| 0-2 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | .5-4 Gilpin | 2-26| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |26-36| 15-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| 0-2 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | .5-4 | 2-26| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |26-36| 15-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| 0-2 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.5 |Low------|0.17| 2 | 2-4 | 2-24| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | |24-34| 5-15 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | GLF*: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| 0-2 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | .5-4 | 2-26| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |26-36| 15-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Laidig------| 0-4 | 7-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 1-4 | 4-32| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.24| | |32-65| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | ItF------| 0-14| 10-20 |1.00-1.30| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.15|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| 5 | <.5 Itmann |14-65| 4-15 |1.00-1.30| 2.0-20 |0.05-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | KaF------| 0-7 | 18-27 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.32| 5 | <.5 Kaymine | 7-65| 18-27 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.3 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | LaC, LaD------| 0-4 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.14|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.28| 4 | 1-4 Laidig | 4-32| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.24| | |32-65| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | LdC, LdE------| 0-4 | 7-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 1-4 Laidig | 4-32| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.24| | |32-65| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | LgE------| 0-4 | 7-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.10| 4 | 1-3 Laidig | 4-32| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.24| | |32-65| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | MaC, MaE, MaF, | | | | | | | | | | MaG------| 0-2 | 7-25 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.20| 3 | .5-3 Mandy | 2-24| 10-27 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| | |24-34| 10-27 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| | | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | MkE------| 0-3 | 10-27 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 1-4 Meckesville | 3-36| 18-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |36-65| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | | | | | | Philo------| 0-9 | 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 2-4 | 9-30| 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.32| | |30-65| 5-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 157

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | Erosion | Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell |______factors | Organic map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | __pH | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | | | | | | Pope------| 0-4 | 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.23|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-4 | 4-47| 5-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |47-65| 5-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | PgG*: | | | | | | | | | | Pineville------| 0-5 | 15-25 |1.00-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 4 | .5-5 | 5-50| 18-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | |50-65| 15-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| 0-2 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | .5-4 | 2-26| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |26-36| 15-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | | | | | | Pineville------| 0-5 | 15-25 |1.00-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 4 | .5-5 | 5-50| 18-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | |50-65| 15-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.06-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| 0-2 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| 3 | .5-4 | 2-26| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |26-36| 15-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | Guyandotte------| 0-19| 5-27 |1.00-1.30| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-7.3 |Low------|0.10| 4 | 2-10 |19-65| 5-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | Po------| 0-4 | 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.23|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-4 Pope | 4-47| 5-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |47-65| 5-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Pp*: | | | | | | | | | | Pope------| 0-4 | 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.23|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 1-4 | 4-47| 5-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |47-65| 5-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Potomac------| 0-9 | 5-12 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 0-2 | 9-65| 4-10 |1.30-1.60| >6.0 |0.03-0.06|5.1-7.8 |Low------|0.17| | | | | | | | | | | | ScF*: | | | | | | | | | | Shouns------| 0-4 | 15-27 |1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.20| 5 | .5-3 | 4-45| 27-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | |45-65| 27-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | Cateache------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 1-4 | 9-31| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| | | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | SmC------| 0-3 | 10-27 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.17| 3 | 1-4 Simoda | 3-23| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.24| | |23-48| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.0 |Low------|0.24| | | 48 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | SwE------| 0-3 | 7-27 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.17| 3 | 1-4 Snowdog | 3-24| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |24-51| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | |51-65| 7-40 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low------|0.24| | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 158 Soil Survey

Table 18.--Soil and Water Features

("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "occasional," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | |______Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydrologic| | | | | | |Potential| | map symbol | group | Frequency | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concrete ______| | | | | | | | action | steel | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At------| D |Occasional------| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Moderate. Atkins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaE------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate. Cateache | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeF------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High. Cedarcreek | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------| B |Rare------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate. Chavies | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoB------| C |None------|1.5-2.5|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High. Cotaco | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cr------| B |Rare------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|Moderate. Craigsville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DkC------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low------|Low------|High. Dekalb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DrF*: | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low------|Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ek------| D |Occasional------| 0-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|High. Elkins | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FeC------| C |None------|1.5-2.5|Perched |Nov-Apr| 20-40 |Hard |High-----|Moderate |High. Fenwick | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GaC, GaE------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low------|High. Gauley | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GbB, GbC, GbD, | | | | | | | | | | GbE, GbF, GcC, | | | | | | | | | | GcF------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low------|High. Gilpin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Webster County, West Virginia 159

Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | |______Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydrologic| | | | | | |Potential| | map symbol | group | Frequency | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concrete ______| | | | | | | | action | steel | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GdE*: | | | | | | | | | | Dekalb------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low------|Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | GLF*: | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | Laidig------| C |None------|2.5-4.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High. | | | | | | | | | | ItF------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |High-----|High. Itmann | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KaF------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|Low. Kaymine | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LaC, LaD, LdC, | | | | | | | | | | LdE, LgE------| C |None------|2.5-4.0|Perched |Jan-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High. Laidig | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaC, MaE, MaF, | | | | | | | | | | MaG------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low------|Low------|High. Mandy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MkE------| C |None------|2.5-4.0|Perched |Nov-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High. Meckesville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pe*: | | | | | | | | | | Philo------| B |Occasional------|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | Pope------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | PgG*: | | | | | | | | | | Pineville------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | PLF*: | | | | | | | | | | Pineville------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | Gilpin------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | Guyandotte------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | Po------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|High. Pope | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 160 Soil Survey

Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| |______Flooding | High water table | Bedrock | |______Risk of corrosion Soil name and |Hydrologic| | | | | | |Potential| | map symbol | group | Frequency | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concrete ______| | | | | | | | action | steel | | | | __Ft | | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pp*: | | | | | | | | | | Pope------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Low------|High. | | | | | | | | | | Potomac------| A |Occasional------|4.0-6.0|Apparent| --- | >60 | --- |Low------|Low------|Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | ScF*: | | | | | | | | | | Shouns------| B |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | Cateache------| C |None------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Moderate |Moderate |Moderate. | | | | | | | | | | SmC------| C |None------|1.5-2.5|Perched |Nov-May| 40-60 |Hard |Moderate |Moderate |High. Simoda | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SwE------| C |None------|1.5-2.5|Perched |Nov-May| >60 | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High. Snowdog | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ud. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | |

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Webster County, West Virginia 161

Table 19.--Classification of the Soils ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | | Atkins------| Fine-loamy, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents Cateache------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs Cedarcreek------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Udorthents Chavies------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs Cotaco------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludults Craigsville------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Dekalb------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Elkins------| Fine-silty, mixed, acid, mesic Humaqueptic Fluvaquents Fenwick------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludults Gauley------| Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, frigid Typic Haplorthods Gilpin------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Guyandotte------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Haplumbrepts Itmann------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Udorthents Kaymine------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Udorthents Laidig------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Fragiudults Mandy------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts Meckesville------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudults Philo------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts Pineville------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Pope------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts Potomac------| Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Udifluvents Shouns------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Simoda------| Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Fragiochrepts Snowdog------| Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Fragiochrepts Udorthents------| Udorthents ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement

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