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Overview 2004 Update United Nations Development Programme United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Energy Council World Energy Assessment overview 2004 Update World Energy Assessment: Overview 2004 Update © 2004 UNDP United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Development Policy One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America The analysis and conclusions of the World Energy Assessment: Overview 2004 Update do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme, its Executive Board, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Member States of the United Nations, or the Member Committees of the World Energy Council. This publication is an update of the Overview to Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, the World Energy Assessment published in 2000. Although new data are referenced in this volume, citations on data and findings previously referenced in the Assessment are not duplicated here. Readers are invited to turn to the full World Energy Assessment. For information on obtaining the Assessment, please see www.undp.org/energy ISBN: 92-1-126167-8 Sales Number: E.04.III.B.6 United Nations Development Programme United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Energy Council World Energy Assessment overview 2004 Update Editors José Goldemberg and Thomas B. Johansson Contributors Dennis Anderson, Suani T. Coelho, Gerald Doucet, Irene Freudenschuss-Reichl, Michael Jefferson, Eberhard Jochem, Stephen Karekezi, Hisham Khatib, Susan McDade, Alan McDonald, José R. Moreira, Nebojˇsa Naki´cenovi´c, Amulya Reddy, Hans-Holger Rogner, Kirk R. Smith,Wim C.Turkenburg, Gill Wilkins, and Robert H.Williams contents Foreword 4 Mark Malloch Brown, José Antonio Ocampo, and Gerald Doucet Preface 6 José Goldemberg and Thomas B. Johansson Sponsoring Institutions 8 Acknowledgements 9 Executive Summary 11 Introduction 14 Part I. Energy at the World Summit for Sustainable Development 17 Part II. Basic Energy Facts 25 Part III.Energy and Major Global Issues 33 Part IV.Energy Resources and Technological Options 45 Part V. Are Sustainable Futures Possible? 57 Part VI. Policies and Actions to Promote Energy for Sustainable Development 67 References 76 Annexes 79 Contributor Bios 82 2 WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW: 2004 UPDATE Contents Figures Figure 1 Examples of the Critical Role of Energy in WEHAB Priority Areas 21 Figure 2 An Example of the Energy Chain from Extraction to Satisfaction of Needs 26 Figure 3 Relationship between HDI and Per Capita Energy Use, 1999/2000 27 Figure 4 Per Capita Energy Use (commercial and non-commercial), by Region, 2000 27 Figure 5 World Primary Energy Use, by Energy Source, 2001 28 Figure 6 World Electricity Production, by Energy Source, 2001 28 Figure 7 Primary Energy Use in Various Regions, by Energy Source, 2001 29 Figure 8 Shares of Electricity Production in Various Regions, by Energy Source, 2001 30 Figure 9 Average Energy Demand by Income Segment in Brazil, 1998 35 Figure 10 GDP and Primary Energy Use in OECD Countries, 1971-2001 37 Figure 11 Energy Intensity in the United States (1850-2000) and China (1970-2000) 38 Figure 12 Net Inflow of Foreign Direct Investment, 1990-2001 38 Figure 13 Official Development Assistance Provided to Recipient Countries, 1990-2001 39 Figure 14 Experience Curves for Photovoltaics,Windmills, Gas Turbines, and Ethanol Production 51 Figure 15 Coal Poly-Generation 52 Figure 16 External Costs for Electricity Production in the European Union, by Source 73 Tables Table 1 World Primary Energy Use and Reserves, 2001 28 Table 2 Primary Energy Use, by Region, 2001 31 Table 3 Energy-Related Options to Address Social Issues 35 Table 4 Environmental Insults Due to Human Activities, by Sector 41 Table 5 Selected Energy-Efficient Technologies and Practices for Buildings 48 Table 6 New Renewables, by Source, 2001 49 Table 7 Status of Renewable Energy Technologies, end 2001 50 Table 8 Energy Sources and Devices for the Near, Medium, and Long Term 61 Table 9 The Energy Innovation Chain: Barriers and Policy Options 71 Table 10 Reported Industrial-Country Public Sector Spending on Energy RD&D 72 Boxes Box 1 Energy and the Millennium Development Goals 34 Box 2 Security of Oil and Gas Supply 43 Box 3 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage 53 Box 4 Towards a 2000 Watt Per Capita Society 58 Box 5 Can the World Afford to Move to a Low-Carbon Energy Economy? 66 Box 6 The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum 69 Box 7 Cost of Energy Subsidies 73 Box 8 The Texas Renewables Portfolio Standard 74 Box 9 German Renewable Energy Sources Act 74 Box 10 Electricity Crisis in California and Brazil 75 WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW: 2004 UPDATE 3 Contents foreword Mark Malloch Brown n 2002 government leaders, heads of industry, civil society and Administrator, United Nations I representatives of United Nations organisations met in Johannesburg Development Programme at the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD). Held ten years José Antonio Ocampo after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Under Secretary-General WSSD brought discussions on energy to the center of global debate. The United Nations Department of resulting Johannesburg Plan of Implementation stresses that access to reliable Economic and Social Affairs and affordable energy services facilitates the eradication of poverty. The Gerald Doucet importance of producing, distributing and consuming energy services in Secretary General ways that support sustainable development is also emphasised in relation to World Energy Council changing patterns of production and consumption as well as protecting and managing the natural resource base. Energy is, for the first time in an intergovernmental process, directly linked to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, an ambitious set of quantified development targets agreed by the international community during the Millennium Assembly in 2000. We the three sponsoring organizations of the “World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability”, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs, and the World Energy Council are very pleased that energy gained such prominence in these important international discussions. The regional and global discussions leading up to WSSD built heavily on the outcome of the ninth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD-9) held in April 2001. Providing objective, scientific and technological information on energy trends and issues to inform and support these discussions was the reason that our organisations began collaboration on the World Energy Assessment which was released in 2000 4 WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW: 2004 UPDATE Foreword under the Chairmanship of Dr. José Goldemberg. More than ever there is urgency to take decisions This publication, which is an update of the Overview and implement energy options that accelerate the shift of the original World Energy Assessment, has been towards sustainable development. Vastly improved access assembled to reflect current information on energy to modern energy services, improved affordability, production and consumption patterns, technology reliability and greatly enhanced use of technologies that trends and to summarise the important decisions and address the challenges of sustainable development are recommendations concerning energy reflected in CSD-9, urgently needed. WSSD and other international fora. This is particularly We believe that energy solutions require joint efforts important given that the 2006/2007 cycle of the involving government agencies and policy makers, the Commission on Sustainable Development will consider private sector and industry, civil society and collaboration energy for sustainable development as well as air pollution/ within the international development community, atmosphere, climate change and industrial development. including the United Nations system. The challenges of This will be a key opportunity to focus attention sustainable development are great and the importance on some of the concrete policy, financing, capacity of energy in achieving sustainable development goals development, technology and knowledge management cannot be overstated. Significant changes in national, approaches that are supporting changes in energy regional and global energy systems will be required to production and use in line with sustainable development meet these challenges. The materials presented represent goals. It will provide further opportunities to examine the views of the contributing authors and have been distinct regional challenges linked to energy and to peer reviewed; they are issued under the supervision of address how key energy issues are directly impacting the Editors who are responsible for the content. We the achievement of development objectives outside the remain committed to action on energy for sustainable energy sector including, for example, managing and development and hope you will find this update, protecting the natural resource base, gender equality, prepared under the editorship of Dr. José Goldemberg changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and and Dr. Thomas B. Johansson, helpful in your own production, and poverty eradication. considerations on important energy issues. I WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW: 2004 UPDATE 5 Foreword preface José Goldemberg he World Energy Assessment (WEA) published in the year 2000 – a Sao Paulo, Brazil
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