ACTIVITIES REPORT 2003-2004
international energy initiative
To promote the efficient production and use of energy for sustainable development
http://www.ieiglobal.org
January 2005 IEI Offices IEI Staff President President c/o Princeton Environmental Institute Eric D. Larson Guyot Hall, Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Phone: +1-609-258-4966 Executive Director Fax: +1- 609-258-7715 Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi Email: [email protected] REI – Asia Executive Director Director: Antonette D’Sa in care of REI – Latin America Research Associate: K.V.Narasimha Murthy Regional Energy Initiative – Asia Research Assistant: B.T.Chandru 25/5 Borebank Road Accounts Manager: K.M.Basavarajappa Benson Town Office Assistant: G.Saravanan Bangalore 560 046 India Phone: +91-80-23538426 Fax: +91-80-23538426 REI – Latin America E-mail: [email protected] Director: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi Office Assistant: Andreia Maria dos Santos Regional Energy Initiative – Latin America Secretary: Maira de S. A. Camargo Caixa Postal 6163 Research Assistant: Rodolfo D. M. Gomes Campinas, São Paulo Legal Advisor (Pro bono): Ana Maria P.C. Jannuzzi CEP 13083-970 Brazil Phone: +55-19-3249-0288 Research Collaborator: Guilherme Queiroz Fax: +55-19-3289-3125 Research Collaborator: Edson Vendrusculo E-mail: [email protected] Research Collaborator: Thomaz Borges Research Student: Gheisa Esteves Regional Energy Initiative – Africa Research Student: Herculano Xavier (closed January 2004) University of Cape Town Research Student: Paulo Santana Private Bag Rondebosch 7701 Research Student: Godfrey Sanga South Africa Energy for Sustainable Development REI – Africa (through January 2004) 25/5 Borebank Road Director: Anton Eberhard Benson Town Research Assistant: Alix Clark Bangalore 560 046 India Secretary: Shireen Arnold Phone: +91-80-23536563 Fax: +91-80-23538426 E-mail: [email protected] Energy for Sustainable Development Executive Editor: Svati Bhogle IEI Board of Directors Technical Editor: K. Krishna Prasad Thomas B. Johansson (Chairman), Sweden Special Issues Technical Editor: Amulya K.N. Reddy Editorial Consultant: Anand Doraswami José Goldemberg, Brazil Editorial and Production Coordinator: U.K. Jayadev Stephen Karekezi, Kenya
Amulya K. Reddy, India
Wim Turkenburg, The Netherlands
Robert H. Williams, USA Contents
PRESIDENT’S FORWARD 2
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. GLOBAL ACTIVITIES 3
2.1. Protecting Public Benefits in the Face of Electricity Sector Restructuring 4
2.2. A Global Initiative on Fuels for Clean Cooking 6
2.3. Energy for Sustainable Development: the journal of the IEI 10
2.4. IEI’s Website Upgrade and New IEI Digital Initiatives 10
3. REGIONAL ACTIVITIES 12
3.1. REI-Asia 12
3.2. REI-Latin America 17
3.3. REI-Africa 22
4. PEOPLE 26
4.1. IEI Board of Directors 26
4.2. IEI Officers and REI Directors 28
5. ANNEX 1: IEI PUBLICATIONS FOR 2003 AND 2004 30
6. ANNEX 2: MEETINGS/CONFERENCES ATTENDED OR ORGANIZED BY IEI 32
6.1. REI - Asia 32
6.2. REI – Latin America 33
6.3. REI – Africa 34
7. ANNEX 3: CAPE TOWN COURSE DELEGATE LIST 35 PRESIDENT’S FORWARD IEI is an independent, international, non-profit, non-governmental organization that has been operating since September 1992 with the sole purpose of promoting efficient production and use of energy for sustainable development. It is a South-North partnership that is Southern-conceived, Southern-led, and Southern-located. IEI’s activities are focused on developing countries, taking into consideration the critical role of energy in economic growth, balance of payments, peace and security, gender and economic equity, and environmental protection. IEI is guided by the philosophy that energy is not an end in itself, but is an instrument of sustainable development: IEI identifies, analyses, and helps to promote and implement technical, financing, policy, and other solutions toward more efficient and sustainable production of energy services across all sectors in developing countries. The key overall goals of IEI are to 1) articulate and encourage acceptance of the paradigm that the level of energy services is the appropriate measure of energy development, rather than the magnitude of energy supply, and 2) catalyse increased delivery of energy services, based on a rationally determined mix of end-use and other efficiency measures, decentralized renewable energy sources, and “clean” centralized sources of energy. IEI operates through Regional Energy Initiative (REI) offices, each of which maintains links with energy actors from public and private institutions in its home region as well as in other regions of the South and the North. The REIs work in coordination with each other and with IEI’s virtual headquarters, the latter overseen by the President and IEI’s Executive Director. IEI currently maintains REI offices in Bangalore, India, and Campinas, Brazil. The REI-Africa office (Cape Town, South Africa) was closed in January 2004. IEI began the 21st century with a strong reputation and track record for unique contributions in regions where IEI has been active. IEI’s journal, Energy for Sustainable Development (ESD), was also finding an increasing readership in developing and industrialized countries. Anton Eberhard (based at the University of Cape Town), who had joined IEI’s Board of Directors in 1998, accepted IEI’s invitation to take over as President in 2000, with Professor Amulya Reddy, IEI’s first President, stepping down from these duties but retaining his position as a member of the IEI Board of Directors. Professor Eberhard oversaw IEI until January 2004, when he resigned to pursue other activities. Eric Larson (based at Princeton University) accepted the position of President for a limited period (until an individual from the South is identified to assume the position), and Stephen Karakezi (based in Nairobi) accepted IEI’s invitation to fill Anton Eberhard’s position on the Board of Directors. During his tenure as President, Anton Eberhard oversaw the transition of IEI from an organization working primarily on local/regional issues within each of its REIs to one that continues to operate at the local/regional levels, but has added to its portfolio major multi-year globally-relevant efforts undertaken as a collaboration among the REIs and/or among the REIs and outside analysts. One global project, aimed at helping to protect public benefits in the face of electricity sector restructuring, is nearing an end as of this writing, while another, aimed at accelerating the global phase out of direct use of solid fuels for cooking, is being launched. IEI’s budget has averaged about US$300,000 per year during the past five years, with grant funding generously provided by the Dutch Foreign Ministry, the Norwegian Foreign Ministry, and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (USA). In addition to this core IEI support, the REI offices also receive a modest level of project-specific sponsorship from other sources. The majority of IEI funding has historically been given as base program support, which has allowed IEI the creative freedom and flexibility to address issues of greatest relevance to its mission and which might otherwise have received insufficient attention due to lack of explicit funder interest. It is fair to say that IEI’s impact on the world has been disproportionately large relative to the size of the organization, and this can be attributed largely to the freedom and flexibility given to IEI by its funders, enabling it to make effective choices of activities.
2 1. INTRODUCTION This report describes IEI’s activities for 2003 and 2004. The Annexes list IEI publications and conference/workshop activities. The organizing framework for all of IEI activities, whether local, regional or global, is INTAAACT: Information, Training, Analysis, Advocacy, and Action. Most IEI projects contain several or all of these five elements. Information: IEI promotes information exchange to better inform energy actors throughout society regarding IEI-relevant issues. IEI seeks especially to encourage improved South-South and South-North exchanges, in part by responding to information requests and supporting existing information networks. A key element of IEI’s information mission is publication of its highly regarded quarterly journal, Energy for Sustainable Development (ESD), which is celebrating its 10th year of publication in 2004. Training: IEI seeks to create and grow indigenous technical, analytical, and managerial capacity to promote the efficient production of energy services for sustainable development. Training activities include providing fellowships to students training toward careers in IEI-relevant areas and running workshops to build local or regional capacity in areas of IEI expertise. Analysis: IEI seeks to generate new insights and understanding on a wide variety of IEI-relevant energy issues. Analysis is the core intellectual activity of IEI. Analysis activities support IEI’s information and training activities as well as advocacy and action efforts. Written outputs of IEI analysis are published in a variety of forums. Advocacy: IEI seeks to create demand for improving the production of energy services consistent with sustainable development. The target audiences for this effort are those who play roles in formulating energy paradigms, strategies, policies, plans, programs, projects, and decisions: energy consumers, equipment manufacturers and suppliers, energy companies, local, state and central governments, energy analysts and planners, national and international financial institutions, bilateral and multilateral development assistance institutions, and others. IEI advocacy efforts take the form of presentations at meetings, publications in popular press, one- on-one interactions, and others. Action. IEI seeks to catalyse and implement action directed towards the efficient production of energy services for sustainable development. Given its modest size and resources, IEI seeks to catalyse and initiate energy interventions that can be sustained through other institutions (e.g., government) or mechanisms (e.g., the market). IEI’s action activities include participation in demonstration projects, design of implementation policies, provision of initial seed funds, and honest brokering of new energy interventions.
2. GLOBAL ACTIVITIES IEI’s global projects are major activities that focus on problems relevant to multiple countries/regions. The main criteria that IEI uses in defining problems to address in its global projects include (i) geographic extent/relevance of the problem, (ii) magnitude of the problem relative to the amount of attention the problem is already receiving from governments and other societal institutions, and (iii) IEI’s comparative advantages in addressing the problem. We report here on two IEI global projects, one of which is coming to an end and one of which is in its early stages. In addition to global projects, additional global IEI activities include quarterly publication
2003-2004 Activities Report 3 and worldwide distribution of its highly-regarded peer-review journal, Energy for Sustainable Development, and maintenance of an extensive website providing information and publications relating to IEI activities.
2.1. Protecting Public Benefits in the Face of Electricity Sector Restructuring As of this writing, IEI is in the final stages of documenting a major effort of the past 3 years led by Prof. Anton Eberhard (University of Cape Town), IEI’s President during 2000-2003. The effort included analysts from seven different countries (6 South, 1 North) and encompassed analysis of the impact on public benefits of changes in the ownership and structure of electricity industries around the world, notably since the mid-1990s. These changes have been brought about by calls for the pursuit of improved financial performance and system efficiency, made possible by technological developments and policies which stress limiting government intervention and recommend the promotion of private ownership and the introduction of competition into the electricity industry.
The Energy Public Benefits Project webpage and the project team. From left to right: Gilberto Jannuzzi (Brazil), Lars Nilsson (Sweden), Antonette D’Sa (India), Alix Clark (South Africa), Ishmael Edjekumhene (Ghana), Agus Sari (Indonesia), Anton Eberhard (South Africa) and Romeo Pacudan (Thailand). As these changes occur in power sectors around the globe, investments in public benefits that may carry limited or zero private returns are threatened. Such investments include improved energy efficiency, long-term research and development, environmental protection, increased electricity access for low income households, and renewable energy development. Accompanying structural changes in the electricity supply sector, new regulatory frameworks are being established to support these changing power sector contexts. In some instances, regulatory frameworks are being established with a view to protecting public benefits, but in most cases decision-makers are expending most of their energies on mainstream elements of power sector reform processes. The IEI public benefits project examined the extent to which public benefits might be eroded by electricity sector restructuring and identified possible strategies for protecting such benefits. Analysts from all three REIs and six different countries were engaged to each examine issues around a different public benefit. Ishmael Edjekumhene (Ghana) examined renewable energy technology development. Romeo Pacudan (Thailand) examined improving energy efficiency.
4 Agus Sari (Indonesia) examined environmental protection. Alix Clark (REI-Africa) examined energy access issues. Antonette D’Sa (REI-Asia) examined integrated resource planning as applied to the power sector in developing countries. Gilberto Jannuzzi (REI-Latin America) examined public-interest R&D. The work of D’Sa and of Jannuzzi are summarized briefly here to give a flavour of the content of the overall project. Antonette D’Sa examined how integrated resource planning (IRP) could be used to address power sector problems in developing countries. The IRP approach integrates both supply and demand-side options for meeting demand, while seeking to minimise costs accruing to the firm and to society. Such a planning approach can help ensure that energy services are provided most efficiently and rationally in the near and long terms, subject to social and environmental decision criteria. D’Sa’s analysis identified barriers to the use of IRP – those encountered in the past, as well as those that could occur due to ongoing structural changes in the power sector. D’Sa suggested enabling policies through which the IRP approach could be usefully employed. She concluded that while power sectors are being restructured and market-driven systems are being put in place, the existing problems – chiefly inadequate resources, poor access for large portions of the population, and environmental degradation – are generally not being addressed adequately. Her analysis highlights the possibility for IRP to help incorporate greater rationality and transparency to the difficult choices that decision-makers must make to address these problems. Jannuzzi examined the impacts of power sector reforms on energy research and development in developing countries. More efficient and clean technologies and innovative economic strategies to commercialize them can help address power sectors problems in both industrialized and developing countries, but require continued R&D efforts to achieve. Power sector reforms have posed new challenges and opportunities to enhance energy R&D activities in some developing countries but may also have reduced the capability to innovate and promote domestically conceived solutions. Jannuzzi’s main findings were that provisions in legislation alone are not sufficient condition to ensure that public-benefits monies collected from consumers (via electricity bills) are used efficiently to maximize the public interest of energy-related services. Analysing Brazil’s experience since 1998, Jannuzzi observed important learning processes among regulators and energy utilities. Some utilities are perceiving the strategic importance of pursuing activities in R&D, such as the technical improvement of their own staff. There has also been a significant change in relationships between utilities and research establishments in the country. Some small companies, e.g., ESCOs and consulting firms, are appearing as viable new business entities as a result of successful projects, and there are better relationships between utilities on the one hand and research centres and universities on the other. Jannuzzi’s major overall conclusion is that besides legislation, reforms should be also directed to stimulate new institutional arrangements in order to promote innovation and learning between and within organizations. Some change in these directions appears to be developing now in Brazil. For example, an “Innovation Law” is under discussion in the Brazilian Congress, and the Associations of Brazilian Electric Utilities is now promoting courses and starting to explore more cooperative arrangements. In large part because of his work on energy R&D, Jannuzzi was appointed to a 3-year term as the first Coordinator of the National Energy R&D Fund within the Ministry of Science and Technology. The analyses in IEI’s Public Benefits Project as a whole point out that power sector reform provides a logical (and politically acceptable) opportunity to review the manner in which public benefits have been provided for in the past and, importantly, to introduce cost-effective,
2003-2004 Activities Report 5 innovative and perhaps radically different ways of ensuring new and expanded efforts in this area. Preliminary results of the project were discussed in a workshop organized by IEI, Lund University, and the Stockholm Environment Institute in Stockholm (12-13 May 2003),1 and a monograph compilation of the IEI analysis is in preparation. Two papers have been published in Energy Policy.2
2.2. A Global Initiative on Fuels for Clean Cooking The Asia and Latin America REIs separately began concerted efforts in 2003 to better understand and address problems with solid fuels used for cooking and heating in developing countries (See Box 1 and Box 2.). Some 2.6 billion people rely on direct use of biomass or coal for cooking and heating, with direct and indirect negative consequences, including health damages from indoor air pollution, reduced time for social, educational or economic activities for women and children due to time spent gathering biomass fuel, perpetuation of gender inequities and related social problems, environmental damages from cutting of trees, and contributions to earth-warming emissions. IEI recognizes that successfully addressing such problems is crucial to meeting the Millennium Development Goals and to the Plan of Implementation of the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development. In May 2004, the IEI Board of Directors formally approved a major new IEI global initiative, building on the earlier REI-Asia and REI-Latin America efforts, and aimed at helping to catalyze a worldwide shift to clean fuels for cooking and heating by 2020, with an emphasis on the poorest households gaining access to clean fuels. IEI has launched this multi-year effort to develop analysis and recommend and advocate for national and international strategies and policies for creating universal access to clean fuels and for guaranteeing universal provision of such fuels to the extent needed to satisfy basic human needs. The effort will also include major demonstration and implementation activities, as well as outreach and advocacy efforts to catalyze larger actions by governments (in developing and industrialized countries), international development assistance agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector. As part of this new IEI initiative, the September 2004 issue of the IEI journal, Energy for Sustainable Development (ESD), was devoted to invited articles from leading world experts on a broad range of issues related to fuels for clean cooking (see contents page below). The lead article, by José Goldemberg, Thomas Johansson, Amulya Reddy and Robert Williams – founding members of IEI’s Board of Directors – calls for an intensive global effort to phase out the use of solid fuels within 10 to 15 years. The September 2004 issue of ESD constitutes a unique information resource in support of IEI’s project activities, as well as informing a wide audience of decision makers who read ESD. Additional information on the ESD special issue and on IEI’s clean cooking fuels initiative are available through the IEI website.
1 A report summarizing the workshop results can be downloaded from http://www.sei.se or from http://www.iei-la.org/reports.asp?File=301003.asp. 2 Jannuzzi, G.M. Power sector reforms in Brazil and its impacts on energy efficiency and research and development activities, Energy Policy, in Press, Corrected Proof. D’Sa, A. Integrated resource planning (IRP) and power sector reform in developing countries, Energy Policy, in Press, Corrected Proof.
6 Box 1: REI-Asia background efforts relating to clean household fuels During 2003/2004, REI-Asia undertook two pieces of analysis which provide some background for its future work on the clean cooking fuels initiative. One effort was the development and pilot-implementation of survey instruments designed to collect information at the household level relating to family energy needs and at the village level relating to community needs. A detailed and systematic evaluation of energy-service requirements in a village and the possibilities for meeting these requirements are prerequisites for identifying solutions to problems associated with household fuels use. Household and village-level questionnaires were designed by REI-Asia staff to efficiently garner statistically-significant demographic and socio- economic data as well as quantitative details on Some energy services obtained traditionally in rural fuel use and energy services sought. The design areas: (a) women fetching water for their households also enables qualitative information to be (b) animal power used for ploughing collected, e.g., level of knowledge and opinions regarding energy-efficiency. The questionnaires were designed for use in Karnataka. They were translated into the state language (Kannada) to enable the respondents to read them, and were tested in one village, where 101 families responded. While the questionnaire results will not be used directly in support of the clean cooking fuels initiative, the process of developing and implementing the survey has provided REI staff with the capability to undertake similar efforts in the clean cooking fuels initiative. The REI-Asia analysis identified as the main problem the provision of equitable household access to the fuel while simultaneously ensuring viability of the LPG production and distribution sectors. To successfully increase LPG use, challenges of increasing affordability, effecting appropriate pricing policies, and ensuring adequate supply and distribution infrastructure all must be met. For families living at a subsistence level, both the initial equipment costs and the fuel are unaffordable, but on the other hand, increased subsidies are not sustainable. In addition, establishing a reliable distribution network in a country where 72% of the population resides in rural areas also constitutes a major challenge. On the basis of their analysis of the challenges, REI-Asia staff developed an initial strategy for considering future expansion of LPG use. An important first step would be a larger societal discussion of choice of appropriate clean fuels. If the use of LPG were to be encouraged, there would then be issues concerning pricing and delivery to be addressed. Drawing on The distribution problem again – this time for LPG: consumers experiences with the expansion of LPG in queue up for cylinder replacements, even as 24 hour delivery is other countries and with LPG/other fuel advertised on the company’s website! related programmes in India, REI-Asia staff identified factors that would either help or inhibit the successful expansion of LPG programmes. For the longer term, clean options other than LPG would have to be considered, but programmes for the encouragement of such options would have to be integrated with the economic development activities of the region. REI-Asia’s report on the potential for enhanced domestic use of LPG is available at http://iei- asia.org/Cookingfuel.htm, and a summary paper appears in the September 2004 issue of Energy for Sustainable Development.
2003-2004 Activities Report 7 Box 2: REI-Latin America background efforts relating to clean household fuels During 2003/2004, REI-Latin America undertook two pieces of background analysis on which subsequent work relating to IEI’s clean cooking fuels initiative will be built. One effort was an analysis of LPG subsidies in Brazil, where 98% of all households now have access to LPG for cooking (including a remarkable 93% of all rural households) in large part as a result of successful LPG subsidy programs. The REI-LATIN AMERICA cost-benefit analysis demonstrates that the level of subsidies have been small relative to the benefits of greater access to a better cooking fuel. With such a considerable measure of success having been achieved over the course of the past three decades, the Brazilian government cut total net expenditures on LPG subsidies roughly in half from 2001 to 2002. In recognition of affordability issues, however, the subsidies were targeted at the lowest income households (which actually experienced a rise in per-household subsidy), unlike the pre-2002 situation when the benefits of LPG subsidies accrued to all consumers, regardless of income level. A summary of the REI-LATIN AMERICA analysis appears in the September 2004 issue of Energy for Sustainable Development. A second effort undertaken by REI-LATIN AMERICA staff in collaboration with Tanzanian colleagues (a good example of IEI’s South-South cooperation efforts) presents a contrast to the Brazilian LPG success story in the form of an evaluation of household cooking energy in Tanzania. This work included an examination of traditional cooking fuels and their effects on health and environment. It also established definitions for clean cooking fuels in terms of reduced indoor air pollution and environmental degradation, and it identified strategies and policies that might help increase utilization of clean fuels. Lastly, a case study was developed showing possible impacts of introducing cleaner cooking technologies and fuels in Dar es Salaam. Household cooking in Dar es Salaam is dominated by the inefficient utilization of charcoal. Substitution by cleaner fuels and more-efficient stoves has been slow and inconsistent. Unlike LPG, charcoal has been readily available at an almost constant price over years, representing the cheapest cooking fuel option per unit of energy delivered to the pot, despite the inefficiencies. Urban charcoal consumption is responsible for some deforestation around Dar es Salaam, but the largest environmental threat from charcoal has proven to be harmful indoor air pollutants. There is little published information on adverse health effects of using charcoal in Tanzania, but household cooking energy and emission studies in India, Kenya, China, and elsewhere have demonstrated a strong causal relationship between indoor air pollution and health damages. It has proven difficult to increase market penetration of LPG in Dar es Salaam as a strategy for reducing health damages. In an effort to increase LPG use, the government of Tanzania reduced excise duties by 50% during the financial year 2003/2004. (Duties were reduced from 228 Tanzanian Shillings/kgLPG to 114 TSH/kg -- US$ 1 ~ TSH1007, September 2004). This led to a 50% increase in LPG consumption, reaching a still-modest five thousand tons (including industrial, commercial, and residential use, the latter of which accounted for 60% of the total) in a city of 2.5 million people, but charcoal is still the cheapest fuel for the same unit of energy delivered to the pot, limiting LPG substitution for charcoal to only those families where other-than-financial reasons are most compelling (e.g., improved living standard). To promote greater LPG penetration, it may be necessary to introduce subsidies. Experience from other countries, including Brazil, show that import duty and other tax relief alone are not sufficient. However, inefficient subsidy programs are costly to the public purse and may not benefit all intended consumers, especially lowest-income consumers. Careful design of subsidy programs would be warranted. This work on Tanzania may provide the basis for a major follow-on Africa regional country study as part of IEI’s global clean cooking fuels initiative. Staff of REI-Latin America is now working with their Tanzanian partners to develop activities in support of the clean fuels initiative, including field surveys to quantify cooking energy demands, patterns of charcoal use and distribution, and levels of indoor air pollution.
8 Table of contents, September 2004 issue of Energy for Sustainable Development devoted to invited articles relating to fuels for clean cooking
2003-2004 Activities Report 9 2.3. Energy for Sustainable Development: the journal of the IEI IEI’s journal Energy for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a vehicle of South-South and South- North peer-reviewed communication and interaction among energy actors on a broad range of issues. ESD seeks to provide balanced treatment of energy supply-side and demand-side issues relevant to sustainable energy development, considering both hardware (energy conversion, distribution, and end-use technologies) and software (relating to policy, social, institutional, financing, management, training, etc.). In 2004 ESD celebrated its tenth year of publication. In its first decade ESD has built a strong reputation for the high quality of its content and the fact that it is the only peer-reviewed forum dedicated to collaborative South-South and South-North reporting specifically relating to energy and sustainable development. The case for the existence of ESD that was presented in the first issue of ESD (May 1994) is as relevant today as it was then: There is no international journal either with the efficient production and use of energy as its exclusive focus or directed towards energy actors concerned with energy in developing countries. Neither is there a journal devoted to exchanging developing-country experiences in the field of energy. Above all, defining energy actors as all those involved in the planning, decision-making, financing, establishing, managing, operating and using of energy systems, there is no international journal focusing on strengthening the capability of such actors in developing countries to plan, make decisions on, establish, manage, operate and efficiently use energy systems, i.e., the systems of energy production, transmission and distribution and utilization and the associated social, economic, institutional and policy environments. The aim, therefore, is to expand the market for energy journals, rather than to invade the existing market. An essential part of this task of strengthening capability is the use of a journal to forge an interacting community of energy actors concerned with the energy systems of developing countries. IEI thus sees the journal as contributing to the process of building indigenous expertise in developing countries on all aspects connected with the generation and use of energy technologies necessary for sustainable development. To achieve this end, the journal must legitimize work in the ‘‘new’’ area of the holistic/integrated treatment of the hardware-cum-software required to promote the efficient production and use of energy for sustainable development. It should reward those who enter this area with trepidation and sacrifice and venture to work in it. And it must provide a prestigious international medium for workers in the area to publish their work and it must network those interested in the area. Today, in addition to publishing unsolicited articles, ESD editors also regularly identify important thematic areas and dedicate single issues to invited articles relating to a theme. These thematic issues are typically guest-edited by invited senior individuals with relevant background and expertise. Thematic issues published during 2003-2004 included ones on gender and energy, coal gasification and China, renewable energy policies in Europe, and fuels for clean cooking. Also during 2003, the online version of ESD was launched, making every article ever published by ESD available for download. See www.ieiglobal.org/esd.html.
2.4. IEI’s Website Upgrade and New IEI Digital Initiatives During 2003/2004 IEI enhanced its website to provide better access to information about ongoing and completed activities in the form of reports, journal papers, activity summaries, and workshop and seminar materials. The enhanced website has helped the REI offices to get closer to target audiences and has facilitated interactions with those outside of IEI.
10 The global IEI home page (www.ieiglobal.org).
The REI-Latin America (http://www.iei-la.org) and REI-Asia (http://www.iei-asia.org) home pages.
IEI launched two important digital/electronic initiatives in early 2004. One is a quarterly electronic newsletter first distributed in March and currently e-mailed to over 220 subscribers worldwide, in addition to being available via the IEI website (http://www.iei-la.org/reports.asp). The newsletter provides concise information about IEI’s main activities, plans, and products and provides for a less formal vehicle for communication complementing IEI’s quarterly peer- reviewed journal, Energy for Sustainable Development. A second electronic initiative was the implementation of an IEI-wide intranet (http://iei- la.intranets.com/). The intranet facilitates collaborative work among IEI personnel, scheduling of meetings, hosting of information databases and documents, and other activities. Prior to 2004, the intranet was piloted by the REI-Latin America office. Intranet utilization was expanded this year to include all REI offices and IEI headquarters, as well as to the IEI Board of Directors. Public portions of the IEI intranet can be accessed by outsiders, who may enter as guests. The implementation of the IEI intranet has greatly facilitated interactions among all IEI personnel, as well as providing an additional resource for interested outsiders.
2003-2004 Activities Report 11 3. REGIONAL ACTIVITIES Local or region-specific REI projects (as distinguished from global IEI projects) are identified by each REI Director in consultation with the IEI President and Board of Directors. Consistent with IEI’s overall philosophy, REI projects are chosen using criteria that include: (i) national or regional importance of the problem being addressed, (ii) extent to which the problem is not being addressed by others, (iii) comparative advantage of the REI in making a contribution. An important aspect of an REI’s comparative advantage is IEI’s reputation as an “honest broker” able to provide independent, respected, objective analysis of difficult issues.
Here we report on local/regional activities at each of the REI offices (Asia, Latin America, and Africa) during 2003/2004. The discussion is organized in terms of INTAAACT categories. Additional details are available through the IEI web site.
3.1. REI-Asia
3.1.1. Information In keeping with IEI’s goals of promoting the efficient, cost-effective and environmentally-sound use of energy, REI-Asia has launched an information cataloguing effort to provide any interested party energy-related information from the REI-Asia reference library, e.g., information to consumers on device efficiency and maintenance, to energy providers on sources of energy such as non-conventional renewables, and to decision-makers and energy providers on energy planning and policies.
Information at the REI-Asia: (a) the energy library, (b) consumer-focused efficiency brochures prepared here
Documents prepared by REI-Asia staff (discussion papers and reports, course materials from workshops, consumer-targeted energy-efficiency booklets, etc.) are available at the library, in addition to non-REI documents. Abstracts of all IEI documents are available at www.iei-asia.org. The REI-Asia library is continuously being updated. Plans are to eventually merge it with reference libraries of the other REI offices to create a global IEI library. To the extent practical, the intention is to make full text of catalogued documents available electronically via the IEI web site.
12 3.1.2. Training REI-Asia has been financially sponsoring engineers from Indian electric utilities in the Master of Technology degree at the Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (Mumbai). The goal is for the expertise gained to be used to help improve the operation in the utilities at which they are employed. For the academic period 2001-03, the candidates supported were Rashid Y. Shaikh, a Senior Engineer at the Generation department of Bombay Suburban Electricity Supply (BSES), and Amol G. Bhutad, a Junior Engineer at the Maharashtra State Electricity Board. Mr Shaikh developed a simulator for the load governing system of turbines, to help in monitoring and detecting fault locations, and in studying the heat rate and conditions for control valve failures. The simulator was validated with actual data from a 250 MW turbine at a thermal power station of BSES. Mr Bhutad developed a model for three-phase load flows of distribution systems. The model was tested on the 8-bus feeder of Taiwan Power Corporation and proved satisfactory. During the academic session 2002-04, the two candidates supported were Kamlesh S. Bhambare from BSES, and T. Sreedhar, from the APTransCo (the state-run transmission utility of Andhra Pradesh). Mr Bhambare’s thesis was based on a dynamic simulation model of a boiler. The model developed can be used for designing a control system and also for training new plant operators. Mr Sreedhar worked on industrial load management for the state of Maharashtra, evaluating consumers’ load profiles before and after introduction of time-of–the-day tariffs.
3.1.3. Analysis Karnataka’s power sector: Suggested ways forward. The main purpose of this work was to discuss the problems of the power system and suggest ways forward in the context of the ongoing restructuring of the system. However, for a wider view, a summary of Karnataka’s power sector was prepared, briefly describing the categories of consumers, tariffs paid and magnitude of electricity use, and the corresponding sources of supply. The report goes on to discuss the steps undertaken as part of the restructuring process, and, more importantly, the goals and responsibilities of the main players in the system – the regulator, generators, transmitter, distributors, renewable energy agencies, financial institutions, and consumers – both connected and unconnected. A schematic representation of the system as a whole has been drawn, with links between the stakeholders on the basis of aims, tasks to be accomplished, and the results expected. Such an exercise is useful because it is applicable to other states in the process of restructuring. A particular problem that has been faced is that system losses incurred in the transmission and distribution (T&D) of electricity had not been either measured or accurately assessed. T&D losses include both technical losses (inherent in the electrical system, but higher than optimal because of the lack of maintenance and improvement over time) and commercial losses (a euphemism for theft). The magnitude of these losses was hidden both because there had been no measurement/scrupulous estimation and because the large number of un-metered consumers provided a convenient cover for these losses. Better assessment of both technical and commercial T&D losses is essential: firstly, so that these losses are reduced, thereby reducing the cost of delivering electricity, secondly, so that the use by consumers can be correctly assessed and tariffs recovered, and thirdly, for evaluating the feasibility of loss-reduction plans. This was all the more urgent because of the unbundling of the state’s main transmission and distribution utility,
2003-2004 Activities Report 13 vertically between transmission and distribution companies, and horizontally between geographical regions. Hence, estimates of system losses were made, on the basis of sample studies.
(a) Improvement of the electricity distribution system is still required: 11 kV lines along a Bangalore street (b) Most of Karnataka’s generation is based on hydro-power: the Gerusoppa (240 MW) project commissioned in 2001-02
REI-Asia’s work in this area has contributed to ongoing discussions on the power sector in Karnataka in part through participation in meetings called by the state electricity regulatory commission, and in part by assisting/informing consumer groups. A report on this work is available at www.iei-asia.org. Rural electricity and water-supply utility project and the lessons learnt. Starting in the mid- 1990s, REI-Asia developed a biogas-based REWSU (Rural Electricity and Water Supply Utility) project in nine villages in Karnataka. Biogas was to be used (with pilot diesel fuel) in engines for the generation of electricity that would be utilised for lighting, water pumping, and other energy services decided upon by the people in the villages. It was expected that, based on the experiences from this sample, there would be replication of REWSUs on a much larger scale. By early this decade, however, all but one of the REWSUs had either ceased operating or were not operating as designed. REI-Asia decided to undertake a careful assessment beginning in 2003 to understand the reasons for success/failure, with the goal of determining what approaches would have the highest likelihood of success in the future for village-based utilities being built by independent implementing agencies and then operated by village residents. Such a study was also supported by IEI’s continued interest in renewable technologies and was consistent with the Indian government’s commitment to increasing the reliance on renewable sources of electricity. A report was prepared describing the assessment. It begins with a brief status outline of all the REWSUs. It goes on to identify the reasons for the discontinuation of those plants not in operation. A detailed study is then made of the operation of the plant at Mavinakere (Arsikere taluk, Hassan district), the only REWSU that continues to operate as designed. This includes quantitative input/output information on: the dung collection and diesel for fuelling the engine, and the corresponding electricity generated and water supplied. It also includes other performance indicators such as the number of breakdowns, and the monthly tariff collection. The life-cycle costs of electricity generation from a biogas-diesel plant have also been computed, for the purpose of comparison with alternative options. The report concludes with lessons learnt and
14 suggestions for the successful functioning of such rural utilities. These pertain to technical and sociological factors to be included in the selection of a village, the tasks of promoters/implementers of the project, the role of the operators, and the prevailing state policies regarding finance and integrated development. Details are available in the report on this work (available at www.iei-asia.org), which has had wide distribution. The report drew the attention of, among others, researchers from Electricité de France, who visited REI-Asia and the Mavinakere REWSU to help develop ideas for their access programs in Africa.
IEI’s REWSUs: (a) the plant at Mavinakere village, (Hassan district), with the filled gas-holder of the biogas digester in the foreground, (b) the plant at Kalgudi village (Tumkur district) with slurry being mixed alongside a depleted gas-holder
Renewable energy sources combined with environmental protection – biogas from the effluents from coffee processing. Concern for environmental protection has often received insufficient attention in the course of industrial processing and electricity generation. Increasingly, this is being forced into the reckoning by mandatory environmental impact assessment. In some situations, there would be clear financial advantages from incorporating environmental protection into a process, as an integrated cost-benefit evaluation might demonstrate. REI-Asia sought to demonstrate this via an evaluation of coffee processing wastes in the South Indian region, where coffee production is important to the economy.
Coffee processing: (a) ripe berries (b) a bioreactor where effluents from berry pulping are digested Several technologies for the anaerobic digestion of organic industrial processing wastes, such as from coffee or fruit processing, and paper making, are available. If such environmentally benign waste disposal can be linked with power generation, there may be positive financial returns to the investor, in addition to the obvious benefits for the surrounding region. To help demonstrate this
2003-2004 Activities Report 15 possibility to local industries, REI-Asia carried out a detailed techno-economic case-study analysis of a waste treatment option in which coffee processing effluents are converted to biogas, with the resulting gas used to generate electricity. The biogas thus would provide energy services, while the effluent-discharge is rendered ecologically safe and water is recycled for non- potable uses. Penalties for un-treated effluent discharge are currently not being levied, and the charges for water supply are low, hence financial returns on the bioreactor investment are obtained only through the avoided cost of the diesel replaced by biogas for power generation. If environmental policies were more stringent, this effluent treatment-cum-electricity generation option would be even more attractive. A report on this work is available at www.iei-asia.org.
3.1.4. Advocacy REI-Asia’s advocacy efforts, alluded to in the above sections, include wide dissemination of its reports, participation in workshops and meetings, and informal discussions with decision makers, and others. On invitation, REI-Asia has participated at several energy-related workshops and conferences. See Annex 2.
3.1.5. Action Rural Electricity and Water Supply Utilities (REWSUs). In India, the proportion of all rural families with access to drinking water (within 500 metres from their homes) has increased to over 80%, but less than 30% experience the convenience of a source of water at their homes due in large part to scarcity of energy for motive power. IEI had therefore sponsored demonstration rural electricity and water supply utilities (REWSUs) in a few villages over the past decade, with a biogas-diesel electricity generation plant and village-wide electricity and water supply distribution systems for supply to each household (discussed above under “Analysis”). However, only one of these plants, in the village of Mavinakere (in Hassan district of Karnataka state) is in operation with some technical/financial support from REI-Asia. The plant is run by people from the village, who pay a monthly tariff and deliver dung from their cattle to the plant in return for water supplied to their homes and to the village school, at times decided by the village committee.
The REWSU at Mavinakere during 2003-04: (a) lifting the gasholder for repairs (b) the restored plant
16 During the year 2003-04, IEI has continued its financial support to the REWSU in Mavinakere, as the tariff collected is not sufficient to meet all the operating expenses, inclusive of repairs. Apart from the regular monthly visits to ensure smooth operation of the biogas plant, repairs had to be supervised on more than one occasion. Major repairs were necessitated when the guide- frame of the gasholder cracked. Further, due to the sinking of the ground water table during the summer months, the pump in the existing bore-well used by the REWSU had to be lowered. Another fallout of the dry weather was the lack of grass/fodder for the livestock, as a result of which some of the families were forced to sell their cattle; this reduced the availability of cattle dung for the plant, with a resulting increase in other fuel (diesel) costs. However, those involved in the dairy scheme assisted by IEI, have continued to contribute to the plant. In addition to providing water more conveniently than the state supply, this system, by being locally managed and operated, allows the users to be in control and avoids the losses inherent in delivery from centralised systems to dispersed consumers. While the present system is not financially independent (as is the case for most domestic water-supply systems), if the plant were utilised for other energy services also, it could then be self-sufficient. With the aim of helping to demonstrate financial self-sufficiency, IEI is undertaking efforts to extend the plant utilisation to other energy services.
3.2. REI-Latin America
3.2.1. Information During 2004, the staff of the REI-Latin America office received training in creating and maintaining on online energy library. A catalogue of the entire REI-Latin America energy library database (about 700 documents) is now available for access by anyone via the internet. Cataloguing of new acquisitions is continuing. Many of the catalogued documents can be downloaded, while others are available at the REI’s physical library. Over time the idea is to make an increasing number of bibliographic materials accessible via internet, with an eventual merging with other REI libraries into a single IEI electronic database resource.
The REI – LA energy library: (a) hosted in the guest-free intranet and (b) in its office in Campinas (Brazil)
2003-2004 Activities Report 17 3.2.2. Training Fellowship program. Following the aim of creating and growing indigenous technical, analytical, and managerial capacity to promote the efficient production of energy services for sustainable development, the REI – Latin America has continued to sponsor post-graduate students. Since 2003, REI-Latin America has sponsored two master degree students in the Energy Systems Planning course at the State University of Campinas, Brazil. Herculano Xavier Jr and Paulo Henrique de Mello Sant’Anna are researching, respectively, energy efficiency standards for refrigerators and energy R&D technological forecasting. Both sponsorships are closely tied to two projects carried-out by the REI – Latin America and are described in the Analysis section. In the past several Latin American students supported by IEI successfully completed their MSc degrees at the University of São Paulo (USP) and upon returning to their countries have taken positions at energy companies, government and regulatory agencies. Partnership for Sustainable Energy Solutions in North and South. This is a triangular professional employee exchange programme between North and South for development of knowledge and experience relating to renewable energy. The project is being carried out under a long-term co-operation agreement between Sweco Grøner AS (Norway), Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organization – TaTEDO (Tanzania), and the REI-Latin America. The project posts abroad for one year, three participants, one from each organization. The REI-Latin America sent Rodolfo Gomes (2003 – 2004) and Gheisa Esteves (2004-2005) to participate in the project in Norway. Trönd Gartner from Norway worked at TaTEDO during 2003-2004 and was replaced by Magne Skog for the period 2004-2005. Godfrey Sanga was sent by TaTEDO (2003-2005) to REI – Latin America in Brazil. Rodolfo Gomes, among other things, assisted the preparation of proposals to apply for funds and elaborated reports on life cycle assessment for bus emissions in Norway and on the Brazilian experience in using ethanol as fuel in the transport sector. Gheisa Esteves spent sometime in Angola working on the economics of small hydropower plants, as part of her working with the Norwegian partners. At present Godfrey Sanga from TaTEDO (Tanzania) is undertaking a study on impacts of clean technologies and inter-fuel substitution on cooking energy demand, indoor air pollution and emission of greenhouse gases. With this study, Godfrey obtained his master degree on Energy System Planning at the State University of Campinas - UNICAMP (Brazil) in December 2004. Trönd and Magne have assisted TaTEDO in several projects related to the installation of small hydro plants in Tanzania, demonstration projects using solar energy, and the implementation of the LEAP model for the Tanzanian Ministry of Energy, amongst other activities. This exchange is financially co-supported by Fredskorpset, a public agency from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and IEI core funds. Further details about the project can be found at http://www.fredskorpset.no.
3.2.3. Analysis Collaborative activities with Latin American partners. As reforms are introduced into power sectors around the world, the provision of some important ‘public benefit’ programmes is being questioned – not by society as a whole but by those traditionally responsible for the design and implementation of these programmes. Examples of such public benefits include energy efficiency and environmental protection programmes, public-interest research and development activities, programmes enabling greater access to energy by the urban and rural poor, integrated
18 resource planning and good customer services. Even though these programmes often bring about substantial welfare improvements, their implementation tends to be costly, and generally requires some degree of public sector involvement. Because benefits accrue to society as a whole, consumers generally do not consider investing in these goods themselves. Somewhat contrary to this, IEI’s standpoint is that the period of power sector reform could be utilized by regulatory authorities and key decision makers as a time to expand the provision of important public benefits. Seeking to assess the impacts of power sector reforms in Latin America, the REI-Latin America invited Andrés Loza, a PhD student from Argentina, to come to Brazil to carry out a study evaluating the Argentinean power sector reforms in the nineties via-à-vis public benefits. As main conclusions, the report shows that long-term energy supply sustainability is at risk due to over dependency on private investment decisions which are strongly influenced by the country’s macroeconomic performance; a significant reduction of the wholesale spot energy prices due significantly to the reforms has not been transferred to the household consumers; large amounts of fuel oil were replaced due to private investments in combined heat and power plants using natural gas, decreasing the CO2 emissions per unit of electricity generated; and though regional governments and cooperatives have shown real initiatives in deploying non-conventional renewable energy sources for electricity generation in off-grid applications, expansion of the grid became more attractive due to the devaluation of the national currency. Energy efficiency standards in Brazil. Recent technological advances in the field of refrigeration systems, embedded electronics and new materials in general have been incorporated in the modern household appliances. The use of these technological improvements increases consumers' comfort and creates business opportunities for manufacturers in the retail market. Nevertheless, it is possible to speed up technological innovation and its contribution to reduce electricity consumption and environmental impacts associated with electricity production. In this context, energy efficiency labels and standards for household appliances are increasingly being adopted in developing countries. Brazilian law 10.295, enacted in 2001, set the guidelines for the “National Energy Conservation Policy and Rational Use of Energy” from which is required the development of minimum efficiency standards in the next years for all energy-consuming equipment sold in the country. REI-Latin America carried out a study whose main objective was to provide technical background to support the establishment of energy efficiency standards for refrigerators in Brazil, where, until recently the energy consumption labels were used on a voluntary basis. Domestic refrigerators are the second most important electrical appliance in Brazil, after motors, as well as the largest user of electricity in the residential sector (32% of residential consumption). The REI-Latin America analysis suggested technical improvements that were subsequently evaluated experimentally in a specialized refrigeration laboratory at the University of Campinas. Results from this study show that significant savings can be achieved cost-effectively by introducing energy efficiency standards for refrigerators. The estimates made in this study provide inputs to further discussions with government officials, manufacturers and civil society. The electricity consumption of refrigerators can be reduced cost-effectively by more than 43% with currently known and available technologies. If the forthcoming energy efficiency standards under the new federal law are set to the level assessed through the life cycle cost analysis used in the study, Brazil would save around 12 TWh until 2010, or 80 TWh until 2020, if the standard is enacted in 2005. From 2005 to 2020, Brazilian consumers would then save more than 12 billion
2003-2004 Activities Report 19 3 R$ (4 billion US$) on their electricity bills and the nation would avoid 38 million tons of CO2 emissions (due to reduced electricity generation from natural gas). As part of the REI – Latin America advocacy activities, reports and papers of this study were prepared, and a presentation was made at the international congress of the ACEEE (American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy). These documents are available via www.iei-la.org. (See Annex 1) Energy technology foresight exercise for Brazil. Activities such as energy-related technological foresight (scouting important potential technology developments) are fundamental to support identifying and prioritizing a coherent R&D agenda in developing countries seeking to tackle the challenges of sustainability. During 2001-2003, REI-Latin America’s director, Jannuzzi, served as the Technical Secretary to the newly founded National Energy Research and Development Fund, at the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology. The REI-Latin America participated in a national foresight exercise for the Centre for Strategic Studies and Management in Science and Technology, an agency of the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology. The exercise was coordinated by Jannuzzi and had the objective of providing support to the formulation of energy science and technology policy in Brazil as well as recommendations for investments in energy R&D. Final reports are available in Portuguese (www.iei-la.org or www.cgee.org.br). The study was a Delphi-based study with the objective of ranking a list of energy technologies considered important to Brazil over the next 20 years. As main results of this effort, seven technological topics came out as relevant for the country and should receive R&D support: Technologies and materials to increase the energy efficiency of industrial equipment; Development and deployment of vegetable-oil trans-esterification technologies using ethanol and methanol for biodiesel production; Technologies and materials to increase the energy efficiency of commercial and service sectors’ equipment and processes; Development of integrated resource planning models; Research on sugarcane genetic improvement, new production and processing technologies for sugarcane-based ethanol production; Development of off-grid power systems; Energy technologies to process crop residues produced in large volumes in Brazil, including residues of sugarcane, wood, rice, corn and soy beans. These recommendations have been directed to the appropriate funding agencies at the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology.
3.2.4. Advocacy All projects and analytical activities carried out have, as part of their output, a report or a paper. REI-Latin America has created an Energy Discussion Paper series, which after peer review, are disseminated via the IEI website and as hard copies (at cost). A complete list of Energy Discussion Papers is available in Annex 1. The publication of papers in journals, at congresses, and in the popular press is an additional avenue for REI-Latin America advocacy efforts.
3 To put this number in perspective, the residential sector in Brazil consumed 72 TWh of electricity in total in 2003 and spent US$6.6 billion for this electricity.
20
Some advocacy efforts of REI – LA: (a) Energy Discussion Papers and (b) supported events.
Additionally, during 2003-2004, REI-Latin America helped organize and support international and national events, including the Fifth Meeting on Energy in Rural Areas and Distributed Generation, the First Seminar on Energy Perspectives for Latin America, the Fourth Biennial International Workshop on Advances in Energy Studies: Ecology-Energy issues in Latin America, and a Forum of Energy and Environment focussing on the major energy technology challenges for the next 20 years (See Annex 2). In 2005, REI-Latin America will help to organize the First South American Workshop on Energy Research and Development, which will provide recommendations for joint cooperation amongst Latin American countries on topics of mutual interest. This effort is commissioned by the Brazilian Science and Research Council (CNPq).
REI – Latin America stand at the Fifth Meeting on Energy in Rural Areas and Distributed Generation
3.2.5. Action Distributed generation (DG) has been viewed as an alternative to lower energy costs, improve reliability, reduce emissions, or expand energy supply options. DG may add redundancy that
2003-2004 Activities Report 21 increases grid security even while powering emergency lighting or other critical systems. Furthermore, DG is already more competitive in some niche markets such as rural or isolated areas than the grid extension. A REI-Latin America project involves performance monitoring of a solar PV-wind turbine hybrid system and collection of data from a meteorological station installed at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil. The objective is to analyze its performance and investigate possibilities as a distributed generation system for small consumers, serving as a basis for energy planning studies, including techno-economic potential and incentive/diffusion, regulation and tariff policies. The hybrid system consists of a 500W wind turbine and 4 PV panels of 48Wp. To monitor and analyze its performance, a meteorological station was installed to measure the solar radiation, temperature, wind speed and direction.
The hybrid system and the building where auxiliary equipment are kept
The installation of both the PV/wind system and the meteorological equipment were funded by FAPESP (São Paulo State Research Agency) and FINEP (an Agency from the Ministry of Science and Technology), and more recently REI-Latin America has provided some funds for site upgrading. The data collected from this project have been used by two master’s students and two undergraduates so far.
3.3. REI-Africa Activities in the REI-Africa office ceased in January 2004, when its Director (and then-IEI President), Anton Eberhard, resigned from IEI. This is a summary of activities in 2003.
3.3.1. Training Fellowship program. REI-Africa granted students scholarships to undertake master and post doctoral courses. In 2003, Msafiri Mtepa (from Tanzania) and Jazze Mokoena (from South Africa) graduated on the two-year Energy and Development Studies Masters program offered by the Energy and Development Research Centre at the University of Cape Town. The dissertations examined, respectively, the performance of Eskom over the past 20 years, building the rationale for more effective regulation, and black economic empowerment in the petroleum sector.
22 In addition, a post-doc fellowship was awarded to Alexandra Hofmaenner who completed a research paper examining the history and nature of energy research in South Africa with recommendations on institutional restructuring to promote a new, public-interest, national energy R&D programme. Capacity building of regulators in Africa: training courses. One of the main activities of the REI-Africa has been the running of training courses entitled: Frontiers in managing the reform and regulation of the electricity sector in Africa. The courses aim at equipping managers and leaders in government, regulatory authorities and utilities to strategically manage far-reaching restructuring and change in the electricity industry in Africa. They also provide a detailed understanding of regulatory frameworks and instruments to achieve desired economic, social and environmental goals within the context of restructuring. Particular emphasis is given to advancing public benefits such as widened access to electricity and increased investments in energy efficiency, renewables, research & development (R&D) and integrated resource planning (IRP). The 2003 course attracted 53 delegates from 9 different countries (see list in Annex 3). As a result, Cape Town is now seen as a centre of excellence on the African continent in the area of electricity sector reform and regulation.
3.3.2. Analysis Household consumption of electricity demand in South Africa. Over the last decade, there have been two major developments in the South African electricity industry. Firstly, there has been a determined drive by ESKOM and local municipalities to increase access to electricity. This initiative has targeted previously marginalized households and has seen access to electricity increase roughly from one-third to two-thirds of the population. Secondly, there has been a clear move toward the liberalization of the electricity industry. Both of these projects however have been hampered by a lack of accurate demand-side information. This is particularly true concerning low-usage households. There is a need for accurate estimates of demand elasticity, with specific regard to changes in price and household income. Without such information, it is extremely difficult to estimate the viability, and sustainability of these projects. To date no such locally derived price elasticity estimates exist due to the lack of data simultaneously capturing electricity price information as well as detailed household characteristics, expenditure and income patterns. The master student Paul Anderson, supported by REI – Africa in the University of Cape Town, undertook research on the price-elasticity of electricity demand amongst households in South Africa. His work aims to analyze the determinants of electricity demand for pre-paid domestic customers. The price and income elasticity of these users is of primary concern to policy development. An understanding of these elasticities is essential in ensuring that the social benefits associated with the roll out of the electrification program are not undone through a collapse in demand. A cross sectional analysis is used based on a comprehensive set of household information, which not only details household characteristics, expenditure and income; but also the electricity price facing a household. Although a wide range of determinants of electricity demand are analyzed, particular attention is paid to estimates of income and price elasticity of demand. The price elastic demand can be explained by the apparent strong substitutability of electricity with other household fuels. This suggests that any change in the
2003-2004 Activities Report 23 price of electricity is likely to have a large impact on the electricity consumption of pre-paid users. These results suggest that the demand for electricity is very sensitive to changes in price. Such an elastic demand ties in with domestic energy literature, which reports a high degree of substitutability between electricity and alternate fuels. Estimates of price and income elasticity, such as the ones presented in this paper are crucial as they begin to allow policy makers to understand the relationship between price and consumption. The Political Economy of Power Sector Reform in South Africa. Analysts have pointed out that there is now a reform window where the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) can be restructured to create a more competitive and efficient environment for new investment decisions. These arguments are still not widely accepted or understood by most stakeholders. Nevertheless, the momentum for reform rolls on, sustained now by pressures to divest parts of Eskom (the South African electricity utility) to black-owned businesses. An Energy Policy White Paper and subsequent Cabinet decisions have laid out a path of managed liberalization. Competition is being encouraged in other sectors and is coming to electricity. The REI-Africa completed an analysis of the political economy of power sector reform in South Africa seeking to understand and explain the political and economic reasons why radical proposals are being made for reform, as well as the initial restructuring steps that have already been taken. A chapter has been written for a book to be published by Stanford University. In the first section of this chapter, the historical development of the power sector is traced and its key features described. Next, the political-economy issues and the main drivers of reform are outlined. The bulk of the chapter is a section that focuses on the reforms in the ESI itself. The discussion is broken down into key, broadly chronological, episodes where the rationale for reform, the interests of the different stakeholders, the reform models and the outcomes of reform are analysed. Finally, a concluding section summarizes the key linkages between the reforms and the broader political economy.
Rationale for restructuring and regulation of a “low price” public utility: a case study of Eskom in South Africa. Through the above-mentioned fellowship program sponsored by REI-Africa, a master student graduated in 2003, whose thesis evaluated the performance of the South African electricity utility, Eskom, over the past 20 years, building the rationale for more effective regulation. A paper was published in the International Journal of Governance and Regulation. The analysis shows that a snapshot view of Eskom’s current prices can be misleading. Low current prices do not necessarily mean that Eskom is operationally or allocatively efficient. Eskom’s electricity prices are low primarily because Eskom has not had to invest in new generation plant for many years. Much of the debt it incurred during the large expansion programme in the 1970s and 1980s has been amortized. Eskom’s historical investment record has been poor. The analysis also reveals the significant misallocation of capital by Eskom decision-makers and the massively wasteful overcapacity in generation plant. The impact on prices has been profound. Eskom has not always had competitive prices. In real terms, they were nearly double current levels in the late 1970s and 1980s and will have to rise in the future as capacity runs out and new investments have to be made in generation. Furthermore, the long-term price trend reveals that current electricity prices,
24 in real terms, are no lower than they were in the early 1950s and early 1970s. The question then has to be asked whether Eskom has been able to harvest the potential efficiency gains that should have been possible from the application of new technology? These insights provoke the question of whether Eskom has operated within a governance and regulatory environment that has provided sufficient incentives for improved performance. Low price, publicly-owned utilities may not appear to require independent regulation or restructuring. However, this case study of Eskom in South Africa demonstrates the importance of a thorough historical understanding of utility performance in order to expose possible inefficiencies. The test for new and re-regulated electricity markets is whether they can encourage efficient investment and operational behaviour to secure electricity supply at the lowest possible cost.
3.3.3. Advocacy Electricity market reform and access to electricity in South Africa. A quarter of the world’s population does not have access to electricity, or for that matter, to any modern commercial fuel. Four out of five of those with no electricity live in rural areas of the developing world, mainly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Often, developing country governments note that all households should have access to modern forms of energy, and postulate that if more citizens had access to electricity, their welfare would improve. Following paths initially chosen by many industrialized countries, developing countries are beginning to implement electricity industry reforms. These reforms are creating tremendous upheavals in power sectors, with the introduction of noteworthy changes in the structure and ownership of electricity industries. The main driver for these reforms is a need to increase financial performance and system efficiency of the electricity industry. Some developing countries are privatising state-owned assets to allow for a different allocation of public funds. Anton Eberhard was asked by Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS) to make a conference presentation on what the impact of electricity market liberalization would be on widened access to electricity services by the poor in South Africa. The conference objective was to explore the links between World Trade Organization (WTO) service negotiations, market liberalization and sustainable development, including access to services by the poor.
This photograph was taken in Semonkong, Lesotho, Southern Africa. The households are using the solar home systems for lighting and perhaps social communication activities. The main conclusion of his presentation is that WTO negotiations on services involve requests to liberalize local markets, and market liberalization does not necessarily impact negatively on electricity access – provided government puts in place the required policy, regulatory, financial and institutional mechanisms to ensure that the industry continues these access programs.
2003-2004 Activities Report 25 4. PEOPLE
4.1. IEI Board of Directors
Thomas B. Johansson - Chairman Thomas B. Johansson is Professor of energy systems analysis and Director of the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE) at the University of Lund, Sweden. From 1992 to 1996, he was Convening Lead Author of the IPCC Second Assessment Report (Energy Supply Mitigation Options) as well as Director of UNDP’s Energy and Atmosphere Programmed from 1994 to 2001. He is the international co-chairman of the Working Group on Energy Strategies and Technologies of the China Council for International Co-operation on Environment and Development. In 2000, he was awarded the Volvo Environment Prize, along with his co-authors, for the book Energy for Sustainable Development. Other publications include more than fifty peer-reviewed articles and a dozen books. He served on the Editorial Board of the World Energy Assessment, 1998–2000, and on its Overview – 2004 Update.
José Goldemberg José Goldemberg is currently the Environment Secretary of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. He served as the Secretary of State for Science and Technology of the Federal Government in Brazil from 1990 to 91 and was a Minister of Education from 1991 to 92. In 1991, he was the co-winner of the Mitchell Prize for Sustainable Development. He has written numerous papers and books on energy, being awarded the Volvo Environment Prize in 2000, along with his co- authors, for the book Energy for a Sustainable World. Between 1998 and 2000, Professor Goldemberg served as Chairman of the Editorial Board of the World Energy Assessment and as editor on its Overview – 2004 Update.
Stephen Karekezi Stephen Karekezi is a founder member and Director of AFREPREN, the African Energy Policy Research Network and a steering committee member of the Global Network for Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD). He is also the Executive Director of the Foundation for Woodstove Dissemination (FWD) and represents Africa on the Chairmen Committee of the World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE). Qualified as a mechanical engineer with over twenty years experience in the energy industry, Mr. Karekezi has worked at AFREPREN for the last fifteen years. In 1990, he received the Development Association Award in Stockholm for his work on efficient household energy technologies in Africa. From 1995 to 2002, he was a member of the Scientific Advisory Panel (STAP) of the Global Environmental Facility. He has co-edited or co-authored over 100 publications on sustainable energy and was recently appointed to the Partner Board of the Global Village Energy
26 Partnership (GVEP) as well as the board of trustees of CIFOR – The Centre for International Forestry Research.
Amulya Kumar N. Reddy Amulya Kumar N. Reddy is a retired Professor from the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry of the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore. He was Convener of the Centre for the Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA), at the Indian Institute of Science and Secretary of the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology. He was also a Senior Visiting Research Scientist at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University. Professor Reddy has written extensively on energy, and science and technology, and served on the Editorial Board of the World Energy Assessment (WEA) between 1998-2000 as well as contributing to the WEA Overview – 2004 Update. Professor Reddy was the President of the International Energy Initiative (IEI) from 1992 until 2000 and continues as Publisher of IEI’s journal, Energy for Sustainable Development.
Wim C. Turkenburg Wim C. Turkenburg is Professor and Head of the Department of Science, Technology, and Society and the Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation of Utrecht University. He is also a member of the Council on Housing, Physical Planning, and Environment of the Netherlands and a member of the board of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands. He is author or co-author of many articles and publications on renewable energy, energy system analysis, energy policies, and climate change. He has served on numerous national and international boards and working groups, including the International Solar Energy Society, the World Energy Council, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). He served on the Editorial Board of the World Energy Assessment, 1998-2000, and as contributor on its Overview – 2004 Update.
Robert H. Williams Robert H. Williams received his Ph.D. in theoretical plasma physics from the University of California at Berkeley in 1967 and is a Senior Research Scientist at Princeton University's Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. He was Chair of the Renewable Energy Task Force for the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) and has served on the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel for the Global Environment Facility. Currently, he continues to serve on the Working Group on Energy Strategies and Technologies of the China Council for International Co-operation on Environment and Development. From 1998 to 2000, he served on the Editorial Board of the World Energy Assessment and has contributed on its Overview – 2004 Update. In 2000 he was awarded the Volvo Environment Prize with his co-authors for the book Energy for a Sustainable World.
2003-2004 Activities Report 27 4.2. IEI Officers and REI Directors
Eric D. Larson – IEI President (starting February 2004) Eric Larson is a senior member of the Energy Technology Assessment/Energy Policy Analysis Group at Princeton University’s Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI). He is a principal researcher in the PEI program on low-emission energy strategies and technologies for China, involving collaboration with colleagues at Tsinghua University (Beijing), and he is active in biomass energy technology systems analysis. His work addresses technologies of relevance to developed and developing countries. During the past 21 years, he has collaborated with colleagues worldwide, including in Brazil, China, Cuba, India, Italy, Jamaica, Norway, Thailand, Sweden, and elsewhere. He periodically assists the Global Environment Facility in developing, reviewing, and implementing proposals from a variety of countries, including proposals for the development of national energy efficiency and renewable energy programs and for accelerating the commercialization of advanced clean-energy technologies for application in developing countries. He has co-authored 180 research and other publications.
Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi – IEI Executive Director and REI-Latin America Director Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi is an Associate Professor of Energy Studies at the Department of Energy, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, UNICAMP (University of Campinas) and former head of the graduate program in Energy Planning of this university. He obtained a Ph.D. degree from Cambridge University, U.K. (Energy Research Group, Cavendish Laboratory), and spent some time as Visiting Scholar at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, United Nations Environment Programme – UNEP Centre on Energy and Environment, Denmark, Centre International de Recherchse sur l'Environnement et le Développement, France, and others. During 2001-2003, Prof. Jannuzzi was the Technical Coordinator of the National Energy R&D Fund at the Centre for Strategic Management and Studies, Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology.
Antonette D’Sa – REI-Asia Director Antonette D’Sa has worked at IEI’s Asian Regional Energy Initiative in Bangalore (India) since 1992, and was appointed Director in 2002. She has a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree from Calcutta University, a Licentiate Diploma from the Trinity College of Music, London, and a Master’s degree in Economics from the Washington State University. At IEI, her work has been mainly on energy analysis and planning, consisting of economic and policy- related studies in the power sector, application of integrated resource planning methods to various regions, and studies of renewables and energy efficiency. Her current research interests include environmental issues in Asia, alternative cooking fuel options in rural areas and the management of water resources.
28 Anton Eberhard – IEI President and REI-Africa Director (through January 2004) Anton Eberhard is a Professor at the Graduate School of Business of the University of Cape Town. He teaches executive courses in the management of reform and regulation of infrastructure industries, including the electricity, gas, telecommunications and water sectors. He also runs a Masters programme in Energy Markets and Governance. Prof Eberhard has had a long involvement in energy policy development in South Africa, as well as a number of other developing countries, initiating and directing a large number of energy research projects over the past 20 years. He is the author of more than 70 research publications. He founded and directed the Energy and Development Research Centre at the University of Cape Town between 1989 and 1999. His main research focus is on the restructuring of the electricity supply industry and the creation of new electricity markets and regulatory frameworks.
2003-2004 Activities Report 29 5. ANNEX 1: IEI PUBLICATIONS FOR 2003 AND 2004 Energy Discussion Paper: An Evaluation of the Reforms in the Argentinean Power Sector in the Nineties. Energy Discussion Paper: Methodology to Evaluate the Application of the Energy Efficiency Programmes’ Resources (in Portuguese). Energy Discussion Paper: Power sector reforms in Brazil and its impacts on Energy Efficiency and Research and Development activities. Energy Discussion Paper: A Case Study to Analyse Research & Development Projects of the Electricity Utilities (in Portuguese). Energy Discussion Paper: An Evaluation of Recent Research & Development Activities on Renewable Energy in Brazil and Reflexions for the Future (in Portuguese). Energy Discussion Paper: Public Interest Research & Development and the Power Sector Reforms (in Portuguese). Energy Discussion Paper: Mapping Out Competence and Infrastructure for Research & Development: indices to assist with energy technological foresight (in Portuguese). Energy Discussion Paper: Technical improvement of residential refrigerator in Brazil: an energy efficiency analysis. Energy Discussion Paper: Public Interest Energy Research and Development: electricity sector reforms and their effects in energy R&D activities. Energy Discussion paper: A life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for setting energy-efficiency standards in Brazil : The case of residential refrigerators. Energy Discussion paper: Karnataka’s Power Sector and Suggested Ways Forward. Energy Discussion paper: IEI-Asia’s village-based water-supply project with special reference to Mavinakere (Arsikere taluk, Hassan district, Karnataka). Research report: LPG use for domestic cooking in India. Research Report: The life-cycle cost analysis as tool for setting energy-efficiency standards in Brazil: an illustration using the case of residential refrigerators. Goldemberg, J. and Coelho, S. T. Renewable energy — traditional biomass vs. modern biomass. Energy Policy, Vol 32, n.6, 2004, p.711–714. Goldemberg, J., Coelho, S.T., Lucon, O. How adequate policies can push renewables. Energy Policy, Vol 32, n.9, 1141-1146, 2004. Dondero, L., Goldemberg, J. Environmental implications of converting light gas vehicles: the Brazilian experience. Energy Policy, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 7 April 2004. Goldemberg, J., Coelho, S.T., Nastari, P.M., Lucon, O. Ethanol learning curve - the Brazilian experience. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol 26, n.3, 2004, p.301-304. Junginger, M., Faaij, A., Turkenburg, W.C. Global experience curves for wind farms. Energy Policy, Vol 33, n.2, 2005, p.133-150.
30 Hoogwijk, M., Bert de Vries, Turkenburg, W. Assessment of the global and regional geographical, technical and economic potential of onshore wind energy. Energy Economics, Vol 26, n.5, 2004, p.889-919. Junginger, M., Agterbosch, S., Faaij, A., Turkenburg, W.C. Renewable electricity in the Netherlands. Energy Policy, Vol 32, n.9, 2004, p. 1053-1073. Hoogwijk, M., Faaij, A., Richard van den Broek, Berndes, G., Gielen, D., Turkenburg, W. Exploration of the ranges of the global potential of biomass for energy. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol 25, n.2, 2003, p. 119-133. Jannuzzi, G.M. Power sector reforms in Brazil and its impacts on energy efficiency and research and development activities. Energy Policy, in press, corrected proof available online 2 April 2004. Weidou, N., Johansson, T.B. Energy for sustainable development in China. Energy Policy, Vol 32, n. 10, 2004, p. 1225-1229. D’Sa, A. Integrated resource planning (IRP) and power sector reform in developing countries. Energy Policy, in Press, corrected proof available online, 2 February 2004. Larson, E.D., Zongxin, W., DeLaquil, P., Wenying, C., Pengfei, G. Future implications of China's energy-technology choices. Energy Policy, Vol. 31, n.12, 2003, p. 1189-1204. Eberhard, A A: The political, economic, institutional and legal dimensions of electricity supply industry reform in South Africa. Chapter in The Political-economy of power sector reform in developing countries. Stanford University, 2004. Eberhard, A A: Electricity market reform and access to electricity in South Africa. TIPS Conference: International trade in services and sustainable development, the case of energy in South Africa. Johannesburg, 14 February 2003. Eberhard, A A. and Mtepa, M. Reform and regulation of a low-price utility: the case of Eskom in South Africa. International Journal of Economic Regulation and Governance. December, 2003. Eberhard, A and Hofmaenner, A. Energy research in South Africa: history, challenges and prospect. In press, corrected proof, 2004. Queiroz, G.C., Jannuzzi, G.M., Vendrusculo, E.D., Borges, T., Pomílio, J.A. A life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for setting energy-efficiency standards in Brazil: The case of residential refrigerators. Proceedings of the ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry: Sustainability and Industry – Increasing energy efficiency and reducing emissions. New York, July 29 – August 1, 2003. Batliwala S and Reddy A.K.N., Energy for women and women for energy (engendering energy and empowering women), Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol.VII, No.3, September 2003, pp.33-43. K.V. Narasimha Murthy, Antonette D’Sa and Gaurav Kapur. An effluent treatment-cum- electricity generation option at coffee estates: is it financially feasible? accepted for publication in Economic and Political Weekly, 2004.
2003-2004 Activities Report 31 6. ANNEX 2: MEETINGS/CONFERENCES ATTENDED OR ORGANIZED BY IEI
6.1. REI - Asia Discussions/interactions: • The restructuring of the power sector in India has led to the establishment of electricity regulatory commissions. At the level of each state, public discussion is invited periodically, for example when distributing utilities apply for tariff revisions. But to effectively participate when such subjects are discussed, consumers’ groups need assistance with computation and technical matters. At such times, the Asian REI been assisting local organisations. • The REI-Asia has been included in the task force on rural electrification of Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL). Meetings have been held, with discussion mainly on the promotion of solar-energy based technologies. The water-energy shortage has led to serious problems for farmers during the summer months, compelling them to seek alternatives. For example, in the summer of 2003, several farmers in the village at which IEI has sponsored a water-supply system, asked for help in purchasing solar-powered irrigation pumps. IEI has tried to help them through governmental financing agencies. • A local Energy Service Company (ESCo), ENSOL Power, approached the REI-Asia for help with the financial feasibility assessment of methods to improve the efficiency of the fireside of industrial boilers. Prolonged use results in the build up of hard deposits on economisers and air-pre-heater surfaces of these boilers, reducing efficiency. The use of chemical agents can eliminate un-burnt carbon, reduce corrosion, and in time eliminate the existing deposits and improve heat transfer and efficiency. In this context, IEI visited the Mysore Paper Mills at Bhadravathi, for a case study. The financial feasibility of investment in this boiler treatment was then estimated. The REI-Asia later collaborated with ENSOL Power to organise a technical meeting at the Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) Bangalore on the 10th October 2003, attended by several thermal power generators as well as representatives from major industries. • A meeting was held with an energy analyst working in Nicaragua, on the 26th November 2003; it focused on IEI’s experience with rural energy projects, particularly village-based electricity and water-supply utilities. • Representatives from the French electricity utility Electricité de France (EDF) were taken to an IEI-supported rural biogas-fuelled water-supply utility, on the 18th December 2003. The visitors are working on energy-access programmes in other parts of the world and were interested in learning from the experiences in India, particularly as there were no other biogas-fuelled electricity generation plants in operation. • A meeting was arranged on the 16th July 2004 with a representative from Grassroots Innovations Augmentation Network (GIAN) of India, to discuss how IEI and GIAN could collaborate to assist innovators in the energy field.
32 Attendance at meetings: • Presentation on the “History of the Environment Movement in India”, organised by the Bangalore Environment Study Forum on the 7th February 2003, in Bangalore; • All-India Power Engineers’ Association (AIPEA)’s first ever Indian Power Engineers’ Congress, “Indian Power Sector – Retrospects and Prospects”, on 8th – 9th February in Bangalore; • Conference on “Power Sector – Regulations and Judicial Issues – The Way Forward” on 11th April, in Bangalore; • Workshop on the “Implications of the new Electricity Bill – 2003” on 27th June in Bangalore, conducted by the Independent Power Producers of India (IPPAI); • Presentation on the “Effects of the Monsoon” on 19th August 2003, organised by the Bangalore Environment Study Forum, at St Joseph’s College of Arts and Sciences, in Bangalore; • Workshop on “Energy Accounting and Rationalisation of Distribution Systems” organised by the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and the Karnataka Power Transmission Company Limited (the state transmission utility) at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, on 9th October 2003; • Seminar on Biomass and Alternative Sources of Energy on the 31st October 2003, by the Greater Mysore Chamber of Commerce and Industry; • Conference on “Open access and power trading opportunities organised by the Independent Power Producers of India (IPPAI) on the 11th December 2003; • Conference on “The Changing economics of Power: Open access in the new deregulated environment for trading of power, captive, independent power producers, and industry options” organised by the Independent Power Producers of India (IPPAI) on the 16th April 2004, in Bangalore; • Policy Dialogue – “Energy – Water Nexus: Policy Issues in Governance” organised by the South Asia regional office of the International Water Management Institute in collaboration with the Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP), on the 11th June 2004, at the ICRISAT campus in Hyderabad.
6.2. REI – Latin America REI – Latin America helped in the organisation of the following events: • Seminar: Energy Outlook in Latin America, Oct. 18th, University of Campinas; • Congress: Energy in Rural Areas and Distributed Generation, 19-22 October, University of Campinas; • Presentation by Andrés Loza on power sector reforms in Argentina and its impacts on consumer prices and the introduction of renewable energy, organized by the REI-Latin America, on the 9th October 2003, in Campinas (Brazil);
2003-2004 Activities Report 33 • Presentation by Prof. Roberto Zilles on the regulation of energy services and the diffusion of photovoltaic systems in Brazil, organized by the REI-Latin America, on the 19th November 2003, in Campinas (Brazil); • Presentation by Godfrey Sanga on the efficient use of biomass resources in cooking: the experience of Tanzania, organized by the REI-Latin America, on the 13th November 2003, in Campinas (Brazil); • Presentation by Prof. Dr. Gilberto M. Jannuzzi on energy Science, Technology & Innovation (S,T&I) technological foresight, on the 2nd March 2004, in Brasília (Brazil); • IV Biennial International Workshop Advances in Energy Studies: Ecology-Energy issues in Latin América, from 16th to 19th June 2004, in Campinas (Brazil); • Presentation by Prof. Gilberto M Jannuzzi, on Results of a Delphi Study on Energy Technolgies for the next 20 years in Brazil, X Brazilian Energy Congress, Rio de Janeiro, 25 Oct. 2004.
6.3. REI – Africa Presentation by Prof. Anton Eberhard on electricity market reform and access to electricity in South Africa. TIPS Conference: International trade in services and sustainable development, the case of energy in South Africa. Johannesburg, 14 February 2003.
34 7. ANNEX 3: CAPE TOWN COURSE DELEGATE LIST
First Name Position Organization Country Mohammed Adamu Assistant Director Bureau of Public Enterprises Nigeria Ezekiel Adebayo Assistant Manager Administration National Electric Power Authority Nigeria Yaw Afrane-Okese Renewable Energy Specialist National Electricity Regulator South Africa Costas Angelides Deputy Director Distribution Department of Minerals & Energy South Africa Ntuthuzelo April Energy Officer Department of Minerals & Energy South Africa Matthews Bantsijang Deputy Director Department of Minerals & Energy South Africa Rudolph Binneman Senior Systems Analyst Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Sarah Birungi Public Relations Authority Electricity Regulatory Authority Uganda Djamah Bogler Legal Counsel Director Autorite de Regulation Cote D’lvoire Wiets Botes Regional Pricing Manager Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Johan Crous Pricing Consultant Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Adriaan de Kok Senior Consultant Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Ndumiso Dlamini Masters Student EDRC South Africa Audrey Dobbins Masters Student EDRC South Africa Izak Du Plessis MD – Distribution Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Motlatsi Gabaocwe Trainee National Electricity Regulator South Africa Des Govender Regional Marketing Manager Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Atha Hamman Regional Pricing Manager Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Mac Hanjahanja Director General National Electricity Council Malawi Martin Heita Managing Director Nored Electricity Namibia Ken Jacobs Senior Manager Accenture South Africa Reiner Jagau Chief Technical Adviser Nampower Namibia Patson Jila Manager Copperbelt Energy Corporation Zambia Sampa Katepa Manager Copperbelt Energy Corporation Zambia Lelia Katusiime Legal Adviser Electricity Regulatory Authority Uganda Stephan Kornelius Manager Accenture South Africa Sukayna Laher Group Financial Manager Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Thenjiwe Lucas Deputy Director Treasury South Africa Mike Mahlangu Energy Officer Department of Minerals & Energy South Africa Ernest Maigurira Executive Secretary African Forum Utility Regulation South Africa Sepheu Maphutha Manager SASOL South Africa Lehuma Masike Candidate Regulator National Electricity Regulator South Africa Maryeen Maynard Senior Engineer Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Ntsiki Mbono Senior Analyst National Electricity Regulator South Africa Mola Montwedi Senior Manager Department of Minerals & Energy South Africa Ayanda Nakedi Sales and Contracts Manager Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Thami Ngqungwana Chief Director Department Of Trade & Industry South Africa Bjoern Noack Masters Student EDRC Germany Roman Pietrasik Operations Planning Manager Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Alan Ranganthan Senior Advisor Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Yachika Reddy Masters Student EDRC South Africa Frans Rousseau Regional Marketing Manager Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Sicelo Sakawuli Executive Manager Department of Minerals & Energy South Africa Leoni Strydom Electricity Pricing Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Alfstad Thomas Masters Student EDRC South Africa Poppy Tshabalala Senior Pricing Advisor Eskom (Pty) Ltd South Africa Wellington Tungati System Planning Engineer Copperbelt Energy Corporation Zambia Catherine Wamboga Personal Assistant to CEO Electricity Regulatory Authority Uganda Roy Wienand Director Technical Services Ethekwini Electricity South Africa Almaz Bekel Woldesenbet Masters Student EDRC Ethiopia
2003-2004 Activities Report 35 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVE
http://www.ieiglobal.org