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Ruimtevaartverzekering Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2013-2014 RUIMTEVAARTVERZEKERING Masterproef van de opleiding ‘Master in de rechten’ Ingediend door Jan D. R. Van Wynsberghe (studentennr. 00900755) Promotor: Prof. dr. K. Bernauw Commissaris: Prof. dr. J. Rogge Voorwoord Eerst en vooral wil ik deze masterproef aanvatten met het bedanken van de personen die mij zowel bij het schrijven van dit werk als tijdens mijn gehele studieloopbaan steeds hebben bijgestaan en geholpen. Vooreerst wil ik mijn promotor, prof. dr. Bernauw bedanken voor de mogelijkheid die hij me heeft geboden om een masterproef over de ruimtevaartverzekering te schrijven. Mijn interesse voor het onderwerp nam steeds meer toe naarmate ik gedurende twee jaar mijn kennis met betrekking tot de materie kon uitbreiden. Bovendien dien ik de professor te bedanken voor de belangrijke inzichten die hij me heeft geschonken in het kader van de grondige studie verzekeringen en de bijzondere studie vervoerverzekeringsrecht. De hoorcolleges betekenden een grote meerwaarde voor mij bij het schrijven van deze masterproef daar ze geholpen hebben om me een goed beeld van het verzekeringsgebeuren te kunnen vormen. Vervolgens zou ik ook prof. dr. Oosterlinck willen bedanken voor de kennis met betrekking tot het ruimterecht die hij me heeft bijgebracht in het kader van de bijzondere studie lucht- en ruimterecht. In de lessen ruimterecht bracht hij me de nodige onderkenning bij omtrent de verdragen die de basis van het ruimterecht vormen en omtrent het gevaar dat ruimteschroot voor de ruimtevaart betekent naar de toekomst toe. Verder wens ik de professor ook te bedanken voor het aanbieden van zijn tussenkomst zodat ik contact met ESA kon opnemen. Daarnaast dien ik ook nog mijn vrienden en familie, waaronder mijn ouders in het bijzonder, te bedanken voor de raad en daad waarmee ze me bijstonden gedurende mijn studieloopbaan en het schrijven van deze masterproef. Tot slot wens ik ook nog de Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid van de Universiteit Gent te bedanken voor het verschaffen van een eminente opleiding. Inhoudstafel Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................. 1 Deel I: De Ruimtevaartverzekeringsovereenkomst ........................................................................... 3 Hoofdstuk I: Algemeenheden ........................................................................................................... 3 Afdeling 1: Historische schets van de ruimtevaartverzekeringsmarkt .................................... 3 Afdeling 2: Het Juridisch onderscheid tussen kosmische ruimte en luchtruim ....................... 6 §1 Belang van het onderscheid .................................................................................................... 6 §2 Juridische demarcatievoorstellen............................................................................................ 7 1. The No Present Need Theory .......................................................................................... 7 2. The Criteria of Space Activities or The Functional Approach ........................................ 7 3. The Aerodynamic Lift Theory ......................................................................................... 7 4. The Bogota Declaration View ......................................................................................... 8 5. The Usque Ad Infinitum Theory ..................................................................................... 8 6. The National Security and Effective Control Theory ...................................................... 8 7. The Lowest Point of orbital Flight Theory ...................................................................... 8 8. Theories of Arbitrary Distances ...................................................................................... 9 § 3 Benadering van de Belgische wetgever ................................................................................. 9 Afdeling 3: De ruimtevaartverzekeringsovereenkomst in de Belgische wetgeving ............... 10 Afdeling 4: Ruimtevaartverzekering tot dekking van een “groot risico” .............................. 11 Afdeling 5: De verzekeraar ......................................................................................................... 11 Afdeling 6: De Verzekeringsnemer ............................................................................................ 12 Afdeling 7: Specifieke ruimtevaartrisico’s ................................................................................ 14 §1 Lanceringsrisico ................................................................................................................... 14 §2 Risico’s na afkoppeling van de draagraket en “in orbit” verliezen ...................................... 14 1. Risico’s met een inherente oorzaak ............................................................................... 14 2. Risico’s met een externe oorzaak .................................................................................. 15 i. Elektrostatische ontlading ......................................................................................... 15 ii. Verlies van brandstof ................................................................................................. 15 iii. Zonnestorm ................................................................................................................ 15 iv. Meteorenzwerm ......................................................................................................... 16 v. Botsingen met ruimteschroot ..................................................................................... 16 vi. Elektromagnetische interferentie ............................................................................... 16 Afdeling 8: Commercial Launch Service Agreements ............................................................. 17 §1 Omschrijving ........................................................................................................................ 17 §2 Belang voor de ruimtevaartverzekering ............................................................................... 18 Hoofdstuk 2: Typepolissen in de ruimtevaartverzekeringssector .............................................. 19 I Afdeling 1: Pre Launch Insurance ............................................................................................. 19 §1 Periode van dekking ............................................................................................................. 20 §2 Omvang van de dekking ....................................................................................................... 20 Afdeling 2: Launch Insurance .................................................................................................... 21 §1 Periode van dekking ............................................................................................................. 21 §2 Omvang van dekking ............................................................................................................ 22 Afdeling 3: In-Orbit Insurance .................................................................................................. 22 §1 Periode van dekking ............................................................................................................. 23 §2 Omvang van dekking ............................................................................................................ 23 Afdeling 4: Incentive payment insurance .................................................................................. 24 Afdeling 5: Business interruption and loss of revenue insurance ........................................... 24 Afdeling 6: Third Party Liability Insurance ............................................................................. 25 Hoofdstuk 3: Clausules ................................................................................................................... 26 Afdeling 1: Modelclausules ......................................................................................................... 26 §1 Publicatie van modelclausules in de luchtvaartverzekering ................................................. 26 §2 Belang voor de ruimtevaartverzekering ............................................................................... 27 Afdeling 2: Sleutelclausules ........................................................................................................ 27 §1 Misrepresentation clausule ................................................................................................... 28 §2 Material changes clausule..................................................................................................... 28 §3 Due diligence clausule .......................................................................................................... 29 §4 Claims procedure clausules .................................................................................................. 29 Hoofdstuk 4: Medeverzekering en herverzekering ...................................................................... 31 Afdeling 1: Medeverzekering ..................................................................................................... 31 Afdeling 2: Herverzekering ........................................................................................................ 33 Participatieverdrag ....................................................................................................................
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