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42. Los Géneros Hypochaeris L. Y Achyrophorus Vaill

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42. Los Géneros Hypochaeris L. Y Achyrophorus Vaill 332 Acta Botanica Malacitana 40. 2015 42. LOS GÉNEROS HYPOCHAERIS L. Y ACHYROPHORUS VAILL. (COMPOSITAE, CICHORIEAE): NUEVOS TAXONES Y COMBINACIONES Salvador TALAVERA, María de los Ángeles ORTIZ, Francisco Javier JIMÉNEZ, Karin TREMETSBERGER y María TALAVERA Recibido el 21 de octubre de 2015, aceptado para su publicación el 15 de noviembre de 2015 The genus Hypochaeris L. and Achyrophorus Vill.: new taxa and new combinations Palabras clave. Corología, sistemática, tipificación,Región Mediterránea. Key words. Chorology, systematic, typification, Mediterranean basin. Estudios de filogenia molecular llevados a L. y Achyrophorus Vaill., la revision efectuada cabo en el género Hypochaeris sensu DeFilipps hace necesarias algunas combinaciones (1976) han puesto de manifiesto su carácter nomenclaturales y la descripción de algunos parafilético (Enke et al., 2012; Tremetsberger táxones nuevos, resultados que constituyen el et al., 2013), y la existencia de seis clados con principal objetivo del presente trabajo. fuerte respaldo, que se corresponden con otros tantos géneros, muchos de ellos reconocidos Hypochaeris L., Sp. Pl.: 810 (1753) desde la primera mitad del siglo XIX (Candolle, ≡ Porcellites Cass. in Cuvier, Dict. Sci. 1838). Nat. 43: 42 (1826) En lo concerniente al territorio de “Flora ≡ Hypochaeris sect. Porcellites (Cass.) DC., iberica” se han reconocido tres géneros. Prodr. 7: 91 (1838) Trommsdorffia Bernh, Syst. Verz.: 102 Especie tipo: Hypochaeris radicata L. (1800), un género eurasiático con 3 especies Hypochaeris sect. Arachnites DC., Prodr. reconocidas, de las que solo T. maculata (L.) 7: 90 (1838) Vernh., Syst. Verz.: 140 (1800); [≡ Hypochaeris Especie tipo: Hypochaeris arachnoides maculata L., Sp. Pl.: 810 (1753), basión.; = Poir. Hypochaeris pyrenaica Senn. in Sennen, Pl = Hypochaeris sect. Diplostephanae Bisch., d’ Espagne 1922: Nº 4443 (1822), in sched.] Beitr. Fl. Deustchl.: 139 (1851) alcanza el norte de España [And. Esp.: B Bu Especie tipo: Hypochaeris glabra L. Ge Hu L Le Na S So]. Este género se diferencia de los demás géneros que han sido escindidos Hierbas anuales, o perennes, rizomatosas y de Hypochaeris, por el involucro densamente a veces también estoloníferas, caulescentes, por viloso, lígulas con el tubo viloso y los vilanos lo general escaposas, erectas o ascendentes, uni- formados por 20-26 pelos plumosos, no o pluricaules, glabras o con pelos unicelulares dilatados en la base, dispuestos en una sola fila. blancos en las hojas y en la base del tallo, En los otros dos géneros con representación en inermes; raíz vertical, delgada o ± napiforme, o la Península Ibérica y Baleares, Hypochaeris bien rizoma premorso con raíces tuberosas que Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el proyecto Flora iberica (CGL2012-32914) y cofinanciado con fondos FEDER Acta Botanica Malacitana 40. 2015 333 se originan en el cuello radical, a veces también con pico, con 14 ó 16 costillas longitudinales con estolones ± desarrollados. Tallos cilíndricos, cubiertas de espículos, los carentes de pico ± estriados, por lo general escapiformes, rara vez obcónicos y los que lo tienen ± fusiformes, foliosos, con una sola hoja bien desarrollada, atenuados hacia los extremos del cuerpo o parte glabros o ± vilosos en la mitad inferior, seminífera, pardo-rojizos, con los espacios ramificados en la mitad superior, en pocas intercostales blanco-azulados, todos con ocasiones simples. Hojas lineares, linear- vilano. Vilano plumoso, blanco, persistente, elípticas u oblanceoladas, enteras, dentadas, formado por 26-50 pelos y escamas setáceas lobadas o pinnatífidas, a veces pectinadas o dispuestos en 2 o más filas, soldados entre sí runcinadas, glabras o más frecuentemente en la base formando una corona fuertemente pelosas por ambas caras; las basales formando unida al aquenio; la fila ám s externa por lo una roseta, pecioladas, con el pecíolo ancho general integrada por pelos escábridos, algo y poco diferenciado; las caulinares, cuando más pequeños que las filas ám s internas; las existen, de morfología similar a las basales más internas por escamas plumosas, y en la pero más pequeñas. Capítulos erectos antes fila más interna de los aquenios sin pico por de la antesis, por lo general agrupados en una escamas densamente vilosas en el tercio inferior inflorescencia cimosa y oligocéfala, largamente del vientre. x = 4, 5. pedunculados, rara vez solitarios, multifloros; pedúnculos cilíndricos, a veces ensanchados Observaciones en el ápice en la fructificación, glabros, con Género monofilético que integran 4 especies varias brácteas. Involucro cilíndrico en la distribuidas por la Región Mediterránea, floración y fructificación, a veces subcónico aunque H. radicata y H. glabra se han en la fructificación, con 4-5 series de brácteas introducido en gran parte de las regiones adpresas crecientes en tamaño hacia el interior húmedas del Mundo. De ellas, H. glabra, del capítulo; brácteas herbáceas, verdosas, es autocompatible y autógama (Ortiz et glabras por ambas caras, ciliadas en el ápice, al., 2006), y posee 2n = 10 cromosomas poco acrescentes en la fructificación, con una (Tremetsberger et al., 2004), mientras que las quilla dorsal bien marcada y a veces cubierta otras tres (H. radicata, H. salzmanniana y H. de setas aculeiformes. Receptáculo convexo arachnoides) son autoincompatibles y tienen en la dispersión, alveolado, paleáceo, con 2n = 8 cromosomas (Oberprieler & Vogt, las páleas interflorales linear-subuladas, 2002; Tremetsberger et al., 2004), aunque en membranáceas, con el nervio medio bien H. salzmanniana algunas de las poblaciones diferenciado, alcanzando la altura del vilano en españolas son autocompatibles y autógamas la fructificación, glabro. Flores liguladas, con la o semi-incompatibles (ver observaciones lígula culminada por 5 dientes, hermafroditas, de esta especie). Estudios moleculares de las externas del capítulo algo mayores que secuenciación han mostrado que H. glabra es las internas. Corola vilosa en la base del la especie basal del género y H. radicata es la limbo, amarilla, las más externas del capítulo hermana filogenética deH. salzmanniana y H. a menudo con el dorso rosado, verdoso o arachnoides (Tremetsberger et al., 2005). Este purpúreo, con los dientes de la lígula provistos resultado es coincidente con los de estudios de un mucrón subapical ± desarrollado, sobre filogeográficos llevados a cabo con AFLP (Ortiz todo los laterales. Anteras amarillas. Ramas et al., 2009), que han mostrado además que la estilares amarillas. Aquenios homomorfos, con mayor diversidad genética intrapoblacional en o sin pico, o con más frecuencia dimorfos, los las cuatro especies se encuentra en el ecotono externos del capítulo sin pico y los centrales del valle del río Sebou con el Atlas Medio 334 Acta Botanica Malacitana 40. 2015 (Marruecos), donde probablemente se originó aulagares, etc.- de ambiente húmedo, a veces el género Hypochaeris. también en prados, taludes, márgenes de lagunas En el NW de África (Marruecos, Argelia e incluso en arenales costeros; 0-2000 m. (IV) y Túnez) vive además H. arachnoides Poir. in V-VII(X). Región Mediterránea; naturalizada Lam., Encycl. 5: 572 (1804), una especie anual, en casi toda Europa, Asia, América, Sudáfrica parecida a H. salzmanniana en la morfología y y Australia. Toda la Península Ibérica. And. en el número cromosómico (2n = 8), pero con Esp.: A Ab Al Av B Ba Bi Bu C Ca Cc Co CR los pedúnculos cilíndricos en la fructificación y Cs Cu Ge Gr Gu H Hu J L Le Lo Lu M Ma Mu una valencia ecológica mucho más amplia que Na O Or P PM[Ib Mll Mn] Po S Sa Se Sg So la de H. salzmanniana. SS T Te To V Va Vi Z Za. Port.: AAl Ag BA BAl BB BL DL E Mi R TM Clave para las especies Observaciones 1. Corola de las flores más externas del capítulo Especie autoincompatible, aunque muchas de (4)6,5-10 mm, que apenas sobresale del involucro; anteras (1,3)1,5-2 mm; hierba anual, de sus poblaciones presentan plantas parcial por lo general glabra ................... 3. H. glabra o totalmente autocompatibles (Ortiz et al., - Corola de las flores más externas del capítulo de 2006). Se comporta como una buena invasora, y (8)10-20 mm, que sobresale bastante del involucro; anteras (3)3,5-5 mm; hierba anual o perenne, por estudios filogeográficos recientes han puesto de lo general pelosa, al menos en las hojas ...... 2 manifiesto que comprende varias razas genéticas 2. Hierba perenne, con raíces ± fusiformes, y morfológicamente bien diferenciadas (Ortiz fasciculadas o divaricadas, a veces estolonífera; pedúnculo cilíndrico en la fructificación; et al., 2007 & 2009), que se reconocen aquí capítulos con aquenios homomorfos y con pico, para el territorio como subespecies: subsp. o bien dimorfos, los más externos sin pico y radicata, subsp. platylepis (Boiss.) Jahand. & los internos con pico; vilano (6)7-11(12) mm; aquenios con 14 costillas longitudinales ........ Maire y subsp. rocinensis, ésta última descrita ................................................. 1. H. radicata en este trabajo. Además de las mencionadas, - Hierba anual, con una sola raíz, axonomorfa, se conoce la subsp. neapolitana (DC.) Nyman, sin raíces fusiformes; pedúnculo con el ápice fuertemente ensanchado en la fructificación; Consp. Fl. Eur.: 470 (1879) [≡ H. neapolitana capítulo con aquenios dimorfos, los DC., Prodr. 7: 91 (1838), basión.; = H. radicata externos sin pico y los internos con pico; var. heterocarpa Moris, Fl. Sardoa 2: 487 vilano 10-16 mm; aquenios con 16 costillas longitudinales ................. 2. H. salzmanniana (1840-1843); ≡ H. radicata subsp. heterocarpa (Moris) Arcang., Consp. Fl. Ital.: 414 (1882)], 1. Hypochaeris radicata L., Sp. Pl.: 811 (1753) del C y E de la Región Mediterránea, y que se ≡ Achyrophorus radicatus (L.) Scop., Fl. caracteriza por presentar el rizoma fuertemente Carniol. ed. 2, 2: 117 (1772) leñoso en el ápice, sus brácteas externas del ≡ Porcellites radicata (L.) Cass. in Cuvier, involucro anchas, envés de las lígulas externas Dict. Sci. Nat. 43: 43 (1826) del capítulo purpúreo y los aquenios dimorfos, los externos del capítulo sin pico y los centrales Ind. loc.: “Habitat in Europae cultioris con pico. pascuis” [Lectotipo: designado por Scott in Jarvis et al. (1993: 109): LINN No. 959.5] Clave para las subespecies 1.
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