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RIPARIAN TREE AND SHRUB PROPAGATION HANDBOOK RIPARIAN TREE AND SHRUB PROPAGATION HANDBOOK An Aid to Riverine Restoration in the Mediterranean Region Edited by María Aránzazu Prada and Daniel Arizpe CIEFBanc de Llavors Forestals Conselleria de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Urbanismo y Vivienda, Generalitat Valenciana Avenida Comarques del País Valencià 114 46930 Quart de Poblet, Valencia, España © 2008 Generalitat Valenciana © texts, illustrations and plates: the authors Illustrations: Faustino Díez Unless otherwise specified Emilio Laguna Clematis flammula, Coriaria myrtifolia, Dorycnium rectum, Flueggea tinctoria, Lonicera implexa María Aránzazu Prada Liquidambar orientalis, Myrtus communis, Populus orientalis, Salix amplexicaulis, Salix pedicellata and cover Plates: Gabriel SegarraMoragues Salix plates ISBN: 978 84 482 4965 6 Legal Deposit no.: V 3878 2008 Design: Essência ROFFdesign (http://essencia.roff/pt) Layout and Printing: Gràfiques Vimar (http://www.vimar.es) English edition: copy editing by Mary Georgina Hardinge Preface The habitats that are perhaps most intensely modi The publication of this riparian species propagation fied by man are riverine habitats. I became aware of guide is intended as a tool to help resolve the afo this situation during numerous visits to Portuguese rementioned situation and stimulate the produc riparian environments in search of a Cetti’s warbler tion of plant materials from local sources. The team or a kingfisher. This knowledge sparked in me a des from the Forest Seed Bank of the Regional Govern ire to contribute, in my own small way, to the reco ment of Valencia has contributed significantly to very of these degraded environments for the benefit the preparation of this guide. This group combines of nature, of mankind and ultimately, for the pre hard work and rigour with the institution's lengthy servation of biodiversity. experience in the management and effective short term use of germplasm, as well as its valuable work My opportunity to contribute began to take shape on long term conservation, a legacy for future when I became aware of the riparian ecological res generations. toration efforts at the Higher Institute of Agronomy at the Technical University of Lisbon. That frame The team that developed this guide has made a sig work prompted me to launch a project to establish nificant contribution to both scientific and techni a working group with other European institutions cal knowledge through their extensive experience that share the same concerns. The Ripidurable Pro and current academic research. The guide can now ject was presented in April 2003 and approved to be used by companies and institutions that intend to wards the end of that year. It was launched with the produce plants for the great task of pursuing ade goal of creating a forum for communication and co quate recovery of riparian ecosystems. llaboration between those responsible for the ma nagement and restoration of riparian areas and the By 2015, following the Water Framework Directive, academic and research institutions with knowledge rivers should be classified as having good ecological and expertise in those habitats. The group could co status, in accordance with the reference conditions. rrelate the problems detected with the existing kno It is our fervent hope that this guide will help to en wledge in pursuit of the solution to those problems sure that this status is achieved within the planned and develop specific tools, including some case stu time and with the care that nature deserves, by ai dies, which could be offered to society. ding the production of quality plants that safeguard the genetic heritage of each species. One of the problems that most caught my attention was the great difficulty that institutions and com The authors of this guide deserve our gratitude for mercial companies involved with the recovery of ri sharing their experience and knowledge with us all. parian ecosystems had in obtaining suitable plants The editors, Arantxa Prada and Daniel Arizpe, des for this purpose. Generally, companies that market erve particular appreciation for the effort that they plants do not have suitable reproductive material for have put into this project and for the perseverance these interventions, from the standpoint of either they have shown in making this book a reality. external quality or adaptability. Therefore, the solu tion has historically depended on acquiring plants Ana Mendes from other countries and, in many cases, on orna Higher Institute of Agronomy mental varieties or fast growing hybrid poplars. Technical University of Lisbon Preface 5 Contributors Neus Albert Jose Luis García Caballero CIEFBanc de Llavors Forestals, Área de Gestión de Re Junta de Castilla y León, Servicio Territorial de Medio cursos Forestales y Conservación Ambiental, Conselle Ambiente León, Avenida Reyes Leoneses 145ºC ria de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Urbanismo y Vivienda, (Edificio Europa), 24071 León, Spain Generalitat Valenciana, Avenida Comarques del País Valencià 114, 46930 Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain Pablo Jiménez Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Maria Helena Almeida Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Tapada da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Ajuda, 1349017 Lisboa, Portugal Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349017 Lisbon, Portugal Fernando Martínez Sierra Junta de Castilla y León, Servicio Territorial de Medio José Vicente Andrés Ambiente León, Avenida Reyes Leoneses 145ºC Avenida Salvador Allende 75, esc. 14, 4ºD, 50015 (Edificio Europa), 24071 León, Spain Zaragoza, Spain Eduardo PérezLahorga Juan Añíbarro Área de Gestión de Recursos Forestales y Conserva Viveros Fuenteamarga SL, polígono 7, parcela 18, ción Ambiental, Conselleria de Medio Ambiente, 47260 Cabezón de Pisuerga, Valladolid, Spain Agua, Urbanismo y Vivienda, Generalitat Valenciana, Calle Francisco Cubells 7, 46011 Valencia, Spain Daniel Arizpe CIEFBanc de Llavors Forestals, Área de Gestión de Re Mari Carme Picher cursos Forestales y Conservación Ambiental, Conselle CIEFBanc de Llavors Forestals, Área de Gestión de Re ria de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Urbanismo y Vivienda, cursos Forestales y Conservación Ambiental, Conselle Generalitat Valenciana, Avenida Comarques del País ria de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Urbanismo y Vivienda, Valencià 114, 46930 Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain Generalitat Valenciana, Avenida Comarques del País Valencià 114, 46930 Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain Antonio del Campo Dep. Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente, Escuela María Aránzazu Prada Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Univer CIEFBanc de Llavors Forestals, Área de Gestión de sidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camí de Vera s/n, Recursos Forestales y Conservación Ambiental, Con 46002 Valencia, Spain selleria de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Urbanismo y Vi vienda, Generalitat Valenciana, Avenida Comarques Esperanza Campos del País Valencià 114, 46930 Quart de Poblet, CIEFBanc de Llavors Forestals, Área de Gestión de Re Valencia, Spain cursos Forestales y Conservación Ambiental, Conselle ria de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Urbanismo y Vivienda, Jesús Rueda Generalitat Valenciana, Avenida Comarques del País Junta de Castilla y León, Dirección General del Medio Valencià 114, 46930 Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain Natural, Calle Rigoberto Cortejoso 14, 47071 Valla dolid, Spain Carla Faria Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Pilar Ventimilla Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Tapada da CIEFBanc de Llavors Forestals, Área de Gestión de Ajuda, 1349017 Lisbon, Portugal Recursos Forestales y Conservación Ambiental, Con selleria de Medio Ambiente, Agua, Urbanismo y Vi Cándido Gálvez vienda, Generalitat Valenciana, Avenida Comarques Semillas Silvestres S.L., Carretera de Santa María de del País Valencià 114, 46930 Quart de Poblet, Trasierra km 2, 14012 Córdoba, Spain Valencia, Spain Contributors 7 Contents 11 Introduction 147 Appendices 149 Variation and adaptation 17 Species fact sheets (Helena Almeida, Carla Faria) (M. Aránzazu Prada, Daniel Arizpe, Juan Añíbarro, Jesús Rueda, Neus Albert, Esperanza Campos, Mari Picher, Pilar 152 Seed handling Ventimilla, Cándido Gálvez, Carla Faria, Pablo Jiménez) (M. Aránzazu Prada) 19 Fact sheet contents 158 Nursery culture 22 Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Antonio del Campo) 27 Arbutus unedo L. 30 Celtis australis L. 162 Cutting propagation 33 Cercis siliquastrum L. (Daniel Arizpe, M. Aránzazu Prada) 36 Clematis flammula L. y C. vitalba L. 40 Coriaria myrtifolia L. 165 Stool beds (José Luis García Caballero, L. 43 Cornus sanginea Fernando Martínez Sierra, Jesús Rueda) 46 Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 50 Dorycnium rectum (L.) Ser. 169 Master certificate 53 Flueggea tinctoria (L.) G.L. Webster (M. Aránzazu Prada) 55 Frangula alnus Mill. 59 Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. 171 Plant passport 63 Hedera helix L. (Eduardo PérezLahorga) 67 Humulus lupulus L. 172 Populus spp. (diagnostic traits) 70 Laurus nobilis L. (José Vicente Andrés, M. Aránzazu Prada) 73 Ligustrum vulgare L. 76 Liquidambar orientalis Mill. 174 Salix spp. (distribution and diagnostic traits) 79 Lonicera etrusca G. Santi y L. implexa Aiton (José Vicente Andrés, M. Aránzazu Prada) 83 Myrtus communis L. 87 Nerium oleander L. 190 Tamarix spp (distribution and diagnostic traits) ( ) 90 Pistacia lentiscus L. José Vicente Andrés, M. Aránzazu Prada 94 Platanus orientalis L. 195 Glossary 97 Populus alba L. 101 Populus nigra L. 105 Populus tremula L. 109 Prunus mahaleb L. 113 Prunus spinosa L. 116 Rubus ulmifolius Schott
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    F9.3 Mediterranean Riparian Scrub

    European Red List of Habitats - Heathland Habitat Group F9.3 Mediterranean riparian scrub Summary This riparian scrub is an azonal habitat of irregularly flooded environments in a warm Mediterranean climate, occurring mainly along the beds of uncontrolled rivers but also in relatively fresh or brackish coastal sites. Summer drought is long and severe and, even inland, salinisation is possible. The habitat is threatened by changes in the hydrology of rivers to maintain water supplies and also by pollution, afforestation, removal of shrubs for cultivation and intensive grazing and urbanisation. Synthesis The overall decrease in quantity is relatively low (-12%), resulting in the category Least Concern (LC). The quality shows a slight negative trend affecting on average 20% of the surface with a moderately high severity (49%). Also these values lead to the conclusion Least Concern. Overall Category & Criteria EU 28 EU 28+ Red List Category Red List Criteria Red List Category Red List Criteria Least Concern - Least Concern - Sub-habitat types that may require further examination The Mediterranean riparian scrub is defined to include some coastal scrub on the Black Sea shores. This subhabitat differs from the core of the habitat definition, which relates to Mediterranean alluvial scrub, and may be considered as a separate habitat for assessing the threatened status. It is possible (but not certain, because of data gaps) that the Black Sea shore type is more threatened than the Mediterranean type. Habitat Type Code and name F9.3 Mediterranean riparian scrub Mediterranean riparian scrub with Nerium oleander at Fiumara Castelbuono, Nerio oleandri-Salicetum pedicellatae in Andalusia, southern Spain (Photo: Carlos Palermo, Italy (Photo: Ricardo Guarino).
  • Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Plants for Lyme Disease (Chronic)

    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Plants for Lyme Disease (Chronic)

    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases List of Plants for Lyme Disease (Chronic) Plant Chemical Count Activity Count Garcinia xanthochymus 1 1 Nicotiana rustica 1 1 Acacia modesta 1 1 Galanthus nivalis 1 1 Dryopteris marginalis 2 1 Premna integrifolia 1 1 Senecio alpinus 1 1 Cephalotaxus harringtonii 1 1 Comptonia peregrina 1 1 Diospyros rotundifolia 1 1 Alnus crispa 1 1 Haplophyton cimicidum 1 1 Diospyros undulata 1 1 Roylea elegans 1 1 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 1 1 Gmelina arborea 1 1 Orthosphenia mexicana 1 1 Lumnitzera racemosa 1 1 Melilotus alba 2 1 Duboisia leichhardtii 1 1 Erythroxylum zambesiacum 1 1 Salvia beckeri 1 1 Cephalotaxus spp 1 1 Taxus cuspidata 3 1 Suaeda maritima 1 1 Rhizophora mucronata 1 1 Streblus asper 1 1 Plant Chemical Count Activity Count Dianthus sp. 1 1 Glechoma hirsuta 1 1 Phyllanthus flexuosus 1 1 Euphorbia broteri 1 1 Hyssopus ferganensis 1 1 Lemaireocereus thurberi 1 1 Holacantha emoryi 1 1 Casearia arborea 1 1 Fagonia cretica 1 1 Cephalotaxus wilsoniana 1 1 Hydnocarpus anthelminticus 2 1 Taxus sp 2 1 Zataria multiflora 1 1 Acinos thymoides 1 1 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1 1 Rhododendron schotense 1 1 Sweetia panamensis 1 1 Thymelaea hirsuta 1 1 Argyreia nervosa 1 1 Carapa guianensis 1 1 Parthenium hysterophorus 1 1 Rhododendron anthopogon 1 1 Strobilanthes cusia 1 1 Dianthus superbus 1 1 Pyropolyporus fomentarius 1 1 Euphorbia hermentiana 1 1 Porteresia coarctata 1 1 2 Plant Chemical Count Activity Count Aerva lanata 1 1 Rivea corymbosa 1 1 Solanum mammosum 1 1 Juniperus horizontalis 1 1 Maytenus