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Reshaping Welfare Institutions in China and the Nordic Countries

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Reshaping Welfare Institutions in China and the Nordic Countries NordWel Studies in Historical Welfare State Research 7 Reshaping welfare institutions in China and the Nordic countries edited by pauli kettunen, stein kuhnle and yuan ren Reshaping welfare institutions in China and the Nordic countries NordWel Studies in Historical Welfare State Research 7 Reshaping welfare institutions in China and the Nordic countries Edited by Pauli Kettunen, Stein Kuhnle and Yuan Ren NORDIC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE NORDWEL Helsinki 2014 NordWel Studies in Historical Welfare State Research 7 ISBN 978-952-10-9801-7 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-10-9802-4 (PDF) ISSN 1799-4691 The Nordic Centre of Excellence NordWel (The Titles in this series include: Nordic Welfare State – Historical Foundations and Future Challenges) is a multidisciplinary, cross-national 1 Workfare and welfare state legitimacy research project and network of eight partner units Edited by Helena Blomberg and Nanna Kildal in the Nordic universities. It is a part of NordForsk’s Nordic Centre of Excellence Programme on Welfare 2 Welfare citizenship and welfare nationalism (2007–2012). NordWel is hosted by the Department Edited by Andrzej Marcin Suszycki of Political and Economic Studies at the University of Helsinki. 3 Migrations and welfare states: Policies, discourses and institutions The mission of NordWel is to deepen our understanding Edited by Heidi Vad Jønsson, Elizabeth Onasch, Saara of the development of the Nordic welfare state in Pellander and Mats Wickström order to foster the research-based discussion on Nordic societies and their future. This involves the 4 Education, state and citizenship establishment of a highly-integrated Nordic research Edited by Mette Buchardt, Pirjo Markkola and Heli platform within international welfare research. Valtonen The NordWel Studies in Historical Welfare State 5 All well in the welfare state? Welfare, well-being and Research series provides a publishing forum, particularly the politics of happiness for volumes elaborated on the basis of the NordWel Edited by Carl Marklund seminars and conferences. 6 Retrenchment or renewal? Welfare states in times Contact: of economic crisis NCoE NordWel Edited by Guðmundur Jónsson and Kolbeinn Department of Political and Economic Studies Stefánsson Section of Social Science History P.O. Box 54 (Snellmaninkatu 14A) 7 Reshaping welfare institutions in China and the FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Nordic countries http://blogs.helsinki.fi/nord-wel/ Edited by Pauli Kettunen, Stein Kuhnle and Yuan Ren Director: Pauli Kettunen, Department of Political and Economic Studies, University of Helsinki Vice-Director: Klaus Petersen, Centre for Welfare State Cover: Katriina Rosavaara Research, University of Southern Denmark Layout: Riikka Hyypiä / Unigrafia Oy Copy-editing: Sophy Bergenheim Coordinator: Heidi Haggrén, Department of Political and Economic Studies, University of Helsinki Printed in Finland by Unigrafia Oy, Helsinki 2014 Contents 7 List of figures 7 List of tables 9 Preface Chapter 1 13 Introduction The development and diffusion of welfare systems and policies in the Nordic countries and China Pauli Kettunen, Stein Kuhnle and Yuan Ren PART I: NORMS AND INSTITUTIONS Chapter 2 33 The unbearable heaviness of welfare and the limits of social policy in China A historical institutionalism perspective Yuegen Xiong Chapter 3 57 Basic elements of China’s welfare system Yi Pan Chapter 4 74 Historical development and new characteristics of China’s social welfare A comparative study with South Korea under the framework of the East Asian welfare regime Keqing Han and Byung-Cheol Kim Chapter 5 96 Conflicts and compromises in the Nordic pattern of social regulation Pauli Kettunen Chapter 6 122 The principle of universalism challenged Towards an ideational shift in the Norwegian welfare state? Nanna Kildal and Stein Kuhnle Chapter 7 139 Family duties in the history of poor relief and social legislation in Finland Pirjo Markkola PART II: LABOUR MARKETS, MIGRATION AND SOCIAL RIGHTS Chapter 8 165 Work migration and labour market regulations in the Nordic countries Åsmund Arup Seip Chapter 9 188 Family migration, gender equality and the Nordic welfare state Opposing policy processes Saara Pellander Chapter 10 211 Housing policy and the ‘new citizen’ of the Chinese city On the social protection of migrant workers regarding their residential rights Ka Lin, Longfei Yi and Shuang Wu Chapter 11 228 Income inequality between China and India A perspective on structural comparisons Heng Quan PART III: AGEING POPULATIONS AS A CHALLENGE TO SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS Chapter 12 257 Meeting the demographic challenges Ageing and pension systems in the Nordic countries, in a European perspective Jørgen Goul Andersen and Aksel Hatland Chapter 13 289 Status, challenges and innovative solutions for elderly care in China and the Nordic countries Hua Fu and Rolf Rønning 310 Contributors 6 List of figures Figure 8.1. Work permits (including renewals) issued to individual job seekers from the EU-8 (+2) after May 2004. ...............................................................168 Figure 9.1. Composition of migratory flows. .....................................................................191 Figure 12.1. Projected old-age dependency ratios in selected countries, 2050 . ...................262 Figure 12.2. (A) Defined contribution pensions with a social minimum pension (Sweden, Norway and Finland). (B) Multipillar system with people’s pension and labour market pension (Denmark). .............................................266 Figure 12.3. Pillars and tiers of the Danish Multipillar Pension System. ............................268 Figure 12.4. Pension savings in OECD countries, as percentage of GDP, 2012 .................278 Figure 12.5. Marginal tax rate for an average worker (single, no children), selected OECD countries. 2012. Percentage of labour costs. ..........................284 List of tables Table 8.1. Distribution of statutory minimum wage and extension of collective agreements in the EU (and Iceland and Norway). ...........................177 Table 8.2. Collective agreement coverage and trade union density in the Nordic countries. .............................................................................................180 Table 11.1. GNI per capita in China and India (USD). ....................................................232 Table 11.2. Inner-urban income inequality in China and India. ........................................232 Table 11.3. Inner-rural inequality in China and India. ......................................................234 Table 11.4. Inter-province urban-rural income gap in 2000 in China (RMB). .................235 Table 11.5. Inter-states urban-rural income gap in 2000 in India (INR). ..........................236 Table 11.6. Urban-rural consumption ratio in China 1957–2004 (RMB). ........................237 Table 11.7. Urban-rural consumption ratio in India 1954–2001 (INR). ...........................238 Table 11.8. Regional disparities between China and India 1980–2002..............................239 Table 11.9. Percentage share of GDP* of the top five and bottom six states in India (three-yearly annual average). ..........................................................................241 Table 11.10. Percentage share of GDP* of the top five and bottom six provinces in China (three-yearly annual average). ...........................................241 Table 12.1. Life expectancy in the Nordic countries and China at age 65. Years. ..............260 Table 12.2. Fertility and life expectancy at birth, selected countries, 2011–2012. ..............261 Table 12.3. Old age dependency ratios, 2000, 2010 and 2050 (projections). ......................263 Table 12.4. Guaranteed minimum pension including housing allowance for a single pensioner. Percentage of average national pay, after tax. 2007. .........................269 Table 12.5. Average age of exit from the labour market 2006 ............................................274 Table 12.6. Employment rates (percentage of entire age group) among 55–64-year-olds, by gender. 1990–2012. ..............................................277 Table 12.7. Net lending/net borrowing of general government, and net financial liabilities. ..............................................................................280 Table 12.8. Current Accounts as per cent of GDP, 2011, and average 2006–2011. OECD. .....................................................................281 7 Preface This book is the result of papers first presented at two seminars organised by the Sino-Nordic Welfare Research Network (SNoW) in Shanghai (October 2011) and Helsinki ( June 2012). We have included in this book a selection of subsequently revised papers from the seminars. The SNoW project is an offshoot of the activities of the Nordic Centre of Excellence NordWel (The Nordic Welfare State – Historical Foundations and Future Challenges), hosted at the University of Helsinki, financed during 2007–2013 by NordForsk. NordForsk is a Nordic intergovernmental research funding organisation under the Nordic Council of Ministers. SNoW has received additional funding for the period 2013–2015 from the Nordic Council of Ministers, and the network includes researchers active in the other Nordic Centre of Excellence in welfare research, REASSESS (Reassessing the Nordic Welfare Model), which was also financed by NordForsk 2007–2013, and based at NOVA (Norwegian Social Research) in Oslo. Thanks to NordWel, and long-term collaboration in particular between the University of Bergen
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