Science Solutions Policy Growth

WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE ANNUAL REPORT 2005 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

science solutions policy growth About the World Agroforestry Centre The World Agroforestry Centre is part of The Alliance of the CGIAR Centres — a global network of 15 centres, funded by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

We are an autonomous, not-for-profit research and development institution supported by over 50 different governments, private foundations, regional development banks, and the World Bank. The Centre was founded in 1978, initially as the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), to promote the exchange of information on agroforestry research in the tropics. The Council was created in response to a visionary study led by Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), which coined the term ‘agroforestry’.

In 1992, ICRAF joined the CGIAR and, in the years since then, has transformed itself into a world-class international agricultural research centre. In order to more fully reflect our global reach, as well as our more balanced research and development agenda, we adopted a new brand name in 2002 — ‘World Agroforestry Centre.’ Our legal name — International Centre for Research in Agroforestry — remains unchanged.

Our vision is an Agroforestry transformation in the developing world - a massive increase in the use of working trees on working landscapes by smallholder rural households that helps ensure security in food, nutrition, health, fodder, shelter and energy, income and a regenerated environment.

Our mission is to advance the science and practice of agroforestry to help realise an Agroforestry transformation throughout the developing world.

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2006 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Credits Articles: World Agroforestry Centre staff Compiled by: Rebecca Selvarajah-Jaffery and Bob Wagner Editors: Rebecca Selvarajah-Jaffery, Bob Wagner and Ed Sulzberger Technical editor: Anne Marie Nyamu Photos: World Agroforestry Centre staff Front cover design: John Gikang’a Layout: Martin Serem Design and printing: Camerapix Magazines Ltd, Nairobi, Kenya

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P. O. Box 30677-00100 Nairobi, Kenya. Website: www.worldagroforestry.org

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The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Agroforestry Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Contents From the Board Chair & Director General...... 2

Introduction: Trees of Change – a new era for Agroforestry...... 4

Highlights of 2005...... 10

Projects list 2005...... 16

Tree science and innovations for small holder Agroforestry What’s in your chocolate?...... 19 ICRAF research supports traditional medicine...... 21

Agroforestry science and practice beyond the farm scale Smallholder timber is big business in India...... 23 FLCs: Taking agricultural innovations to the farmer’s backyard...... 24

Demonstrating impacts of Agroforestry NSS: Land rights and dignity for Indonesia’s agroforesters...... 27 Measuring the benefits of agroforestry in Zambia...... 28

Agroforestry and environmental sustainability Using trees to mitigate climate change...... 31 IR diagnostics: a powerful tool for agriculture...... 33

Selected publications 2005...... 36

Performance indicators...... 44 Board statement on Risk Management...... 45 Investor support 2005...... 46 Financial summary 2005...... 48 Staff list 2005...... 49

The Alliance of the CGIAR Centres...... 54

Where we operate...... 56 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Eugene Terry Chair – Board of Trustees Science-based agroforestry innovations Achieving the Millennium Development Goals through an ‘Evergreen Revolution’ in Africa

oday, many arguments are being recycled to describe natural resource base. Through initiatives such as those of NEPAD Africa’s bleak prospects for economic growth and and FARA, most of Africa’s leaders have come to recognize that Tdevelopment. Those of us who work in Africa, however, agricultural development and environmental stewardship are see things differently. prerequisites for prosperity. Moreover, they understand that the technologies developed for Asia’s Green Revolution are We have strong confidence in the future of the continent. For unsuited for direct application to Africa’s unique conditions. all its problems, Africa is moving steadily to strengthen its They are turning instead to new approaches such as agroforestry democratic institutions, cast off the failed policies of the past, — approaches that address production issues, livelihoods and and make new investments for the future. Indeed, most of the environment all at once. governments that the World Agroforestry Centre collaborates with are working hard to grow their economies, improve This makes science-based agroforestry a key element in achieving governance, and reduce poverty. the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. We believe that the greater integration of trees into African farming systems is a sound What we are seeing now is a recognition that economic basis for a sustained agricultural revolution that goes beyond growth depends not only on better governance and a stronger the Green Revolution — that looks to an Evergreen Revolution commitment to grassroots development, but also a much greater founded upon productive, diverse rainfed smallholdings. investment in research — to enhance productivity and sustain the natural resource base upon which sustained growth depends. Evaluation studies conducted over the past two years show that Most African governments are tackling these issues, and taking hundreds of thousands of African farmers are now using new better advantage of new commitments from the international agroforestry practices that have emerged from the research of donor community. the World Agroforestry Centre and its partners — practices that were developed and refined with farmers on their fields during Today, economists marvel over Asia’s economic trajectory. But the past two decades. Many times that number are seeking seed three decades ago, there was great and pervasive pessimism about to scale up these practices. To assist them, scores of public sector that continent’s prospects. Thus, there are lessons to be learned and non-governmental organizations are building their capacity from Asia’s experience. And the evidence clearly shows that it to expand the adoption of these innovations. was massive investment in developing smallholder agriculture, based upon the best of agricultural research, which provided the Agroforestry focuses on the many types of working trees that foundation for growth throughout Asia. farmers fit into their farming systems to enhance food security, nutrition, income, health, and energy supply, and help sustain Currently, smallholder agriculture provides employment and their land’s productive potential. Starting from the initial dramatic income for three-quarters of the poorest of Africa’s population. results from research in Southern and Eastern Africa, agroforestry If the Asian experience is any guide, Africa’s first priority is to is gaining popularity across the continent. A major part of that reinvigorate its smallholder agriculture and take better care of its effort will focus on the use of integrated methods of enhancing Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Dennis Garrity Director General soil fertility to raise crop production with only modest inputs of next generation of agroforestry technologies that will accelerate inorganic fertilizers. The most advanced fertilizer tree systems impact on an even greater scale. that are now available have overcome the problems of too much labour and competition with crops. They transfer atmospheric As we examine our collaborative advantages as a research for nitrogen into the soil, basically putting the job of producing development institution, we note that our fundamental strength fertilizer into the hands of African farmers. Tests show that under is in addressing complex, integrated problems — problems that most conditions, fertilizer trees will produce a minimum of 50 require the deployment of interdisciplinary teams of scientists, to 100 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare per year, and enable development specialists and educators. Our success will be food crop yields to increase by 100 to 300 percent while steadily measured by the degree to which we can provide systems increasing soil health (see page 28 for the full story). solutions through agroforestry science.

We also anticipate major increases in the number of farmers For example, we now have at our disposal new tools to quickly help using ICRAF-developed fodder tree systems that improve dairy assess the quality of soils at a large scale, and guide interventions production. These are now becoming very popular among East to halt land degradation. These include infrared scanning African farmers. Similarly, by 2010 we foresee large numbers of methods to collect data on many parameters of soil quality and farmers planting diverse portfolios of newly domesticated fruit plant nutrition — much more rapidly and inexpensively than and medicinal species that can be grown in the homestead to ever before. With these tools, soil data can be monitored at enhance child nutrition, and prevent and treat diseases such thousands of locations, geo-referenced, and predictions made as malaria. The story on Artemisia-based herbal combination for appropriate management. The new techniques, which are therapies on page 23 highlights this exciting work. now being field tested in several countries, will benefit not only work on agroforestry, but also assist in many other aspects of The income-generating potential of basic food crop commodities agricultural and natural resources research and development. has been falling in Africa as elsewhere around the world. A new approach is needed to reduce dependency on primary agricultural Given these promising advances, and despite the magnitude of food commodities as a source of farm income. African agriculture the problems that Africa faces, we cannot think of a time since needs more opportunities for producing higher-value products Asia’s Green Revolution that Africa’s prospects for agricultural that are linked to the continent’s growing urban markets, and to development were more promising. Our Centre’s vision is to help international markets. The development of new tree products, create an agroforestry transformation that results in a massive and the expansion of their markets, has great potential to provide increase in the use of working trees on working landscapes new income solutions. by smallholder rural households. And we intend to ensure that many new science-based agroforestry innovations will be To realize agroforestry’s potential, additional research will be available to accomplish this, thereby assisting Africa to meet its needed to understand where agroforestry innovations can best great potential for productive and sustainable agriculture and to provide high-impact solutions. Thus, in collaboration with national achieve the Millennium Development Goals. systems, we are planning to conduct a series of studies in Africa’s most significant hunger hotspots. The objective will be to determine precisely where agroforestry innovations are most likely to be adopted and how large the payoffs will be. With that information, we should be well positioned to help African governments make Eugene Terry Dennis Garrity better policy decisions and help national researchers produce the Chair - Board of Trustees Director General Trees of change A new era for agroforestry An introduction to the World Agroforestry Centre

Moringa oleifera is a small, graceful, deciduous tree with sparse foliage. Research has proven that its leaves are a powerhouse of nutritional value, containing vitamins A and C, protein, calcium and potassium. INSET: The tasty, blue safou fruit is harvested from the tree Dacryodes edulis – indigenous to the humid tropics of Central Africa Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Trees of change A new era for agroforestry

n 2005, the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) unveiled a new 10-year (2005–2015) vision for a global Agroforestry Trees of change A vision for an Transformation throughout the developing world. The I agroforestry transformation in the new vision, communicated in the form of a modest 38-page developing world publication entitled ‘Trees of Change’, builds on nearly three decades of agroforestry research, development-support and education programmes. ICRAF’s experience has shown that the science of agroforestry can play a significant role in creating innovative solutions to the increasingly complex problems faced by smallholder farmers. These include the challenges posed by widespread poverty, hunger and malnutrition, and land tenure conflicts. In addition, global climate change, land degradation, and loss of biodiversity are pervasive problems that require immediate attention.

Agroforestry is ready to be mainstreamed into global and national efforts to reduce poverty, improve food security, and sustain newly emerging environmental management agendas. The Centre and its partners are positioned to foster impacts that will help achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), benefit tens of millions of people living in rural areas, and stabilise the fragile environments from which they earn their livelihoods. The groundwork has been laid, but much remains to be done to institutionalize agroforestry in the world’s development agenda. This will be key to ICRAF’s What have we learned from nearly three decades of agroforestry role in fostering an Agroforestry Transformation. research, development-support and education at ICRAF? Our research has generated the basic scientific underpinnings of Trees of Change describes the role that science-based agroforestry as a modern approach to increasing agricultural agroforestry can play in meeting key international objectives and and farm-forestry productivity. It has generated many useful how developing countries can use agroforestry to achieve many technological options, and has enhanced the evolution of policy of the MDGs. and institutional innovations, which are being scaled-up to millions of farms through our support to education. This, in turn, The context for an Agroforestry Transformation has benefited millions of poor people (impact). Although we Why do we aspire to an Agroforestry Transformation in the fully recognize that a successful Agroforestry Transformation will developing world? The rationale is founded on three basic take time to create, our experience over the past three decades considerations: suggests that its realization will build on three well-established 1. The growing importance of trees and tree-based systems in and tested principles: sustaining agroecosystems; • that increased knowledge about trees and tree-based 2. ICRAF’s experience and comparative advantage for systems will enhance their adoption for improved farm advancing the discipline; and productivity for food, nutritional, income, and health 3. The evolving global focus on the Millennium Development security, in a sustainable environment; Goals as the basis for transforming lives and landscapes. • that creating appropriate enabling environments will foster effective transfer of agroforestry technology and practices Trees play a crucial role in almost all terrestrial ecosystems and for wider application by farmers; and provide a wide range of products and services to rural and urban • that integrating tree-based systems into agricultural, people. As natural vegetation is cleared for agriculture and other environmental and development planning and types of development, the benefits that trees provide are best implementation at local, national, regional and global sustained by integrating them into agriculturally productive levels will create opportunities to generate major public landscapes. This is, in essence, the foundation of agroforestry. goods from agroforestry. World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Our Mission is to advance the science and practice of agroforestry to help realize this Agroforestry transformation throughout the developing world. Our mission is about turning our vision into reality by mobilizing the best possible expertise, tools, approaches and principles to foster innovations that will increasingly transform lives and landscapes. This mission is driven by four goals and corresponding strategic objectives:

Goal 1. Enhanced smallholder access to high-quality tree germplasm and expanded market opportunities for smallholder tree products New strategies and methods enhance tree product markets and expand the domestication of useful species, leading to more diverse cultivation systems that improve livelihoods and protect farmers from crop failure and market fluctuations. The strategic objectives for this goal are to: improve markets for tree products, focusing on those that favour small-scale farmers and entrepreneurs; support sustainable seed and seedling supply systems and improve the management of genetic resources of agroforestry trees; support and expand the domestication of

Growing passion-fruits in Zimbabwe valuable indigenous tree species that intensify and diversify tree cultivation systems; and facilitate farmer-led development, As an international agricultural research centre, ICRAF’s work testing and expansion of tree-based options. is focused primarily on the three goals of the CGIAR: food security, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability. Goal 2. Advanced understanding of the role of trees in sound, Our evolving 2015 strategy remains strongly aligned with the and more productive, land and farm management and more evolving priorities of the CGIAR as articulated in the draft report integrated farming systems based on appropriate tree enterprise on system priorities recently prepared by the Science Council. portfolios for key agro-ecological domains Appropriate options for land management depend on a far Finally, the MDGs are at the heart of the global agenda for better understanding of the short- and long-term role of trees in addressing the poverty–environment–human development landscapes and small-scale agriculture. This enables deployment nexus. ICRAF’s 2015 strategy will embody the aspirations of the of appropriate and integrated solutions through productive global development community by focusing on the MDGs as and diverse tree enterprise portfolios in key farming systems. a centrepiece of our agenda. We have identified several key Strategic objectives include the development of integrated global challenges, related to the MDGs, to which we aim to management systems for soil health and soil fertility that improve contribute, including soil fertility replenishment and land food productivity on smallholder farms, support for farmer-led regeneration for improved food production; generating income development of agroforestry systems that conserve soil and water and building assets; improving the health and nutrition of the and maintain productive agricultural landscapes, improved tree– rural poor; conserving biodiversity, protecting watersheds and crop–livestock management in agroforestry systems and policies adapting to climate change through agroforestry-based solutions, that improve land management practices through the involvement and building human and institutional capacity in agroforestry of disadvantaged land users in technology development. research, development and education. Goal 3. Increased land access and recognition and rewards Our vision, mission and goals to smallholders for providing local, national and global Our Vision is an Agroforestry transformation in the developing environmental services through appropriate agroforestry world resulting in a massive increase in the use of working trees strategies on working landscapes by smallholder rural households — that Smallholder agroforestry systems can generate substantial helps ensure security in food, nutrition, income, health, shelter environmental benefits at both local and global levels. Our and energy and a regenerated environment. Underpinning this strategic objectives within this goal are to develop pro-poor transformation is the imperative of accelerated scientific research strategies to enhance watershed functions (for example, through that ensures that the stream of necessary technical, policy and negotiation support systems, see page 27), better use and institutional innovations is forthcoming. conservation of biological diversity in multifunctional landscapes, Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

climate change mitigation and adaptation for rural development and harmonized policies for environmental stewardship and rural development.

Goal 4. Improved capacities for effective research, development and education in agroforestry — for a wide range of individuals and institutions in the developing world — to support an agroforestry transformation Strengthening the capacity of regional, national and local institutions will foster better planning and will leverage the ability of stakeholders to generate and apply innovations in agroforestry and integrated natural resource management (INRM). The strategic objectives in capacity building are to strengthen research institutions and systems that foster the best agroforestry science and practices; backstop educational institutions and systems that teach agroforestry in the context of INRM; expose development systems and institutions, particularly farmer- and community-based organizations to natural resource management, to agroforestry options; and foster more effective and dynamic inter-institutional collaboration and knowledge management among research, development and education institutions.

Cross-thematic issues Our new vision places a greater emphasis on women in agroforestry, and on the links between agroforestry and health Processing ‘Heart of palm’ in Peru. This delicacy is obtained from the trunk of and nutrition. Agroforestry offers many entry points to improve the Peach Palm (Bactris gasipaes) — indigenous to the Upper Amazon, where it has been domesticated for several centuries the status, income, and health of women and children. Our research on gender and agroforestry examines these issues, exploits key entry points by which women’s property rights can such as national poverty reduction strategy papers. ICRAF will be enhanced, and enriches household tree enterprise portfolios assist its partners in developing national agroforestry strategies, that address their nutritional, health and income needs, while convening national agroforestry working groups, putting reducing their heavy burden of daily chores. environmental management and food security policies into practice, and creating roles for tree-based systems in economic Advances in agroforestry have strong links to improving the recovery and poverty-reduction strategies. health and nutrition of the rural poor. Work with national partners to domesticate nutritious indigenous fruits seeks to At the global level, ICRAF will reinforce its efforts to mainstream save these species from overexploitation, and develop them agroforestry within major sectoral policies. We believe that a for local and regional markets. In addition, our work on natural growing appreciation of the role of agroforestry in industrialized medicinals has major implications for the treatment of malaria countries will enhance understanding and support for its expansion and other diseases. These efforts will contribute to the Millennium in developing countries. That, in turn, should help ensure that Development Goal of reducing child mortality. the needed investments will be forthcoming to deliver on our goals and enhance the promise of agroforestry to contribute to Framework for implementing the new vision achieving the MDGs. ICRAF will also seek to enhance synergies ICRAF has established mechanisms for setting priorities, undertaking through agroforestry between the Convention on Biological innovative and integrated research, forging partnerships and Diversity, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate alliances, and focusing on impact. The substantive aspects in each Change and its Clean Development Mechanism, the United of these areas are elaborated in our strategic planning framework. Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and the United The Centre is streamlining its rolling Medium Term Plan to take on Nations Forum on Forests. board new challenges and opportunities. We will reinforce the Centre’s strong participation in CGIAR Another major component of our operational framework is system-wide initiatives. ICRAF hosts two CGIAR system-wide engaging with national and regional policy-making processes, and ecoregional programmes with strategic links to the science World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Figure 1: Our themes integrated into the agroforestry agenda

Tree Genetic Resources Germplasm collection, conservation, utilization Strengthening Institutions Theme Fertilizer Fruit, nut and Fodder Timber and Oil, gum and Medicinal trees vegetable trees Trees fuelwood trees resin trees trees SCALE Capacity Building TREE • Scientists Improved germplasm distribution systems • Educators Trees and Markets Theme – Seeds and seedlings • Farmers Land and People Theme • Policy Makers Tree Products Household Farm System Enhanced family Facilitating uptake Tree cash crop nutrition; • Extension services systems Trees Crops Combatting • NGOs Value-added • Coffee AF disease; processing • Cocoa AF • Community-based medicinals, FARM • Rubber AF Livestock organizations Income Shelter, energy Soil fertility Conservation Improved water use replenishment agriculture using rainwater Strengthening Marketing harvesting Institutions • Research systems

ENABLING POLICY ENVIRONMENT • Universities • Schools Environmental Services Theme • Farmer organizations Landscape, Watershed and Basin Level • Policy making Biodiversity Conservation Watershed Services Climate change adaptation • Integrating conservation and mitigation LAND- and development • Enhanced water quality • Resilient tree based systems SCAPE • Eco-agriculture • Land regeneration • Biocarbon • Invasives

Our themes integrated into the agroforestry agenda. and practice of agroforestry: the Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn All four themes incorporate research, development and Programme and the African Highlands Initiative. Both programmes education. Research projects are implemented to accomplish embody the principles of integrated natural resource management our goals. They are pulled by the development needs of local that are at the heart of our Research–Development–Education communities and are propelled by a science push. The four agenda. In addition, ICRAF will strengthen its engagement in the global themes extend across six regions to ensure that regional implementation of CGIAR Challenge Programmes. and thematic objectives are coherent..

Themes for learning, integration and synthesis Priority geographic niches To accomplish the Centre’s mission goals, our work is pursued Globally, our organizational framework extends across Africa, through four global themes: Asia and South America, focusing on six regions where poverty, The Trees and Markets Theme focuses on the key tree food insecurity, and environmental degradation are most acute. commodities and their value-added products. The Land and People Theme focuses on improving the household AFRICA farm system by integrating trees into farm enterprise portfolios Forty-eight percent of the people of Africa are desperately that address family needs. poor, the highest proportion of any region in the world. Food The Environmental Services Theme focuses on enhancing the production per capita is declining, and malnourishment and landscape-level effects of agroforestry systems. poverty continue to increase. The global community is beginning The Strengthening Institutions Theme focuses on building to mobilize to address this intolerable situation, and the Centre capacity at all levels to facilitate knowledge creation and the is well-placed to contribute to this effort. ICRAF currently invests uptake of science-based agroforestry systems. three-quarters of its income in African regional programmes. Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

East Africa — This programme focuses on densely populated India, Pakistan and Nepal; the humid coastal areas of India, degraded highland areas, including the Lake Victoria Basin and Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka; and the semi-arid lands the major watersheds and water towers of national and regional of India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. significance. The programme places increasing attention on the drylands of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Strategies have LATIN AMERICA included soil fertility management approaches that involve In Latin America our focus is on land use in forest margins of the the use of fast growing legumes combined with inorganic Amazon basin, the largest remaining tropical rainforest in the fertilizers; high value timber, fruit and medicinal trees that can world. Our work is integrated into the Amazon Initiative — a be integrated into smallholder production systems and fodder consortium including all of the Amazon basin countries — which trees and shrubs. we facilitate with CIAT. The consortium focuses on research and development to reverse and mitigate natural resource Southern Africa — Over the past 20 years, ICRAF and its degradation, while improving the livelihoods of the rural poor. partners developed low-cost agroforestry practices geared to the Agroforestry is a key land use alternative for achieving these needs of smallholder farmers in the region. Fertilizer trees are objectives. Our research on tree domestication for smallholders notable among the portfolio of new agroforestry technologies, in the western Amazon is a major contribution to the Amazon but research also includes domestication of indigenous fruits of Initiative agenda. the ‘miombo’ woodlands, and fodder and timber improvement.

West and Central Africa (WCA) — This region combines two agro-ecological zones of major importance for agroforestry: the Sahel, and West Africa’s humid tropical lowlands. ICRAF’s work in the Sahel focuses on the semi-arid parkland ecosystem to improve farmer incomes and reduce threats from desertification through agroforestry-based innovations that combine scientific knowledge with farmers’ traditional knowledge and expertise. In the humid tropical lowlands, research focuses on the improvement, management, and marketing of indigenous plants and their products to benefit smallholder farmers, especially women.

ASIA Southeast Asia — In East and Southeast Asia we concentrate on integrating productive trees into agroforest landscapes that South America: Fresh fruit from the market — vital for child nutrition provide important environmental services. We coordinate a network that seeks to Reward Upland Farmers for Environmental Trees of Change is clear evidence of ICRAF’s readiness to Services by investigating the nature of these services and evolving mainstream agroforestry as a scientific discipline to tackle the basis for the recognition of rights and the transfer of benefits. complex problems associated with poverty, food insecurity, These advances are often based on the deployment of negotiation and environmental degradation. ICRAF has cooperative support systems, a methodology that the regional team has advantages as a global convener for agroforestry research, developed to provide a science-based approach to managing development and education, including the coordination of trade-offs among competing interests in the management of several global and regional networks related to agroforestry, critical upland environments. Our programmes span from the and deep involvement with key global conventions related island nations of Indonesia and the Philippines to the montane to sustainable development. The Centre is well positioned southeastern Asian mainland, including Thailand, Laos and to influence the global research and development agenda Vietnam and the watersheds of southwestern China. in agroforestry, particularly in the developing world. We are proud to be the main conservator of key global collections South Asia — The South Asia region is ICRAF’s newest regional of agroforestry germplasm. We have a robust research programme. The opening of a regional office in India in 2003 infrastructure on the ground in key hot spots of rural formalized our presence. The regional programme has identified poverty through six regional programmes and in key focal opportunities for research and development in four eco-regions: countries in each region. On the basis of these strengths the mountainous region of northeast India, Nepal, Bhutan and we are prepared to pursue our vision of an Agroforestry parts of Bangladesh; the Indo-Gangetic Plain of Bangladesh, Transformation throughout the developing world. 10 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Highlights of 2005 at the World Agroforestry Centre

ICRAF featured in TIME magazine and the New York The joint Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies Times opens in China Fertilizer trees, a scientific farming approach developed by the World Agroforestry Centre that can triple maize yields, was highlighted in TIME magazine of 14 March 2005 (The end of poverty) and the New York Times of 5 May 2005 (A better way to fight poverty).

60 million USD for the Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem Management Project Kenya Country Director of the World Bank, Colin Bruce, pledged $60 million to the Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (WKIEM). WKIEM is already slated to receive USD 4.1 Million in funding from The Global Environment Facility (GEF), while the Government of Kenya plans to contribute 120 million KSh ($1.5 million). WKIEM is a Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) led initiative. The Vice-President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Prof Chen Zhu, opened the new Centre for Mountain Ecosystem ICRAF in the limelight at the massive IUFRO gathering Studies (CMES), jointly hosted by the Kunming Institute of Botany and ICRAF China. CMES provides a platform for national and international research on mountain ecosystem resources in China and Southeast Asia.

Alliance with Conservation International The World Agroforestry Centre and Conservation International (CI) have formed a partnership aimed at using science-based research to save species and improve livelihoods of rural communities. Under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Centre and CI, signed at CI headquarters in Washington DC, in June 2005. The two organizations will focus efforts on high- biodiversity wilderness areas, in particular the Amazon, and the world’s biodiversity hotspots — areas identified by CI as top The seven papers involving ICRAF staff and board, and the fruit conservation priorities because of high numbers of plant and poster from the East and Central Africa region, were backed up by animal species under threat. a high-impact display booth at the five-yearly IUFRO Congress. Our theme was ‘The Future of Timber is On Farms’. The stand Generous support from IFAD for ICRAF’s Sahel attracted thousands of visitors who went away with positive work impressions. The booth hosted the premier screening of our new A grant of US$1.45 million was approved for the World multi-media presentation on smallholder timber — a joint effort Agroforestry Centre to support the ‘Programme for Strengthening with FAO, Winrock and BOKU University. Livelihood Strategies in the West African Sahel through Improved 11 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Management and Utilization of Parkland Agroforests.’ The ASB receives 2005 CGIAR Partnership Award programme will benefit poor farmers in Burkina Faso, Mali, On 7 December, 2005, Niger and Senegal by helping to improve the management of ASB was awarded the indigenous trees and shrubs and by increasing biodiversity. CGIAR Science Award in the Outstanding Partnership BASIC Programme Development Workshop category. ASB (Partnership Building Africa’s Scientific and Institutional Capacity (BASIC) is a for the Tropical Forest new initiative led by FARA and ANAFE, aimed at strengthening Margins) is an ICRAF- African leadership in the design and implementation of capacity hosted institution and the building in agriculture and natural resource management. The only global partnership BASIC Programme Development Workshop was convened by devoted entirely to FARA and hosted by the Commission of the African Union in research on the tropical Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. forest margins. ASB’s 2005 External Review, led Training course strengthens farmer- and NGO- by Harvard University’s operated tree seed supply enterprises William Clark, observed In connection with the National Movement for the Rehabilitation that ASB’s goal is: “of great of Forest and Land Rehabilitation, the Directorate of Forest Tree importance for the world, Seed, and Director General of Land Rehabilitation and Social (and is) well aligned with the Forestry (LRSF), ICRAF SEA organized a training course on Tree Millennium Development Seed Business Development in Alas Ketu, Central Java. Goals for the reduction of poverty and hunger (MDG 1) and ensuring environmental sustainability (MDG 7)”. The review team SII Training Workshop in Belem, Brazil concluded that the partnership continues to be highly relevant to the CGIAR’s goals and is pursuing work that fits well with the Science Council’s new research priorities, notably Priority 4a, “Integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level.” All ASB partners — over 80 worldwide — should take pride in this prize: tangible recognition of the talent and many years of dedication of the hundreds of scientists, policymakers, practitioners, and local people who have contributed to ASB’s success.

International smallholder timber production workshop The Trees and Markets Team in collaboration with FAO, ITTO, IUFRO and BOKU University hosted an International Workshop on Smallholder Timber Production at the Centre’s Nairobi campus. Discussions focused on the need to develop a clear understanding of the role of smallholder timber production and how it integrates with national and international timber supplies from natural forests and large-scale plantations. It also The international training workshop: Agroforestry promising demonstrated how timber growing by small-holders can benefit initiatives to counter environmental degradation in the Amazon, national forestry plans and poverty reduction strategy processes, took place in Belém and Tomé-Açú, Brazil, from January 19-28, and how smallholder forestry can better contribute to the UN 2005. The event assessed the opportunities and challenges for Millennium Development Goals. the use of agroforestry systems as a viable land use alternative for the Amazon. Organized by ICRAF and EMBRAPA, and Workshop on agroforestry regulations in the Sahel sponsored by the SII project from the Dutch Government, the This regional workshop to assess land use policy in Burkina workshop was of great relevance to researchers and technicians, Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal took place in June 2005, in Dakar, who had an opportunity to analyze the diverse factors that Senegal. Drawing over 30 participants from national, regional, contribute to the sustainability of AFS, and to producers, who international organizations and the local press, the workshop were able to disseminate their successful experiences to a was sponsored by IDRC of Canada, l’Institut Sénégalais de broad audience including some 90 representatives of seven Recherches Agronomiques (ISRA), the Direction des Eaux, Forêts, South American countries. Chasses et la Conservation des Sols of the Ministry of Environment 12 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

and Nature Protection of Senegal, ICRAF and DMP. It was part Rodel Lasco, Philippine Program Coordinator, and Louis Verchot, of an IDRC-funded project aimed at increasing biodiversity in Lead Scientist for Climate Change and Soil Fertility. agroforests to benefit rural people in the Sahel. New grant for SEANAFE Phase II projects Landcare International: The Southeast Asian Network for Agroforestry Education Development of the Landcare Facilitating Unit (LIFU) (SEANAFE), comprising 76 universities and colleges working and up scaling of landcare activities in Africa together to strengthen natural resource management education, secured a new four-year grant of USD 1.6 million. Currently covering Indonesia, Laos PDR, the Phillipines, Thailand and Vietnam, the programme will be expanding to include China and Malaysia. The next generation of activities for SEANAFE will include a series of well-defined regional projects focused on marketing Agroforestry Tree Products, landscape agroforestry, and forestry and environmental policies.

External Programme and Management Review Gets Under Way The panel of the 3rd EPMR of the World Agroforestry Centre was finalized during the year, and the first phase of the review was convened at the Centre’s headquarters in November, 2005. The panel was chaired by Professor Jeff Burley of the Oxford Forestry 2005 saw the establishment of a facilitation unit for Landcare Institute. International to help coordinate vigorous international exchange of information, capacity building, and research in Landcare. Technology for sustainable agriculture workshop The Landcare International Facilitating Unit (LIFU) is an integral part of this and the executive arm of Landcare International (LI). ICRAF headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya through its programme themes, Land and People and Strengthening Institutions, is currently hosting the LIFU.

ICRAF in the Philippines and AECI sign a new MOA ICRAF Philippines and the Government of Spain, through the Agencia Española de Cooperacìon Internacional (AECI), approved the implementation of Phase 2 of the project ‘Support for Decentralized Tree Seed Systems and Improved Community- based Forest Management in Central Visayas and Mindanao, Philippines.’ Starting on 1 October 2005, the 18-month long phase will focus on conservation of indigenous tree species through cultivation and use, the development of decentralized tree seed systems and working models for community-based The internationally-known research programme operated at forest management areas. Yurimaguas in the northern Peruvian Amazon by the National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) and its partners (initially, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas North Carolina State University and later ICRAF) has generated Inventories many technological innovations. However, the innovations ICRAF Philippines, together with the Intergovernmental Panel on have not been adopted in Yurimaguas itself. In response to this, Climate Change (IPCC) National Greenhouse Gas Inventories ICRAF-Peru, with the support of INIA, organized a workshop Programme Technical Support Unit, organized the 2006 IPCC in Yurimaguas (12–15 September 2005) to identify priorities Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Sixth for the region. The outputs of the workshop will be used in the Authors/Experts Meeting at the Trader’s Hotel in Manila. Scientists preparation of funding proposals aimed at capitalizing on the and representatives from governments, and international NGOs opportunities of infrastructural development and mitigating attended the meeting to prepare the Draft Guidelines for National the adverse impacts of the Yurimaguas-Tarapoto corridor in the Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Among the lead authors are ICRAF’s northern Peruvian Amazon. 13 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Study trip to the Amazon adopt a more comprehensive and integrated approach, including all aspects of land use education.

Workshop on developing tree seed business linkages The general objective of this workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, was to strengthen the capacity of NGOs and farmer groups in developing tree seed supply enterprises. Thirty-seven farmers, NGO staff and government forestry officers participated in the workshop. The ICRAF SEA desktop publishing unit trained the participants to develop, design and publish marketing materials.

Amazon Initiative Cooperation Agreement signed The AI Consortium was formalized during CGIAR 2004 AGM From 30th May to 1st June 2005, a global World Bank team in Mexico City — when representatives of the six National of senior operational staff, working on issues pertaining to Agricultural Research Institutions (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, agriculture and rural development, visited the Amazon to learn Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela), four CGIAR Centers (ICRAF, from the experiences gained in Brazil on agriculture, and rural CIAT, CIFOR, and IPGRI), and IICA signed the AI Cooperation and sustainable natural resource development. Participants Agreement. The agreement established a seed-money explored field-based research and development programs contribution of US$10,000 by each AI founding institution for of the Brazilian National Agency for Agricultural Research activities targeting the institutional process of the AI. (EMBRAPA) in the Amazon — on improved tropical forest management, agroforestry, tree, crop, and livestock systems, Conservation Agriculture Congress hosted by Africa non-timber forest products and community based natural resource management. The programme, organized by CIFOR and EMBRAPA, also included seminars at EMBRAPA-Belém and field visits to wood processing plants, upland and riverine agriculture, and commercial soybean farms.

Phase II of the ICRAF-IFAD project to fight poverty in West and Central Africa is launched Phase II of the ongoing ICRAF-IFAD project to fight poverty in West and Central Africa by cultivating trees for home use and markets was launched in Yaounde, Cameroon. Phase II of this project will, amongst other objectives, ensure the planting and integration of 350 000 high-value trees into farming landscapes in five West and Central African countries.

ICRAF African Humid Tropics (AHT) features on BBC Earth Report A documentary on sustainable agriculture practices was aired on The Third World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, IIIWCCA, the Earth Report, BBC World television programme. The broadcast was convened at Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi in early October 2005. included coverage on the different propagation techniques used It was hosted and arranged by the African Conservation Tillage by ICRAF AHT to quickly multiply and improve the quality of Network, ACT, Harare, a close long term partner to RELMA, high-value medicinal plant and tree species, and how farmers in close cooperation with the Kenyan Government (MoA) and are putting them into practice to improve their livelihoods. ICRAF; NEPAD was a main political supporter. Some 700 people from more than 60 countries participated. More than hundred ANAFE has a new name and logo papers were presented and discussed under the Congress theme: ANAFE now stands for the ‘African Network for ‘Linking Livelihood, Production and Conservation’. ICRAF had Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural Resources a booth and held a special session on possible links between Education’. The change springs from the decision agroforestry and conservation agriculture. Two ICRAF directors, taken at the 4th General Meeting in April 2003 to Dennis Garrity and Mohamed Bakarr were key panel speakers. 14 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

ASB partners look into the future across the tropics

In 2005, ASB partners helped plan a new community forestry CIDA representatives tour the seed lab with Dennis Garrity, ICRAF DG, during a project in Rondonia, Brazil, eased conflict in the Mae Khon Kha CIDA visit to the World Agroforestry Centre in March 2005 watershed in Thailand, involved children views in a community development project in Piura, Peru and raised awareness on the environmental and social impacts of paving a road in Ucayali and Madre de Dios, in the Amazon of Peru. ASB partner teams led the organization of participatory scenarios in these sites. The project, which includes both the training of scenarios facilitators in 2004 and the 2005 workshops, was made possible through the financial support of the Netherlands’ Government and the efforts of ASB partners.

Capacity building of national partners, local actors and NGOs in INRM principles and approaches AHI initiated a comprehensive regional training initiative in 2006 to take methods developed in collaboration with national partners in AHI’s benchmark sites to the ASARECA region at large. Four regional training events were conducted in 2006 involving Dr. D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara, Senior Lecturer in the Forestry and Agroforestry participants from 9 ASARECA countries with the support of the EU. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka lights the ceremonial oil lamp at the launch of ICRAF Sri Lanka on 7th Topics ranged from farming system intensification to participatory March, 2005 integrated watershed management, tracking farmer to farmer sharing of introduced technologies and district-level partnerships for integrated NRM. AHI also contributed to the training of district extension officers from two new districts in Southern Ethiopia (Alaba and Dale) in sustainable land management in collaboration with the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI-IPMS) and Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopia.

INIA-Spain sponsors the Amazon Initiative The first Amazon Initiative grant was successfully negotiated with INIA-Spain during the CGIAR 2004 Annual General Meeting. A proposal for the institutional development of the AI was submitted to Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-Spain) in November 2004. INIA provided initial funding to the amount of US$200,000 (disbursed to CIAT, CIFOR, and ICRAF) for activities to be carried out in 2005. INIA renewed its support in December 2005 (equal amounts and receiving The Australian High Commissioner to Kenya, HE George Atkin (L), visited the World Agroforestry Centre in May 2005. Here Dennis Garrity, ICRAF DG, presents centres), and provided additional funding in June 2006, totaling him with a book on landcare in The Philippines US$600,000 to date. Male flower and bud ofAllanblackia stuhlmannii — a tree whose seeds yield a unique quality, edible oil. The species is being domesticated by ICRAF in collaboration with Unilever and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) 16 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Projects list 2005

Theme: Trees and Markets Theme: Land and People ICRAF Project TM.1: ICRAF Project LP.1: Market analysis and support to tree product enterprises Improving Rural Livelihoods through Integrated Soil Fertility Project Goal: To improve the marketing of and demand for Management agroforestry tree products (AFTPs) Project Goal: To identify the principles for using agroforestry systems in integrated soil fertility management strategies of ICRAF Project TM.2: smallholder farming systems. Sustainable seed and seedling systems for sound conservation and use of genetic resources of agroforestry trees ICRAF Project LP.2: Project Goal: To determine and encourage sustainable Conserving soil and water for productive agricultural tree seed and seedling systems and wise management of landscapes agroforestry tree genetic resources. Project Goal: To identify the principles for integrating agroforestry into soil and water conservation strategies. ICRAF Project TM.3: Tree domestication with intensification and diversification of ICRAF Project LP.3: tree cultivation systems Sustaining productive farming systems through improved Project Goal: To encourage farmers to cultivate superior agroforestry management trees to improve the productivity, profitability and diversity of Project Goal: To identify the principles for managing individual agroforestry tree species and tree cultivation systems agroforestry systems in order to enhance crop and livestock including peri-urban systems productivity and resilience.

ICRAF Project TM.4: ICRAF Project LP.4: Farmer-led development and scaling up of tree-based options Reaching the poorest land users with land management Project Goal: To develop agroforestry practices and facilitate interventions their wide-scale adoption for improving rural livelihoods Project Goal: To mainstream a pro-poor research and development agenda into agroforestry innovations for improved ICRAF Project TM.5: land management. Enhanced utilization of tree diversity at the landscape level Project Goal: To improve farmers’ livelihoods by promoting the better utilization of tree diversity at landscape levels within Theme: Environmental Services agricultural systems ICRAF Project ES.1: Watershed management: Pro-poor strategies to enhance the positive contributions of agroforestry to watershed functions Project Goal: Pro-poor watershed management programmes enhance the positive contributions of smallholder agroforestry systems to valuable watershed functions. 17 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

ICRAF Project ES.2: AHI Projects Use and conservation of biological diversity in multi-functional Project 1: Support is provided by AHI partners to local policy landscapes makers and development stakeholder groups/organizations to improve their analysis, formulation and implementation of Project Goal: Agroforestry systems contribute to the improved institutional arrangements and policies that reverse conservation and enrichment of biodiversity in landscape land and biodiversity degradation and improve livelihoods. mosaics that integrate protected areas with agriculture and other resource uses. Project 2: AHI partners develop and use an integrated, participatory INRM approach and associated methods to develop and adapt practical technologies and practices that ICRAF Project ES.3: improve land use, increase returns to land and labour, arrest Climate change mitigation and adaptation for rural land and biodiversity degradation in highland watersheds and development empower/build capacity of local communities to sustain these Project Goal: Agroforestry systems contribute simultaneously efforts. to buffering farmers against climate variability and changing climates and to reducing atmospheric loads of greenhouse Project 3: Strengthen the capacity of NARS, and other service provider institutions to use integrated, participatory NRM gases. approach across the densely populated ecoregion ensuring that efforts to improve livelihoods and land management ICRAF Project ES.4: are sustainable by improving AHI knowledge management, Environmental policy: Harmonizing policy for environmental coordination and information sharing mechanisms including stewardship and rural development incorporation of local knowledge. Project Goal: Multi-lateral, national and local policies and programmes are designed to better harmonize goals related to ASB Outputs environmental stewardship and sustained and equitable rural ASB Output 1: Knowledge on development-conservation development. tradeoffs in the tropical forest margins Knowledge generation and communication to influence science, policy, private sector, and public awareness of development-conservation tradeoffs and thereby raise the Theme: Strengthening Institutions level of awareness of real challenges, public debate about ICRAF Project SI.1: alternatives, and support for appropriate policy reform and Strengthening agricultural research institutions and systems research, development, and education investments. Project Goal: Research partners in developing countries have the capacity to carry out agroforestry research and to share results ASB Output 2: Global network for the tropical forest margins Sustaining and developing the only global network devoted to with among others, educational and development institutions. work on the tropical forest margins. Development and diffusion of new organizational learning and change processes that ICRAF Project SI.2: link integrative science with policy and practice in the search Strengthening the agroforestry capacity of development for better approaches to poverty reduction, natural resource institutions and systems management, and rainforest conservation. Project Goal: Improved adoption of agroforestry innovations by ASB Output 3: Enhanced capacity of partners to generate farmers. knowledge and develop workable interventions Training and other investments to strengthen capacity of ASB ICRAF Project SI.3: partners to lead and sustain their own programmes of integrated Strengthening educational institutions and systems assessment, research, development, communication, education Project Goal: To improve opportunities for future generations and action for poverty reduction, natural resource management, and rainforest conservation. to derive quality livelihood from agriculture - Well prepared policy makers, scientists, educators development workers and ASB Output 4: Improved NRM practices and governance future farmers. Participatory development, diffusion, and broad adoption of new natural resource management practices, including ICRAF Project SI.4: improved germplasm, technological innovations, and Fostering inter-institutional collaboration and knowledge institutional initiatives that improve rural livelihoods while conserving biodiversity and essential environmental services. management

Project Goal: To develop mechanisms and tools that foster better ASB Output 5: Improved natural resource management sharing of agroforestry knowledge systems and innovations. incentives Create appropriate incentives and correct market failures so that rural people are rewarded for nurturing their land and forests. Tree science and innovations for smallholder agroforestry Harnessing quality tree germplasm and innovations for on-farm integration helps create options for smallholder farmers. ICRAF’s research on high value tree species in Africa — Vitellaria paradoxa (commonly known as shea) — is enabling impoverished rural farmers to tap into major international markets that source products from these trees. In addition, ICRAF’s work with several medicinal tree species is generating knowledge to support traditional health practitioners in curbing major diseases such as malaria. These studies are evidence of how ICRAF’s research is supporting progress toward achievement of Millennium Development Goals in Africa.

Shea nuts: these dried kernels of the shea fruit are roasted, then pounded in a mortar and ground to extract a clear oil, which cools to form shea butter INSET: Shea fruit for sale 19 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

What’s in your chocolate? Sahelian women sell more shea butter as science transforms the international value chain

Shea butter, also known as women’s gold, made from the nut of the shea tree, is rapidly becoming a valuable commodity in the global confectionary, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. ProKarité — a four-year project initiated by the World Agroforestry Centre and partners — works to develop the supply chain for shea products in order to increase returns to rural women producers in the Sahelian parklands.

he shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa), indigenous ‘By understanding the patterns of variation and to the agroforestry parklands of semi-arid establishing procedures and standards that are user TAfrica, has been a valuable asset for Sahelian friendly, producers stand to gain higher returns’. women for many centuries. In addition to the many uses it provides in the form of food, nutrients and Through the ProKarité project, Maranz and medicine from its kernels, shea nuts and shea butter colleagues are meticulously evaluating and are among the few significant sources of cash for documenting the various provenances of shea rural woman in Sahelian West Africa. Today, shea trees in relation to the chemical composition of butter in cosmetic products is acquiring customer shea butter. recognition in developed countries and is eliciting a positive response as a natural, organic cream. At In one study, samples from trees in the parklands Shea fruits for sale in a West the same time, shea nuts have consolidated their African market of Mali, Burkina Faso and Nigeria, were compared status as the primary source of chocolate hardeners, to those from Uganda. The compositional profiles and head the list of six species approved by the EU for use as showed high variability in three classes of oil-based compounds cocoa butter extenders. The annual export market of shea butter — plant sterols, triglycerides and fatty acids. ‘While the Ugandan is estimated at USD 30 million. provenances showed a dominance of oleic acid, which results in softer butter or liquid oil, the West African samples showed a Although the value chain is fairly well developed regionally, dominance of stearic acid that is responsible for hard butter,’ notes increasing international trade further boosts smallholders’ income Maranz. ‘Statistical comparisons of fat composition show that the from shea butter. ‘The international trade is driven mainly by geographic distance between shea tree populations is reflected in demand for shea butter as an alternative vegetable fat known differences in their chemical profiles.’ This study is important to as stearin,’ says Eliot Masters, Coordinator of ICRAF’s ProKarité the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries that are looking for partnership project with the Food and Agriculture Organization natural ingredients with health properties and good formulating (FAO) of the United Nations, funded by the Common Fund characteristics. Shea butter has an extremely high sterol content for Commodities, ‘Because of its relatively low price, shea has and a soft-to-hard texture, and is thus an ideal cosmetic base become an attractive alternative for use as a cocoa butter additive with the flexibility to be developed into different products or and in the formulation of cosmetic products, thus presenting a be sold in its pure form. The high sterol and antioxidant levels great market opportunity for poor Sahelian women farmers’. qualify shea butter as a bonafide ‘cosmeceutical’ — a cosmetic product with significant health attributes. Tapping international markets demands adherence to rigorous quality standards. While major investments are being made to The ProKarité project is working in partnership with similar groups develop the international value chain, one important constraint is in Burkina Faso, Niger and Senegal. The project’s overall goal the availability of tools and methods for evaluating the quality and is to improve product quality and market access for shea butter content of vegetable fat in shea butter. Such tools would enable originating from sub-Saharan Africa. It is being implemented producers to offer high quality shea butter to target markets. in close partnership with national institutions, non-governmental organizations, and local farmer groups in all three countries. ‘Because the trees occur naturally across a huge swathe of land extending nearly 6,000 km from east to west, there is considerable For more information, contact: regional variation in the composition of shea nuts,’ explains Steve Maranz, s.maranz@cgiar.org Steve Maranz, ICRAF scientist attached to the ProKarité project. Eliot Masters, [email protected]

ICRAF research supports traditional medicine

Eighty percent of Africa’s people rely on traditional (primarily herbal) medicine for staying healthy. In recognition of this, in 2001 the World Health Organization declared 2000 to 2010 as the decade for African traditional medicine. Despite such wide recognition, traditional medicine has been largely ignored due to mistrust between conventional and traditional health practitioners. National policies vary greatly regarding the recognition and regulation of traditional medicine as part of the official systems of health care. Yet the HIV/AIDS pandemic and rising economic toll of malaria and other major diseases call for active inclusion of traditional medicines in health care systems. In May 2003, ICRAF teamed with a Ugandan-based NGO, and other partner organizations in East and Southern Africa, to bring a stronger scientific basis for herbal treatments in health promotion, and in prevention and care of killer diseases.

A variety of tree products — bark, leaves, fruit — can be used in the formulation he Regional Initiative on Traditional Medicine and HIV/ of traditional medicines AIDS in Africa (RITMA) aims to define and adopt minimum INSET: Dried artemisia leaves retain practically 100% of their artemisinin content Tstandards of practice related to traditional medicine such as: the scientific validation of traditional remedies and their processing and packaging; the conservation of medicinal plants; and the protection of indigenous knowledge and intellectual property rights related to traditional medicine.

ICRAF hosted and cosponsored two RITMA meetings in 2005, one in February and the other in August. During the meetings, partners from 7 countries drafted a 5-year regional programme. The plan, based on the standards adopted in 2003, is to involve traditional health practitioners in preventing and treating HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases. Achieving this will entail The Artemisia experience collaboration between traditional and modern health practitioners Malaria kills an estimated 1 million people yearly. Over 200 on several initiatives — evaluating the effectiveness of traditional million new infections take place every year in Africa alone. herbal therapies; promoting the conservation of medicinal plants; ICRAF and its partners have initiated activities to develop herbal- and protecting indigenous knowledge and intellectual property based combination therapies (HCTs) that would be as effective rights related to traditional medicine, among others. as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), and more accessible to farming households in Africa. While ACTs have Plant resources: curbing decline renewed hopes for conquering the disease, the remoteness of many Increased use of traditional (herbal) medicine means higher rural African communities hinders efforts to reach the infected in demand for medicinal plant products. Two-thirds of these time. New products that farmers and traditional health practitioners plants are trees and shrubs, typically collected from natural can produce locally or access with ease are required. forests and woodlands. Unsustainable harvesting methods and increasing demand for these products are causing the rapid ICRAF is concentrating on selecting quality germplasm with high decline of the plant resources. ICRAF is spearheading efforts to artemisinin content and improved water solubility. As a first step conserve and cultivate medicinal trees in Africa with a broad ICRAF set up an Artemisia website to gather and share agronomic range of partners. and pharmaceutical information on Artemisia.

Cultivation and conservation of medicinal trees is connected ICRAF works with Action for Natural Medicine (Anamed), in with documenting traditional knowledge. Efforts are under way Mozambique, to test propagation options for the Artemisia to share knowledge and germplasm between countries — to hybrids supplied by Anamed. Through Anamed, germplasm was bring the benefit of exotic plant species with great potential, such sourced from Germany, Switzerland, Brazil and India to test in as Artemisia annua, to Africa. These efforts may soon contribute different agro-ecological zones. The goal is to identify and supply to several MDGs, especially goals 4 (Reducing child mortality) superior germplasm to farmers. and 6 (Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases). For more information, contact: Tony Simons, [email protected]

1 Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty 5 Improve maternal health 2 Achieve universal primary education 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 3 Promote gender equality and empower women The MDGs 7 Ensure environmental sustainability 4 Reduce child mortality this research contributes towards 8 Develop a global partnership for development Agroforestry science and practice beyond the farm scale Agroforestry is a practical option for addressing problems faced by smallholder farmers. In addition to this, the value-added aspect of agroforestry beyond the farm- scale is becoming increasingly apparent. ICRAF is beginning to evaluate the social, economic, and ecological potential of large-scale application of agroforestry practices in the tropics. In a recent study of smallholder timber in the Indian State of Haryana, ICRAF and partners have demonstrated that Poplar agroforestry systems are generating huge economic returns at the regional level. Generating such large-scale benefits requires major institutional innovations, which can be achieved through Farmer Learning Centres and strategic global partnerships for knowledge dissemination. This is consistent with the Millennium Development Goal on global partnerships.

Tree products — colourful, nutritious and inexpensive — add colour this market offering: Moringa (stick-like fruits on top), mangoes (golden yellow) and avocados (just below the inset) INSET: Poplar and turmeric grow together in Haryana, India 23 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Smallholder timber is big business in India

The 1990s saw a revival of interest in timber tree planting in India’s Haryana state. Key stakeholders replaced semal (Bombax ceiba) with the poplar (Populus deltoids), leading to a boom in poplar and eucalyptus planting — which were integrated into existing cropping systems of the area. ICRAF and its collaborators undertook a study to evaluate the impact of smallholder timber production on farmer incomes, and the local and national economies, and found that the poplar is a critical income generator — not just for smallholder farmers, but also for related industries such as plywood, furniture making and haulage.

ollowing the introduction of a network of irrigation canals to about USD108 per ha/year. Nonetheless, because the tree in the 1960s, the farmers of Haryana State were part of requires very little labour or other input costs, it is still a critical Fthe Green Revolution and achieved significant increases income generator for smallholder farmers. in wheat and paddy production. But this provided only limited growth in income. With only 3.5% of its geographical area under Regional economic impact natural forests, conscious efforts were subsequently made to As of today, about 15 000 metric tonnes of timber are converted introduce eucalyptus cultivation on field boundaries. When the into plywood and panel boards in the 600 factories located in five first wood harvest was sold, land owners received unexpectedly states of Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Delhi. high returns. The success by early adopters led to widespread Although prices have fluctuated, this translates into as much as plantations by farmers. Without diversified industrial uses, USD1 000 000 per day for the region’s smallholders. This figure panic harvesting ensued and a consequent glut occurred in the is quadrupled in value at the factories that turn the timber into market between 1980 and 1990. Revival of interest in timber tree finished products. The Yamunanagar District in Haryana alone planting by smallholders developed after its acceptance as a raw has a turn-over in raw material of up to USD500 000 a day. material by the plywood industry. In terms of labour, every tonne of wood harvested generates During the 1990s, the Indian Council of Forestry Research and one personday in logging operations. Thus, every day 15 000 Education, Uttar Pradesh Forest Department and West India persondays of work are generated in five states of India, primarily Match Co. replaced semal (Bombax ceiba) with poplar (Populus in Haryana. In addition, the 600 factories employ about 60 deltoids) initially for matchstick making. Subsequently, poplar 000 full time workers. The transport sector also benefits, and eucalyptus planting boomed and was integrated into the when bringing in raw material and taking out finished goods. existing rice-wheat based cropping system of the area. Given this With hauling costs at a rate of USD 7.00 per ton, the transport phenomenal transformation, ICRAF and collaborators undertook industry transacts USD100 000 per day through raw material a study to evaluate the impact of smallholder timber production transportation alone. on farmer incomes and local and national economies. Eyes on the future A boost for farmer incomes By harnessing the potential of agroforestry, timber and fuelwood The often asked question is how much difference in income can be generated far in excess of the projected requirements exists between an agricultural crop system and an agroforestry of the country. Haryana is a unique state in that it has more crop system? On exceptionally well managed poplar agroforestry tree cover on farms than in forests. The successful agroforestry farms, an output of 50 metric tonnes per ha on a ten year cycle models developed in Haryana are being gradually adopted in is often realized. Generally, about 20 m3 (equivalent of 12–16 adjoining states. These efforts are very dependent on the supply tonnes) of wood is harvested per ha/year in the normally managed of good planting material, fair market policy and consistent farming areas, with a minimum of 10 m3 of wood (veneer-grade R&D support. timber) per year. ICRAF South Asia is collaborating with other partners on major As for the financial returns, initially, the veneer-grade poplar research to diversify this system — by broadening the germplasm timber was sold for USD78 per tonne, and the net additional base, including fruit trees and medicinal species, and supplying income was USD194 per ha/year. These income figures are for of quality planting material, among other key activities. average farms. At present, the poplar price has fallen to around USD44 per tonne. This has reduced the net additional earnings For more information, contact: V.P Singh, [email protected]

Farmer learning centres Taking agricultural innovations to the farmer’s backyard

Research in agriculture and related fields is continuously yielding improved varieties of crops, more efficient ways to cultivate land, and better ways to harvest from the land while protecting it. But, do these advances reach impoverished rural farmers in good time? Don’t these farmers continue to cultivate their land using outdated implements, low quality seeds, and poor farming methods? ANAFE is testing ways to bridge this information gap. Farmer learning centres, in four African countries are engaging local communities, institutions of learning, NGOs and government extension arms to take relevant innovations to the farmers’ backyard — where they are needed the most.

n many parts of rural Africa, the extension established four FLCs — in Mali, Malawi, system has collapsed, and although the Kenya and Cameroon. Iprivate sector was expected to bring new technology to farmers, this did not Koulikoro, Mali happen. Most smallholder farmers simply In Mali, ICRAF selected the Institut don’t have money to pay for technology. Polytechnique Rural de Formation et de Limited extension support, limited land Recherche Appliquée (IPR) to spearhead resources, escalating fertilizer and livestock the FLC. School leaders, pupils and village feed prices, and worsening poverty leaders selected trees and shrubs from characterize most of sub-Saharan Africa, ICRAF’s research station in Samanko, then raising important questions about how tasked IPR and Massala School to raise top- information on sustainable agriculture can quality fruit and vegetable seedlings for use be relayed to farmers. The African Network in a nearby village called Chô. for Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural Resources Education (ANAFE) took on this Massala School, located 5km from IPR on challenge. Ideas and discussions merged into the bank of the Niger river, raises seedlings of possible solutions and a remedy came into Podocarpus erinarius, Lucaena leucocephala, Women prepare mangoes for drying in Zomba, sight. Why not use the existing network of Malawi Gliricidia sepium and Pilesolodium dulce schools, universities and technical colleges for fodder, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and in rural areas, set up relevant and beneficial projects in them, Lucaena leucocephala for firewood, and Ziziphus mauritiana, and use them as centres of dissemination? Thus the idea to form Adansonia digitata and Pilesolodium dulce for food — and sells practical farmer learning centres (FLCs) emerged in 2003, with them to the villages. The villagers eagerly purchase the seedlings the following objective: as they promise better yields. A number of NGOs have expressed interest in the model and are adopting it. To establish demonstration facilities within schools for agroforestry technologies so that local communities can The benefits are manifold observe, choose and apply them, and: Chô village now has technical support from IPR, a source of top • To improve effectiveness and relevance of tertiary quality seedlings, and villagers have an added and sustainable education through experiential learning with farmers, supply of nutrition for their families, and fodder for livestock. The • To share innovations through simple and friendly delivery environment is saved from rampant harvesting of young trees mechanisms within the farming environment, and and shrubs. • To establish the possible role of schools in extension. Massala school has a learning programme on tree nursery The concept is simple establishment and management, a flourishing seedling enterprise Schools, colleges and universities link their teaching and that earns income for the school, and strong links with sources of learning to local communities. Through student projects and knowledge (IPR and ICRAF). Pupils are engaged in a worthwhile thesis work, they establish areas where farming innovations activity, spending thirty minutes each day in the nursery. The can be demonstrated. Farmers freely visit these sites, select the youth in the school are developing life skills and becoming innovations they are interested in, and request training. With aware of biodiversity and environmental management issues. the help of state donors and supporting agencies, ANAFE has IPR supports its education and extension linkages through the 25 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

project, gaining knowledge on cost effectiveness, technical viability, sustainability, strengths and bottlenecks of the model. These lessons are incorporated into its teaching programmes — flowing back to the community at large, as the institution disseminates the experience to other institutions in the Sahelian region.

In Malawi Two primary schools and a village polytechnic host the resource centres around Zomba. The University of Malawi, ICRAF Makoka, and surrounding villages near the schools are participating in the model.

In the villages, mangoes were fetching very low prices while in Members of a school-leavers’ group in Zomba, Malawi. Such groups are a key season. The general practice was to collect them into huge piles component of the FLC model and sell them at throwaway prices. The FLC provides training in the following: • Farmers have unrestricted access to resource centres. • Sorting and grading mangoes and pricing them according • The youth in schools are developing skills in fruit processing. to size and quality, thus improving income. • Chipping and drying low quality mangoes for off season Graduate students train villagers as they learn and collect data consumption. for their theses. Neighbouring villages observe and adapt these • Making mango juice: the juice costs only 10% the price of good practices. Fruit losses are minimized and all partners value soft drinks in Zomba. the business potential, in addition to the food security aspect. • Planting passion fruit and grafted mangoes for juice For more information contact: August Temu, [email protected] production.

A synergy of education and development The FLC model in Mali: • ICRAF Makoka supplies germplasm and trains farmers in IPR agroforestry technologies. Contextualises • University of Malawi students carry out related research at the learning in schools, Makoka and surrounding communities. development needs

Synergy of education In Kenya Practising and development opportunity for IPR The FLC is based at the Baraka Agricultural materialized; practical students and staff Technical College, Molo. Farmers are trained on opportunities crop propagation and cultivation and their skills are strengthened. A demonstration area has been set up and each technology demonstrates itself. Chô Village Massala School Farmers are free to visit the demonstration site, Improves livelihood of its people Learns and and graduate students train the farmers on their (nutritional and economic incorporates tree benefits) and enhances innovations of choice. The government extension farming in teaching environmental conservation system and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute are involved. ANAFE provides some financial and technical support. School gains • Graduating pupils financially and in have some life skills • School enterprise In Cameroon Neighbouring relevance villages observe system tested The FLC in Cameroon concentrates on the and adopt good • More schools take introduction of tree propagation technology, practices interest in processes using Mist Propagation techniques. The project and influence local Other communities in the is located at Belo in Bamenda District, and is communities neighbourhood observe implemented in collaboration with MIFACIG and decide — an extension farmers cooperative. model?

1 Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty 5 Improve maternal health 2 Achieve universal primary education 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 3 Promote gender equality and empower women The MDGs 7 Ensure environmental sustainability 4 Reduce child mortality this initiative contributes towards 8 Develop a global partnership for development Demonstrating impacts of agroforestry As ICRAF’s research on agroforestry systems continues to generate knowledge, tools, and technology options, there is a growing need to understand how these innovations are impacting livelihoods and influencing policy. In a recent impact study in Southeast Asia, ICRAF and partners demonstrated evidence of major policy transformation as a result of negotiation support systems that enabled smallholder farmers to secure rights over land. In Southern Africa, a similar impact study on improved fallows demonstrated that social, economic and environmental benefits are now well manifested in Zambia. Such impact studies also demonstrate the global public good potential of agroforestry innovations in support of the Millennium Development Goal to reduce poverty and hunger.

Krui women transporting products from the damar agroforest in Indonesia INSET: 70% of Indonesia is considered forest land — less than 50% is covered by forest 27 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Negotiation support system Land rights and dignity for Indonesia’s agroforesters Over the past decade, ICRAF’s ‘negotiation support system’ (NSS) has demonstrated the potential to improve the lives of tens of millions of resource-poor farmers on contested forest domains across the humid tropics. NSS has achieved ‘proof of concept’ through application in Indonesia and Thailand, and is now benefiting large numbers of poor people in areas where conflicts over land reinforce extreme poverty. Recent studies have confirmed the types, pathways and potential sustainability of those positive impacts.

hroughout much of Asia land is scarce. Governments implementation of the law and ASB scientist Hairiah Kurniatun (right) chats exacerbate this scarcity by claiming large tracts of forest resolving conflicts between with women farmers in Muara Bungo jambi, T— placing them off limits to farming and settlement. forest managers and local Indonesia. Seventy percent of Indonesia is thus reserved, despite the fact that communities. ICRAF selected an area of Lampung Province 50 million people currently inhabit these poverty-stricken areas. called Sumberjaya — meaning ‘source of wealth’. Coined by migrant farmers decades ago, the name did not exactly live up to In the early 1990s, ICRAF and its partners provided policy expectations. In four military-supported campaigns (1991–96), analysis to establish ad hoc agreements for community forest the government evicted thousands of families, burned their coffee management, with Krui, along Sumatra’s west coast, as the starting farms, and destroyed lives, assets and livelihoods — purportedly point. These agreements were so successful that mechanisms for to restore watershed functions for a new hydroelectric scheme. community-based forest management (‘Hutan Kemasyarakatan’ According to policymakers, only people-free forests would or HKm) were incorporated into Indonesia’s 1998 Forestry Law. guarantee regular, sediment-free flow of water.

The Krui agroforests ICRAF and its partners challenged the scientific basis for The first test case for ‘negotiation support’ occurred in the mid-1990s the evictions — deeming them unnecessary for maintaining when ICRAF joined other concerned organizations to establish a watershed functions — and helped local officials and farmers partnership to help resolve a longstanding conflict between the communicate more effectively. The farmers were transformed, in Indonesian government and thousands of agroforesters in Krui. their own words, from ‘squatters fearful of eviction’ to ‘human To the government, the farmers’ forest-like gardens with resin- beings with dignity’. Today, HKm agreements cover 70% of the producing Shorea javanica trees were ‘forest’ and thus eligible for ‘protection’ forest in Sumberjaya, providing 5-year (renewable) logging or conversion to oil palm. The partnership resolved the tenure security in exchange for sustainable management of forest conflict in a peaceful way and enabled farmers to assert land use land, and directly benefiting 25 000 people. rights for a sustainable production system. Five test groups, who signed agreements five years earlier, have In a formal impact assessment in 2005 of the 12 years of recently passed a compliance review. One of them received a involvement in Krui, all stakeholders recognized the partnership national award from Indonesia’s Minister of Forestry — evidence of as vital to success. The government’s 1998 decree enabled Krui support for conflict resolution at the highest government levels. communities to claim concession rights over state forest land, authorizing them to manage and benefit from their agroforests. Staying engaged Though the Krui communities have not formally applied for Indonesia’s current Minister of Forestry is disturbed that those living their concession rights, the decree has prevented outsiders from close to the rich forests of Indonesia tend to be the poorest. Reform encroaching on these agroforests and provided adequate tenure of tenure rules, however, will have to come step by step, and be security for farmers to continue investing in their agroforests. The based on evidence of effectiveness. With more than ten years of agreement also protects the environment by disallowing logging active involvement, ICRAF is prepared to stay fully engaged in the concessions; an adjacent national park suffered less intrusion in transformation from discord and discontent to comanagement, Krui than from areas not covered by such agreements. harmony, productivity and environmental sustainability.

Sumberjaya as a test case for the HKm in protection For more information contact: forest Meine van Noordwijk, [email protected] After HKm was incorporated into the law, ICRAF focused on or Chip Fay, [email protected]

From research to impact Measuring the benefits of agroforestry in Zambia

Can large-scale agroforestry adoption have a mitigating effect on drought-induced crop failure and subsequent food insecurity? What are the macro-level economic and environmental implications, especially for smallholder farmers in marginal areas? As the scale of applied agroforestry practices increases in regions where ICRAF works, the need for answering such basic questions — by measuring the different benefits, to households, and beyond to the wider farming communities — becomes crucial.

n-farm tree fallows have been spreading across eastern labour requirements. This set the stage for widespread adoption Zambia for more than a decade, bringing multiple of the improved fallow system in cooperation with the Zambian Obenefits to many thousands of smallholders. extension system, development partners like World Vision, and community-based organizations across Eastern Province. In 2005, ICRAF scientists combined several existing studies with fresh analyses to generate a synthesis of the productivity, income, By 2004, the number of farmers planting an improved fallow and natural resource impacts of improved fallow systems in had reached an estimated 77 500. In one World Vision project eastern Zambia. The synthesis contributes to a CGIAR systemwide target zone of almost 90 000 households, 27% had planted study of the impacts of natural resource management research. an improved fallow by 2003. A study by Keil in 2001 showed that once started, most farmers continue to plant fertilizer tree ICRAF research on improved fallow systems began in 1987 in fallows; 71% of a sample of farmers who planted fertilizer tree eastern Zambia. The Centre was invited to develop an agroforestry fallows in 1996/97 continued to plant them over the next three research programme at Msekera Research station outside of seasons. The size of area under improved fallow varies from farm Chipata. Following successful on-station trials, further participatory to farm, but the average found in recent years was around 0.20 research with farmers yielded several improved nursery and ha. Further studies have found that rates of use were high among technology management options, including lower nursery costs, both poor and women farmers. shortened fallow periods, and significant reduction in overall Improved fallows benefit crop yields in many ways. Leguminous tree species fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to crops through their leaves at up to 150kg/ ha. This essentially ‘free’ fertilizer value provides sustained increase in yields of crops that follow the fallows. In addition to increasing crop yields, improved fallows also provide reduced risk from drought, increased fuelwood and other by- products, such as insecticides made from Tephrosia vogelii leaves.

The main environmental benefits are improved soil physical properties, such as better infiltration and aggregate soil stability, which reduce soil erosion and enhance soil water absorption. For example, infiltration rates were more than Sesbania sesban is widespread in southern, central and eastern Africa. It is fast growing, vigorous, and easy to propagate and remove from the soil. It produces high-quality biomass, nodulates easily and fixes Nitrogen. Sesbania twice as high as those in continuous fallows also greatly reduce the occurrence of striga weeds, which thrive on infertile soils maize cropping systems. Improved 29 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

A newly prepared field in a typical eastern Zambia landscape fallow systems also build up and store carbon in their stems and labour were assessed to be between $1.90 and $2.50 per day in the soil, of 2.5 to 3.6 tons/hectare after a 5-season rotation. for different improved fallow systems as compared to just $1.10 Sesbania fallows were also found to greatly reduce the occurrence for low input maize production. Fertilizer systems are the best of striga weeds, which thrive on infertile soils. performing in terms of yields, but are only marginally better than improved fallows in terms of returns to labour. Economic impact Labour is an essential agricultural resource in small-scale When calculated on the basis of a 0.20 hectare fallow, it was farms in southern Africa where many farmers use little or no estimated that improved fallows contributed about 100 external resource inputs. Questions have been asked regarding persondays of extra maize consumption, greatly contributing to how labour input requirements for fallows compare with the reducing hunger. This translated into about $28 per farmer using respective yields obtained from the systems. Furthermore, in the system. With 77 500 farmers using the system, in 2005–06 view of the household labour impact of HIV/AIDS in Zambia, it is estimated that the technology had an aggregate value of the labour requirements of soil fertility management is a key about $2.17 million. This figure is expected to grow as more factor in farmers’ decision making regarding the appropriateness farmers continue to take up the practice. When the research of agricultural technologies. costs involved in developing the technology were considered, the annual benefits have exceeded the costs for several years and In terms of productivity increase, on-farm trials and surveys the cumulative benefits have surpassed costs in 2006. This take- found that improved fallows greatly improve productivity off in Zambian farmers’ use of improved fallows has contributed as measured by yields, returns to land, and returns to labour. greatly towards increasing crop yields, raising farmers’ incomes, Cumulative maize yields from a 2 year fallow followed by 3 and rehabilitating the natural resource base. years of cropping were 7.2 tons/ha compared to just 4.2 tons/ha from 5 years of continuous cropping without inputs. Returns to For more information, contact: Frank Place, [email protected]

1 Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty 5 Improve maternal health 2 Achieve universal primary education 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 3 Promote gender equality and empower women The MDGs 7 Ensure environmental sustainability 4 Reduce child mortality this project contributes towards 8 Develop a global partnership for development Agroforestry and environmental sustainability As the global community grapples with major environmental challenges such as land degradation and climate change, ICRAF’s research is beginning to shed light on potential opportunities for harnessing agroforestry innovations to enhance environmental sustainability. In particular, ICRAF is exploring the use of trees in mitigating climate change. ICRAF is also mobilizing cutting- edge tools for rapid assessment and monitoring of land degradation patterns in order to better target land use options, including agroforestry. These areas of research constitute a major contribution to the Millennium Development Goal on achieving environmental sustainability.

The bark and wood of the Terminalia mantaly, or umbrella tree, are used for dyeing. In its native Madagascar, the bark and wood are used for treating dysentery. It is also an excellent shade and ornamental tree INSET: Colorful Amazon fruits in the ‘Ver-o-Peso’ market in Belem, Para, Brazil 31 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Using trees to mitigate climate change

2005 was a turning point for global climate change issues: the Kyoto Protocol came into force, and through its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), industrialized countries can meet part of their emission reduction commitments by assisting developing countries to achieve sustainable development while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. ICRAF scientists are working to study the possibilities of and constraints to smallholder carbon projects in the developing world, link this science to policy, provide support at global climate change fora, and help national organizations to plan specific projects eligible for carbon trading.

ising energy prices, record temperatures, catastrophic reforestation for carbon sequestration. Nitrogen-fixing trees are hurricanes and a groundswell of local political action an important component in many agroforestry systems, allowing Rcombined to make 2005 a year of global awakening to continuous harvest of nitrogen-rich produce without the need the realities and challenges of climate change. The Kyoto Protocol for purchased nitrogen fertilizers. As the production of nitrogen of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate fertilizer uses a lot of fossil energy, the promotion of nitrogen Change came into force on 16 February, 2005, establishing fixing crops and trees is supportive of ‘clean development’. an international system of cap-and-trade in greenhouse gas However, a recent analysis conducted by ICRAF researchers and emissions. This prompted an emission trading regime among partners in Indonesia suggests that emissions of the greenhouse the European signatories to Kyoto, and similar regimes in non- gas N2O (nitrous oxide) can be high in coffee gardens that contain signatory countries (Australia and the United States). many nitrogen-fixing trees. N2O emissions are high following deforestation when coffee gardens are being established, along ICRAF’s work is helping to clarify and strengthen the potential for with high rates of mineralization of soil organic matter. In more smallholder agroforesters to benefit from the Clean Development mature coffee gardens and in those without N-fixing trees, N2O Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM allows Annex emissions are similar to forest emission levels. Further research to I industrialized countries to meet part of their emission reduction determine thresholds is needed, but there are clear environmental commitments through projects that assist developing countries to risks in oversupplying the soil system with nitrogen, whether achieve sustainable development while reducing net emissions from organic or inorganic sources. of greenhouse gases. Afforestation and reforestation projects — including smallholder agroforestry projects — are encouraged Water: Tree-use versus downstream flow under the CDM. A second question about trade-offs concerns water use by fast- growing trees. A global synthesis and meta-analysis published Working with a range of partners, ICRAF scientists are studying the possibilities of and constraints to smallholder carbon projects in the developing world. They are also actively engaged in linking that science to policy, addressing key questions about potential trade-offs associated with carbon sequestration through tree planting, supporting developing country negotiators at international climate change meetings, coordinating the CGIAR Inter-Centre Working Group on Climate Change, and helping national organizations to plan afforestation or reforestation projects eligible for carbon trading.

An oversupply of nitrogen? ICRAF’s research has begun to address two key questions about trade-offs associated with afforestation and Woodlots for Carbon sequestration 32 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

The sap-flow device, developed by ICRAF and the University of Western Australia, will enable scientists the University of Western Australia, scientists quantify the seasonal water use of a range of tree systems are intensifying work in this area, seeking to quantify the seasonal water use of a range of tree systems, including popular evergreen species such as eucalyptus, deciduous indigenous trees, and bamboo.

Clean development mechanism in practice These field measurements are complemented by a component of the ENCOFOR project that seeks to identify areas where there is high potential for carbon sequestration projects to have significant negative impacts on water supply. Through its collaboration in the ENCOFOR project, ICRAF is contributing to the development of a generic toolkit of CDM project design methods. In addition, ICRAF also supports national agencies in afforestation and reforestation projects in the tropical countries where we work. In the Philippines, ICRAF has produced a Primer on Climate Change Mitigation Projects and continues to provide scientific advice to community-based CDM tree planting projects under development by international and local agencies. In Indonesia, ICRAF and CIFOR have conducted an analysis of priority districts for CDM project development support, as well as scenario modelling tools for assessment of baselines, additionality and leakage.

These studies suggest that programmatic approaches to support tree planting, that remove constraints to the profitability of trees on farm, can yield substantially larger returns to farmers for given amounts of carbon, than project-based approaches that attempt to in a 2005 issue of Science summarizes a weight of evidence directly reward farmers for carbon. Overall, we remain optimistic that plantation tree planting often leads to dramatic reductions that carbon trading schemes can provide a modest topping-up in downstream stream flow (Jackson RB et al. 2005. Trading on the market-based benefits that trees provide to smallholder water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration, Science agroforesters, but only when appropriate incentive mechanisms 310(5756): 1944–1947). A synthesis of research by ICRAF and are developed. In the long run our work will contribute to other organizations suggests that these negative water balance environmental sustainability (MDG 7) and developing a global effects of fast-growing trees such as clonal Eucalyptus grandis may partnership for development (MDG 8). be very important in water-scarce catchments across the tropics, including catchments where wet upland areas provide water For more information, contact: to drier areas downstream. Planting deciduous trees that shed Meine van Noodwijk, [email protected], their leaves in times of water scarcity can offset this. With new Lou Verchot, [email protected], measurement devices developed by ICRAF in partnership with or Brent Swallow, [email protected]

Infrared diagnostics A powerful analytical tool for agriculture

Efforts to increase agricultural productivity in much of the developing world are hampered by a number of factors — not least of which are degraded soils that are unable to sustain crops. Yet, agricultural productivity must be increased if the MDGs to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health and combat diseases are to be achieved. ICRAF’s work in infrared spectroscopy is now enabling assessment and monitoring of soil quality on a scale previously unimaginable — assisting Kenyan scientists set targets for a World Bank-Global Environment Facility initiative, supporting a UNEP project in West Africa, a UNDP project in India, and the UN Millennium Villages Project in Africa.

arge increases in agricultural productivity, achieved in simple — infrared light is shone onto a sample and the signature tandem with environmental protection, are essential to of reflected light at different wavelengths is captured ona Lattaining the MDGs to reduce hunger and child mortality, computer as a reflection spectrum. Biochemical composition combat disease and ensure environmental sustainability. This and many functional properties of biological materials can then transformation, in turn, requires a marked advancement in our be related to the spectral signatures using statistical algorithms. ability to diagnose constraints to agricultural productivity, and The robustness and simplicity of the technology makes it ideal monitor the impacts of interventions. However, the analytical for use under basic conditions. capacity of developing country laboratories is often severely constrained by limited physical and human resources. IR in diagnosis of soil, crop and livestock health problems To combat this, ICRAF is supporting the application of infrared There is an enormous range of applications for IR in diagnosis spectroscopy (IR) in developing countries — as a tool for of soil, crop and livestock health problems, and quality control analysing the composition of biological materials. IR is a rapid, requirements in agricultural production and marketing. Though low cost and reliable analytical technology, requiring little or relatively new, use of IR for soil analysis is already enabling no sample processing and no chemicals. For these reasons it is assessment of soil constraints and monitoring of soil quality on a already widely used for industrial applications, such as quality scale previously unimaginable. Hundreds of soil samples can be control in pharmaceuticals and food processing. The principle is analysed per day at one-hundredth of the cost of conventional

The infrared spectrometer being used to scan soil samples in Map of soil organic carbon in the Nyando River Basin (2 500 a government soil laboratory in Mali. The same instrument km2), in western Kenya. The map was created using infrared can be used to assess plant health, seed quality, organic spectroscopy to characterize soil samples from hundreds of manures, feeds and fodder quality, quality of tree products, georeferenced locations. A spectral indicator of soil carbon and livestock nutrition and health. Cost of the whole system was then calibrated to Landsat satellite imagery is about USD75 000 34 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Sensitive soils degrade rapidly when vegetation cover is reduced below critical Extensive areas of land degradation in Mali levels (western Kenya) analyses. Combined with remote sensing, this makes it possible IR analysis of organic resources and plant tissues can assist to map out soil constraints over entire watersheds and help with targeting of soil and crop management recommendations monitor impacts of interventions on soil quality. and crop improvement programmes. Information on livestock health and range condition can be provided by IR analysis of Broad application livestock faecal samples. Water quality analysis is also possible. The effectiveness of the technique was first demonstrated in the In addition, the technology can play a key role in adding value year 2000 when ICRAF scientists uncovered massive amounts to agricultural produce through quality control, for instance with of soil flowing into Lake Victoria. The problem was all but biofuels and other cash crops. unrecognized until the cost-effectiveness of IR made it possible to conduct a survey that pinpointed soil degradation in the 3 500 There is great potential for the widespread adoption of IR by km2 Nyando River Basin and assisted Kenyan scientists set targets public and private sector providers of on-farm advisory services for a World Bank-Global Environment Facility initiative. IR is and environmental protection agencies. For example, IR can now being used in this project to establish baselines and monitor be used to measure implementation of, and compliance with, soil organic carbon stocks and soil quality as part of efforts to environmental service payment schemes and to monitor good develop schemes for environmental service payments to poor agricultural practice. As one example, ICRAF is working together land users. IR is also being used to assess and monitor soil quality with ICRISAT to help the Mozambique Government monitor to help target interventions and assess project impacts in a UNEP impacts of cropping activities — by large-scale agricultural project in West Africa, a UNDP project in India, and in the UN concession companies on soil quality using IR. Millennium Villages Project in Africa. Using the same instrument for analysis of many different agricultural inputs and products reduces the need for large capital investments in testing laboratories. ICRAF is helping establish a network of IR laboratories in national agricultural research centres in Africa, beginning with Kenya, Mali and Mozambique. Over the next 10 years, scientists foresee developing countries building large networks of modest or mobile IR laboratories, supported by a few specialized regional laboratories for high quality reference analyses.

Background link: http://www.cgiar.org/monthlystory/feb2006.html For more information, contact: Dr. Keith Shepherd, [email protected]

Gully erosion on the Lake Victoria plain in western Kenya threatens agricultural land and homesteads

Selected publications 2005

Journal Articles Cohen, M.J., Shepherd, K.D., Walsh, M.G. University of Florida, Florida (USA) 2005. Empirical reformulation of the universal soil loss equition Alegre, J.C., Rao, M.R., Arevalo, L.A., Guzman, W., for erosion risk assessment in a tropical watershed. Geoderma 124 (3- Faminow, M.D. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 4) p. 235-252. [2005004] ICRAFP Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Planted tree fallows for improving land productivity in the humid tropics of Cornelius, J.P., Navarro, C.M., Wightman, K.E., Ward, S.E. 2005. Is Peru. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Enviroment 110 mahogany dysgenically selected?. Environmental Conservation 32 (2) (2005) p.104-117. [2005029] ICRAFP p. 129-139. [2005106] ICRAFP

Anegbeh, P.O., Ukafor, V., Usoro, C., Tchoundjeu, Z., Leakey, R.R.B., Cramb, R.A., Catacutan, D., Culasero-Arellano, Z., Mariano, K. 2005. Schreckenberg, K. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) The ‘landcare’ approach to soil conservation in the Philippines: an 2005. Domestication of Dacryodes edulis: 1. phenotypic variation assessment of farm-level impacts. Journal for Australian Experimental of fruit traits from 100 trees in southeast Nigeria. New Forest 29 (2) Agriculture 14p.. [2005134] ICRAFP p.149-160. [2005019] ICRAFP Dennis, R.A., Mayer, J., Applegate, G., Chokkalingam, U., Colfer, C.J., Anegbeh, P.O., Tchoundjeu, Z., Iruka, C.G., Nkirika, C.N. World Kurniawan, I., Lachowski, H., Maus, P., Permana, R.P, Ruchiat, Y., Stolle, Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nchia-Eleme (Nigeria) 2005. Vegetative F., Suyanto, Tomich, T.P. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi propagation of indigenous fruit trees: influence of defoliation on (Kenya) 2005. Fire, people and pixels: linking social science and survival of rooted marcots (air-layered plants) of Irvingia gabonensis remote sensing to understand underlying causes and impacts of fires in and Dacryodes edulis in Onne, Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Indonesia. Human Ecology 33 (4) p.465-504. [2005038] ICRAFP International Journal of Agricultural and Rural Development 6 p. 119- 125. [2005088] ICRAFP Fay, C., Michon, G. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Readressing forestry hegemony when a forestry regulatory Anegbeh, P.O., Ladipo, D.O., Tchoundjeu, Z. World Agroforestry Centre framework is best replaced by an agrarian one. Forests, Trees and (ICRAF), Nchia-Eleme (Nigeria) 2005. Using marcotting technique Livelihoods 15 (2) p.193-209. [2005052] ICRAFP for fruit development in the African pear Dacryodes Edulis. Scientia Africana 4:1&2 p.102-108. [2005089] ICRAFP Franzel, S., Mawanda, F., Aike, G. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Estimating the numbers of farmers planting fodder Anegbeh, P.O., Akomeah, P.A. 2005. Flooding effects on yield of an shrubs in East Africa. The Prunus Tribune 4 p. 16-17. [2005182] ICRAFP indigenous vegetable (Amaranthus cruentus L.) in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(1) p. 41-44. Gacheru, E., Rao, M.R. Regional Agroforestry Research Centre, Maseno [2005196] ICRAFP (Kenya) 2005. The potential of planted shrub fallows to combat striga infestation on maize. International Journal of Pest Management 51(2) Boffa, J-M., Turyomurugyendo, L., Barnekow-Lilleso, J., Kindt, R. 2005. p.91-100. [2005056] ICRAFP Enhancing farm tree diversity as a means of conserving landscape- based biodiversity: insights from the Kigezi highlands, southwestern Hall, N.M., Kaya, B., Dick, J., Skiba, U., Niang, A., Tabo, R. 2005. Effect Uganda. Mountain Research and Development 25 (3) p.212-217. of improved fallow on crop productivity, soil fertility and climate- [2005064] ICRAFP forcing gas emissions in semi-arid conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils (2005) p.1-7. [2005087] ICRAFP Bossio, D.A., Girvan, M.S., Verchot, L., Bullimore, J., Borelli, T., Albrecht, A., Scow, K.M., Ball, A.S., Pretty, J.N., Osborn, A.M. World Hansen, J.D., Luckert, M.K., Minae, S., Place, F. Farm Credit Canada, Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Soil microbial Saskatchewan (Canada) 2005. Tree planting under tenure systems in community response to land use change in an agricultural landscape Malawi: impacts of marriage and inheritance patterns. Agricultural of western Kenya. Microbial Ecology 49 (2005) p.50-62. [2005037] Systems 84 (1) p.99-118. [2005003] ICRAFP ICRAFP Hauser, S., Norgrove, L., Duguma, B., Asaah, E. International Institute Burgers, P., Ketterings, Q.M., Garrity, D.P. World Agroforestry Centre of Tropical Agriculture, Humid Forest Ecoregional Centre, Mbalmayo (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Fallow management strategies and (Cameroon) 2005. Soil water regime under rotational fallow issues in southeast Asia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 110 and alternating hedgerows on an ultisol in southern Cameroon. (1-2) p.1-13. [2005028] ICRAFP Agroforestry Systems 64 (1) p.73-82. [2005013] ICRAFP Hess, H.D., Noto, F., Tiemann, T.T., Franzel, S., Lascano, C.E., Kreuzer, 37 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

M. 2005. Effect of the cultivation site (Kenya or Colombia) on ruminal Muthuri, C.W., Ong, C.K., Black, C.R., Ngumi, V.W., Mati, B.M. Jomo fermentation characteristics of Calliandra calothyrsus var. Patulul. Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi (Kenya) Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 14 1p.. [2005187] ICRAFP 2005. Tree and crop productivity in Grevillea, Alnus and Paulownia- based agroforestry systems in semi-arid Kenya. Forest Ecology and Hollingsworth, P.M., Dawson, I.K., Goodall-Copestake, W.P., Management 212 (2005) p.23-39. [2005018] ICRAFP Richardson, J.E., Weber, J.C., Sotelo Montes, C., Pennington, R.T. Royal Botanica Garden, Edinburgh (UK) 2005. Do farmers reduce genetic Mutuo, P.K., Cadisch, G., Albrecht, A., Palm, C.A., Verchot, L. University diversity when they domesticate tropical trees?: a case study from of London, Ashford (UK), Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial Amazonia. Molecular Ecology 14 (2) p. 497-501. [2005006] ICRAFP College. 2005. Potential of agroforestry for carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from soils in the tropics. Jamnadass, R., Hanson, J., Poole, J., Hanotte, O., Simons, T.J., Dawson, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71 p. 43-54. [2005183] ICRAFP I.K. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. High differentiation among populations of the woody legume Sesbania sesban Pinto, L.F.G., Bernardes, M.S, Noordwijk, M. van, Pereira, A.R., Lusiana, in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for conservation and cultivation B., Mulia, R. IMAFLORA, Piracicaba-SP (Brazil) 2005. Simulation of during germplasm introduction into agroforestry systems. Forest Ecology agroforestry systems with sugarcane in Piracicaba, Brazil. Agricultural and Management 210 (2005) p.225-238. [2005008] ICRAFP Systems 86 (2005) p. 275-292. [2005051] ICRAFP

Keil, A., Zeller, M., Franzel, S. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Porro, R., Serrao, A., Cornelius, J.P. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Improved tree fallows in smallholder maize Tropical (CIAT), Para (Brazil) 2005. The Amazon Initiative: a production in Zambia: do initial testers adopt the technology. multidisciplinary, international consortium for prevention, mitigation Agroforestry Systems 64 (2005) p.225-236. [2005035] ICRAFP and reduction of resource degradation. The Forestry Chronicle 81 (3) p.1-5. [2005111] ICRAFP Kinama, J.M., Stigter, C.J., Ong, C.K., Ng’ang’a, J.K., Gichuki, F.N. KARI Katumani, TTMI-Project, Machakos (Kenya) 2005. Evaporation from Porro, R. 2005. Palms, pastures, and swidden fields: the grounded soils below sparse crops in contour hedgerow agroforestry in semi- political ecology of “agro-extractive/shifting-cultivator peasants” in arid Kenya. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130 (3-4) p.149-162. Marahao, Brazil. Human Ecology 33(1) p. 17-56. [2005001] ICRAFP [2005040] ICRAFP Radersma, S., Lusiana, B., Noordwijk, M. van. 2005. Simulation of soil Kuntashula, E., Mafongoya, P.L. World Agroforestry Centre, Chipate drying induced phosphorus deficiency and phosphorus mobilization (Zambia) 2005. Farmer participatory evaluation of agroforestry trees as determinants of maize growth near tree lines on a Ferralsol. Field in eastern Zambia. Agricultural Systems 84 (2005) p.39-53. [2005023] Crops Research 91(2-3) p.171-184. [2005151] ICRAFP ICRAFP Rowe, E.C., Noordwijk, M. van, Suprayogo, D., Cadisch, G. World Lasco, R.D., Cardinoza, M.M. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Southeast Asia, Bogor (Indonesia) 2005. Laguna (Philippines) 2005. Baseline carbon stocks assessment and Nitrogen use efficiency of monoculture and hedgerow intercropping in projection of future carbon benefits of a carbon sequestration project the humid tropics. Plant and Soil 268 (2005) p.61-74. [2005015] ICRAFP in East Timor. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (2005) 15p.. [2005131] ICRAFP Shepherd, K.D., Vanlauwe, B., Gachengo, C.N., Palm, C.A. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Decomposition Leakey, R.R.B., Greenwell, P., Hall, M.N., Atangana, A.R., Usoro, C., and mineralization of organic residues predicted using near infrared Anegbeh, P.O., Fondoun, J.M., Tchoundjeu, Z. CEH, Scotland (UK) spectroscopy. Plant and Soil 277 (1-2) p.315-333. [2005063] ICRAFP 2005. Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 4. tree-to-tree variation in food-thickening properties and in fat and protein contents of dika nut. Sileshi, G., Mafongoya, P.L., Kwesiga, F., Nkunika, P. ICRAF Food Chemistry 90 (2005) p.365-378. [2005020] ICRAFP Agroforestry Project, Chipata (Zambia) 2005. Termite damage to maize grown in agroforestry systems, traditional fallows and monoculture Leakey, Roger R.B., Tchoundjeu, Z., Schreckenberg, K., Shackleton, on nitrogen-limited soils in eastern Zambia. Agricultural and Forest S.E., Shackleton, C.M. School of Tropical Biology, Cairns (Australia). Entomology 7 p. 61-69. [2005030] ICRAFP Agroforestry and Novel Crops Unit. 2005. Agroforestry tree products (AFTPs): targeting poverty reduction and enhanced livelihoods. Soini, E. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Changing International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 3 (1) p.23. [2005065] livelihoods on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: challenges and ICRAFP opportunities in the Chagga homegarden system. Agroforestry Systems 64 (2) p.157-167. [2005010] ICRAFP Lengkeek, A.G., Kindt, R., Maesen, L.J.G. van, Simons, A.J., Oijen, D.C.C. van. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Soini, E. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Tree density and germplasm source in agroforestry ecosystems in Land use change patterns and livelihood dynamics on the slopes of Meru, Mount Kenya. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52 (2005) Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Agricultural Systems 85 (2005) p.306-323. p.709-721. [2005059] ICRAFP [2005042] ICRAFP

Lindqvist, H., Ong, C.K. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi (Kenya) Stahl, L., Hogberg, P., Sellstedt, A., Buresh, R. World Agroforestry 2005. Using morphological characteristics for assessing seedling Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Measuring nitrogen fixation by vitality in small-scale tree nurseries in Kenya. Agroforestry Systems 64 Sesbania sesban planted fallows using 15N tracer technique in Kenya. (2) p.89-98. [2005009] ICRAFP Agroforestry Systems 65 (2005) p.67-79. [2005046] ICRAFP

Mbile, P., Vabi, M., Meboka, M., Okon, D., Arrey-Mbo, J., Nkongho, Suyanto, S., Permana, R.P., Khususiyah, N., Joshi, L. World Agroforestry F., Ebong, E. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Yaounde (Cameroon) Centre, Southeast Asia Regional Office, Bogor (Indonesia) 2005.Land 2005. Linking management and livelihood in environmental tenure, agroforestry adoption, and reduction of fire hazard in a forest conservation: case of the Korup National Park Cameroon. Journal of zone: a case study from Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia. Agroforestry Environmental Management 76(2005) p.1-13. [2005115] ICRAFP Systems 65 (2005) p.1-11. [2005012] ICRAFP 38 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Swallow, B. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Potential Dhakal, L.P., Lilleso, J.P.B., Kjaer, E.D., Jha, P.K., Aryal, H.L. Tree for poverty reduction strategies to address community priorities: case Improvement and Silviculture Component (TISC), Kathmandu (Nepal) study of Kenya. Water Development 33 (2) p.301-321. [2005005] 2005. Seed sources of agroforestry trees in a farmland context: a guide ICRAFP to tree seed source establishment in Nepal. – Horsholm, Denmark: Forest and Landscape Denmark, Development and Environment series Tchoundjeu, Z, Atangana, A.R., Degrande, A. World Agroforestry no.1-2005, 36p.. [B13782] 631.57.3 LIL ICRAFP Centre (ICRAF), Yaounde (Cameroon). African Humid Tropics. 2005. Indigenous methods in preserving bush mango kernels in Cameroon. Fagerstrom, H. (ed.), Noordwijk, M. van (ed.), Nyberg, Y. (ed.) World American Journal of Applied Sciences 2(9) p. 1337-1342. [2005184] Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Hanoi (Vietnam) 2005. Development of ICRAFP sustainable land use practices in the uplands for food security: an array of field methods developed in Vietnam. – Hanoi, Vietnam: Science and Tukan, J.C., Roshetko, J.M., Budidarsono, S., Manurung, G.S. World Technic Publishing House, 67p.. [B13953] 631.47 FAG ICRAFP Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor (Indonesia) 2005. Market chain improvement: linking farmers to markets in Nanggung, West Java, Griesbach, J. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Indonesia. – Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ISHS Avocado growing in Kenya. – Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF, 109p.. [B13459] Acta Horticulturae 699: I International Symposium on Improving the 634.441 GRI ICRAFP Performance of Supply Chains in the Transitional Economies 11p.. [2005165] ICRAFP Kahrl, F., Weyerhaeuser, H., Yufang, S. 2005. An overview of the market chain for China’s timber products imports from Myanmar. – Yunnan, Velarde, S.J., Mahli, Y., Moran, D., Wright, J., Hussain, S. World China: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) 33p.. [B14190] 630*7 KAH Agroforestry Centre, ASB Programme, Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Valuing the impacts of climate change on protected areas in Africa. Ecological Kindt, R., Coe, R. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) Economics 53 p. 21-33. [2005024] ICRAFP 2005. Tree diversity analysis: a manual and software for common statistical methods for ecological and biodiversity studies. – Nairobi, Verbist, B., Putra, A.E., Budidarsono, S. World Agroforestry Centre Kenya: ICRAF, 203p.. [B13695 B13951] 519.23 KIN ICRAFP (ICRAF) - Southeast Asia, Bogor (Indonesia) 2005. Factors driving land use change: effects on watershed functions in a coffee agroforestry Lusiana, B. (ed.), Noordwijk, M. van (ed.), Rahayu, S. (ed.) World systems in Lampung, Sumatra. Agricultural Systems 85 (3) p.254-270. Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor (Indonesia) 2005. Carbon stocks [2005041] ICRAFP monitoring in Nunukan, East Kalimantan: a spatial and modelling aproach. Report from carbon monitoring team of the forest resources Verchot, L.V., Borelli, T. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi management for carbon sequestration (FORMACS) project. – Bogor, (Kenya) 2005. Application of para-nitrophenol (pNP) enzyme assays in Indonesia: ICRAF, 95p.. [B13575] 630*26 LUS ICRAFP degraded tropical soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37 (4) p.625-633. [2005031] ICRAFP Lusiana, B. (ed.), Noordwijk, M.van (ed.), Rahayu, S. (ed.) 2005. Cadangan karbon di kabupaten Nunukan, Kalimantan Timur: Villamor, G.B. ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation Monitoring secara spasial dan pemodelan. Laporan tim proyek (ARCBC), Laguna (Philippines) 2005. A survey and study of food pengelolaan sumberdaya alam untuk penyimpanan karbon habits of migratory waterbirds along Naujan Lake, Oriental Mindoro (FORMACS). – Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Province, Philippines. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 2 95p.. [B14042] 581.132 LUS ICRAFP 6p.. [2005130] ICRAFP Malayang III, B.S., Hahn, T., Kumar, P., Maharaj, S., Bohensky, E., Vincenzo, D. di, Maranz, S, Serraiocco, A., Vito, R., Wiesman, Z., Domingos, T., Filer, C., Agard, J.B.R., Blanco, H., Dong, S., Espaldon, Bianchi, G. Instituto Sperimentale per la Elaiotecnica, Citta Sant’Angelo M.V., Christo, F., Gokhale, Y., Hefny, M., Lundberg, J., Patwardhan, A., (Italy) 2005. Regional variation in Shea butter lipid and Triterpene Ramirez, E.C., Talukdar, B., Tomich, T. 2005. Responses to ecosystem composition in four African countries. Journal of Agricultural and Food change and to their impacts on human well-being. Capistrano, D. et Chemistry 53 (19) p.7473-7479. [2005050] ICRAF REP/VI al. (eds.) Ecosystems and human well-being: multiscale assessments, volume 4. Island Press: Washington, 2005 p. 205-230. [2005191] Weyerhaeuser, H., Wilkes, A., Kahrl, F. 2005. Local impacts and ICRAFP responses to regional forest conservation and rehabilitation programs in China’s northwest Yunnan province. – Kunming, China: World Palm, C.A. (ed.), Vosti, S.A. (ed.), Sanchez, P.A. (ed.), Ericksen, P.J. (ed.) Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Agricultural Systems 85 (2005) p.234-253. 2005. Slash-and-burn agriculture: the search for alternatives. – New [2005039] ICRAFP York, U.S.A. Columbia University Press, 463p.. [B13756 B13771] 581.52 PAL ICRAFP Wightman, K., Santiago, B.R., Ward, S., Cornelius, J. 2005. Domesticacion de cedro y caoba en la Peninsula de Yucatan, Mexico Rudebjer, P.G., Temu, A.B., Kung’u, J. 2005. Developing agroforestry experiencias en el mejoramiento del germoplasma forestal. Recursos curricula: a practical guide for academic institutions in Africa and Naturales y Ambiente 44 p. 119-128. [2005109] ICRAFP Asia. – Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) 53p.. [B13731 B13759] 630*2 RUD ICRAFP

Books Thomas, D.E. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok (Thailand). Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) Planning. 2005. Developing watershed management organizations in 2005. Trees of change: a vision for an agroforestry pilot sub-basins of the Ping river basin. – Chiang Mai, Thailand: World transformation in the developing world. – Nairobi, Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Participatory watershed management for Kenya: ICRAF, p.38. [B13732] 631.963 WOR the Ping River Basin Project, 285p.. [B13957] 556.51 THO ICRAFP ICRAFP 39 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Book Chapters Leimona, B. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor (Indonesia) 2005. RUPES: a step forward. Padilla JE, Tongson EE and Lasco RD, Bertomeu, M. 2005. Reviving the Philippine (eds). PES: Sustainable financing for conservation and development. wood industry with farm-grown trees: evidence Manila, Philippines. p. 74-87. [2005124] ICRAFP from northern Mindanao. Trees in agricultural landscapes: smallholder tree growing for sustainable Lusiana, B., Shea, G.A., Noordwijk, M. van. 2005. Introduction: why development and environmental conservation and monitor carbon in Nunukan?. Lusiana, B., Noordwijk, M. van, Rahayu, rehabilitation. Chapter 11 14p.. [2005128] ICRAFP S. (eds.). Carbon in Nunukan: a spatial monitoring approach and modelling. Report from Carbon Monitoring Team of Forest Resource Brumme, R,, Verchot, L.V., Martikainen, P.J., Potter, C.S. World Management and Carbon Sequestration (FORMACS) Project. Bogor, Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Contribution of Indonesia. p. 1-8. [2005157] ICRAFP trace gases nitrous oxide and methane to the atmospheric warming balance of forest biomes. Griffiths, H. and Jarvis, P.G. The carbon Noordwijk, M. van, Widayati, A., Lusiana, B., Hairiah, K., Arifin, B. balance of forest biomes. Taylor & Francis Group p.293-317. [2005027] World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor (Indonesia) 2005. What can ICRAFP a clean development mechanism do to enhance trees in the landscape? experience with rubber, coffee and timber-based agroforestry systems Catacutan, D. 2005. Scaling up research. Research on scaling up in Indonesia. Proceedings of workshop on carbon sequestration and participatory research and development for sustainable agriculture sustainable livelihoods. Bogor, Indonesia. Center for International and natural resource management: a sourcebook volume II p. 1- 8. Forestry Research p.92-111. [2005025] ICRAFP [2005192] ICRAFP Palm, C.A., Noordwijk, M. van, Woomer, P.L., Alegre, J.C., Arevalo, L., Franzel, S. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Castilla, C.E., Cordeiro, D.G., Hairiah, K., Kotto-Same, J., Moukam, A., Realizing the economic benefits of agroforestry: experiences, lessons Parton, W.J., Ricse, A., Rodrigues, V., Sitompul, S.M. The Earth Institute and challenges. – s.l. State of the World’s Forests 2005 p.88-97. at Columbia University Palisades, New York (USA) 2005. Carbon losses [2005036] ICRAFP and sequestration following land use change in the humid tropics. Slash and burn: the search for alternatives. New York, USA. Columbia Franzel, S., Coe, R. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) University Press p. 41-63.. [2005093] ICRAFP 2005. Participatory on-farm technology testing: the sustainability of different types of trials for different objectives. Gonslaves, J. (ed.) Petschel-Held, G., Lasco, R. 2005. Drivers of ecosystem change. et al. 2005. Participatory research and development for sustainable Ecosystems and Human well-being: sub-global assessments. agriculture and natural resource management: a sourcebook. Volume Washington, USA: Island Press, Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Series 3: Doing participatory research and development. Laguna, Philippines: p. 141-169. [2005104] ICRAFP International Potato Center - Users’ Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development. p. 40-45. [2005181] ICRAFP Purnomosidhi, P., Hairiah, K., Rahayu, S., Noordwijk, M. van. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor (Indonesia) 2005. Smallholder German, L., Stroud, A., Opondo, C., Mwebesa, B. World Agroforestry options for reclaiming and using imperata cylindrica L. (Alang-Alang) Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Linking farmers and grasslands in Indonesia. Slash and burn: the search for alternatives. policymakers: experiences from Kabale district, Uganda. Participatory New York, USA. Columbia University Press p. 248-262.. [2005091] research and development for sustainable agriculture and natural ICRAFP resource managemnt: a sourcebook - (vol.1: Understanding participatory research and development) Ecological Reviews series, Rahayu, S., Lusiana, B., Noordwijk, M. van. 2005. Aboveground p.89-95. [2005086] ICRAFP carbon stock assessment for various land use systems in Nunukan, East Kalimantan. – Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) p. Giller, K.E., Bignell, D., Lavelle, P., Swift, M., Barrios, E., Moreira, 21-33. [2005121] ICRAFP F., Noordwijk, M. van, Barios, I., Karanja, N., Huising, J. British Ecological Society, London (U.K.) 2005. Soil biodiversity in rapidly Roshetko, J.M., Purnomosidhi, P., Mulawarman. World Agroforestry changing tropical landscapes: scaling down and scaling up. Cambridge Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Farmer demonstration trials University Press, Biological diversity and function in soils Ecological (FDTs): promoting tree planting and farmer innovation in Indonesia. Reviews, p.295-318. [2005074] ICRAFP In: Proceedings of the International Workshop for Integrated Rural Development in East Nusa Tengara held 5-7 April 2006 in Kupang, West Hairiah, K., Noordwijk, M van, Weise, S. Brawijaya University, Malang Timor, Indonesia. ACIAR, Australia p. 32-39. [2005084] ICRAFP (Indonesia) 2005. Sustainability of tropical land-use systems after forest conversion. Slash and burn: the search for alternatives. New York, Sales, R.F., Lasco, R.D., Banaticla, M.R.N. 2005. Carbon storage and USA. Columbia University Press p. 143-169. [2005094] ICRAFP sequestration potential on smallholder tree farms on Leyte Island, the Philippines. PES: Sustainable financing for conservation development. Lasco, R.D., Pulhin, F., Banaticla, M.R.N. 2005. Opportunities and Proceedings from the National Conference on Payments for challenges in environmental service payments: carbon sequestration. Environmental Services, Direct Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation Padilla, J.E., Tongson, E.E. and Lasco, R.D. (eds.). PES: sustainable and Poverty Alleviation, Manila, March 1-2, 2005 p.129-141. financing for conservation and development, Manilla, Philippines p. [2005133] ICRAFP 50-57. [2005156] ICRAFP Sanchez, P.a., Palm, P.A., Vosti, S.A., Tomich, T.P., Kasyoki, J. The Earth Lebel, L., Thongbai, P., Kok, K., Agard, J.B.R., Bennett, E., Biggs, R., Institute at Columbia University, New York (USA) 2005. Alternatives Ferreira, M., Filer, C., Yogesh, G., Mala, W., Rumsey, C., Velarde, S.J., to slash and burn: challenge and approaches of an international Zurek, M., Blanco, H., Lynam, T., Tianxiang, Y., Moles, R., Monks, F., consortium. Slash-and-burn agriculture: the search for alternatives p. O’Regan, B. 2005. Sub-global scenarios. Ecosystems and human well- 3-37. [2005108] ICRAFP being: multiscale assessments, volume 4. Washington: Island Press p. 229-259. [2005143] ICRAFP 40 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Schreckenberg, K., Barrance A, Degrande A,, Gordon J, Leakey R, Occassional Papers Newton A, Marshall E, Tchoundjeu Z. 2005. Trade-offs between management costs and research benefits: lessons from the forest Swallow, B., Thangata, P., Rao, S., Kwesiga, F. and the farm. Holland, J. and Campbell, J. (eds.). 2005. Methods World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) in Development Research: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative 2005. Agroforestry responses to HIV/AIDS in East Approaches. Chapter 13. Centre for Development Studies, University of and Southern Africa: proceedings of the HIV/AIDS Wales Swansea. ITDG Publishing, UK. p. 191-204. [2005180] ICRAFP workshop held in Nairobi 2003. ICRAF, ICRAF Occasional Paper no. 1, 49p.. [B13689] 616.98 SWA ICRAFP Shelton, H.M., Franzel, S., Peters, M. University of Queensland, Queensland (Australia). Schools of Land and Food Sciences & Animal Nyariki, D., Kitalyi, A., Wasonga, V.O., Isae, I.M., Kyagaba, E., Lugenja, Studies. 2005. Adoption of tropical forage legume technology around M. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Nairobi (Kenya). RELMA the world: analysis of success. McGilloway, D.A. (ed.) Grassland: a in ICRAF Project. 2005. Indigenous techniques for assessing and global resource. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The monitoring range resources in East Africa. – Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF, Netherlands p. 149-166. [2005188] ICRAFP ICRAF Occasional paper no. 2, 73p.. [B13865 B13892] 631.47 NYA ICRAFP Suraswadi, P., Thomas, D.E., Pragtong, K., Preechapanya, P., Weyerhaeuser, H. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok Kalinganire, A., Kaya, B., Niang, A., Kindt, R., Muraya, P., Coe, R., (Thailand) 2005. Northern Thailand: changing smallholder land use Bayala, J., Kaire, M., Larwanou, M., Belem, M. World Agroforestry patterns. Slash and burn: the search for alternatives. New York, USA. Centre (ICRAF) Programme regional sahel, Bamako (Mali) 2005. Columbia University Press p. 355- 384. [2005096] ICRFAP Caractérisation de la biodiversité ligneuse dans les zones en marge du desert: manuel de procedures. – Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Suyamto, D.A., Noordwijk, M. van. 2005. Scenario studies of land use Centre (ICRAF) ICRAF Occasional paper no.3, 79p.. [B13884 B14278] in Nunukan, East Kalimantan (Indonesia): drivers, local livelihoods and 630*15 KAL ICR globally relevant carbon stocks. – Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Lusiana B, van Noordwijk M and Rahayu S,eds. Carbon Stocks in Nunukan: a spatial monitoring and modelling approach. Working Papers Report from Carbon Monitoring Team of Forest Resource Management and Carbon Sequestration (FORMACS) Project p. 55-91. [B14132] Jama, B., Zeila, A. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 661.66 SUY ICRAFP Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Agroforestry in the drylands of Eastern Africa: a call to action. – Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF, Swallow, B., Meinzen-Dick, R., Noordwijk, M.van. 2005. Localizing ICRAF Working Paper no.1, 29p.. [2005043] ICRAFP demand and supply of environmental services: interactions with property rights, collective action and the welfare of smallholders. Kindt, R., Noordin, Q., Njui, A., Ruigu, S. World Agroforestry Centre Merino, L. and Robson, J. (eds.). Managing the commons: payment for (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Biodiversity conservation through environmental services. Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura agroforestry: managing tree species diversity within a network of Sostenible A.C. p.34-48. [2005148] ICRAFP community-based, nongovernmental, governmental and research organizations in western Kenya. – Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF, ICRAF Tomich T.P., Lewis J, Cattaneo A, Chater S, Geist H, Gockowski J, Working Paper no.2, 30p.. [B13849] 504.06 KIN ICRAFP Kaimowitz D, Lambin EL, Lewis J, Ndoye O, Ndoye O, Palm C, Stolle F, Sunderlin W, Valentim J, Noordwijk, M. van, Vosti, S.A. Mwangi, E., Swallow, B. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Balancing (Kenya). Environmental Services Theme. 2005. Invasion of prosopis agricultural development and environmental objectives: assessing juliflora and local livelihoods: case study from the Lake Baringo area of tradeoffs in the humid tropics. Slash and burn: the search for Kenya. ICRAF, ICRAF Working Paper no.3, 65p.. [B13657 B13656] 504 alternatives. New York, USA. Columbia University Press p. 415-440.. MWA ICRAFP [2005095] ICRAFP Abaru, M.B. (ed.), Kabuga, C. (ed.), Masake, R. (ed.) 2005. Leadership Wibawa, G., Hendratno, S., Noordwijk, M. van. Indonesian Rubber for change in farmers’ organizations. – Nairobi, Kenya: World Research Institute, Sungei Putih, Indonesia. 2005. Permanent Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ICRAF Working Paper no.4, p.156. smallholder rubber agroforestry systems in Sumatra, Indonesia. Slash [B13755] 316.452 ABA ICRAFP and Burn: The search for alternatives. New York, USA. Columbia University Press p. 222-232.. [2005092] ICRAFP Kalinganire, A. (ed.), Niang, A. (ed.), Kone, B. (ed.) 2005. Domestication des especes agroforestieres au Sahel: situation actuelle Widayati, A., Ekadinata, A., Syam, R. 2005. Land use change in et perspectives. – Bamako (Mali) World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nunukan: estimating landscape level carbon-stocks through land cover ICRAF Working Paper no.5, 89p.. [B13809 B13808] 631.962 KAL types and vegetation density. – Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry ICRAFP Centre (ICRAF) Lusiana, B., Noordwijk, M. van, Rahayu, S. Carbon Stocks in Nunukan: a spatial monitoring and modelling approach. Kalinganire, A., Dakouo, J.M., Bayala, J., Niang, A. World Agroforestry Report from Carbon Monitoring Team of Forest Resource Management Centre (ICRAF), Bamako (Mali) 2005. Releve des donnees de and Carbon Sequestration (FORMACS) Project p. 35-53. [2005122] biodiversite ligneuse: manuel du projet biodiversite des parcs ICRAFP agroforestiers au Sahel. – Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ICRAF Working Paper no.6, 69p.. [B13784 B13785] 630*15 Wijaya, K., Rosdiana, N., Lusiana, B. 2005. Livelihood options and KAL ICRAFP farming systems in the forest margins of Nunukan, East Kalimantan. Carbon Stocks in Nunukan: a spatial monitoring and modelling Soini, E. 2005. Livelihood capital, strategies and outcomes in the Taita approach. Report from Carbon Monitoring Team of Forest Resource hills of Kenya. – Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Management and Carbon Sequestration (FORMACS) Project. World ICRAF Working Paper no. 8, 48p.. [B13779 B13780] 338.435 SOI Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. Bogor, Indonesia p.9- ICRAFP 20. [2005152] ICRAFP 41 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Diop, M., Kaya, B., Niang, A., Olivier, A. 2005. Les espèces ligneuses and associations that build agricultural capacities at universities, ICRAF ligneuses et leurs usages: les preferences des paysans dans le cercle de House 23-25 November 2005, Nairobi, Kenya 1 CD-ROM. [CD14235] Segou, au Mali. – Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ICRAFP ICRAF Working Paper no.9, 26p.. [2005071 2005072] ICRAFP Thomas, D.E. 2005. Review of policies and practices in upland areas Diop, M., Kaya, B., Niang, A., Olivier, A. 2005. La biodiversite des of the Lao PDR. Bouahom, B., Glendinning, A., Nillson, S. and Victor, especes ligneuses: diversite arboree et unites de gestion du terroir dans M. (eds.). Poverty reduction and shifting cultivation stabilisation in le cercle de Segou, au Mali. – Bamako, Mali: World Agroforestry Centre the uplands of Lao PDR: technologies, approaches and methods of (ICRAF) ICRAF Working Paper no.10, 22p.. [2005078] ICRAFP improving upland livelihoods. Proceedings of a workshop held in Luang Prabang January 27-30, 2004. Vientiane, Lao PDR. National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute p. 9-38. [2005153] ICRAFP Proceedings

Banaticla, R.N., Sales, R.F., Lasco, R.D. 2005. Conference Papers Biomass equations for tropical tree plantation species using secondary data from the Philippines. Bertomeu, M. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), – Laguna, Philippines: World Agroforestry Centre Laguna (Philippines) 2005. Small-scale farm (ICRAF) ACIAR Smallholder Forestry Project ASEM forestry: an adoptable option for smallholder 200/008 on redevelopment of a timber industry farmers in the Philippines?. 2nd National following extensive land clearing: Proceedings of Agroforestry Congress, Pili, Camarines Sur, the End-of Project Workshop, Ormoc City, Philippines 19-21 August Philippines 26-27 October 2005 16p.. [2005136] 2004 p. 113-128. [2005129] ICRAFP ICRAFP

Mercado, A.R., Catacutan, D.C., Stark, M., Laotoco, A.C., Lasco, Bullecer, R., Arellano, Z., Stark, M. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), R., Banaticla, R.N. 2005. Enhancing adoption of soil conservation Laguna (Philippines) 2005. Participatory assessment of coconut-based practices through technical and institutional innovations: NVS agroforestry in San Isidro, Bohol. 2nd National Agroforestry Congress, and landcare. – Laguna, Philippines: World Agroforestry Centre Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines, 26-27 October 2005 11p.. [2005135] (ICRAF) Proceedings of the Symposium on Sustainable Agricultural ICRAFP Development of Marginal Upland areas in the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines January 19-20, 2005 22p.. [2005127] ICRAFP Catacutan, D.C., Tejada, E. 2005. Institutional issues and political challenges in scaling up agroforestry: the case of landcare in the Mwarasomba, L.I. (ed.), Abaru, M.B. (ed.) World Agroforestry Centre Philippines. – Bukidnon, Philippines: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) (ICRAF - ECA), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Strengthening regional farmer’s 2nd National Agroforestry Congress, Camarines Sur, Philippines, 26-27 cooperation in eastern and southern Africa. Proceedings of the 1st October, 2006 13p.. [2005125] ICRAFP Regional Workshop 24-26 March, 2003 Lilongwe, Malawi. – Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF, ECA Working Paper no.6, 159p.. [B13478] 631 MWA Espaldon, M.V.O.E., Villanueva, J.D.V., Sanchez, P.A.J. 2005. Philippine ICRAFP landcare after nine years: its impact on communities, farming household, and the local environment in Mindanao, Philippines. 2nd Padilla, J.E. (ed.), Tongson, E.E. (ed.), Lasco, R.D. (ed.) World Wide Fund National Agroforestry Congress, Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines 26-27 for Nature (WWF), Quezon City, Philippines. 2005. PES: sustainable October 2005 16p.. [2005139] ICRAFP financing for conservation and development. – Manila, Philippines: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Proceedings from the National Kaire, M. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Conference-Workshop on Payments for Environmental Services: Direct Etude de la biodiversite agroforestiere dans les agrosystemes du basin Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation, arachidier du Senegal. – Dakar, Senegal: CRDI, Actes des travaux de Manila, March 1-2, 2005, 279p.. [B13930] 504.06 PAD ICRAFP l’atelier sous-regional d’echange et de reflexion organise par le centre de recherches pour le developpement international (CRDI), 12-16 Juillet Prabhu, R., Marunda, C., Mbile, P., Tchoundjeu, Z., Ndoye, O., Tiani, 2004, Sal Portudal, Senegal. p. 94-105. [2005034] ICRAFP A-M., Nemarundwe, N., Katerere, Y., Bakarr, M., Kaimowitz, D., Tiveau, D., Chibaya, I. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Yaounde (Cameroon) Kindt, R., Noordin, Q., Njui, A., Ruigu, S. World Agroforestry Centre, 2005. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Community Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Biodiversity conservation through agroforestry: Forestry in Liberia, Monrovia 12-15 December 2005 : towards a shared managing tree species diversity within a network of community- vision and action frame for community forestry in Liberia. – Bogor, based, non-governmental, governmental and research organizations Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) 123p.. in western Kenya. – Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF, Paper presented at the [B13950] 630 PRA ICRAFP 15th annual conference of the Eastern Africa environmental network on networking for biodiversity, 27-28 May 2005, National Museums of Temu, A. (comp.), Kaufmann, R. von (comp.) African Network for Kenya. 22p.. [2005011] ICRAFP Agriculture, Agroforestry & Natural Resources Education (ANAFE), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. BASIC: Building Africa’s Scientific and Mbile, P., Russell, D., Degrande, A., Steel, L., Tchoundjeu, Z. World Institutional Capacity in Agriculture and Natural Resources Education. Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Yaounde (Cameroon) 2005. Agroforestry – Accra, Ghana: FARA, Proceedings of a meeting of Africa networks landscape mosaics and challenges in information management and associations that build agricultural capacities at universities, ICRAF and governance. Paper presented at the ‘Mapping for change’ House 23-25 November 2005, Nairobi, Kenya 28p.. [2005166] ICRAFP International Conference on Participatory Information Management and Communication, Nairobi, Kenya, 7-10 September, 2005, 13p.. Temu, A. (comp.), Kaufmann, R. von (comp.) African Network for [2005117] ICRAFP Agriculture, Agroforestry & Natural Resources Education (ANAFE), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. BASIC: Building Africa’s Scientific and Mbile, P., Tchoundjeu, Z., Nchoutboube, J., Ndzomo-Abanda, G. World Institutional Capacity in Agriculture and Natural Resources Education. Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Yaounde (Cameroon) 2005. Community- – Accra, Ghana: FARA, Proceedings of a meeting of Africa networks based stock assessment and monitoring system (CB-SAMS) for non- 42 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

wood forest products in community forests in Cameroon. Proceedings on HIV/AIDS and food and nutritional security, Hilton Hotel, Durban, of the XXII IUFRO World Congress: Forest in the Balance: Linking South Africa, 14-16 April 2005. 14p.. [2005007] ICRAFP Tradition and Technology. 8-13 August, 2005, Brisbane, Australia [2005116] ICRAFP Suyamto, D.A., Noordwijk, M. van, Lusiana, B., Ekadinata, A., Khasanah, N. 2005. Prospects of adoption of tree-based systems in a Mercado, A.R. Jr., Cadisch, G. World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF rural landscape and its likely impacts on carbon stocks and farmers’ Claveria Research Site, Claveria. 2005. Soil conservation and social welfare: the fallow model application in Muara Sungkai, Lampung, capital formation: the case of landcare in the Philippines. Paper Sumatra, in a “clean development mechanism” context. – Bogor, presented at the 6th National Watershed Management Assembly, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Paper presented at Malaybalay City, Budidnon, held on 24-26 Nov. 2004. 19p.. [2005179] International consultation workshop on smallholder agroforestry options ICRAFP for degraded soils, Batu, East Java, Indonesia, 18-21 August 2005 17p.. [2005090] ICRAFP Mercado, A.R. Jr., Laotoco, A., Bertumeu, M., Cadisch, G., Banaticla, R.N. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) (Philippines) 2005. Landcare Traore, C.O. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. approach: enhancing partnership for sustainable upland development. Perceptions paysannes des impacts observes et attendus des haies Paper presented at the Philippine Extension Network (PEN) Congress, vives a Segou, Mali: le vecu des femmes et des hommes de differentes Los Banos, Laguna. 2 December, 2004. 19p.. [2004120] ICRAFP classes socioeconomiques et leur attente pour l’utilisation/adoption des haies vives. – Dakar, Senegal: CRDI, Lecon tirees des experiences Onyango, S.O, Swallow, B. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries de lutte contre la desertification au Sahel: actes des travaux de l’atelier Development, Nairobi (Kenya) 2005. Effects of HIV/AIDS-related sous-regional d’echange et de reflexion organise par le centre de illness and deaths on agricultural production in the Nyando River recherches pour le developpement international (CRDI), 12-16 Juillet basin of western Kenya: paper presented at the international conference 2004, Sal Portudal, Senegal. p. 106-124. [2005032] ICRAFP

Inside the library, World Agroforestry Centre HQ, Nairobi, Kenya The fruit of the acacia is an unusual pod — bright orange to reddish-brown, thick and conspicuously curled and twisted. Tree products include food for human consumption, fodder, fuel, timber and medicine; it is useful for beekeepers in the Sahel as a source of pollen and nectar; also used to shade coffee and in reclamation, as the spreading root system offers excellent protection to the banks of watercourses. It is also a fertilizer tree — shedding its leaves and boosting nutrients in the soil, and is useful as a boundary or ornamental tree. 44 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

World Agroforestry Centre Performance Indicators (Results of the 2005 CGIAR Performance Measurement Exercise)

1. Outputs — 89% of acceptable output targets achieved.*

2. Outcomes — scored 15 on a scale of 0–15, where the higher the score the better the quality.

3. Impact — scored 5.9 on a scale of 0–10, where the higher the score the better the results.

4. Quality and relevance of current research: 4A) Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2005 — 1.23 where the CGIAR average was 2.12. 4B) Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2005 that are published in journals listed in Thomson Scientific/ISI (Indicator being tested) — scored 0.56 where the CGIAR average was 0.82. 4C) Percentage of scientific papers per scientist that are published with developing country partners in refereed journals, conference and workshop proceedings in 2005 — 58.2 where the CGIAR average was 46.

5. Institutional Health 1. Governance 5A. Checklist on Centre governance — can be availed upon request. 5B: Assessment of Board statements — scored 6.8, where the CGIAR average was 6.6.

2. Culture of learning and change 5C. Checklist on culture of learning and change — can be availed upon request.

3. Diversity 5D. Gender diversity goals — the centre has Board-approved gender diversity goals. 5E. Percent of management positions occupied by women — scored 33% on a CGIAR average of 27%. 5F. IRS nationality concentration — the two most prevalent nationalities represented on the IRS staff are USA (22) and UK (9). 5G. Diversity in recency of PhDs (% of scientists receiving their PhD in the last five years (2001–2005) — scored — 20% on a CGIAR average of 19%.

6. Financial Health 6A. Short term solvency (liquidity) — 160 days where 90–120 days is the recommended acceptable range. 6B. Long-term financial stability (adequacy of reserves) — 94 days, where 75–90 days is the recommended acceptable range. 6C. Efficiency of Operations (indirect cost ratio)— scored 29%, where the CGIAR average was 22%. 6D. Cash Management on Restricted Operations — scored 1.02, where the CGIAR average was 0.9.

Stakeholder Perceptions The results of the CGIAR’s 2006 Stakeholder Perceptions Survey can be availed upon request. They include: (1) Key findings and implications (2) Full Report on the CGIAR Overall and (3) Full Centre Report

*As a result of a Science Council review of Centre submitted outputs/output targets. 45 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Board Statement on Risk Management

he Board of Trustees of the World Agroforestry Centre centres, System Office components, and other entities in relation has responsibility for ensuring that an appropriate risk to shared risks arising from jointly managed activities. The risk Tmanagement process is in place to identify and manage management framework seeks to draw upon best practices, as major and significant risks to the achievement of the Centre’s promoted in codes and standards promulgated in a number of business objectives, and to ensure alignment with CGIAR CGIAR member countries. It is subject to ongoing review as part principles and guidelines as adopted by all CGIAR centres. These of the Centre’s continuous improvement efforts. risks include operational, financial and reputation risks that are inherent in the nature, modus operandi and locations of the Risk mitigation strategies include the implementation of systems of Centre’s activities. They are dynamic owing to the environment internal controls, which, by their nature, are designed to manage in which the Centre operates. There is potential for loss resulting rather than eliminate risks. The Centre endeavours to manage risk from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, human by ensuring that the appropriate infrastructure, controls, systems factors or external events. and people are in place throughout the organization. Key practices employed in managing risks and opportunities include Risks include: business environmental scans, clear policies and accountabilities, • low impact science (and therefore irrelevance); transaction approval frameworks, financial and management • misallocation of scientific efforts away from agreed priorities; reporting, and the monitoring of metrics designed to highlight • loss of reputation for scientific excellence and integrity; positive or negative performance of individuals and business • business disruption and information system failure; processes across a broad range of key performance areas. The • liquidity problems; design and effectiveness of the risk management system and • transaction of processing failures; internal controls is subject to ongoing review by the Centre’s • loss of assets, including information assets; internal audit service, which is independent of the business • failures to recruit, retain and effectively utilize qualified and units, and which reports on the results of its audits directly to the experienced staff; Director General and to the Board through its Audit Committee. • failures in staff health and safety systems; • failures in the execution of legal, fiduciary and Centre The Board and the World Agroforestry Centre management have responsibilities. reviewed the implementation of the risk management framework during 2005 and the Board is satisfied with the progress made. The Board has adopted a risk management policy — communicated to all staff — that includes a framework by which the Centre’s management identifies, evaluates and prioritizes risks and opportunities across the organization; develops risk mitigation strategies that balance benefits with costs; monitors the implementation of these strategies; and periodically reports to the Board on results. This process will draw upon risk assessments Signed: Eugene Terry and analyses prepared by staff of the Centre’s business unit, Chair, World Agroforestry Centre Board of Trustees internal auditors, Centre-commissioned external reviewers and the external auditors. The risk assessments will also incorporate the results of collaborative risk assessments with other CGIAR 46 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Investor support 2005

Donor Name Unrestricted Restricted Total US$ ’000 US$ ’000 US$ ’000 Sweden (Sida) 468 3,919 4,387 Canada (CIDA) 1,748 2,048 3,796 The Netherlands 586 1,911 2,497 The World Bank 1,750 569 2,319 United Kingdom (DFID) 1,096 849 1,945 European Union 1,533 1,533 United States of America (USAID) 667 358 1,025 Cooperation of Common Fund for Commodities 988 988 Ireland 890 - 890 Multidonor 851 851 United Nations Environmental Programme 773 773 Germany 324 398 722 Switzerland 408 275 683 Denmark 439 150 589 Rockefeller Foundation 544 544 International Fund for Agricultural Development 515 515 Australia 181 332 513 International Development Research Centre 497 497 Ford Foundation 404 404 Finland 404 - 404 Innovative Resource Management 395 395 Association for Strengthening Agriculture Research in Eastern and Central Africa 392 392 Norway 461 (118) 343 Flemish Office for Development Cooperation and Technical Assistance 308 308 Foundation for Advances Studies in International Development 255 255 Japan 66 175 241 Spain 214 214 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 196 196 47 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Donor Name Unrestricted Restricted Total US$ ’000 US$ ’000 US$ ’000 United States Department of Agriculture 155 155 International Food Policy Research Institute 152 152 Italy 146 146 Austria 104 104 Centro International de Agricultural Tropical, Colombia 93 93 Global Environment Facility 83 83 National Science Foundation 83 83 Katholic University 81 81 Oregon State University 79 79 Unilever 71 71 Laguna Lake Development Authority 67 67 Earth Institute, Columbia University 58 58 Winrock International 55 55 Peru 46 46 Upland Development Programme Southern Mindanao 46 46 Thailand 8 37 45 International Rice Research Institute 44 44 Asian Development Bank 42 42 Kenya 40 40 South Africa 40 - 40 International Livestock Research Institute 37 37 Plan International 37 37 Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry 36 36 World Conservation Union 35 35 Kenya Agricultural Research Institute 32 32 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 32 32 INIA - Spain 32 32 FARM - Africa 30 30 Conservation International Foundation 29 29 Soil Fertility Consortium for Southern Africa 29 29 International Water Management Institute 28 28 Africa Wildlife Foundation 26 26 Centre for International Forestry Research 25 25 Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa 24 24 Forestry Resources Research Institute, Uganda 23 23 Tinker Foundation 20 20 Others (Less than 20,000 each) 4 325 329 Total 9,540 21,014 30,554 48 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

Financial summary 2005 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN AGROFORESTRY STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2005 and 2004 (In US Dollar ’000)

2005 2004 ASSETS Current Assets Cash and cash equivalent 12,063 14,384 Accounts receivables Donor 7,423 6,781 Employees 108 165 Other CGIAR centres 1,422 1,151 Other 3,805 2,522 Inventories - net 87 101 Prepaid expenses 99 80 Total current assets 25,007 25,184 Non-Current Assets Property, Plant and Equipment - net 6,317 6,454 Total Non-current assets 6,317 6,454 TOTAL ASSETS 31,324 31,638

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS Current Liabilities Accounts payable Donor 7,578 10,451 Employees 277 327 Other CGIAR centres 323 69 Other 2,245 1,215 Accruals 1,795 1,743 Total current liabilities 12,218 13,805 Non-Current Liabilities Accounts payable Employees 5,250 4,498 Total Non-current liabilities 5,250 4,498 TOTAL LIABILITIES 17,468 18,303 NET ASSETS Unrestricted Designated 9,168 9,168 Undesignated 4,688 4,167 TOTAL NET ASSETS 13,856 13,335 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 31,324 31,638

STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES For the Years Ended 31 December 2005 and 2004 (In US Dollar ’000)

2005 2004 Temporarily Unrestricted Restricted Total REVENUE, GAINS AND OTHER SUPPORT Grant revenue 9,540 21,014 30,554 29,891 Other revenue and gains 457 457 515 Total revenue and gains 9,997 21,014 31,011 30,406

EXPENSES AND LOSSES Programme related expenses 7,591 19,995 27,586 26,630 Management and general expenses 4,195 65 4,260 3,969 CGIAR Gender and diversity programme 954 954 742 Sub-total expenses and losses 11,786 21,014 32,800 31,341 Overhead cost recovery (2,310) (2,310) (2,731) Total expenses and losses 9,476 21,014 30,490 28,610

NET SURPLUS 521 521 1,796 49 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

Staff list 2005 Board of trustees

EUGENE TERRY Chair; Implementing Director, African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF), Nairobi, Kenya

SERGIO C. TRINDADE Vice Chair; Director, SE2T International Limited, New York, USA

MARK A. ADAMS Director, Western Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia

DENNIS GARRITY Director General, World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

LYNN HAIGHT Chief Financial Officer, Foresters, Toronto, Canada

SEYFU KETEMA Executive Director, Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa (ASARECA), Entebbe, Uganda

ROMANO M. KIOME Director, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Nairobi, Kenya

RAGNHILD LUND Professor of Geography, Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Dragvoll, Norway

CHRISTINE PADOCH Matthew Calbraith Perry Curator of Economic Botany, Institute of Economic Botany New York, USA

ROBERT J. SCHOLES Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Environmentek, Pretoria, South Africa

SARA J. SCHERR Director, Ecosystem Services, Forest Trends, Washington DC, USA

KIYOSHI TANAKA President, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Ibaraki, Japan

DINA NATH TEWARI Member of Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, India

KEES VAN DIJK Head, International Cooperation Office of the National Reference Centre for Nature Management, The Netherlands

LINXIU ZHANG Professor and Deputy Director, Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy (CCAP) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China

Professional staff

OFFICE OF DIRECTOR GENERAL GARRITY DENNIS Director General Nairobi, Kenya, HQ DISII CLAUDETTE Snr Administrative Assistant Nairobi, Kenya, HQ KEINO SHEILA Executive Assistant — DG&DSI Nairobi, Kenya, HQ WARUHIU ANNABELLE NJOKI Executive Assistant — DG&DSI Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

AUDIT UNIT KIUNGA SAMUEL Assistant Internal Auditor Nairobi, Kenya, HQ NG’ENY ALISON Internal Auditor Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

OFFICE OF DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL — PROGRAMMES LAARMAN JAN Deputy Director General Programmes Nairobi, Kenya, HQ OBERG ANNE-LIE Manager, Programme Planning & Resources Nairobi, Kenya, HQ KARIUKI ELIZABETH MBELE MUTHUSI Programme Administrative Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

OFFICE OF DIRECTOR STRATEGIC INITIATIVES BAKARR MOHAMED Director Strategic Initiatives Nairobi, Kenya, HQ MBUGUA LUCY Project Development officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ SHAH WAHIDA PATWA Research Assistant Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

OFFICE OF DIRECTOR CORPORATE SERVICES NWANKWO EMILY Director, Corporate Services Nairobi, Kenya, HQ KIHORI MARION WAMBAIRE Personal Assistant Nairobi, Kenya, HQ 50 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

COMMUNICATIONS UNIT EASDOWN WARWICK Head, Communications Unit Nairobi, Kenya, HQ VAN OPZEELAND WALTER JPO — Electronic Information Access & Development Nairobi, Kenya, HQ NJUGUNA PATRICK NJOROGE Web Coordinator Nairobi, Kenya, HQ KEAH HUMPHREY Information Specialist Nairobi, Kenya, HQ KIMWAKI JACINTA Acting Head Librarian Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

RESEARCH SUPPORT UNIT COE RICHARD Head Research Support Unit Nairobi, Kenya, HQ MURAYA PETER Data Management Specialist Nairobi, Kenya, HQ BUYSSE WIM VVOB Training Associate Nairobi, Kenya, HQ NYABENGE MESHACK GIS Unit Manager Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

FINANCIAL SERVICES UNIT ABEYSEKERA LAKSIRI Chief Financial Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ GATORU ERNEST MUNGAI Manager — Budget and Corporate Finance Nairobi, Kenya, HQ MUOKI NZIOKA Manager — Corporate Accounting Nairobi, Kenya, HQ KABUTHA LINUS GITHUKU Manager — Financial Information Systems Nairobi, Kenya, HQ WAMBUGU JANE AMIMO ECA Regional Finance Officer Nairobi, Kenya, ECA MATHENGE ANTHONY Senior Assistant Accountant Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

HUMAN RESOURCE UNIT MUIRURI GEORGE HR Team Leader Nairobi, Kenya, HQ DE SOUZA MARGARET Human Resources Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UNIT LUMUMBA JUMA Network Administrator Nairobi, Kenya, HQ NGURI LAWRENCE IT Site Manager Nairobi, Kenya, HQ SALIM AHMED Database Specialist Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

PROCUREMENT OFFICE GICHO RUTH WAIRIMU Procurement Assistant — International Nairobi, Kenya, HQ MATEE FAITH NDUKU Procurement Supervisor Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

OPERATIONS INYAA BARNABUS Maintenance Office, Acting Head of Operations Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

SECURITY OFFICE OKUMU JOANES OJIAMBO Security Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

VISITORS AND CONFERENCE OFFICE KIIO JIMMY WAMBUA Visitors/Conferences Services Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

PROTOCAL OFFICE MBIRIRI GEORGE Protocol Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

TRAVEL OFFICE HAMOUD MAHMOUDA Travel Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

THEME OFFICES TREES AND MARKETS SIMONS ANTHONY Co-Theme Leader of the Trees and Markets/GRU Head NAIROBI, KENYA, HQ MUASYA STELLA Project Officer NAIROBI, KENYA, HQ ORWA CALEB OBONYO Database Assistant NAIROBI, KENYA, HQ MUNJUGA MOSES RUKWARO Associate Scientist NAIROBI, KENYA, HQ CARSAN SAMMY Scientific Assistant NAIROBI, KENYA, ECA KINDT ROELAND Tree and Landscape Diversity Scientist NAIROBI, KENYA, ECA MURIUKI JONATHAN KIURA Scientific Assistant NAIROBI, KENYA, ECA

LAND AND PEOPLE PLACE FRANK Theme Leader of the Land and People NAIROBI, KENYA, HQ ABARU MILLIE Collective Action and Markets NAIROBI, KENYA, ECA DAMGAARD-LARSEN SOREN Development Specialist Conservation Agriculture & Soil Health NAIROBI, KENYA, ECA

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES SWALLOW BRENT Theme Leader of the Environmental Services/Principal Scientist NAIROBI, KENYA, HQ OGOLLA AILEEN KATHAMBI Communications and Administrative officer NAIROBI, KENYA, HQ YATICH THOMAS T.B. Research Analyst in Environmental Policy NAIROBI, KENYA, ECA 51 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS TEMU AUGUST Theme Leader of the Strengthening Institutions Nairobi, Kenya, HQ BEKELE-TESEMMA AZENE Capaciy Building Advisor Nairobi, Kenya, ECA CHAKEREDZA SEBASTIAN Post Doctoral Fellow — Senior ANAFE Education Chitedze, Malawi, SA

TRAINING UNIT BENIEST JAN Training Unit Manager — Principal Training Scientist Nairobi, Kenya, HQ VANDENBOSCH TOM Coordinator, Farmers of the Future Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

REGIONS SAHEL ADANDEDJAN CLAUDE Senior Education Fellow Samanko, Mali, SAHEL DEMERS NICOLE Researcher Segou, Mali, SAHEL HAMER ALRIK JPO — Socioeconomist Segou, Mali, SAHEL IBRAHIM ALI GATTA Administrator Bamako, Mali, SAHEL KALINGANIRE ANTOINE Ecologist/Interim Acting Regional Coordinator Samanko, Mali, SAHEL KAYA BOCARY Soil Scientist and National IER/ICRAF Coordinator Samanko, Mali, SAHEL KEITA SOULEYMANE Scientific Officer Samanko, Mali, SAHEL KONE BREHIMA Scientific Officer Samanko, Mali, SAHEL MARANZ STEVEN Postdoctoral Fellow Samanko, Mali, SAHEL SIDIBE MAMADOU MALICK Scientific Officer Samanko, Mali, SAHEL TRAORE CHEICK OUMAR Associate Scientist Segou, Mali, SAHEL DIALLO ROKIATOU Finance and Admin Officer Samanko, Mali, SAHEL

AFRICAN HUMID TROPICS ANEGBEH PAUL Tree Domestication Researcher Onne, Nigeria, AHT ASAAH EBENEZAR K. Associate Research Officer Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT FACHEUX CHARLY Assistant Officer Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT HONORE TABUNA Marketing Specialist Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT KAMGA ANDRE Regional Administrator Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT KANMEGNE JACQUES Production Ecology and Resource Conservation Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT MBILE PETER Farmer Field Specialist Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT MPECK MARIE-LAURE Tree Propagation Specialist Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT TCHOUNDJEU ZACHARY Regional Coordinator AHT Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT THADDEE SADO Agronomist Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT THEOPHILE TIKI MANGA Leader Output 4 — Belgium Project Yaounde, Cameroon, AHT

EAST AFRICA ANAND AITHAL JPO — Enterprise and Entrepreneurship in Agroforestry Nairobi, Kenya, ECA AWITI ALEX ODHIAMBO Associate Ecologist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA BOFFA JEAN-MARC Tree Domestication and Biodiversity Scientist Kampala, Uganda, ECA EYASU ELIAS Programme/Country Liason Officer Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, ECA FRANZEL STEVEN Principal Agricultural Economist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA HANSEN MORTEN BOYE Researcher Embu, Kenya, ECA KAKURU WILLY Programme Officer Kampala, Uganda, ECA KITALYI AICHI Farming Systems Intensification Expert Nairobi, Kenya, ECA LILLESO JENS-PETER Seed Supply Specialist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA MALESU MAIMBO Regional Coordinator Nairobi, Kenya, ECA MBUGUA DAVID Postdoctoral Research Associate Nairobi, Kenya, ECA NABWIRE BEATRICE BAMULESEWA Geographical Information Specialist Kabale, Uganda, ECA NJUI ANNA Programme Officer Nairobi, Kenya, ECA NOORDIN QURESH Development Facilitator Kisumu, Kenya, ECA NYAMAI DANIEL Trees On-Farm Network (TOFNET) of ASARECA Nairobi, Kenya, ECA ODENYO AGNES Postdoctoral Scientist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA ODUOR ALEX Information Officer Nairobi, Kenya, ECA OGINOSAKO ZENROKU Plant Ecologist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA ONG CHIN K. Principal Scientist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA SHEPHERD KEITH Principal Soil Scientist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA SILA ANDREW Data Analyst Nairobi, Kenya, ECA SISIRI DAVID Soil Scientist/Natural Resource Mgt Specialist Kampala, Uganda, ECA TURYOMURUGYENDO LEVAND Decidious Fruit Biodiversity Specialist Kampala, Uganda, ECA VERCHOT LOUIS VINCENT Principal Scientist — Lead Scientist, Land and People Theme Nairobi, Kenya, ECA VAGEN TOR Seconded Researcher Nairobi, Kenya, HQ WALSH MARKUS Senior Scientist — Landscape Ecologist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA WAMBUGU CHARLES Dissemination Extension Specialist Nairobi, Kenya, ECA

LATIN AMERICA CORNELIUS JONATHAN Tree Domestication Specialist Lima, Peru, LA PORRO ROBERTO Senior Natural Resource Policy Specialist Belem, Brazil, LA UGARTE GUERRA JULIO Tree Domestication Specialist Pucallpa, Peru, LA 52 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

SOUTHERN AFRICA AGUMYA AGGREY GIS/Remote Sensing Specialist Harare, Zimbabwe, SA AJAYI OLUYEDE Regional Agricultural Economist Chipata, Zambia, SA AKINNIFESI FESTUS K Senior Scientist — Tree Scientist/Horticulture Chitedze, Malawi, SA CASEY JOHN HOWARD Country Representative (Mozambique) Maputo, Mozambique, SA CHILANGA THOMSON Horticulturist Makoka, Malawi, SA CHINTU RICHARD Technical Agroforestry Researcher Tete, Mozambique, SA DE WOLF JUDITH JPO — Social Scientist Chitedze, Malawi, SA DHLIWAYO PATIENCE Horticulturist Harare, Zimbabwe, SA JACQUET DE HAVESKERCKE CAROLINE Associate Scientist (JPO) Harare, Zimbabwe, SA KABWE GILLIAN Onfarm Specialist Chipata, Zambia, SA KATANGA ROSA Agroforestry Development Facilitator Chipata, Zambia, SA LINYUNGA KENNETH Agroforestry Extention Officer Tete, Mozambique, SA MABIKA-SHETA JULIET GIS Assistant Harare, Zimbabwe, SA MAFONGOYA PARAMU Senior Scientist — Soil Scientist Chipata, Zambia, SA MAKUMBA WILKSON Postdoctoral Fellow — Soil Scientist Chitedze, Malawi, SA MATAKALA PATRICK WALUSIKU Regional Coordinator SA Maputo, Mozambique, SA MATARIRANO LIVAI Development Facilitator Harare, Zimbabwe, SA MAUSSE ARNELA DA CELMA Research Assistant Maputo, Mozambique, SA MITTI JOYCE- MULILA Scaling up/ Out Facilitator Harare, Zimbabwe, SA MKONDA ALFRED Horticulturist Chipata, Zambia, SA MWENYE DORAH C. Training Officer Harare, Zimbabwe, SA NYADZI GERSON ISAAC Postdoctoral Fellow — Soil Fertility Tabora, Tanzania, SA ODUOL PETER ALAN Scaling up/ Out Facilitator Tabora, Tanzania, SA SWAI REMEN Co-ord. Indigenous Fruit Tree Research Shinyanga, Tanzania, SA WELDESAMAYAT SILESHI Agroforestry Pest Management Scientist Chipata, Zambia, SA CHETSE ERNEST Regional Human Resources & Administration Officer Harare, Zimbabwe, SA GONDWE FANNIE Finance and Admin Officer Chitedze, Malawi, SA MASAKA CATHERINE Regional Administrative and Operations Officer Harare, Zimbabwe, SA

SOUTH ASIA PUSHPAKUMARA D.K New Delhi, India, S-ASIA SINGH VIRENDRA PAL Regional Representative for South Asia New Delhi, India, S-ASIA NOOR J.P Regional Finance & Administrative Officer New Delhi, India, S-ASIA

SOUTH EAST ASIA ACAYLAR GLORILYN Country Administrative Officer Los Banos, Philippines, SEA ARDIHARTI SRI WAHYUNI SAD Finance Officer Bogor, Indonesia, SEA KANTHATHAM PRAMUALPIS Country Administrative Officer Chiang Mai, Thailand, SEA MARTOPRANOTO JATI Budget Officer Bogor, Indonesia, SEA PANTOUW RETNO UTAIRA Management Services Leader, Southeast Asia Bogor, Indonesia, SEA PRASETYO JOSEPHINE Regional Administrative Officer Bogor, Indonesia, SEA ADI KUNCORO SUSILO Training Coordination Officer Bogor, Indonesia, SEA AKIEFNAWATI RATNA Field Manager — Associate Research Officer Muara Bungo (Jambi), Indonesia, SEA ARBES LYNDON Training Officer Lantapan, Philippines, SEA ARELLANO ZORINA Research Associate Visayas, Philippines, SEA ARESKOUG VERONIKA JPO — Research Associate Chiang Mai, Thailand, SEA ASMARA DEGI Computer Modeller Bogor, Indonesia, SEA ATIKAH TIKAH Desktop Publisher Bogor, Indonesia, SEA BALANE ROY JOSEPH Landcare Coordinator Bohol, Philippines, SEA BANATICLA MA REGINA Research Associate Los Banos, Philippines, SEA BERTOMEU MANUEL TSSC Project Leader Claveria, Philippines, SEA BOY GERARDO Landcare Facilitator Lantapan, Philippines, SEA BUDI BUDI Research Technician Sanggau (West Kalimantan), Indonesia, SEA BUDIDARSONO SUSENO Agricultural Economics Research Officer Bogor, Indonesia, SEA CAHYANINGSIH NURKA West Lampung NSS Coordinator Lampung Sumberjaya, Indonesia, SEA CATACUTAN DELIA Natural Res. Mgt. Research Officer / Mindanao Programme Coordinator Lantapan, Philippines, SEA CHEN HUAFANG GIS — Technician Kunming, China, SEA DANO MARIA NOELYN Project Manager, Philippines — Australia Landcare Project Claveria, Philippines, SEA DEWI SONYA Spatial Analyst Bogor, Indonesia, SEA EKASARI INDRIANI Agroforestry Tree Specialist Bogor, Indonesia, SEA ELAGO EVY Landcare Coordinator, Philippines — Australia Landcare Project Claveria, Philippines, SEA FAY CHIP PAUL Senior Policy Analyst/Governance Expert in SE Asia Bogor, Indonesia, SEA GALUDRA GAMMA TRIANA RUSVI Social Forestry Specialist Bogor, Indonesia, SEA HADI DANAN PRASETYO GIS Assistant Bogor, Indonesia, SEA 53 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

HARTO RUDY WIDODO Research Assitant Lampung, Sumberjaya Indonesia, SEA HARUM FRANSISKUS Tree Germplasm Specialist Bogor, Indonesia, SEA ILAHANG ILAHANG Field Manager, Agroforester Sanggau (West Kalimantan), Indonesia, SEA JANUDIANTO JANUDIANTO Research Technician Muara Bungo (Jambi), Indonesia, SEA KHASANAH NI’MATUL Research Assistant — Agroforestry Modelling Bogor, Indonesia, SEA KHUSUSIYAH NOVIANA Research Assistant Bogor, Indonesia, SEA LABRA JEROME BIBERA Development Communication Specialist Visayas, Philippines, SEA LASCO RODEL DIAZ Philippine Programme Coordinator Los Banos, Philippines, SEA LEIMONA BERIA Research and Program Officer Bogor, Indonesia, SEA LUSIANA BETHA Research Officer — Ecological Modelling Bogor, Indonesia, SEA MANURUNG GERHARD Agroforestry Tree Specialist Halimun, Indonesia, SEA MARTINI ENDRI Biodiversity Researcher Muara Bungo (Jambi), Indonesia, SEA MERCADO, JR. AGUSTIN Associate Research Officer (On Study Leave) Claveria, Philippines, SEA MUCHLISH USMAN IT Officer Bogor, Indonesia, SEA MULYOUTAMI ELOK PONCO Local Knowledge and Social Science Bogor, Indonesia, SEA NOORDWIJK MEINE Regional Coordinator Southeast Asia Bogor, Indonesia, SEA NUGRAHA ERY Agroforestry Livelihood Specialist Halimun, Indonesia, SEA PASYA GAMAL NSS Fellow Bogor, Indonesia, SEA PURNOMO PRATIKNYO SIDHI Site Manager Bogor, Indonesia, SEA PUTRA ANDREE Remote Sensing Specialist Bogor Indonesia, SEA RAHAYU SUBEKTI Database Manager/Secretary Bogor, Indonesia, SEA ROSHETKO JAMES Tree and Market Specialist Bogor, Indonesia, SEA RUDEBJER PER Capacity Building Specialist Chiang-Mai, Thailand, SEA SAIPOTHONG PORNWILAI Associate Research Officer Chiang-Mai, Thailand, SEA SIRAIT MARTUA Environment Policy Researcher Bogor, Indonesia, SEA SITUMORANG LISKEN Environmental Policy Analyst Bogor, Indonesia, SEA SURYADI INDRA Community Facilitator Lampung Sumberjaya, Indonesia, SEA SUSANTO SUSANTO Hydrologist Lampung Sumberjaya, Indonesia, SEA SUYAMTO DESI ARIYADHI Landscape Modeller/Associate Research Officer Bogor, Indonesia, SEA SUYANTO SUYANTO Environmental Economist Bogor, Indonesia, SEA THOMAS DAVID Senior Policy Analyst Chiang-Mai, Thailand, SEA TUKAN CONSTANTINUS Marketing Specialist Halimun, Indonesia, SEA VANI MASRI Multimedia Specialist Bogor, Indonesia, SEA WEYERHAEUSER HORST Country Coordinator Kunming, China, SEA WIDAYATI ATIEK Spatial Analyst Bogor, Indonesia, SEA WIJAYA KUSUMA Research Assistant in Socio-economics Bogor, Indonesia, SEA

SYSTEM-WIDE AND ECOREGIONAL PROGRAMMES ALTERNATIVES TO SLASH-AND-BURN KASYOKI JOYCE Programme Administrative Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ TOMICH THOMAS Principal Economist & ASB Global Coordinator Nairobi, Kenya, HQ VELARDE PAJARES SANDRA JPO — Pantropic Ecosystem Assessment Nairobi, Kenya, HQ

AFRICAN HIGHLANDS INITIATIVE MUTABAZI DENIS Programme Officer Kampala, Uganda, AHI REMIGIO ACHIA Research Officer Kampala, Uganda, AHI GERMAN LAURA Acting Coordinator, African Highlands Initiative Kampala, Uganda, AHI KYASIIMIRE CLARE Acacia ICT Project Manager Kampala, Uganda, AHI STROUD ANN AHI Regional Coordinator Kampala, Uganda, AHI

GENDER AND DIVERSITY PROGRAMME BOMETT PAULINE Administrative Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ WILDE VICKI LYNN Leader Gender and Diversity Programme Nairobi, Kenya, HQ OKONO ANTONIA NJERI NDUNGU Communications Officer Nairobi, Kenya, HQ 54 World Agroforestry Centre Annual Report 2005

The Alliance of the CGIAR Centres

ICARDA ICRISAT Aleppo Patancheru Syrian Arab Rep. India

IFPRI Washington DC USA IPGRI Rome IRRI Italy ~ CIMMYT Los Banos Mexico City IITA The Philippines Mexico Ibadan Nigeria WorldFish CIAT Penang Cali Malaysia Colombia IWMI Colombo CIFOR CIP Sri Lanka Bogor Lima Indonesia Peru Africa Rice Center-WARDA ILRI World Agroforestry Cotonou Nairobi Nairobi Benin Kenya Kenya

The World Agroforestry Centre is one of 15 food and environmental CGIAR Centres research organizations known as The Alliance of the CGIAR CIAT — Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical Centres. The centres, located around the world, conduct research CIFOR — Center for International Forestry Research in partnership with farmers, scientists, and policy makers to help CIMMYT — Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de alleviate poverty and increase food security while protecting Maíz y Trigo the natural resource base. The centres are principally funded CIP — Centro Internacional de la Papa through the 58 countries, private foundations, and regional and ICARDA — International Center for Agricultural international organizations that make up the Consultative Group Research in the Dry Areas on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). ICRISAT — International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics In 1998 the centres supported by the CGIAR created Future IFPRI — International Food Policy Research Institute Harvest as a charitable and educational organization designed IITA — International Institute of Tropical Agriculture to advance the debate on how to feed the world’s growing ILRI — International Livestock Research Institute population without destroying the environment, and to catalyse IPGRI — International Plant Genetic Resources Institute action for a world with less poverty, a healthier human family, IRRI — International Rice Research Institute well-nourished children, and a better environment. Now known IWMI — International Water Management Institute as The Alliance of the CGIAR Centres, the group reaches out to Africa Rice Center (WARDA) — West Africa Rice media, academics, scholars and scientists in the world’s premier Development Association peace, environment, health, population, and development World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) — International research organizations, as well as to policymakers and civil Centre for Research in Agroforestry society, and enlists world-renowned leaders to speak on its World Fish Centre — International Centre for Living behalf. The alliance raises awareness and support for research, Aquatic Resources Management promotes partnerships and sponsors on-the-ground projects that bring the results of research efforts to farmers’ fields in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) 55 Agroforestry science to support the Millennium Development Goals

HEADQUARTERS MALI ZIMBABWE World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Rokiatou Diallo Clever Zinaka, Admin Officer United Nations Avenue, Gigiri Sahel Regional Programme World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) P. O. Box 30677-00100 Nairobi, Kenya c/o ICRISAT Southern Africa Programme Tel: + 254 20 7224000 B.P. 320 Bamako, Mali SADC-ICRAF Regional Agroforestry Programme +1 650 833 6645 Tel: 223 223375 / 227707 P.O. Box MP 128, Mount Pleasant Fax: + 254 20 7224001 Fax: 223 228683 Harare, Zimbabwe +1 650 833 6646 Email: [email protected] Tel: 263 4 334202 / 334162 Email: [email protected] Fax: 263 4 301945 Website: www.worldagroforestry.org SOUTHERN AFRICA Email: [email protected] MALAWI Fannie P. Gondwe SOUTH EAST ASIA REGIONAL OFFICES Finance and Administrative Officer INDONESIA EAST & CENTRAL AFRICA World Agroforestry Centre Josephine Prasetyo MASENO SADC-ICRAF Regional Administrator Nicholas Shitsukane Chitedze Research Station Southeast Asia Regional Programme, Maseno Regional Research Centre, P.O. Box 30798 Lilongwe 3, Malawi Jl. Cifor, Situgede, Sindangbarang, P.O. Box 25199, Kisumu, Kenya Tel: (265) 1 707 332 / 319 / 323 Bogor 16680, Indonesia Tel: 035 51164 Fax: (265) 1 707 323 OR P.O. Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Cell: (265) 9 557 612 Tel: (62 251) 625 415 extension 735 Email: [email protected] Fax: (62 251) 625 416 MERU Email: [email protected] ICRAF Meru office MOZAMBIQUE General email: [email protected] P.O. Box 3208 Meru, Kenya ICRAF-Mozambique (INIA) Tel: 064 31267 Caixa Postal 3658, Av. das FPLM THE PHILLIPINES Email: [email protected] 3698, Mavalane, Maputo 8, Mozambique Glo Acaylar Tel/Fax: +(258) 1 461775 ICRAF-Phillipines, African Highlands Initiative (AHI), Email: [email protected] 2/F, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF Uganda Tel: (63 49) 5362925 Plot 13 Binayomba Road, Bugolobi, TANZANIA Tel: (IRRI) 8450563; 8450569; 8450570; 8450575 P. O. Box 26416 Kampala, Uganda Aichi Kitalyi loc.#544 Tel: 256-41 220602 / 220607 256 41 505021 ICRAF–Tanzania Fax: (63 49) 5264521 Fax: 256 41 223242 Mwenge Coca Cola Road Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] c/o Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute (MARI) Campus THAILAND LATIN AMERICA P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ICRAF, International Centre for Research in PERU Tel/Fax: 255 22 2700090/2 Agroforestry ICRAF Perú Fax: 255 22 2700090 C/O Faculty of Agriculture, 5th Floor Word Agroforestry Centre CIP-ICRAF Cell: 255 748 542 616 Chiang Mai University Apartado 1558 Lima 12 Perú Email: [email protected] Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand Phone: (51)(1) 349-6017 Tel: (66) 53 357906, 53 357907 Fax: (51)(1) 317-5316 Administrative Assistant, Fax: (66) 53 357908 www.icraf-peru.org ICRAF Tabora Email: [email protected] PO Box 1595 Tabora, Tanzania [email protected] WCA Tel: +255 26 2604121 [email protected] CAMEROON Fax: +255 26 2604892 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Email: [email protected] Mailing address: P.O. Box: 16.317 Yaounde, Cameroon P.O. Box 267, CMU Post Office, ZAMBIA Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand Regional office Gillian Kabwe Tel: (237) 221 50 84 Country Leader, Fax: (237) 221 50 89 Zambia-ICRAF Agroforestry Project, c/o Provincial Agriculture Office (Eastern Province) Country office P.O. Box 510046 Chipata, Zambia Tel: (237) 223 75 60 Tel: 260 62 21404 Fax: (237) 223 74 40 Fax: 260 62 21725 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Where we operate South Asia We work in six regions across New Delhi, India Africa, America and Asia.

Latin America Belem, Brazil

East Africa Nairobi, Kenya

West and Central Africa Southern Africa Southeast Asia Bamako, Mali Harare, Zimbabwe Bogor, Indonesia

LATIN AMERICA WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA SOUTHERN AFRICA Our focus in Latin America is on land use in the This region combines two agroecological zones of Much of Southern Africa is caught in the downward Amazon Basin, the world’s largest remaining tropical major importance for agroforestry: the Sahel, and spiral of poverty — mainly because of land rainforest. Our work is integrated into the Amazon West Africa’s humid tropical lowlands. ICRAF’s degradation, loss of soil fertility and depletion of Initiative — a consortium that includes the Amazon work in the Sahel focuses on the semiarid parkland renewable natural resources. High HIV/AIDS incidence Basin countries — which we facilitate along with our ecosystem to improve farmer incomes and reduce also reduces family productivity and quality of sister centre, the International Centre for Tropical threats from desertification — through agroforestry- life. Pressures on the natural ecosystem continue. Agriculture (CIAT). The Amazon Initiative focuses on based innovations that combine scientific knowledge Research by ICRAF and partners has shown that research and development to reverse and mitigate with farmers’ traditional knowledge and expertise. soil fertility can be restored significantly by planting natural resource degradation while improving the In the humid tropical lowlands, research focuses nitrogen-fixing fertilizer trees. These trees are generally livelihoods of the rural poor. Agroforestry is a key on the improvement, management, and marketing multipurpose, providing both fodder and fuelwood. land use alternative to achieve these objectives. Our of indigenous plants and their products to benefit The lack of livelihood alternatives for much of Southern research on tree domestication for smallholders in the smallholder farmers, especially women. Africa’s poor means that their future is directly tied to western Amazon is a key contributor to the Amazon the land and its ability to sustain them. Scaling up of Initiative agenda. fertilizer trees and an enabling environment, both at policy and market levels, are key to success. South Asia New Delhi, India

Latin America Belem, Brazil

East Africa Nairobi, Kenya

West and Central Africa Southern Africa Southeast Asia Bamako, Mali Harare, Zimbabwe Bogor, Indonesia

EAST AFRICA SOUTH ASIA SOUTHEAST ASIA ICRAF focuses on the densely populated and often The South Asia region is ICRAF’s newest regional We concentrate on improved land-use practices degraded highlands of Eastern and Central Africa programme. The opening of a regional office that integrate productive trees into agroforestry and the Lake Victoria Basin, the locus of the greatest in India in 2003 formalized our presence. The landscapes, which provide important environmental concentration of rural poverty on the continent. regional programme has identified opportunities for services in Southeast and East Asia. These areas In western Kenya we facilitate a network of 107 research and development in four eco-regions: The are particularly well-suited to the use of agroforestry organizations that seek to scale up agroforestry and mountainous region of northeast India, Nepal, Bhutan for both poverty alleviation and environmental sustainable agriculture: the Consortium for Scaling up and parts of Bangladesh; the Indo-Gangetic Plain of conservation. We coordinate the Rewarding Upland Options for Increasing Farm Productivity in Western Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Nepal; The Humid Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) network Kenya (COSOFAP). coastal areas of India, Bangladesh, the Maldives and that seeks to reward upland farmers by investigating Sri Lanka; and the Semi-arid lands of India, Sri Lanka the nature of their environmental services and We host the Trees on Farm Network of the Association and Pakistan. developing bases to recognize property rights and for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and transfer of benefits. Our programmes span from Central Africa (ASARECA) – a vehicle to generate and the island nations of Indonesia and the Philippines, promote the utilization of demand-driven Agroforestry to the montane Southeastern Asian mainland technologies and innovations. The African Highlands including Thailand, Laos and Vietnam and the critical Initiative (AHI) uses an integrated approach to improve watersheds of southwestern China. livelihoods in the highlands of East and Central Africa through better natural resource management.

World Agroforestry Centre United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P. O. Box 30677-00100 Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: + 254 20 7224000, +1 650 833 6645 Fax: + 254 20 7224001, +1 650 833 6646 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.worldagroforestry.org