Geology, Correlations, and Geodynamic Evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey)

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FACULTE DES SCIENCES Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie Geology, correlations, and geodynamic evolution of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) Thèse de doctorat présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de lʼUniversité de Lausanne par Laurent Beccaletto Diplômé en Géologie Université de Montpellier (France) Jury Prof. Gervais Chapuis, Président Prof. Gérard M. Stampfli, Directeur de thèse Prof. Aral I. Okay, Expert Prof. Laurent Jolivet, Expert Dr. Olivier Monod, Expert Prof. Jean Hernandez, Expert A Marie et Auriane A ma mère Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS - Remerciements (aknowledgements) - i - Abstract - iii - Résumé - v - Résumé grand public - vii - Foreword - ix - List of figures and tables - xi - CHAPTER 1 - THE GEOLOGY OF TURKEY AND AEGEAN DOMAIN IN THE FRAMEWORK OF TETHYAN GEOLOGY 1 1.1. The Tethyan realm 1 1.2. Geology of the eastern Mediterranean domain/Aegean region 2 1.2.1. Outline of the history of geology in Turkey and Greece 3 1.2.1.1 Geology of Turkey 3 1.2.1.2 Geology of Greece 4 1.2.2. Sutures, associated oceanic domain and terranes of the Aegean region 6 1.2.2.1. Laurasian margin 6 1.2.2.2 Oceanic sutures of the Aegean domain 11 1.2.2.3. Gondwana margin-Cimmerian continents 16 1.3. Geology of the Biga Peninsula and main issues of the thesis 18 - CHAPTER 2 - THE ÇETMI MÉLANGE: GEOLOGY AND CORRELATIONS 21 2.1. The concept of mélange in geology 21 2.1.1. Definition and classification of mélanges 21 2.1.2. The study of mélanges: methods and techniques 23 2.1.2.1. Mélange as structural objects 23 2.1.2.2. Paleotectonic evolution inferred from the study of mélanges 23 2.2. The Çetmi mélange: location and structural frame 2.2.1. Outline on the geology of Çetmi mélange 25 Table of contents 2.2.2. Structural observations, mode of emplacement 29 2.3. The blocks and the matrix of the Çetmi mélange 31 2.3.1. The blocks 31 2.3.1.1. Han Bulog limestone 31 2.3.1.2. Late Triassic limestone blocks 33 2.3.1.3. Radiolarite and radiolarite/red mudstone alternations 38 2.3.1.4. Magmatic rocks 42 2.3.1.5. Elliayak eclogite 50 1.3.1.6. Blocks made of detritic material 51 2.3.1.7. Serpentinite/listvenite 52 2.3.2. The matrix 53 2.3.2.1. Petrography of the greywackes 53 2.3.2.2. Age of the matrix 54 2.3.2.3. Whole-rock geochemistry of the greywacke-shale matrix 55 2.3.2.4. Conclusion 60 2.4. Interpretation and correlations of the Çetmi mélange 61 2.4.1. Summary of the data 61 2.4.2. End of the activity of the Çetmi mélange 63 2.4.3.1. Stratigraphic comparison with the IEAS and IPS mélanges 67 2.4.3.2. Evidences from eastern Rhodope 70 2.4.3.3. Structural position of the Çetmi mélange 71 2.4.3.4. Conclusion 72 - CHAPTER 3 - GEOLOGY AND CORRELATIONS OF THE EZINE GROUP AND DENIZGÖREN OPHIOLITE 73 3.1. The Ezine Group 74 3.1.1. Geyikli Formation 74 3.1.2. Karadağ Formation 76 3.1.3. The Çamkoÿ Formation 79 3.1.4. The Ezine Group as a Permian –Triassic syn-rift sequence 83 3.1.5. The low-grade metamorphism of the Ezine Group 85 3.2. The Denizgören ophiolite and its metamorphic sole 86 3.2.1. The Denizgören ophiolite 86 3.2.2. The metamorphic sole 87 3.3. Correlation of the Ezine Group and Denizgören ophiolite 90 Table of contents - CHAPTER 4 - TERTIARY EXHUMATION IN THE BIGA PENINSULA: FOCUS ON THE KAZDAG MASSIF 94 4.1. Southern flank of the Kazdağ Massif 94 4.1.1. The Küçükkuyu Formation 94 4.1.2. Şelale detachment fault 105 4.1.3. Step-like normal faults 106 4.2. Northern flank of the Kazdağ Massif: the Alakeçi mylonite zone 107 4.3. Discussion on the role of the Şelale and Alakeçi detachment faults during the exhumation of the Kazdağ Massif 109 - CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION, GEODYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF THE BIGA PENINSULA AND ADJACENT AREAS 112 5.1. The plate tectonic model 112 5.2. Geodynamic evolution 112 - References - 123 Appendix 1 Sample processing for microfossil extraction Appendix 2 Whole-rock geochemistry of the magmatic rocks from the Çetmi mélange Appendix 3 Whole-rock geochemistry of the Elliayak eclogite Appendix 4 Whole-rock geochemistry of the greeywacke-shale matrix Appendix 5 Whole-rock geochemistry of the metamorphic sole of the Denizgören ophiolite, Ezine area Appendix 6 40Ar/39Ar analytical data for the amphibolites from the metamorphic sole of the Denizgören ophiolite, Ezine area Appendix 7 U-Th-Pb microprobe analytical data for the Şelale granodiorite Plate 1 Lower-middle Triassic conodonts from the Çetmi mélange Plate 2A-2D Upper Triassic foraminifers from the Çetmi mélange Plate 3A-3B Middle Jurassic-lower Cretaceous radiolarians from the Çetmi mélange Plate 4A-4B Palynomorph assemblage from the matrix of the Çetmi mélange Table of contents Plate 5A Uppermost Albian-lower Cenomanian foraminifers belonging to an unconformable sequence overlying the Çetmi mélange Plate 5B Upper Cretaceous foraminifers from a couche-rouge block from the Abant Complex Plate 6 Middle-upper Permian foraminifers from the Ezine Group Plate 7A Field pictures from the Çetmi mélange Plate 7B Field pictures from the Ezine area Plate 7C Field pictures from the Küçükkuyu Fm, the Şelale Detachment Fault, the Alakeçi Mylonitic Zone and the Kasdağ Massif Plate 8 Geological map of the Çetmi mélange, northern area Plate 9A Geological map of the Çetmi mélange, southern area (1) Plate 9B Geological map of the Çetmi mélange, southern area (2) Plate 10 Geological map of the Ezine area Remerciements (aknowledgements) - REMERCIEMENTS (AKNOWLEDGEMENTS) - Je tiens tout d'abord à remercier chaleureusement mon directeur de thèse le professeur Gérard Stampfli, de l'Institut de Géologie et de Paléontologie de l'Université de Lausanne. Je lui sais gré de m'avoir permis de continuer dans la voie de la recherche en géologie, en me faisant confiance pour mener à bien ce travail de thèse. J'ai tout autant apprécié son approche globale (i.e. geodynamique) des problèmes géologiques, que profité de ses vastes connaissances de la géologie téthysienne. J'exprime toute ma gratitude envers le Professeur Aral. I. Okay de l'Université Technique d'Istanbul, qui a été mon contact en Turquie lors de mes missions de terrain successives; je le remercie pour son aide et sa disponibilité, ainsi que pour la mise à disposition de son matériel géologique. Il est de plus le découvreur du mélange de Çetmi, sujet central de cette thèse; son travail de pionnier sur la géologie de la Péninsule de Biga a servi de base à l'ensemble de mon travail de recherche. Je remercie le Professeur Laurent Jolivet de l'Université Paris VI d'avoir accepté de juger ce travail, ainsi que d'avoir pu me recevoir lors de mes trop rares visites à Paris VI. C'est en partie à la suite d'une de ses missions en Grèce, à laquelle j'ai pu me joindre, que j'ai décidé de développer le chapitre sur l'extension Tertiaire. Je remercie le Docteur Olivier Monod, chargé de recherche au C.N.R.S. à l'Université d'Orléans, et grand spécialiste de la géologie turque, d'avoir accepté de faire partie de ce jury de thèse. Je sais gré au Professeur Jean Hernandez de l'Institut de Minéralogie et de Géochimie de l'Université de Lausanne d'avoir accepté de juger ce travail; son expérience pétrographique et géochimique dont j’ai pu largement bénéficier m’a été fort utile. Les travaux micro-paléontologiques ont été réalisés par le Docteur A-C Bartolini (Université Paris VI, radiolaires), le Professeur L. Zaninetti et le Docteur R. Martini (Université de Genève, foraminifères du Trias), le Docteur H. Kozur (Budapest, conodontes du Trias), le Docteur C. Jenny (Université de Lausanne, foraminifères du Permien), le professeur M. Caron (Université de Fribourg, foraminifères du Crétacé), le Docteur P. Hochuli (ETH Zürich, palynologie). Je remercie vivement toutes ces personnes pour leur indispensable travail de détermination. Le séjour au laboratoire du Docteur Nicolai Bonev, de l’Université de Sofia, a été déterminant quant aux corrélations de la Péninsule de Biga avec le Massif du Rhodope; je le remercie vivement pour son aide. Jean-Claude Lavanchy et Laurent Nicod ont effectué respectivement l’ensemble de mes analyses géochimiques et l’ensemble de mes lames minces; Philippe Thélin et Liliane Du- fresne ont déterminé par RX l’illite; à tous les quatre j’adresse mes remerciements sincères. Ces quelques années passées à l’Université de Lausanne auraient été plus ternes sans les - i - Remerciements (aknowledgements) membres de l'équipe de géologie téthysienne; j'adresse en particulier toutes mes amitiés à Christian Steiner, Gilles Borel, Laurent Langhi et François Rosselet. Je remercie également Anna-Chiara Bartolini, Sébastien Bruchez, Philippe Montjoie, Micha Schlup, Piercarlo Gabriele, Andreas Mulch, Jean-Claude Vannay et Sébastien Pilet de m'avoir donné apporté une aide appréciable à l'occasion. Un salut amical à Elisabeth Carrupt, Benita Putlitz, David Giorgis, Olivier Ferrari, ainsi qu'à l'ensemble des assistants de la section des Sciences de la Terre. Je remercie mes amis Tarık O. Eke et Burak Yıkılmaz de m'avoir fait découvrir ce pays magnifique qu'est la Turquie et ses habitants simples et chaleureux (çok teşekkür ederim !). Merci à Tarık, ainsi qu'à Hüseyin Ekiz, de m'avoir assisté sur le terrain. J'ai profité occasionnellement des conseils avisés des professeurs F. Boudier (Montpellier), G.
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  • Facies and Environments

    Facies and Environments

    The Geological Society of America Digital Map and Chart Series 17 2014 Notes on Maps of the Callovian and Tithonian Paleogeography of the Caribbean, Atlantic, and Tethyan Realms: Facies and Environments Caroline Wilhem* Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences and Environments, University of Lausanne, Geopolis, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland A. NOTE detailed in Hochard (2008). The Mesozoic reconstructions were partly presented and discussed in Flores (2009) for the Pacifi c The Callovian-Tithonian period of the Atlantic and its and Caribbean realms; in Stampfl i and Borel (2002, 2004) for connected oceans was tectonically intense. It was mainly the Atlantic realm; and in Stampfl i (2000, 2001), Stampfl i et al. marked by the opening of the Caribbean Seaway, the pursu- (2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2003), Stampfl i and Borel (2004), Stamp- ance of the Atlantic and Tethyan spreading, as well as the fl i and Kozur (2006), Bagheri and Stampfl i (2008), Bonev and North Atlantic rifting. This period is characterized by a gen- Stampfl i (2008, 2011), Moix et al. (2008), and Stampfl i and eral deepening of the oceans. At the same time, the sedimen- Hochard (2009) for the Tethyan realm. tation passed from largely siliceous to carbonaceous deposits Key localities and linked references used for the elabora- within the Tethyan realm. tion of the Callovian and Tithonian maps are geographically Callovian and Tithonian facies and environments were com- presented in section B. The Dercourt et al. (1993, 2000) atlases piled and added to a plate tectonics model that constrains their were used as general references. The characteristics and devel- arrangements.
  • Offshore Marine Actinopterygian Assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece

    Offshore Marine Actinopterygian Assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece

    Offshore marine actinopterygian assemblages from the Maastrichtian–Paleogene of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, Greece Thodoris Argyriou1 and Donald Davesne2,3 1 UMR 7207 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3 UMR 7205 (MNHN—Sorbonne Université—CNRS—EPHE), Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ABSTRACT The fossil record of marine ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) from the time interval surrounding the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction is scarce at a global scale, hampering our understanding of the impact, patterns and processes of extinction and recovery in the marine realm, and its role in the evolution of modern marine ichthyofaunas. Recent fieldwork in the K–Pg interval of the Pindos Unit in Eurytania, continental Greece, shed new light on forgotten fossil assemblages and allowed for the collection of a diverse, but fragmentary sample of actinopterygians from both late Maastrichtian and Paleocene rocks. Late Maastrichtian assemblages are dominated by Aulopiformes (†Ichthyotringidae, †Enchodontidae), while †Dercetidae (also Aulopiformes), elopomorphs and additional, unidentified teleosts form minor components. Paleocene fossils include a clupeid, a stomiiform and some unidentified teleost remains. This study expands the poor record of body fossils from this critical time interval, especially for smaller sized taxa, while providing a rare, paleogeographically constrained, qualitative glimpse of open-water Tethyan ecosystems from both before and after the extinction event. Faunal similarities Submitted 21 September 2020 Accepted 9 December 2020 between the Maastrichtian of Eurytania and older Late Cretaceous faunas reveal a Published 20 January 2021 higher taxonomic continuum in offshore actinopterygian faunas and ecosystems Corresponding author spanning the entire Late Cretaceous of the Tethys.
  • Morphotectonic Analysis Along the Northern Margin of Samos Island, Related to the Seismic Activity of October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece

    Morphotectonic Analysis Along the Northern Margin of Samos Island, Related to the Seismic Activity of October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece

    geosciences Article Morphotectonic Analysis along the Northern Margin of Samos Island, Related to the Seismic Activity of October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece Paraskevi Nomikou 1,* , Dimitris Evangelidis 2, Dimitrios Papanikolaou 1, Danai Lampridou 1, Dimitris Litsas 2, Yannis Tsaparas 2 and Ilias Koliopanos 2 1 Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (D.L.) 2 Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service, Mesogeion 229, TGN 1040 Cholargos, Greece; [email protected] (D.E.); [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (I.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: On 30 October 2020, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.0 occurred north of Samos Island at the Eastern Aegean Sea, whose earthquake mechanism corresponds to an E-W normal fault dipping to the north. During the aftershock period in December 2020, a hydrographic survey off the northern coastal margin of Samos Island was conducted onboard R/V NAFTILOS. The result was a detailed bathymetric map with 15 m grid interval and 50 m isobaths and a morphological slope map. The morphotectonic analysis showed the E-W fault zone running along the coastal zone with 30–50◦ of Citation: Nomikou, P.; Evangelidis, slope, forming a half-graben structure. Numerous landslides and canyons trending N-S, transversal D.; Papanikolaou, D.; Lampridou, D.; Litsas, D.; Tsaparas, Y.; Koliopanos, I. to the main direction of the Samos coastline, are observed between 600 and 100 m water depth. The Morphotectonic Analysis along the ENE-WSW oriented western Samos coastline forms the SE margin of the neighboring deeper Ikaria Northern Margin of Samos Island, Basin.