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Edith Wharton DLB 12 Edith Wharton References: Charles Foster, The Rungless Ladder: Harriet Beecher John R. Adams, "The Literary Achievement of Stowe and New England Puritanism (Durham: Harriet Beecher Stowe," Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University Press, 1954); University of Southern California, 1939; Edward Charles Wagenknecht, Harriet Beecher Elizabeth Ammons, ed., Critical Essays on Harriet Stowe: The Known and the Unknown (New York: , Beecher Stowe (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1980); Oxford University Press, 1965). Alice A. Cooper, "Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Criti- cal Study," Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard Uni- Papers: versity, 1964; Harriet Beecher Stowe's papers are in the Alice C. Crozier, The Novels of Harriet Beecher Stowe Beecher-Stowe Collection at Schlesinger Library, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969); Radcliffe College, Harvard University. Edith Wharton (24 January 1862-11 August 1937) James W. Tuttleton New York University See also the Wharton entries in DLB 4, American Writers in Paris, 1920-1939, and DLB 9, American Novelists, 1910-1945. SELECTED BOOKS: Verses, anonymous (Newport, R. I.: C. E. Hammett, Jr., 1878); The Decoration of Houses, by Wharton and Ogden Cod man, Jr. (New York: Scribners, 1897; London: Batsford, 1898); The Greater Inclination (New York: Scribners, 1899; London: Lane/Bodley Head, 1899); The Touchstone (New York: Scribners, 1900); repub- lished as A Gift from the Grave (London: Mur- ray, 1900); Crucial Instances (New York: Scribners, 1901; Lon- don: Murray, 1901); The Valley if Decision (2 volumes, New York: Scrib- ners, 1902; 1 volume, London: Murray, 1902); Sanctuary (New York: Scribners, 1903; London: Macmillan,11903); Italian Villas and Their Gardens (New York: Century, 1904; London: Lane/Bodley Head, 1904); The Descent of Man and Other Stones (New York: Scribners, 1904; enlarged edition, London & New York: Macmillan, 1904); Italian Backgrounds (New York: Scribners, 1905; London: Macmillan, 1905); The House of Mirth (New York: Scribners, 1905; London & New York: Macmillan, 1905); Madame, de Treymes (New York: Scribners, 1907; Wharton, age twe:nty-three,at the time of her marriage 433 Edith Wharton DLB 12 London: Macmillan, 1907); Hudson River Bracketed (New York & London: Ap- The Fruit of the Tree (New York: Scribners, 1907; pleton, 1929); . London: Macmillan, 1907); Certain People (New York & London: Appleton, The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other Stories (New 1930); York: Scribners, 1908; London: Macmillan, The Gods Arrive (New York & London: Appleton, 1908); 1932); A Motor-Flight Through France (New York: Scribners, Human Nature (New York & London: Appleton, 1908; London: Macmillan, 1908); . 1933); 11 Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse (New York: Scrib- A Backward Glance (New York & Lmdon: Apple- ;1 ners, 1909; London: Macmillan, 1909); ton-Century, 1934); J Tales of Men and Ghosts (New York: Scribners, 1910; The World Over (New York & London: Appleton- i London: Macmillan, 1910); Century, 1936); Ethan Frome (New York: Scribners, 1911; London: Ghosts (New York & London: Appleton-Century, Macmillan, 1911); 1937); The Reef (New York: Appleton, 1912; London: The Buccaneers (New York & London: Appleton- Macmillan, 1912); Century, 1938). The Custom of the Country (New York: Scribners, 1913; London: Macmillan, 1913); While at the close of her career Edith Wharton Fighting France,Jrom Dunkerque to Belfort(New York: was sometimes regarded as passe, a literary aristo- Scribners, 1915; London: Macmillan, 1915); crat whose fiction about people of high social stand- (j Xingu and Other Stories (New York: Scribners, 1916; ing had little to tell about the masses, particularly iJ London: Macmillan, 1916); during the Jazz Age and the Depression, a counter- ~ Summer (New York: Appleton, 1917; London: vailing view has begun to emerge in response to ;~ Macmillan, 1917); Edmund Wilson's call, after her death, for "justice" The Marne (New York: Appleton, 1918; London: to Edith Wharton. In this counterview, Wharton is Macmillan, 1918); seen as a serious and deeply committed artist with a French Ways and Their Meaning (New York & Lon- high respect for the professional demands of her don: Appleton, 1919; London: Macmillan, craft, a woman praiseworthy for the generally high 1919); quality and range of her oeuvre, a novelist who The Age 0/ Innocence (New York & London: Apple- wrote some of the most important fiction in the first ton, 1920); quarter of the twentieth century, perhaps in Ameri- In Morocco (New York: Scribners, 1920; London: can literary history. If this point of view has merit; Macmillan, 1920); her claim to attention arises from the clarity of her The Glimpses of the Moon (New York & London: Ap- socialvision, the particular angle of that vision (high pleton, 1922; London: Macmillan, 1923); society seen from the inside), and her subtle mastery A Son at the Front (New York: Scribners, 1923; Lon- of the techniques of fiction, which would be in- don: Macmillan, 1923); teresting to any reader concerned with the pro- Old New York: False Dawn (The 'Forties), The Old Maid cesses of writing; Recently the novelist Gore Vidal (The 'Fifties), The Spark (The 'Sixties), and New remarked in "Of Writers and Class: In Praise of Year's Day (The 'Seventies) (New York & Lon- Edith Wharton" that "At best, there are only three don: Appleton, 1924); or four American novelists who can be thought of as The Mother's Recompense (New York & London: Ap- 'major' and Edith Wharton is one." He regards pleton, 1925); Wharton and James as "the two great American The Writing of Fiction (New York & London: Scrib- masters of the novel." And he remarks. that "now ners, 1925); that the prejudice against the female writer ison the Here and Beyond (New York & London: Appleton, wane, they look to be exactly what they are: giants, 1926); equals, the tutelary and benign gods of our Ameri- Twelve Poems (London: Medici Society, 1926); can literature." If that statement is not justice to Twilight Sleep (New York & London: Appleton, Edith Wharton, it will be a long time in coming. 1927); Born into the conservative, fashionable, and The Children (New York & London: Appleton, wealthy society of old New York in 1862, Edith 1928); republished as The Marriage Playground Jones, the daughter of George Frederic and Lucre- (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1930); tia Rhinelander Jones, was privately tutored, ~ C) ~ DLB 12 Edith Wharton traveled extensively in Europe as a girl, and was Edith wharton: A Biography (1975), based on her married off on 29 April 1885 to Edward Wharton, a private papers, it has become vividly clear the extent man considerably older than she and with few in- to which these intensely felt issues arose from her tellectual or artistic interests. During the early years personal situation. of her marriage, she seems to have done little more Her first publication was a book of poems, than play the role of society matron and hostess in Verses (1878), privately published in Newport while New York and Newport. Several years after her she was yet a girl-Together with Artemis to Actaeon marriage, in 1894, she suffered a nervous break- and Other Verse (1909), and Twelve Poems (1926), down, which resulted in convalesence in a sanato- Wharton's verse suggests a very conventional poetic rium. There novel writing was prescribed therapy, sense, sometimes passionately eruptive, but never in and she thus commenced her professional writing connection with the great poetic revolution of the career. twentieth-century avant-garde. Verses was followed As a chronicler of the manners of New York by The Decoration if Houses (1897), a work on interior society from the 1840s into the 1930s, an interna- decor written with Ogden Codman, Jr. (apparent- tional novelist, and master of the short story, ly to bury the taste of her mother's generation). Wharton's principal focus, as indicated in her book And her first book publications of fiction were The The Writing if Fiction (1925), was the conflict be- Greater Inclination (1899), The Touchstone (1900), and tween the desire of the individual and the authority Crucial Instances (1901). of social convention. Blake Nevius has found the At the publication of The Greater Inclination, latent subject of her work to be two interlocking Henry James remarked that he was able to detect, in themes: "the spectacle of a large and generous na- these eight short stories, the echoes of George Eliot ture ... trapped by circumstances ironically of its sounding through the book. But many early re- own devising into consanguinity with a meaner na- viewers; among them John D. Barry in the Boston ture"; and the related problem of trying LO define Literary World, remarked that, unfortunately, she nature and limits of individual responsibility, had been most influenced by J~mes himself-a determine what allowance of freedom or rebel- claim that Wharton came more and more to resent, can be made for her trapped protagonist with- although she and James were to develop a close at the same time threatening the structure of friendship. Harry Thurston Peck was perhaps Since the publication of R. W. B. Lewis's more discriminating in his observation that The The Mount, the house Wharton built in 1901 on her 128-acre farm in Lenox, Massachusetts 435 ! Edith Wharton DLB 12 "'~.. Greater Inclination had caught the "English" manner The Touchstone, Aline Gorren remarked in the Critic of James's late style but had improved upon it. He that Wharton wasto be praised for "the geni~s with I concluded that "We have seen nothing this year that which she willbring to the surface the underground I has impressed us so much as Mrs. Wharton's book." movements of women's minds." The stories in The Greater Inclination vary from a Crucial Instances was marked by a declining straight drawing-room scene written in dialogue, to dependence on verbal irony and fin de siecle witti- 1:i a story-e-heavily freighted with psychological cism and by a growth of her mastery of the short- !~ analysis-of a symbolicjourney to death of a man story form.
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