DOCSLIB.ORG

Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science Observations on Periodical Cicadas (Brood XIV) in Indiana in 1974 (Homoptera-Cicadidae) 1 Frank N. Young Zoology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 Abstract Emergence of Brood XIV of periodical cicadas (Magicicada) in Indiana began about one week later than on the last emergence in 1957. Emergence was again re- stricted to two apparently separated areas: 1) Brown and Morgan counties, and 2) Crawford, Harrison, Perry, and Washington counties. Again as in 1957, all three 17-year species were not found in both of these areas but only M. septendecim and septendecula were found in Brown County and only M. septendecim and caasini in the southern counties. Emergence in Lawrence and Orange counties reported in 1957 could not be reconfirmed. Emergence in Crawford, Morgan, and Perry counties was not reported in 1957. Scattered emergence observed in Monroe County probably repre- sents a 4 year delay of individuals from Brood X which was very abundant in 1970. Brood XIV has been greatly reduced in Indiana since the early 1900's. In 1923 it was reported from many of the southern counties and as far north as Tippecanoe, Carroll, Grant, and Wayne counties. Periodical cicadas of Brood XIV (Magicicada septendecim L., M. cassini Fisher, and M. septendecula Alexander and Moore) emerged in moderately large numbers in two apparently separated areas in southern Indiana in May and early June 1974. No evidence of reduction in intensity of emergence could be detected in Brown, Harrison, or southeastern Crawford counties, but 1957 records of emergence near Orleans, Orange County (Marshall, CEIR) and Lawrence County (Alexander and Moore, 1962) could not be reconfirmed. Cicada flagging was apparent in part of Washington County in the late summer, but no specimens were observed there in May or June. Flagging was also reported from Crawford, Harrison, and Perry counties (Sproat, CEIR). A single M. septendecim was observed in Monroe county by Prof. Val Nolan, and a specimens of M. septendecim and two nymphal skins were collected by Mrs. D. G. Frey near Bloomington, Monroe County. These records probably represent a 4 year delay of individuals from Brood X which was very abundant in the same areas in 1970 (Young, 1971). The first emergence of M. septendecim was observed in Brown County on May 21, about one week later than reported in 1957 (Hamilton, CEIR). M. cassini, however was reported calling in Har- rison County on May 20 (Dr. D. Dunning and John Byers). M. septendecula was first observed emerging in Brown County on May 24, but may have begun somewhat earlier. By May 30, M. cassini was calling in nearly every clump of trees from Motts Station, Harrison County, along Ind. Hwy. 135 into Meade County, Kentucky, and back along western edge of Harrison County to near Leavenworth in Crawford County. Many choruses of M. Contribution No. 985 from the Zoological Laboratories of Indiana University. 289 290 Indiana Academy of Science septendecim were heard at the same time along this route but seemed to occur largely in more extensive stands of timber. The emergence in Brown County was less apparent than in the southern counties, but M. septendecim appeared in considerable num- bers in Brown County State Park and along Ind. Hwy. 135 north through Nashville to the vicinity of Bean Blossom and to the east. M. septen- decula was found calling in large numbers on drier cut-over slopes along Bear Wallow Road just south of Nashville. The 1957 and 1974 records of Brood XIV indicate that there has been a considerable reduction in the area over which this brood occurs since the early 1900's. Periodical cicadas were reported in massive swarms in Brown and Perry counties in 1923, and in smaller numbers in Clark, Clay, Daviess, Dearborn, Floyd, Fountain, Grant, Harrison, Johnson, Knox, Monroe, Morgan, Orange, Putnam, Ripley, Scott, Sullivan, Tippecanoe, Warrick, Washington, and Wayne counties. Older and doubtful records are for Boone, Carroll, Dubois, Crawford, Greene, Jackson, Lake, Lawrence, Pike, Posey, Steuben, Vanderburg, and Vigo counties. Some of the latter records may actually be for Brood XXIII of 13-year cicadas which emerged along with Brood XIV in 1872. In 1957 periodical cicadas were recorded only from Brown, Harrison, and Lawrence counties (Alexander and Moore, 1962), Orange County (Marshall, CEIR), and Brown County (Hamilton, CEIR). An attempt was made to determine whether or not Brood XIV overlapped extensively with Brood X. This attempt was hampered by lack of precisely located stations for Brood X in most of the area of overlap. The situation in Brown County is particularly uncertain. The late Prof. J. J. Davis told me that in 1936 (following an emergence of Brood X) that the canopy of the forest in Brown County State Park was brown over a large area by late summer from the nagging caused by cicada oviposition. In 1970, however, cicadas were not found in Brown County State Park, although they were collected in large num- bers in Yellowwood State Forest to the west and near Story along Jnd. Hwy. 135 to the south. No emergence of Brood XIV was detected in either of the latter areas. Extensive nagging was not evident in Brown County in late summer of 1974 to the extent that it was to the east in Bartholomew County and to the west in Monroe County in 1970. An extensive survey was made in Brown County during the emergence and 17 stations at which cicadas were collected established. The area is bounded as follows: S. W., 3.0 mi. S. W. of Nashville on Ind. Hwy. 46; W., 0.3 mi. W. of Bean Blossom on Ind. Hwy. 45; N., 5.2 mi. N. of Bean Blossom on Ind. Hwy. 135; E., 5.0 mi. E. of Bean Blossom approximately along Clay Lick Road; S., vicinity of Lake Strahl within Brown County State Park. No signs could be detected to the east along Ind. Hwy. 135 south of Ind. 46. Outside the area bounded above cicadas could not be detected either by their calls or by examining the ground for emergence signs. Within Brown County State Park, the main emergence appeared to be along the west edge near Ind. Hwy. 46 and east to around the Abe Martin Lodge. Only a Entomology 291 few scattered individuals and nymphal skins were found near the Hoosier Nest area or in the vicinity of Kelp Post Office and Lake Strahl. The area of emergence in Brown County thus seems to be very sharply bounded and possibly isolated from any emergence in Morgan County. No signs of cicadas could be detected in Morgan, Johnson, Bartholomew, Jackson, or Monroe counties during May and June nor was any unquestioned cicada flagging observed in these counties in the late summer, but they were heard calling (Gene Kritsby). The emergence in the southern counties appears to represent an extension of Brood XIV into the state from Kentucky where emergence was heavy and widespread in the eastern counties. Six stations were established in Harrison and Crawford counties for future studies. In addition recordings were made at approximately 1 mile intervals from Motts Station down Ind. Hwy. 135 to the Ohio River and northwest through Valley City to U. S. Hwy. 460 and the vicinity of Wyandotte Cave. In addition to the observations and collections cited above, a survey was made of 12 stations in southwestern Indiana which were positive for periodical cicadas of Brood XXIII (13-year periodicity) in 1963. All of these stations were negative in 1974 although visited on May 31 when emergence was nearly completed in Harrison County and large scale choruses were in evidence. These stations were also visited in 1970 for the purpose of seeing if Brood X had emerged in the same places. Only one area and that not immediately at the station at which Brood XXIII was collected showed suspicuous signs of flagging in late summer. Except possibly in Brown County State Park, little evidence of overlap of Brood XIV with Brood X or Brood XXIII was found in Indiana. However, in Trimble and Henry counties, Kentucky, M. septen- decim and M. cassini were collected either at or very near stations positive for the same species in 1970. Stations on the Indiana Uni- versity Campus (Young, 1971) were without exception completely negative for cicadas in 1974. Other Broods of Periodical Cicadas in Indiana The broods of periodical cicadas numbered by Marlatt (1923) have without exception been reduced in range since the early 1900's. This, of course, correlates with the fact that forest tracts have generally been reduced over vast areas during this period, and the periodical cicadas are closely related to trees upon whose roots the nymphs feed. Some of the numbered broods, however, either never existed or have been exterminated (Alexander and Moore, 1962). The broods and their next year of emergence (in parentheses) are as follows: . The 17- Year Broods Brood I (1978): Reported by Marlatt in 1910 from Knox, Posey, and Sullivan counties. However, this emergence corresponded to that of the 13-year Brood XXII which could be expected in the southern Wabash Valley. The previous record of Brood I from Indiana in 1859 cor- responds with that of Brood XXIII of 13-year cicadas which is known 292 Indiana Academy of Science to occur widely over the lower Wabash Valley. Specimens, unfortunately, seem to be lacking to confirm that the 1910 records are for M. septendecim, cassini, or septendecula rather than for the 13-year species M. tredecim (Walsh and Riley), M. tredecula, and trecassini (Alexander and Moore). Brood II (1979): Reported from Dearborn, Fountain, and questionably from Posey County in 1911. This emergence corresponded with that of Brood XXIII of 13-year cicadas, and these records probably represent the 13-year species.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2017 Magicicada Brood VI (17-Year)
    Magicicada 2017 brood mapping project 12:00 PM 4/2/17 2017 Magicicada Brood VI (17-year) © 2017 Totoket Partners Page 1 of 61 Magicicada 2017 brood mapping project 12:00 PM 4/2/17 © 2017 Totoket Partners LLC All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced, displayed, modified or distributed in any form without the express prior written permission of the copyright holder. © 2017 Totoket Partners Page 2 of 61 Magicicada 2017 brood mapping project 12:00 PM 4/2/17 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................... 4 Brood VI ....................................................................................................... 4 Emergence Timing ........................................................................................ 8 Distribution and abundance of Magicicada ............................................ 9 Species Information ............................................................................. 10 Magicicada cassini (Fisher 1851) .................................................................. 10 Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus 1758) .................................................... 13 Magicicada septendecula Alexander and Moore 1962 ................................. 16 Brood Maps .......................................................................................... 19 Appendix 1: Planning a mapping route ................................................. 31 What to look for .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MARKET BULLETIN – 404-656-3722 – Agr.Georgia.Gov WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021
    EstablishEd 1917 a CEntury of sErviCE It’s Egg strawberry candling season in classes Georgia! are back See page 16 for a online. list of locations. Learn more on page 8. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE • GARY W. BLACK, COMMISSIONER • WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 • VOL. 104, NO. 6 • © COPYRIGHT 2021 CONSUMER ALERT: A 2017 map of periodical cicada broods Beware of pine straw scam prepared by the U.S. Forest Service (page ary 14) shows three Georgia counties being ATLANTA – Attorney General Chris Carr er1s7 impacted by Brood X emergence: Fannin, ni v20 is warning Georgians about a scam in- A7n – Gilmer, and Union. But according to Dr. volving door-to-door sales of pine straw or 100t1h9 1 Nancy Hinkle, professor of entomology mulch. Consumers have complained about at the University of Georgia, older maps disreputable landscapers coming to their indicate that Brood X emerges as far south doors, claiming to have left-over pine straw as the Gnat Line (about to Macon). or mulch from a previous job and offering it “That’s why we want everyone to be to the consumer at a heavily discounted rate. watching and to report when they find After the consumer agrees to the rec- cicadas this spring,” Hinkle said. Email ommended number of bales, the scammer photos and location to [email protected]. lays down fewer bales than agreed upon Brood XIX emergence of 13-year cicadas in and then tells the consumer he will need 2024 will affect: to lay down an additional number of bales to cover the yard at a cost of hundreds of Catoosa, Chattooga, Cherokee, Fulton, dollars more.
    [Show full text]
  • The Periodical Cicada
    BULLETIN NO. 14, NEW SERIES. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. THE PERIODICAL CICADA. AN ACCOUNT OF CICADA SEPTENDECIM, ITS NATURAL ENEMIES AND THE MEANS OF PREVENTING ITS INJURY, TOGETHER WITH A SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENT BROODS. C. JJ. MAELATT, M. S., FIRST ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. 1, So, 14, new series, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. frontispiece. !'hilo I V Riley.del L.SuIhv m p TRANSFORMATION OF CICADA SEPTENDECIM —*"— " R E C £ ' V E D "n.ftv vVoA\ .v ;P-M o 'HÖH w >* ■ • • ^ ; _; __ ÛTsT Departmen^o^Agriculture^ BULLETIN No. 14, NEW SERIES. U. S. DEPARTMEiNT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. THE PERIODICAL CICADA. AN ACCOUNT OF CICADA SEPTENDECIM, ITS NATURAL ENEMIES AND THE MEANS OF PREVENTING ITS INJURY, TOGETHER WITH A SUMMARY OF TUB DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENT BROODS. C. L. M AUL, ATT, M. S. FIIIST ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. DI VISTON OF ENTOMOLOG Y. Entomologist : L. O. Howard. Assist. Entomologists : C. L. Marlatt, Th. Pergande, Frank Benton. Investigators : E. A. Schwarz, H. G. Hubbard, D. W. Coquillett, F. H. Chittenden. Assistants : R. S. Clifton, Nathan Banks, F. C. Pratt, August Busck. Artist: Miss L. Sullivan. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL IL S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. (7., May 1, 1898. SIR : The periodical, or seventeen-year, Cicada has a peculiar interest in addition to its economic importance, in that it is distinctly American and has the longest life period of any known insect. Economically, it is chiefly important in the adult stage from the likelihood of its injuring nursery stock and young fruit trees by depositing its eggs.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavior and Evolution of Periodical Cicadas (Magicicada Spp.)
    Behavior and evolution of periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) by David Crane Marshall A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biology) The University of Michigan 2000 Copyright David C. Marshall Doctoral Committee: Professor Richard D. Alexander, Chair Professor George Estabrook Professor Gerald Smith Professor Priscilla Tucker ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals and organizations contributed generously to this research. The Frank Ammermann Endowment of the Insect Division of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology provided essential financial assistance throughout the study. The Museum of Zoology supported portions of this research with grants from the Hinsdale- Walker and Tinkle Memorial Endowments. Early financial assistance was provided by the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies. Japan Television Workshop, Ltd., paid field expenses in 1998. It is difficult to predict where conditions appropriate for field studies of Magicicada behavior will exist in any given year, and many state and local government organizations were extremely tolerant of our last-minute arrival each Spring and willing to permit us access to government lands. Several private landholders allow prolonged access to their property without thought of compensation; we are strongly indebted to them for this assistance. I hope that future researchers will pay the utmost respect to the property rights of these individuals and organizations should future work at these locations be desired: Alum Springs Young Life Camp, Rockbridge Co., VA Washington and Lee University, Rockbridge Co., VA Horsepen Lake State Wildlife Management Area, Buckingham Co., VA Siloam Springs State Park, Brown and Adams Counties, IL Harold E. Alexander Wildlife Management Area, Sharp Co., AR M.
    [Show full text]
  • Surprising Northern Disjunct Population of 13-Year Cicada Brood XXII (Hemiptera: Cicadidae, Magicicada)
    Evolution and Geographic Extent of a Surprising Northern Disjunct Population of 13-Year Cicada Brood XXII (Hemiptera: Cicadidae, Magicicada) GENE KRITSKY, ROY TROUTMAN, DAN MOZGAI, CHRIS SIMON, STEPHEN M. CHISWELL, SATOSHI KAKISHIMA, TEIJI SOTA, JIN YOSHIMURA, AND JOHN R. COOLEY ntil now, periodical cicada Brood XXII was recog- along the lower Mississippi Valley in eastern Louisiana nized as having the most southern distribution of and southwestern Mississippi. Uthe three extant Magicicada 13-year broods (XIX, It was therefore quite surprising, so many years later, XXII, XXIII). Phares (1845) recorded the 1845 Brood XXII to discover an unrecognized large northern disjunct emergence in The Woodville Republican, a Mississippi population of Brood XXII (Kritsky 2004) in a populated newspaper; in addition, he had per- area along the Ohio River, separated by sonally witnessed the cicadas’ 1832 more than 1,000 km from the record- appearance and received verbal Magicicada Primer ed range of Brood XXII in the lower accounts from observers of the 1819 Species: Mississippi Valley. Geographic dis- and 1806 emergences. He also pub- Decim group: juncts are common in 17-year cicadas lished details of the 1858 emergence, Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Simon and Lloyd 1982, Cooley 2015, leaving no doubt as to the 13-year life M. tredecim (Walsh & Riley) Cooley et al. 2015) and they have also cycle of this brood (Kritsky 2004). M. neotredecim Marshall & Cooley been noted in 13-year cicadas (e.g., After the 1871 emergence of Brood Cassini group: populations of Brood XXIII in Dewitt XXII, Phares sent specimens to C. V. County Illinois separated by more M.
    [Show full text]
  • New Nomenclature for the Broods of the Periodical Cicada
    Circular no. 45, second series. t "g T3 7^ J^ "Y' United States Department of Agrie&itui-e, 19u2 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLO,<8ftAY 17 L. O. Howard, Entomologis lT&. Department of Agriculture, A NEW NOMENCLATURE FOR THE BROODS OF THE PERIODICAL CICADA. By C. L. Marlatt, First Assistant Entomologist. [Reprint from Bulletin No. 18, New Series, Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agri- culture, pp. 52-58.] The writer reviewed the different nomenclatures suggested by various authors for the broods of the periodical Cicada in Bulletin No. 14, new series, of the Division of Entomology, and therefore a brief summary of the old systems is all that need be given here. It will be remembered that the earlier writers, viz, Prof. Nat. Potter, Dr. William T. Harris, and Dr. G. B. Smith, classified the broods solely according to the years of their appearance. The unpublished register left by Dr. Smith includes every brood now known classified according to race, and gives the localities for one additional brood, the existence of which seems not to have been con- firmed. Though lacking any special designation for the broods, Dr. Smith's classification is as complete and accurate as that published by Dr. Riley and since followed by all later writers. Dr. Asa Pitch was the first to introduce a numbering system for the different broods, enumerating nine altogether, but his data were very limited and he was not aware of the 13-year southern period, and there necessarily resulted no little confusion of the broods of the two races. The Walsh-Riley enumeration of 1878 gave the records for sixteen broods, which were designated by Roman numerals from I to XVI, the enumeration being based on the sequence of the different broods after 1868.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching Interests: Active Learning, Peer Groups, Technological Engagement
    John R. Cooley Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Connecticut Storrs, CT USA 06269 Teaching Interests: Active learning, peer groups, technological engagement. Research Interests: Speciation, secondary contact zones, sexual selection, GIS, species distribution modeling. Current positions: Researcher and Adjunct Faculty, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. Visiting Professor of Integrative Sciences, College of Integrative Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown CT. Positions and Teaching: Wesleyan University (Visiting Assistant of Integrative Sciences) CIS 150: The Art of Scientific Writing (2016, 2017, 2018). CIS 520: Academic Writing and Publishing (2016, 2017). The University of Connecticut (Assistant Professor in Residence, Instructional Specialist, Adjunct Professor) EEB 2202: Evolution and Human Diversity (2016). EEB 2208: Conservation Biology (2018) EEB 2214: Biology of the Vertebrates (2004-2005). EEB 2244: General Ecology (2011, 2013, 2016). EEB 2244W: Writing section for General Ecology (2014, 2015). EEB 2245: Evolutionary Biology (2007). EEB 2245W: Writing section for Evolutionary Biology (2005-2007, 2014, 2015). EEB 2293WC: Methods of Field Ecology (2005-2006). BIO 1102: Foundations of Biology (2005-2006, 2016). BIO 1108: Principles of Biology II (2004-2006). BIO 1108: Laboratory for Introductory Biology (2012). BIO 1109: Topics in Modern Biology (Honors; 2014). BIO 2289: Introduction to Undergraduate Research (Honors; 2014, 2015, 2018). The Ohio State University (Visiting Assistant Professor) BIOL 114: Form, Function, Diversity and Ecology (2010). EEOB 370: Extinction (2010). EEOB 405.01: Diversity and Systematics of Organisms (2009). 1 Yale University (Lecturer) E&EB 115a: Conservation Biology (2008). E&EB 220a: General Ecology (2008). E&EB 230a: Field Ecology (2008). E&EB 255b: Biology of the Invertebrates (2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Viticulture Notes January 2020
    Viticulture Notes…..................................................... Vol. 35, No. 1 (January 2020) Tony K. Wolf, Viticulture Extension Specialist, AHS Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Winchester, Virginia [email protected] https://www.arec.vaes.vt.edu/arec/alson-h-smith.html I. Current situation ........................................................................................................... 1 II. Recap of article on conversion of spur-pruned vines to cane pruning........................ 2 III. Question from the field: Periodical cicadas ................................................................ 8 IV. Wine grape spray guides from VineSmith ................................................................... 9 V. Grape production and acreage survey… HELP…......................................................... 10 VI. Workshops and shortcourses .................................................................................. 11 I. Current situation: Sharp temperature changes in the middle of winter are always a cause for concern with any of our commonly grown cultivars, but particularly with the more tender, cold injury-prone varieties such as Merlot and Tannat. This is the first winter in over a decade that I’ve had reason to measure grapevine dormant bud cold hardiness, which I’m doing with one of our research projects. My sampling is limited to two varieties, Petit Manseng, and Cabernet Sauvignon, both of which are grown at our experiment station near Winchester, and both of which are moderately cold-tender. Monthly bud hardiness assessments conducted since early November have illustrated excellent cold acclimation with both varieties and, despite the relatively warm December, both are at good to excellent stages of mid-winter cold hardiness. With respect to the latter point, the temperature required to kill approximately 50% of the Cab Sauvignon buds as of 6 January 2020 was -7.0°F. The temperature required to kill approximately 50% of the Petit Manseng buds at the same time was about -3.0°F.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Lived Insects Raise Prime Riddle
    IN FOCUS NEWS “swarms of strange insects, and the mischiefs A FRENZIED HORDE done by them”. Charles Darwin also puzzled After 17 years underground, over them. Even now, entomologists are try- billions of cicadas in Brood II are emerging in the eastern ing to understand how the insects’ peculiar SOURCE: G. KRITSKY United States to reproduce. Brood II. life cycles evolved, how they count the years There are a further 11 underground and how they synchronize their broods in the north of the country with 17-year life schedules. “They are one of the big ecologi- cycles, and three southern cal mysteries out there,” says Walt Koenig, a broods with 13-year cycles. behavioural ecologist at the Cornell University Lab of Ornithology in Ithaca, New York. They are also an entomological rarity. Of UNITED STATES the thousands of cicada species known around the world, only the seven Magicicada species, which live in the eastern and central United States, have evolved such prolonged and syn- chronized life cycles (see ‘A frenzied horde’). Range of 17-year cicadas At the southern end of their range, Magici- Range of 13-year cicadas cada populations have split into three mixed- species broods that emerge every 13 years. In the northern region, 12 broods follow 17-year cycles. This year’s crop belongs to Brood II, one of the larger 17-year groups and one that ENTOMOLOGY emerges in major metropolitan regions on the east coast. Since their last outing in 1996, Brood II cicadas have grown through five larval stages Long-lived insects underground, where they survived by suck- ing fluids from tree roots.
    [Show full text]