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2000 Land Mines and Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

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Land Mines and Demining: Books Books

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

Please note: not all these resources are available in the Dudley Knox Library but they can be requested through Interlibrary Loan.

Anderson, Kenneth. "An Overview of the Global Land Mine Crisis." pp. 17-24, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Anti-Personnel Landmines: Friend or Foe?: A Study of the Military Use and Effectiveness of Anti-Personnel Mines. 2nd ed. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1997, 88p.

Anti-Personnel Mines in Central America: Conflict and Post-Conflict: Landmines Must be Stopped. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1996, 26p.

Banks, Eddie. Anti-Personnel Mines: How to Recognize and Defuse. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997.

Banks, Eddie and R. C. Gravett. Anti-Personnel Mines: Recognising & Disarming. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1997. 217p.

Banning Anti-Personnel Mines: The Ottawa Treaty Explained. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1998, 22p.

Eliasson, Jan. "An International Approach Toward Humanitarian Assistance and Economic Development of Countries Affected by Land Mines." pp. 166-178, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Bigl, Susan R. Change in Orientation of Artillery-Delivered Anti-Tank Mines in Snow. [Hanover, N.H.]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, [1984]. CRREL report; 84-20. 20p.

Bingham, Price T. Air Power and the Defeat of a Warsaw Pact Offensive: Taking a Different Approach to Air Interdiction in NATO. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1987. AU-ARI-CP; 87-2. 41p.

Blagden, Patrick. "The Use of Mines and the Impact of Technology." pp. 112-123, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Bottoms, Albert, James N. Eagle, and Howard Bayless (eds.). Proceedings of the Autonomous Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures Symposium, 1995. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 1995.

1 Bottoms, Albert M., Ellis A. Johnson and Barbara Honegger (eds.). Proceedings of the Technology and the Mine Problem Symposium. 2 vols. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 1996.

Boutwell, Jeffrey and Michael Klare, (eds). Light Weapons and Civil Conflict: Controlling the Tools of Violence. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict series, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, c1999. 262p.http://www.ccpdc.org/pubs/light/lighfr.htm

Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis.

New York: Basic Books, 1995. 237p.

Cahill, Kevin M. and Abdulrahim Abby Farah. "Developing Indigenous Amputee Programs: Lessons From Nicaragua and Somalia." pp. 148-161, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Cahill, Kevin M and Thomas Roma. Silent Witnesses. [New York?]: United Nations: Center for International Health and Cooperation: Worldwide distribution by HarperCollins, c1995. 91p.

Cameron, Maxwell A., et al. To Walk Without Fear: The Global Movement to Ban Landmines. Oxford University Press; 1999. 416p.

Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Non-Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament Division. Anti-Personnel Land-Mines, An Annotated Bibliography. Ottawa: Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1996. 114p.

Chan, Philemon C. et al. "Acceleration Threat to Truck Occupants Due to Land Mine Explosions." pp. 447-460 IN: SAFE Association (U.S.). Symposium. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium, SAFE Association. 33rd (1995).

Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (1980) Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons: Message From the President of the United States Transmitting the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use. [Corr. print.]. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1995. Treaty document; 103-25. 23 p.

Cooper, Andrew. Exposing the Source: U.S. Companies and the Production of Antipersonnel Mines. Human Rights Watch Project Report, v. 9, no. 2, April 1997. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997. 47p.

Cornish, Paul. Anti-Personnel Mines: Controlling the Plague of ‘Butterflies’. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, c1994. 38p.

Croll, Mike. The History of Landmines. Barnsley [U.K.]: Leo Cooper, 1998. 164p.

Davies, Paul. War of the Mines: Cambodia, Landmines and the Impoverishment of a Nation. London [England]; Boulder, CO: Pluto Press, 1994. 172p.

De Waal, Alexander. Violent Deeds Live On: Landmines in Somalia and Somaliland. Cockermouth, Cumbria [England]: Mines Advisory Group; London African Rights, [1993]. 82p.

Dickey, Thomas S. and Peter C. George. Field Artillery Projectiles of the American Civil War; Including a Selection of Navy Projectiles, Hand Grenades, Rockets and Land Mines. Atlanta, GA: Arsenel Press, 1980. 505p.

Disarmament Week Symposium (1994: United Nations) Disarmament: Ending Reliance on Nuclear and

2 Conventional Arms. New York: United Nations, c1995. 155p.

DoD Humanitarian Demining R & D Program (US Army Communications-Electronics Command). Humanitarian Demining: Developmental Technologies, 1998. [Washington, D.C.?] : Dept. of Defense, [1998] 55p.

Dubey, Abinash C. et al (eds.) Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets. 9-12 April 1996, Orlando, Florida; sponsored by SPIE--the International Society for... Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE, c1996. Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering; v. 2765. 588p.

Dubey, Abinash C. et al (eds.) Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets II. 21-24 April 1997, Orlando, Florida; sponsored by SPIE--the International Society for... Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE, c1997. Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering; v. 3079. 842p.

Dubey, Abinash C. et al (eds.). Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III. 13-17 April 1998, Orlando, Florida. Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering; v. 3392. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, c1998. 1271p.

Dubey, Abinash C. et al (eds.) Detection Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets. 17-21 April 1995, Orlando, Florida; sponsored and published by SPIE--the International Society for... Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, c1995. Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering; v. 2496. 1036p.

"Establishing Baseline Costs for Humanitarian Assistance to Landmine Survivors and Mine-Contaminated Communities," document submitted by the Landmine Survivors Network to The Washington Conference on Global Humanitarian Demining, Washington, D.C., May 20-22, 1998.

EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Land Mines. The Detection of Abandoned Land Mines: A Humanitarian Imperative Seeking Solution. EUREL International Conference, 7-9th October 1996. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1996. 192p.

Evans, Thomas R. "Technology Beyond the Probe." pp. 124-137, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Falk, Richard. "Walking the Tightrope of International Humanitarian Law: Meeting the Challenges of Land Mines." pp. 69-86, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Fighting Landmines: The Ottawa Process and the United Nations Role. New York, NY: United Nations Dept. of Public Information, [1997] 8p.

Fine, Jonathan E. Hidden Enemies: Land Mines in Northern Somalia: A Report. Boston, MA: Physicians for Human Rights, 1992. 5p.

Gerken, Louis. Mine Warfare Technology. American Scientific Group, 1989.

Geyer, Richard G. Magnetostatic Measurements for Mine Detection. Boulder, CO: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1988. NISTIR ; 88-3098.

Giannou, Chris and H. Jack Geiger. "The Medical Lessons of Land Mine Injuries." pp. 138-147, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Goad, K.J.W. and D.H.J. Halsey. Ammunition (Including Grenades and Mines). Oxford, New York: Brassey’s Publishers Limited, 1982. 289p.

Handbook of Employment Concepts for Mine Warfare Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA.: U.S. Army Engineer

3 Center and School, [1986]. 155p.

Hampson, Francoise J. Long Shadows: Landmines and the Law of Armed Conflict. Colchester: University of Essex: Human Rights Centre, 1995. 64p.

Harber, David. Improvised Land Mines: Their Employment and Destructive Capabilities. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1992. 80p.

Hartley, Arthur. Unexploded Bomb, A History of Bomb Disposal. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1958. 272p.

Hehir, J. Bryan. "Land Mines: A Political-Moral Assessment." pp. 97-111, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Herrera, Stephan. "Land Mine Sniffer." Forbes, August 23, 1999, v. 164, no. 4, p. 80.

Heyman, Charles. Trends in Land Mine Warfare. Coulsdon, Surrey, [England]; Alexandria, VA: Jane’s Information Group, 1995. 161p.

Hidden Death: Landmines and Civilian Casualties in Iraqi Kurdistan. Middle East Watch. New York: Human Rights Watch, [1992]. 67p.

Horowtiz, P., et al. New Technological Approaches to Humanitarian Demining. McLean, VA: Mitre Corporation, 1996. 91p.

International Committee on the Red Cross. The Worldwide Epidemic of Landmine Injuries: The ICRC's Health Oriented Approach. Geneva, 1993. 8p.

Jane's Combat Support Equipment. Coulsdon, Surry, U.K.; Alexandria, VA: Jane's Information Group, 1978- [annual]

Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics. Coulsdon, Surry, U.K.; Alexandria, VA: Jane's Information Group, 1991- [annual]

Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance. Coulsdon, Surry, U.K.; Alexandria, VA: Jane's Information Group, 1996- [annual]

Johnson, Richard H. "Why Mines? A Military Perspective." pp. 24-44, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

King, Colin. Legislation and the Landmine. Jane’s Intelligence Review, Special Report, no. 16. Coulsdon, [England]: Jane’s Information group, 1997. 22p.

King, Colin. The Mine Conundrum: The Threat to Mine-Clearance Operations. Jane’s Intelligence Review, Special Report, no. 8. Coulsdon, [England]: Jane’s Information group, 1995. 23p.

Land Mines in Angola. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993. 69p.

Land Mines in Cambodia: The Coward's War, September 1991. Asia Watch, Physicians for Human Rights. [New York]: Asia Watch: Human Rights Watch, 1991. 129p.

Land Mines in El Salvador and Nicaragua: The Civilian Victims. New York, NY: Americas Watch Committee, c1986. 117p.

Landmines: A Deadly Legacy. The Arms Project of Human Rights Watch & Physicians for Human Rights.

4 New York: Human Rights Watch, c1993. 510p.

Landmines: A Global Health Crisis. IPPNW Global Health Watch Report No. 2. Cambridge, MA: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1997. 100p.

Landmines and Demining: A Global Problem. [CD-ROM] Charlottesville, VA: National Ground Intelligence Center, 1996?

Landmines in Mozambique. Human Rights Watch Arms Project [and] Human Rights Watch/Africa (formerly Africa Watch). New York: Human Rights Watch, c1994. 119p.

Landmines Must Be Stopped: Overview 1999. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1999, 36p.

Laurance, Edward J. Light Weapons and Intrastate Conflict: Early Warning Factors and Preventative Action. Washington, DC: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1998. 98p.http://www.ccpdc.org/pubs/weap/frame.htm

Lucas, Guy. "Mine Clearance" (p. 81-84) IN: Defence Systems International: The International Review of Land Systems. London: Sterling Publications Limited, 1996. 268p.

McGrath, Rae. Land Mines in Angola: An Africa Watch Report. New York: Human Rights Watch, c1993. 69p.

McNamara, Thomas E. "The U.S. Approach Toward Land Mines: A Realistic Policy for an Evolving Problem." pp. 60-65, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Mine Warfare. Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1971. 6p. [178 p. of illustrations]

Morris, Michael et al. Limpet-Mine Sabotage in South Africa: Weapon Data, Saboteur Tactics, Incident List. Cape Town, S.A.: Terrorism Research Centre, c1982. 54p.

Nolan, Janne E. "Land Mines: The Arms Control Dimension." pp. 87-96, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Omaar, Rakiya et al. Violent Deeds Live on: Land Mines in Somalia and Somaliland. London: African Rights and Mines Advisory Group, [1993] 82p.

Parks, W. Hays. "The Humanitarian Law Outlook." pp. 45-59, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Pena Gomez, Manuel Vicente. Un Pueblo Mutilado: El Carmen de Chucuri. [Bogota, Colombia]: Fundacion para los Deberes Humanos, [1994?]. 75p.

Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Technology and the Mine Problem. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, April 6-9, 1998. [Monterey, Calif.] : DMC, [1998?]. CD-ROM

Prokosch, Eric. The Technology of Killing: A Military and Political History of Antipersonnel Weapons. London; Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, c1995. 224p.

Rauch, Elmar. "The Protection of the Civilian Population in International Armed Conflicts and the Use of Landmines [inconsistencies Between the Mines Protocol and Other Conventions]." pp. 262-287 IN: German Yearbook of International Law, 1981, 1982.

5 Reports of El Salvador: Mines. [San Salvador]: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, El Salvador, 1988. 40p.

Roberts, Shawn and Jody Williams. After the Guns Fall Silent: The Enduring Legacy of Landmines. 1st. ed. Washington, DC: Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, 1995. 554p.

Ruel, Susan. The Scourge of Land Mines: UN Tackles Hidden Peacetime Killers. New York: United Nations, Department of Public Information, [1993]. 5p.

Sandoz, Yves. Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons: United Nations Conference on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons : final act of the Conference. International Review of the Red Cross, January-February 1981, ICRC, Geneva, 1981, 34p.

______. "Turning Principles into Practice: The Challenge for International Conventions and Institutions." pp. 179-197, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

The Silent Menace: Landmines in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1998, 53p.

Shropshire, Steve. Controlling Anti Personnel Mines: The Inhumane Weapons Convention Review Conference and Beyond. 1995. 16p.

Sloan, C. E. E. Mine Warfare on Land. London; Washington, DC: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1986. 153p.

Smith, Christopher. "Anti-Personnel Mines: The Arguments Over Military Utility." pgs. 273-285 IN: Brassey's Defence Yearbook. London: Brassey's, Center for Defence Studies, 1996.

Steindl, K.H. "The General Status of Land-Mines" p. 79, IN: Defence Systems International: The International Review of Land Systems. London: Sterling Publications Limited, 1996. 268p.

Stiff, Peter. Taming the Landmine. Alberton, RSA: Galago, 1986. 128p.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Anti-Personnel Weapons. [Chapter 7. Delayed-Action Weapons]. New York: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc., 1978. 299p.

Stolfi, Russel, H.S. Mine and Countermine Warfare in Recent History, 1914-1970. BRL Report no. 1582. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1972. 166p.

Thompson, John. "Mine Warfare" pp. 97-100, IN: Defence Systems International: The International Review of Land Systems. London: Sterling Publications Limited, 1996. 268p.

Towle, Philip. Limiting the Use of Conventional Weapons: Prospects for the 1979 UN Conference: The Future of Incendiaries, Cluster Bombs, High Velocity Rifles, Fuel-Air Explosives and Land Mines. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, [1979] 22p. [Working paper / Strategic and Defence Studies Centre; no. 9]

United Nations. Department of Humanitarian Affairs. Land Mines: From Words to Action. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations, Dept. of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA), 1995. 24p.

______. General Assembly. Assistance in Mine Clearance. Report to the Secretary-General, Document A/ 49/357, September 6, 1994, 49' General Assembly, Item 22 (A/49/150).

______. Office of Conference and Support Services, Translation and Editorial Division, Documentation, Reference and Terminology Section. Humanitarian Demining. ST/CS/SER.F/349. New York: United

6 Nations, 1997. 256p.

United States. Army Engineer Center and School of Fort Belvior. Handbook of Employment Concepts for Mine Warfare Systems. Ft. Belvior, VA: U.S. Army Engineer Center and School, 1986. 155p.

United States. Congress. House. Committee on National Security. Subcommittee on Military Research and Development. Response to the Landmine Threat in Bosnia. One Hundred fourth Congress, Second Session. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1996. 162p.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs. The Global Landmine Crisis: hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, special hearing. Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1994. 137p.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons: Report (to Accompany Treaty Doc. 103-25) [Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1995]. Senate Executive report; 104-1. 31p.

______. Amended Mines Protocol. Executive Report 106-2, May 13, 1999. Washington, DC: GPO, 1999. 56p.

______. Amended Mines Protocol. Executive Report 105-21, October 10, 1998. Washington, DC: GPO, 1998. 76p.

______. Amended Mines Protocol: report (to accompany Treaty doc. 105-1(A)). [Washington, DC : U.S. G.P.O., 1999] 56p.

United States. Department of Defense. Explosives Safety Board. UXO Forum’96: Conference Program. March 26-28, 1996, Williamsburg, Virginia. 137p.

______. UXO Forum '97: a Global Conference on Unexploded Ordnance. Nashville, Tennessee, May 28-30, 1997 conference proceedings. 452p.

______. UXO Forum '98: A Global Conference on Unexploded Ordnance. May 5-7, 1998, Anaheim, California, conference proceedings.http://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/News/UXOCOE/Conference/Forum/proceedings.html

______. UXO Forum '99: A Global Conference on Unexploded Ordnance. May 25-27, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia, conference proceedings.http://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/News/UXOCOE/Conference/Forum99/proceedings99.html

United States. Department of State. The Global Landmine Crisis: 1994 Report to the U.S. Congress on the Problem with Uncleared Landmines and the United States Strategy for Demining and Landmine Control. [Washington, D.C.]:

_____. Hidden Killers: The Global Problem With Uncleared Landmines: A Report on International Demining. [Washington, D.C.]: United States. Department of State, Political-Military Affairs Bureau, Office of International Security Operations., [1993]. 185p.

United States. Department of State. Bureau of Political Military Affairs. Hidden Killers, 1998: The Global Landmine Crisis. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, [1998].http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/rpt_9809_demine_toc.html

United States. Dept. of the Army. Antipersonnel Mine M18A1 and M18 (Claymore). Field Manual 23-23. [Washington, DC: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, January 1966.

7 ______. Boobytraps. Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1965. Field manual; FM 5-31. 132 p.

______. Employment of Land Mines. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1955. Field manual; FM 20-32. 146p.

______. Field Artillery Delivered Scatterable Mines: RAAMS (Remote Antiarmor Mine system), ADAM (Aerial Denial Artillery Munition). Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1982. Training Circular; TC 6- 20-5. 62p.

______. Humanitarian Demining Operations Handbook. Training circular ; no. 31-34. [Washington, DC]: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, [1998]

______. Land Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1949. Field manual ; FM 5-31. 218 p.

______. Mine/Countermine Operations. Field Manual 20-32. [Washington, DC: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, May 1998.

______. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Procedures. Field Manual 21-16. [Washington, DC: 29 Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, August 1994.

______. Viet Cong Boobytraps, Mines, and Mine Warfare Techniques, TC 5-31, Headquarters, Department of the Army, December 1969.

United States. General Accounting Office. Cambodia: Limited Progress on Free Elections, Human Rights, and Mine Clearing. Washington, DC: The Office, 1996. GAO/NSIAD-96-158BR. 44p.

______. Mine Detection: Army Detector's Ability to Find Low-Metal Mines not Clearly Demonstrated. Washington, DC: The Office, 1996. GAO/NSIAD-96-198. 22p.

______. Mine Warfare: Consolidation at Ingleside has not been Justified . Washington, DC: The Office, 1993. GAO/NSIAD-93-147. 10p.

______. Mine Warfare: Ingleside, Texas, May not be the Best Location for Consolidation. Washington, DC: The Office, 1991. GAO/NSIAD-92-63. 7p.

______. Mission Area Analyses Conducted by the Army Training and Doctrine Command. Washington, DC: The Office, 1983. GAO/MASAD-83-20. 4p.

______. Unexploded Ordnance: A Coordinated Approach to Detection and Clearance is Needed. Washington, DC: The Office, 1983. GAO/NSIAD-95-197. 30p.

United States. General Staff. Military Intelligence Division. German Traps and Land Mines. Translation of captured German Document. Washington, 1919.

United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint Doctrine for Barriers, Obstacles, and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1993- Joint pub ; 3-15.

______. Joint Doctrine for Barriers, Obstacles, and Mine Warfare. Joint pub ; 3-15. Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, [1999]http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp3_15.pdf

United States. War Department. Land Mines and Booby Traps. War Department [Corps of Engineers], 1 November 1943. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Off., 1943. War Department Field Manual; FM 5-325.

8 Vance, Cyrus and Herbert S. Okun. "Eliminating the Threat of Land Mines: A New U.S. Policy." pp. 198-210, IN: Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. New York, NY: Basic Books, c1995. 237p.

Victimas Civiles del uso de Minas Sembradas en Tierra en El Salvador y Nicaragua. New York, NY: Americas Watch Committee, 1987. 97p.

Vines, Alex. Killers in the Commonwealth: Antipersonnel Landmine Policies of the Commonwealth Nations. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997. 17p.

______. Still Killing: Landmines in Southern Africa. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997. 204p.

Vines, Alex and Henry Thompson. Beyond the Landmine Ban: Eradicating a Lethal Legacy. Conflict studies, no. 316. London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, c1999. 37p.

Voldman, Daniele. Attention Mines -- 1944-1947. Paris: Editions France-Empire, c1985. 190p.

Walker, John K., Jr. Air Scatterable Land Mines as an Air Force Munition. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1978. 19p.

Winslow, Philip C. Sowing the Dragon's Teeth: Land Mines and the Global Legacy of War. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, c1997. 167p.

9 Home » Library Home » Research Tools » Bibliographies » LandMines

Land Mines and Demining: Periodicals A-D Periodicals A-D

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

"The 1998 "Hidden Killers" Report on Humanitarian Demining." DISAM Journal of International Security Assistance Management, Fall 1998, v. 21, no. 1, p. 28-37.

Aakre, Keith E. "Volcano -- Providing Army Aviation With a UH-60 Scatterable Mining Capability." USA Aviation Digest, November 1986, v. 32, no. 11, p. 40-45.

Abbott, J. M. and Logan Cassedy. "Land Mines - Past and Present." Military Engineer, September-October 1962, v. 54, p. 367-368.

______. "A Look at (Russian and U.S.) Land Mines." Marine Corps Gazette, December 1963, v. 47, no. 12, p. 14.

"Adapter Kit Adds Mine-Clearing Roller to M1." Armor, January-February 1995, no. 1, p. 50.

"Aerial Mine Field Guards Against Plane Raids." Popular Mechanics, December 1939, v. 72, p. 855.

"After the Storm: Special Report." Jane's Defence Weekly, April 6, 1991, v. 15, no. 14, p. 529-532+

"Air Force Developing Mine Warfare Detection for U.S. Special Operations Command." Electronic Warfare Digest, January 1997, v. 20, no. 1, p. 3-4.

"Airborne Detection of Buried Minefields." Energy and Technology Review, December 1991, p. 9-21.

"AJAX/APILAS Off-Route Mine Demonstrates Its Punch." Asian Defence Journal, November 1987, no. 11, p. 68-69.

Ajluni, C. "Chemical Detection and X-Ray Techniques Will Improve the Detection and Elimination of Land Mines." Electronic Design, February 9, 1998, v. 46, no. 3, p. 32+

Akins, Frank. "Demining Operations Using the Minebreaker 2000 System in Bosnia- Herzegovina."News From the Front, March-April 1998.

______. "The Mine Challenge in Bosnia-Herzegovina."CALL Training Techniques, 3rd Quarter FY98.

______. "Mine-Clearing Line Charge (MICLIC): Avoiding an Engineer's Nightmare." Engineer, December 1994, v. 24, no. 4, p. 18-24.

Albright, Madeleine K. "Agenda for Dignity." US Department of State Dispatch, November 22, 1993, v. 4, no. 22, p. 803-806.

Albright, Madeleine K. and William S. Cohen. "Land Mine Policy." DISAM Journal of International Security Assistance Management, Winter 1997-98, v. 20, no. 2, p.57-60.

Alder, Konrad. "Modern Land Mine Warfare." Armada International, November-December

10 1980, v. 4, p. 6-8+

______. "The Use of Intelligent Ammunition in AT Defence." Armada International, October 1983, v. 7, no. 5, p. 70+

Alexander, David R. "Antihelicopter Mines: The Emerging Threat to Helicopter Operations." U.S. Army Aviation Digest, May-June 1993, no. 3, p. 37-43.

"Algorithm Aids Mine Detection." Signal, April 1999, v. 53, no. 8, p. 8.

Allison, John. "Israeli Countermine System Puts M1 Tank to the Blade." Military Engineer, September-October 1989, v. 81, p. 34-35.

Anderson, Ian. "Heat and Destroy." New Scientist, August 2, 1997, v. 155, p. 13.

Anderson, Kenneth and Monica Schurtman. "The United Nations Response to the Crisis of Landmines in the Developing World." Harvard International Law Journal, Spring 1995, v. 36, no. 2, p. 359-371.

Anderson, Mary-Anne. "Taking Action: the War on Landmines." Red Cross, Red Crescent, 1997, no. 2, p. 2-9.

Andersson, Neil, et al. "Social Cost of Land Mines in Four Countries: Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, and Mozambique." British Medical Journal, September 16, 1995, v. 311, no. 7007, p. 718-721.

Andrews, Michael A. "Tank-Delivered Scatterable Mines." Military Review, December 1978, v. 58, p. 34-39.

"AN/PSS-12 Handheld Metallic Mine Detector." Army, March 1992, v. 42, no. 3, p. 54-55.

"AN-19/2 -- The 'Finale' Mine Detector." Asian Defence Journal, September 1994, no. 9, p. 68-69.

Anrys, Henri. "Mine-Sweeping: An Unmentioned Service." NATO Letter, September 1965, v. 13, p. 10-17.

"Anti-Helicopter Minefield -- A New Industry Concept." Air Defense Magazine, October-December 1982, p. 41.

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Daugherty, William F. "Maintain to Fight." Armor, November-December 1967, v. 76, p. 22-28.

Davis, E. O. "The Vehicular Mounted Metallic Mine Detector AN/VRS-2." Armor, November-December 1956, v. 65, p. 10-11.

Dawson-Howe, K. M. and T. G. Williams. "The Detection of Buried Landmines Using Probing Robots." Robotics and Autonomous Systems, July 30, 1998, v. 23, no. 4, p. 235-243.

Day, W. "Removing Landmines - One Limb at a Time?" Journal of Public Health Policy, 1998, v. 19, no. 3, p. 261-266. de Somer, G.J. "Landmines: Weapons that Cause Unnecessary Suffering." Australian Defense Force Journal, November/December 1997, no. 127, p. 16-24.

Deacon, Kenneth J. "Mine Warfare in Manila." Military Engineer, September- October 1965, v. 57, p. 348.

Deedes, W. F. "Killing Fields: The Anti-Personnel Mine is Not a Weapon, It is a Crime Against Humanity. Why is it Still Used?" National Review, December 23, 1996, v. 48, no. 24, p. 46-47.

Deen, Thalif. "Anti-Mine Accord Set to be Finalised in Norway." Jane’s Defence Weekly, August 13, 1997, v. 28, no. 6, p. 5.

______. "Divided Nations Delay UN Mine Ban Decision." Jane’s Defence Weekly, June 4, 1997, v. 27, no. 22, p. 5.

Degel, John. "FAESHED Countermine System." Engineer, Fall 1975, v. 5, no. 3, p. 34-35.

______. "UN Peacekeepers Latest Victims in Landmine War." Jane's Defence Weekly, January 24, 1996, v. 25, no. 4, p. 5.

______. "UN Urges Demining Army as Economic Priority." Jane’s Defence

23 Weekly, December 17, 1997, v. 28, no. 24/25, p. 7.

DeLisle, Frederick C. "Ice Mining – Army Style." Infantry, November-December 1961, v. 51, p. 26-27. delle Capre, Enrico. "Barrage Rockets." Asian Defence Journal, July-August 1980, no. 4, p. 61-62+

"Demining Honduras." Soldiers, May 1, 1996, v. 51, no. 5, p. 21.

Dennis, James A. "MERDC Demonstrates A Fuel Air Explosive mine Neutralization Capabilities." Army Research & Development, January- February 1975, v. 16, no. 1, p. 12-13.

______. "SULFAE: Long-Range Minefield Breaching System Tested." Army Research & Development, May-June 1976, v. 17, no. 3, p. 14-15.

"Detecting Land Mines with Computers." The Futurist, June/July 1999, v. 33, no. 6, p. 7.

"Detector Spots Buried Mines." Popular Science, May 1943, v. 142, p. 93.

Dickey, Alan. "Anger as Mine-Hunter Order Goes to US-France Consortium." Engineer, July 10, 1986, v. 263, p. 6.

"Digging the Mushrooms of War." Popular Mechanics, July 1945, v. 84, p. 44+

"Digging Up Land Mines Safely." Research & Development, September 1998, v. 40, no. 10, p. 150.

Disney, Henry. "Seek and Destroy." (Discussion of Heat and Destroy by Ian Anderson). New Scientist, August 30, 1997, v. 155, p. 49.

"Documentation Relating to Disarmament and International Security." [Text of Treaty] Disarmament (U.N.), 1996, v. 19, no. 2, p. 105-124.

Dodd, Norman L. "Mines and Mine Clearance." Asian Defence Journal, December 1983, no. 12, p. 74-76+

______. "New Off-Route Mine Will Destroy Any Tank." Pacific Defense Reporter, February 1988, v. 14, p. 42.

Dodds, Henry. "MTK Mine Clearing Systems." Jane's Intelligence Review, October 1991, v. 3, no. 10, p. 478-480.

Donnelly, John. "GAO, Army Differ on Effectiveness of Top Mine Detector." Defense Week, September 16, 1996, v. 17, no. 37.

Donohue, John T. "Countermine Warfare: Another Challenge for MPs." Military PoliceJournal, Winter 1980-1981, v. 7, p. 44-47.

Dorris, Albert F. "Engineer Support for the Combined Arms Team." Armor,

24 September-October 1980, v. 89, p. 39-43.

Doswald, Beck, Louise and Peter Herby. "Land Mines: A Critical Examination of Existing Legal Instruments." UNIDIR Newsletter, December 1994/May 1995, nos. 28/29, p. 5-7.

Douchet, Ian. "The Cowards’ War: Landmines and Civilians." Medicine and War, October/December 1993, v. 9, p. 304-316.

Draper, Stephen E. "Mobility/Countermobility in Winter Warfare." Defense Update International, 1984, no. 45, p. 55-63.

Drew, Debbie. "Twelve Bush Combat Engineer." Engineer, Fall 1984, v. 14, no. 3, p. 8-9.

Dunham, Steven R. and Richard G. Rhett. "REMIDS (Remote Minefield Detection System)." Engineer, March 1989, v. 18, p. 12-13.

"Durable, Deadly and Hard to Detect." CQ Researcher, August 8, 1997, v. 7, no. 30, p. 704+

Duval-Destin, Marc and Michel Thomas. "Mine Clearance: A Key Factor in Resolving Future Crises." Military Technology, September 1994, v. 18, no. 9, p. 62-65.

25 Home » Library Home » Research Tools » Bibliographies » LandMines

Land Mines and Demining: Periodicals E-K Periodicals E-K

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

"Early End for UK Landmines." Professional Engineering, February 11, 1998, v. 11, no. 3, p. 6.

Eberharter, Steven. "Mine Awareness." Engineer, March 1996, v. 26, no. 1, p. 11-15.

Edwards, H. W. "Danger! Mines." Marine Corps Gazette, April 1952, v. 36, no. 4, p. 38-41.

Edwards, Rob. "Dervish Dancers Through Killing Fields." New Scientist, March 9, 1996, v. 149, no. 2020, p. 25.

Efaw, Andrew C. S. "The United States Refusal to Ban Landmines: The Intersection Between Tactics, Strategy, Policy, and International Law." Military Law Review, March 1999, no. 159, p. 87-151.

Ekberg, Peter J. "Remotely Delivered Landmines and International Law." Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1995, v. 33, no. 1, p. 149-178.

Engel, T. G., W. C. Nunnally, and N. B. VanKirk. "Design and Development of a Novel Flux Compression Generator for Landmine Detection Applications." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, January 1999, v. 35, no. 1, p. 245-249.

Engelke, R. "Scientists Studying Bees as a Way to Locate Landmines." Electronic Design, June 28, 1999, v. 47, no. 13, p. 26.

"Engineers Show 2 Mine Planters." Army Times, July 4, 1959, v. 19, p. 4.

Epstein, Alan. "Smart Mines and Remote Control Technology." Army RD&A Bulletin, March/April 1994, p. 39-41.

Erdley. Jeffrey. "Through the Breach: A Tanker's Perspective." Engineer, November 1998, v. 28, no. 4, p. 51-55.

______. "Through the Breach: A Tanker Searches for a Common Perspective."Armor, January/February 1999, v. 108, no. 1, p 24-27.

Erwin, Sandra I. "The Removal of Terror Weapons Achieved Only ‘Inch-by-Inch.’" National Defense, October 1999, v. 84, no. 551, p. 34-35.

Eshel, Tamir. "End to Static Deterences? Mine Warfare in the 1980s and Beyond." Defense Update International, November 1988, no. 91, p. 42-49.

______. "Engineers Have Key Role in Cracking Iraqi Ground Defenses." Armed Forces Journal International, February 1991, p. 18+

Eubanks, Catherine. "Schiebel AN19/2 Hand-Held Mine Detector: A Canadian's View; includes an interview with LtCol Normand Levert." Engineer, August 1994, v. 24, p. 29-31.

Evers, Stacy. "Plough (De-Mining Device) May Face Bosnia Test." Jane's Defence Weekly,

26 January 31, 1996, v. 25, no. 5, p. 82.

"Exploding a Mine." Literary Digest, February 26, 1916, v. 52, p. 515+

"Explosion in the Market (For Mines)?" International Defense Review, 1986, v. 19, no. 3, p. 294-299.

"Fact Sheet: Ratification of the Convention on Conventional Weapons [March 6, 1995]." US Department of State Dispatch, March 13, 1995, v. 6, no. 11, p. 193-194.

"Fact Sheet: U.S. Initiative for Demining and Landmine Control." US Department of State Dispatch, May 30, 1994, v. 5, no. 22, p. 362.

"Fact Sheet: U.S. Initiatives for Demining and Landmine Control." US Department of State Dispatch, February 6, 1995, v. 6, no. 6, p. 72.

"Fact Sheet: U.S. Policy on a Landmine Control Regime." US Department of State Dispatch, September 26, 1994, v. 5, no. 39, p. 637.

"Fact Sheet: U.S. Proposals to Improve the Landmines Protocol of the Convention on Conventional Weapons." US Department of State Dispatch, September 25, 1995, v. 6, no. 39, p. 710.

Fastabend, David A. and Ralph H. Graves. "Maneuver, synchronization and Obstacle Operations." Military Review, February 1986, v. 66, no. 2, p. 36-48.

Faulkner, Frank. "Anti-Personnel Landmines: A Necessary Evil?" International Relations, April 1997, v. 8, no. 4, p. 41-56.

______. "The Most Pernicious Weapon: Landmines." Contemporary Review, March 1997, v. 270, p. 136-142.

Faulkner, Frank and Lloyd Pettiford. "Complexity and Simplicity: Landmines, Peace and Security in Central America." Third World Quarterly, March 1998, v. 19, no. 1, p. 45-61.

Fedarko, Kevin. "Land Mines: Cheap, Deadly and Cruel." Time, May 13, 1996, v. 147, p. 54- 55.

Ferrer, Mary A. "Affirming Our Common Humanity: Regulating Landmines to Protect Civilians and Children in the Developing World." Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, Fall 1996, v. 20, p. 135-182.

Ferris, L. "Land Mines are Still Exploding." Alternatives-Perspectives on Society Technology and Environment. September-October 1994, v. 20, no. 4, p. 4.

"The FFV 013 Area Defense Mine." Ground Defence International, September-October 1979, no. 57, p. 39.

"Field Kit Adds Mine Cleaner to M1 Tank." Army RD&A, November-December 1985, v. 26, no. 6, p. 28-29.

"Fighting the Mine War in Bosnia."CALL Newsletter; no. 98-6, March 1998,

Filippidis, A., L. C. Jain, and P. Lozo. "Degree of Familiarity ART2 in Knowledge-Based Landmine Detection." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, January 1999, v. 10, no. 1,

27 p. 186-193.

Filippidis, A., L. C. Jain, and N.M. Martin. "Using Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks for Surface Land Mine Detection." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, January 1999, v. 47, no. 1, p. 176-186.

Finnegan, Philip. "Kuwaiti Ordnance Clearing Hits Bureaucratic Sand Trap." Defense News, April 25-May 1, 1994, v. 9, p. 26.

"’Fire in the Hole!’ Clearing Land Mines." Leatherneck, September 1999, v. 82, no. 9, p. 17- 18.

Fischer, Christopher and Andrew Howells. "U.S. Army Destroys Last Non-Essential 'Dumb' Mines." Arms Control Today, June/July 1998, v. 28, no. 5, p. 32.

Fisher, Robert E., Jr. "Joint Operational Concept and Procedures for Coordination of Employment of Air Delivered Mines." Air Land Bulletin, May 13, 1983, no. 83-1, p. 4-6.

Flamm, Don. "Critical Need for Army Non-Metallic Mine Detectors." Asian Defence Journal, November 1990, no. 11, p. 52+

Flamm, Mikel. "‘Hidden Shadows’ -- Landmines and Misery in Cambodia." Asian Defence Journal, October 1993, no. 10, p. 23+

______. "Land Mines in Cambodia -- The Most Heavily Mined Country in the World." Asian Defence Journal, May 1993, no. 5, p. 27-28.

Fleming, W. "Military Moles -- How They Sap the German Lines." World, October 1918, v. 30, p. 211-216.

"Fluorescence Used to Detect Land Mines, Nerve Gas." Chemical & Engineering News, February 1, 1999, v. 77, no. 5, p. 72.

Flynn, Michael. "Political Minefield."Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March/April 1999, v. 55, no. 2, p. 49-53.

Foek, Anton. "Deadly Relics: The Global Land Mine Plague." Humanist, July/August 1996, v. 56, no. 4, p. 15-19.

Forbes, Gordon J. "Mine Warfare Capability for Canada." Canadian Defense Quarterly, April 1989, v. 18, p. 34-36+

Ford, H. D. "Mines – A Major Weapon." Ordnance, March-April 1958, v. 42, p. 907-909.

Ford, Max B. "TEXS (Tactical Explosive System) Neutralizes Mines." Military Engineer, August 1985, v. 77, p. 456-457.

Foss, Christopher F. "Designing a Path to Safety (A New Mineclearing System Developed By Israel)." Jane's Defence Weekly, February 5, 1994, v. 21, no. 5, p. 20.

______. "US Army Buys Mine Roller for IFOR (Implementation Force) Role." Jane’s Defence Weekly, August 14, 1996, v. 26, no. 7, p. 24.

Fowler, Will. "Mine Warfare, Laying, Detecting and Neutralising." Asian Defence Journal, February 1995, no. 2, p. 46+

28 "France (Weapon Systems)." Armed Forces Journal International, December 1983, v. 121, p. 55+

Francois, I., et al. "Causes of Locomotor Disability and Need for Orthopaedic Devices in a Deavily Mined Taliban-Controlled Province of Afghanistan: Issues and Challenges for Public Health Managers." Tropical Medicine & International Health, May 1998, v. 3, no. 5, p. 391- 396.

Fredenburg, Paul W. "Banning of the Anti-Personnel Landmine." Canadian Defence Quarterly, Winter 1997, v. 27, no. 2, p. 5-9.

______. "The Military Utility of Anti-Personnel Landmines." Canadian Defence Quarterly, Summer 1997, v. 26, no. 4, p. 38.

Friedman, Avner. "Detection of Mines by Electric Measurements." SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, February 1987, v. 47, p. 201-212.

Frost, Roger. "Italy’s Mine Makers." International Defense Review, 1986, v. 19, no. 5, p. 655-660.

Fruchtbaum, Harold. "A Campaign Against ‘Blind Terrorism.’" UN Chronicle, March 1994, v. 31, p. 77.

Fuentes, Gidget. "Clearing Gitmo’s Mines." Navy Times (Marine Corps Edition), June 2, 1997, no. 35, p. 16.

Fuhrman, Russell L. "Counter Mine for the AirLand Battle." Engineer, 1983, v. 13, no. 1, p. 22-24.

Fullerton, John. "Mine Warfare: NATO Directions." Defense & Foreign Affairs Digest, 1979, v. 7, no. 3, p. 42-43.

"Funds for Demining in Cambodia." Insight, March 14, 1994, v. 3, no. 3, p. 10.

Furlong, R.D.M. "WAAM (Wide Area Anti-Armour Munitions) -- the U.S. Air Force's Next Generation of Anti-Armour Weapons." International Defense Review, 1978, v. 11, no. 9, p. 1378-1379.

Fursdon, Edward. "Bosnia’s Lethal Legacy (Mines)." Army Quarterly & Defence Journal, 1997, v. 127, no. 1, p. 5-12+

______. "Mobile Minefields (Laying Mines by Helicopter)." Military Engineer, September- October 1959, v. 51, p. 357-359.

______. "Saving Afghans From Lethal Litter." Pacific Defence Reporter, March 1990, v. 16, no. 9, p. 31-32+

Fyfe, K. "Detecting Land Mines." Mechanical Engineering, October 1996, v. 118, no. 10, p. 8.

Gaffney, II, Paul G. and Ronald R. Luman. "Offense Catching Up With Defense." United States Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1998, v. 124, no. 6, p. 56-60.

Galitsky, Y. "Mine Obstructions in Mountains and Deserts." Soviet Military Review, January 1971, no. 1, p. 24-26.

29 Gander, Terry J. "Iraq’s Bicycle Wheel Mine." Jane's Intelligence Review, August 1991, v. 3, no. 8, p. 355.

______. "Land Mine Warfare -- The British Position." Jane’s Defence Review, 1983, v. 4, no. 6, p. 597+

______. "Mines: A Growing Potency." Jane’s Defence Weekly, December 13, 1986, v. 6, p. 1401-1403.

______. "MON Mines." Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review, January 1990, v. 2, no. 1, p. 44. [pictorial only].

______. "MVN-72 Magnetic Fuze." Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review, November 1989, v. 1, p. 501.

______. "MVZ-62 Anti-Tank Land Mine Fuze for TM-62 Mines." Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review, June 1990, v. 2, no. 6, p. 258-259.

______. "OZM Bounding Anti-Personnel Mine Series." Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review, May 1989, v. 1, p. 213.

______. "PGMDM Scatterable Anti-Tank Mine." Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review, April 1989, v. 1, p. 153.

______. "POM-K Scatterable Anti-Personnel Mine." Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review, March 1991, v. 3, no. 3, p. 128-130.

______. "Soviet Mine-Clearing Ploughs and Rollers." Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review, March 1989, v. 1, p. 138-143.

______. "TM-83 Off-Route Mine." Jane's Intelligence Review, September 1993, v. 5, no. 9, p. 389.

Gander, Terry J., et al. "Disposing of the Threat." International Defense Review, October 1995, v. 28, no. 10, p. 47-48+

Garelik, Glenn. "Russia’s Legacy of Death." National Wildlife, June/July 1996, v. 34, p. 36- 41.

Garrett, Stephen A. "The United States and The International Criminal Court." America, August 8, 1999, v. 181, no. 5, p. 13-15.

Geisenheyner, Stefan. "Landmines for Offence and Defence." Asian Defence Journal, April 1983, no. 4, p. 12-15+

______. "Some Observations on Mine Warfare." Asian Defence Journal, July-August 1980, no. 4, p.72-74+

Gelenbe, Erol and Yonghuan. "Autonomous Search for Mines." European Journal of Operational Research, July 16, 1998, v. 108, no. 2, p. 319-333.

Georghiades, Korinna M. "The Ottawa Convention: Meeting the Challenge of Anti-Personnel Mines?" International Relations, December 1998, v. 14, no. 3, p. 51-70.

"Getting Rid of Land-Mines Without Getting Hurt." The Unesco Courier, December 1998, v.

30 51, no. 12, p. 39.

Giannou, Chris. "Antipersonnel Landmines: Facts, Fictions and Priorities." British Medical Journal, November 29, 1997, v. 315, no. 7120, p. 1453-1454.

______. "The War Surgeon." New Internationalist, September 1, 1997, n. 294, p. 18-21.

Gibbons, J. H. "Toward a World Without Landmines." Technology Review, January- February 1998, v. 100, no. 9, p. 8.

Gibson, Marcus. "Mine Boggler." Popular Science, January 1999, v. 254, no. 1, p. 70-73.

Gill, Clair F. "Clear the Way (U.S. Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy)." Engineer, December 1996, v. 26, front cover.

Girodet, Jean and Michel Saint-Setiers. "14; The Anti-Tank Mine: An Increasingly Effective Weapon." Defense & Armament Heracles International, January 1990, p. 62+

______. "Minelaying: More Effective Systems -- Mine Clearance: A Need for Improvements." Defense & Armament Heracles International, February 1990, p. 54-61.

Glass, Jim. "STRAC (Standards in Training Commission): A Training Strategy That Works." Engineer, October 1990, v. 20, p. 22-26.

"Global Landmine Center." U.N. Observer & International Report, January 1, 1998, n. 20, no. 1, p. 4+

Goldblat, Jozef. "Anti-Personnel Mines: From Mere Restrictions to a Total Ban." Security Dialogue, March 1999, v. 30, no. 1, p. 9-23.

Goodman, Glenn, Jr. "From the Boardroom: Frank P. Ragano, President and Chief Executive Officer, CMS (Conventional Munitions Systems) Inc., Interview." Armed Forces Journal International, August 1992, v. 130, no. 11, p. 56.

______. "From the Boardroom: Harold K. McCard, President, Textron Defense Systems, Wilmington, MA." Armed Forces Journal International, October 1993, v. 131, no. 3, p. 66.

Goodman, Lena. "The Future of Mine Detectors?" Soldiers, May 1999, v. 54, no. 5, p. 27.

Gordon, Martin K. "R&D in Wartime: The Tank Dozer." Military Engineer, June-July 1994, v. 86, no. 564, p. 88.

Gourley, Scott R. "Countermine Programs for US Light Forces." International

31 Defense Review, April 1991, v. 24, no. 4, p. 323-324.

Gradenwitz, A. "Fighting with Dynamite and Electricity." Scientific American, December 27, 1913, v. 109, p. 488+

Graham, Don W. "Area Denial Munitions." Ordnance, Summer 1986, v. 4, no. 3, p. 37-39.

Grant, Randall L. "Minerollers: Mobility for the Armor Task Force." Armor, May- June 1986, v. 95, no. 3, p. 30-35.

Grant, Richard B. "Mines Come of Age." Marine Corps Gazette, August 1978, v. 62, p. 35-38.

Grau, Lester W. "Mine Warfare and Counterinsurgency: The Russian View."Engineer, the Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers, March 1999, v. 29, no. 1, p. 2-6.

Grau, Lester W., et al. "Guerrilla Warfare and Land Mine Casualties Remain Inseparable"Army Medical Department Journal, October/December 1998, p. 10-16.

Graves, Ralph H. "AVLB (Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge) + MICLIC (Mine- Clearing Line Charge) = AVLM or, How the AVLM Was Born." Military Engineer, March-April 1992, v. 84, no. 548, p. 9-12.

Green, Brian M. and William C. Schneck, Jr. "A Road Fraught with Danger: Lessons in Mine Clearance." International Defense Review, November 1997, v. 30, p. 66-69.

Green, Bryan. "Alternatives to Antipersonnel Mines." Engineer, December 1996, v. 26, no. 4, p. 11-13.

Greene, Harry. "Grizzly and the Wolverine: Alternatives to an Orchestrated Ballet of Farm Implements." Engineer, August 1996, v. 26, p. 2-6.

Greene, Wallace M., III. "Countermeasures Against Mines and Booby Traps." Marine Corps Gazette, December 1969, v. 53, no. 12, p. 31-37.

Greenwalt, Robert and Brigid Ockrassa. "Countermine: It’s More Than In-Stride and Deliberate Breaches." The Engineer, December 1996, v. 26, no. 4, p. 2-6

Greville, P. J. "International Law Needed for Control of Mines." Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter, August-September 1993, v. 20, no. 2-3, p. 40.

Gribble, W. C., Jr. "Mine Warfare Problems." Ordnance, September-October 1971, v. 56, p. 151.

Griebling, Alfred L. "The Mechanical Mine Layer." Military Engineer, July- August 1958, v. 50, p. 262-263.

32 Gruhn, I. V. "Land Mines: African Strategy." Journal of Modern African Studies, December 1996, v. 34, no. 4, p. 687-699.

______. "Land Mines, Human Rights and Africa." Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives, September-December 1997, v. 16, no. 3-4, p. 142- 154.

Grupp, Larry. "Named After a Large, Two-Edged Scottish Sword, the Claymore Mine Could Cut a Wide Swath of its Own." Military History, June 1996, v. 13, no. 2, p. 17+

Guest, Tim. "‘Dealing’ with Minefields." Military Technology, August 1987, v. 11, p. 82-85+

______. "European Programme with an Off-Route Solution." Military Technology, July 1989, v. 13, no. 7, p. 48+

______. "Intelligence Beneath the Surface: the HPD2 2nd-Generation, Anti- Tank Mine." Military Technology, April 1989, v. 13, p. 110+

Hackworth, David, H. "Automatic Ambush." Infantry, May-June 1970, v. 60, p. 53-54.

______. "One Weapon We Don’t Need." Newsweek, April 8, 1996, v. 127, no. 15, p. 29.

Hadfield, Peter. Land-Mine Loophole." World Press Review, November 1998, v. 45, no. 11, p. 37.

Hall, Keneth G., et al. "Standoff Minefield Detection Systems (STAMIDS) Advanced Technology Transition Demonstration (ATTD)." Military Engineer, August 1991, v. 83, no. 544, p. 16-17.

Hallatshek, Josef R. "Infantry Breach Kits." Infantry, September-October 1992, v. 82, no. 5, p. 36-37.

Halloran, Bernard F. "Soviet Land Mine Warfare." Military Engineer, March- April 1972, v. 64, p. 115-118.

Hambric, Harry N. and Edwin L. Booth. "A New Way to Breach Minefields." Engineer, Fall 1984, v. 14, no. 3, p. 26-29.

Hammick, Murray and Gerard Turbe. "Going Deep -- Countermining Ops Dig Beneath the Threat." International Defense Review, April 1991, v. 24, no. 4, p. 316+

Hammick, Murray et al. "Gulf War in Review." International Defense Review, Pt. 1. May 1991, v. 24, no. 5, p. 451-453+; Pt. 2. July 1991, v. 24, no. 7, p. 735- 738+; Pt.3. September 1991, v. 24, no. 9, p. 979-980+

Hanne, William G. "AirLand Battle: Doctrine, Not Dogma." Military Review, June 1983, v. 63, no. 6, p. 11-25.

Hansen, David, and Fred Erst. "Using 48-Hour Scatterable Mines to Support the Brigade Fight." Engineer, March 1999, v. 29 no. 1, p. 44-46.

33 Hansen, John V. E. "Mine Games: Serious Business." Military Engineer, June- July 1994, v. 86, no. 564, p. 32-34.

Hanshaw, Terilee. "AMIDARS (Airborne Minefield Detection and Reconnaissance System)." Engineer, March 1989, v. 18, p. 14-15+

Harding, Steve. "Working in EOD Heaven." Soldiers, August 1998, v. 53, no. 8, no. 48.

Harpviken, Kristian Berg. "Anti-Personnel Landmines: A Just Means of War?" Security Dialogue, September 1997, v. 28, no. 3, p. 271-285.

______. "Landmines in Southern Africa: Regional Initiatives for Clearance and Control." Contemporary Security Policy, April 1997, v. 18, no. 1, p. 83-108.

Harpviken, K., L. Doyle and R. Block. "Weapon That Keeps on Killing." World Press Review, September 1994, v. 41, no. 9, p. 48.

Harpviken, K. P. and M. Fixdal. "Antipersonnel Landmines: A Just Means of War?" Security Dialogue, September 1997, v. 28, no. 3, p. 271-285.

Harshbarger, Kenneth A. "Dismounted Complex Obstacle Breach Course." Engineer, Spring 1985, v. 15, no. 1, p. 36-37.

Hasenauer, Heike. "Counting Mines [Technologies for Detecting Land Mines in Bosnia]." Soldiers, June 1996, v. 51, no. 6, p. 22-25.

Heck, Robert. "Mines on the Battlefield." Armada International, January- February 1980, v. 4, p. 70-72+

Heiberg, E. R. "Readiness... Preserves Peace." Military Engineer, January- February 1988, v. 80, p. 14-19.

Henderson, Breck W. "DARPA Directs Development of Mine to Detect, Destroy Helicopters." Aviation Week & Space Technology, June 24, 1991, v. 134, p. 59+

Herrera, Stephen. "Land Mine Sniffer." Forbes, August 23, 1999, v. 164, no. 4, p. 80.

Herteleer, W. "Mine Warfare in Peacekeeping Operations." NATO’s Sixteen Nations, 1994, v. 39. no. 1, 14-16.

Hesler, Stephen R. and Ronald N. Light. "Bullet Trap: Hastening the In-Stride Breach." Engineer, April 1992, p. 47-49.

Hevezi, Matt. "Mines: Wars' Fatal Remnants Continue to Take Innocent Victims." Marines, April 1999, v. 28, no. 4, p. 26-27.

34 Hewish, Mark. "Land Mines -- Cheap and Effective Area Denial." International Defense Review, 1986, v. 19, no. 8, p. 1085-1091.

______. "Robots on the March." International Defense Review, Extra, August 1, 1996, v. 1, no. 8, p. 1+

______. "The British Army's New Mine Plough." International Defense Review, 1984, v. 17, no. 5, p. 617-618.

______. "Thick Skin: Up-Armoring Utility Vehicles." International Defense Review, April 1997, v. 30, no. 4, p. 36-38.

Hewish, Mark and Leland Ness. "Mine-Detection Technologies." International Defense Review, October 1995, v. 28, no. 10, p. 40+

Hewish, Mark and Rupert Pengelley. "In Search of a Successor to the Anti- Personnel Landmine." International Defense Review, March 1998, v. 31, no. 3, p. 30-33+

"Hidden Killers: U.S. Policy On Anti-Personnel Landmines." US Department of State Dispatch, February 6, 1995, v. 6, no. 6, p.71.

Hiemstra, Michael A. "CMTC (Combat Maneuver Training Center): Stability Operations Training." Field Artillery, March-April 1996, p. 20-21.

Hill, Robert L. "Robotics-Technology Insertion Activity [Army Corps of Engineers]." The Engineer, August 1994, v. 24, no. 3, p. 9.

Hindman, Edward R. "Engineer Combat Effectiveness: Electronics on the Battlefield." Military Engineer, January-February 1963, v. 55, p. 5-9.

Hocke, Reinhold and Michael S. Humphreys. "Demining Germany's Borders." The Engineer, August 1994, v. 24, no. 3, p. 14-19.

Holloway, Glenn. "Underwater Recon." Marines, December 1998, v. 27, no. 12, p. 30-31. [ marking of Mines in shallow water by dolphins]

Holmes, H. Allen. "Military Operations in the Post-Cold War Era; Remarks at the Intelligence in Partnership Conference, Joint Military Intelligence College, Andrews Air Force Base, MD, June 26, 1997." Defense Issues, 1997, no. 12, no. 34, p. 1-5.

Holt, David H. "The Anguish of Normandy." Military Review, June 1965, v. 45, p. 56-62.

Holtz, Marianne."It Took Just Two Dollars for Someone to Amputate My Life." UN Chronicle, 1997, Vol. 34 Issue 4, p37, 3p.

Holzer, Robert. "Report: Rogue Nations with Smart Mines Growing Threat." Navy Times (Marine Corps Edition) January 12, 1998, no. 14, p. 45.

35 Hoover, Reynold N. "Landmine Liability: Holding Manufacturers Responsible for the Cost of Victim Compensation." Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Fall 1997, v. 10, no. 1, p. 121-146.

Horrock, N. "Why the Death Toll: Land Mines and Booby Traps in Vietnam." Newsweek, August 31, 1970, v. 76, p. 32.

House, Kevin A. "Making Technology Work for the Soldier: Bosnia Technology Integration Cell Supports Operations Other Than War." Army RD&A Bulletin, September/October 1996, v. 96, no. 5, p. 4-6.

Howard, Lucy and Carla Koehl. "Trying to Make a Safer War." Newsweek, April 1, 1996, v. 127, no. 14, p. 6.

Howell, Milton L., Jr. "Scatterable Mines." Military Engineer, November- December 1977, v. 69, p. 396-399.

Huisking, P. V. "Afghanistan and the Soviet Press." Military Intelligence, January-March 1985, v. 11, no. 1, p. 40-45.

Hull, E. W. Seabrook. "Asleep in the Deep?" Ordnance, September-October 1964, v. 49, p. 158-161.

Hussein, E. M. A. and E. J. Waller. "Review of One-Side Approaches to Radiographic Imaging for Detection of Explosives and Narcotics." Radiation Measurements, December 1998, v. 29, no. 6, p. 581-591.

Hutheesing, Nikhil and Jerry J. Bromenshenk. "Worker Bees." Forbes, July 26, 1999, v. 164, no. 2, p. 248.

Hutson, H. R., D. Anglin, and J. Strote. "Antipersonnel Land Mines: Why They Should be Banned." Academic Emergency Medicine, March 1998, v. 5, no. 3, p. 205-208.

Hylander, W. R., Jr. "Mine-Countermine Training." Engineer, Summer 1973, v. 3, no. 2, p. 36-39.

Ibragimov, N. "A New System of Remote Control Mine Laying." Military Herald, July 1988, v. 7, p. 161-163.

Ide, Douglas. "Demining Honduras [Special Forces Soldiers Train International Mine-Clearing Cadre]." Soldiers May 1996 v. 51, no. 5. p. 21.

"An Improved Mine-Clearing ‘Snake.’" National Guardsman, March 1959, v. 13, p. 20.

"Infernal Machines: Land Mines." Time, January 4, 1943, v. 41, p. 70.

Isaacs, John. "The New Congress -- Kinda Good, Kinda Bad." Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, January/February 1997, v. 53, no. 1, p. 12.

______. "Playing to Win." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September/October 1997, v. 53, no. 5, p. 17-18.

"Israeli Mine Plough." International Defense Review, 1985, v. 18, no. 5, p. 795.

36

Issac, Jeffery C. "Reclaiming the Wasteland." Dissent, Fall 1998, v. 45, no. 4, p. 67-72.

Ivker, R. "Red Cross Educates Croatians on Landmines." Lancet, February 22, 1997, v. 349, no. 9051, p. 552.

Jacobs, Madeleine. "Eliminating a Human Scourge." Chemical & Engineering News, March 10, 1997, v. 75, no. 10, p. 5+

Janzon, Bo. "Humanitarian Demining: A Technological Challenge to the World’s Scientific Community." Military Technology, September 1997, v. 21, no. 9, p. 45+

Jasper, Ron and Mary Ball. "Testing at U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground’s Mine, Countermine, and Demolitions Complex." Army RD&A Bulletin, March/April 1995, v. 95, no. 2, p. 33-34.

Jean, Barbara. "Clearing the Perilous Road to Peace." International Defense Review, Extra, February 1, 1996, v. 1, no. 2, p. 1+

"Jeep Mine Detector." Military Review, February 1957, v. 36, p. 64.

"Jeep Mounted Detector Automatically Stops the Vehicle When It Locates a Land Mine." National Guard, January 1957, v. 11, p. 34.

"Jeep Mounted Detector (Land Mine)." All Hands, September 1957, no. 488, p. 26.

"Jeep Mounted Mine Detector." Army, January 1957, v. 7, p. 14.

"Jeep-Mounted Mine Detector." Infantry School Quarterly, January 1957, v. 47, p. 102.

Jefferson, Paul. "Soviet Directional Anti-Personnel Mines." Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review, August 1990, v. 2, no. 8, p. 346-350.

Jeffrey, S. J. "Antipersonnel Mines: Who are the Victims?" Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine, September 1996, v. 13, no. 5, p. 343-346.

Jenish, D’Arcy. "The Lady With a Cause [Princess Diana]." Maclean’s, September 15, 1997, v. 110, p. 55.

Johnson, Fred. "Defeating Enemy Mine Operations ."CALL Training Techniques, 4th Quarter FY96

Johnson, Fred W. "Establishing a Zone of Separation." Infantry, May-June 1996, v. 86, no. 3, p. 31-38.

Johnson, Richard H. "Lethal Legacy of Land Mines." Army, January 1994, v. 44, no. 1, p. 34-39.

Johnson, Scott C. "The Engineer Modular Pack Mine System (MOPMS)

37 Team."CTC Quarterly Bulletin, no. 99-8, 2nd Quarter, FY 99 (July 1999).

Jones, Glenwood E., Jr. "Minefield Reconnaissance." Infantry, July-August 1962, v. 52, p. 36.

Jones, Mel R. "Mine Warfare Preparedness Begins Recovery after Years of Neglect." Defense Systems Review and Military Communications, July- August 1984, v. 2, p. 37-39.

Jones, William L. "Training the Effective Sapper." Engineer, Summer 1973, v. 3, no.2, p. 16-18.

Kaasmann, Bernard A. "Mine Warfare Training." Marine Corps Gazette, April 1965, v. 49, no. 4, p. 47-49.

Kanda, Richard. "Man: Key to Countermine Warfare." Engineer, Spring 1974, v. 4, no. 1, p. 14-15.

Karnoil, Robert. "Asia Resisting UN Efforts to Extend Landmine Treaty." Jane's Defence Weekly, June 17, 1995, v. 23, no. 24, p. 25.

______. "Clearing a Path to Peace (Disposing of Millions of Mines Laid in Cambodia)." Jane's Defence Weekly, May 16, 1992, v. 17, no. 20, p. 856+

Kauffman, John V. "Forget the Standard Pattern." Engineer, Fall 1975, v. 5, no. 3, p. 34-35.

Kauffman, Sheldon S. "Operation Continue Hope: An Update on the Sapper Effort in Somalia [Combat Engineering Mission]." Engineer, February 1994, v. 24, no. 1, p. 2-7.

Kearney, Jack. "Gator Mine." USAF Fighter Weapons Review, Fall 1986, v. 34, p. 6-9.

Keenan, J. "Land Mines." Chemical & Engineering News, July 14, 1997, v. 75, no. 28, p. 85.

Kelch, William J. "Canine Soldiers." Military Review, October 1982, v. 62, no. 10, p. 33-41.

Kervin, Frank W. "The M-56 Scatterable Mine System." USA Aviation Digest, April 1978, v. 24, no. 4, p. 44-46.

Kiernan, Vincent. "Detecting Forgotten Land Mines." Technology Review, November/December 1994, v. 97, p. 18-20.

______. "Mapping the Mines that Maim." New Scientist, April 26, 1997, v. 154, p. 24.

King, Colin. "Former Yugoslav Booby Traps." Jane's Intelligence Review, February 1995, v. 7, no. 2, p. 57-60.

______. "Former Yugoslav Land Mines." Jane's Intelligence Review, January 1995, v. 7, no. 1, p. 15-18.

38 ______. "Land Mines in Cambodia." Jane's Intelligence Review, Pt. 2, July 1995, v. 7, no. 7, p. 311-314; Pt. 1, June 1995, v. 7, no. 6, p. 273-276.

______. "The Mine Conundrum: The Threat to Mine-Clearance Operations." Jane's Intelligence Review -- Special Report No. 8, 1995, Entire issue.

Kitching, John. "Land Mine Warfare." International Defense Review, October 1975, v. 8, p. 691-694.

______. "Minefield Breaching." International Defense Review, June 1977, v. 10, p. 523-525.

Kitfield, James. "Holding Out For ‘Smart’ Land Mines." National Journal, October 4, 1997, v. 29, no. 40, p. 1980-1981.

Kleiner, Kurt. "Robotic Insects Tread Where Humans Fear to Go." New Scientist February 24, 1996, v. 149, p. 14.

Knyazkov, Viktor. "Mine Detectors." Soviet Military Review, March 1986, no. 3, p. 26-27.

______. "Mines." Soviet Military Review, May 1987, no. 5, p. 21-22.

Kocks, Kathleen. "Mines: The Hidden Threat." Journal of Electronic Defense, July 1999, v. 22, no. 7, p. 37-44.

Kolcum, Edward H. "GPS, Other New Technologies Help Clear Ordnance From Kuwaiti Desert." Aviation Week & Space Technology, April 27, 1992, v. 136, p. 54-55.

Kowadlo, Keith. "Visualizing Mine/Countermine Operations as Part of Synchronization." The Engineer, February 1994, v. 24, no. 1, p. 18-20.

Kratman, Thomas P. "Concerning ‘Safety.’" Infantry, May-June 1985, v.75, no. 3, p. 10-12.

Kreh, W. "Most Dangerous Job in Vietnam: Disarming Vietcong Bombs and Booby Traps." Popular Mechanics, May 1967, v. 127, p. 81+

Kula, Thomas W. "How to Breach a Scatterable Minefield." Army Trainer, Fall 1991, v. 11, p. 46-47.

Kuster, Thomas J., Jr. "Lost Art of Patrolling." Infantry, May-June 1987, v. 77, no. 3, p. 21-25.

Kutner, Joshua A. "Energy Department Lab Launches Anti-Landmine Sting Operation." National Defense, July/August 1999, v. 84, no. 549, p. 19-20.

"Kuwait -- Cleaning Up After The Storm." Armada International, June-July 1992, v. 16, no. 3, p. 60+

39 Home » Library Home » Research Tools » Bibliographies » LandMines

Land Mines and Demining: Periodicals L-Q Periodicals L-Q

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

Lamb, Christina. "Love Among the Land Mines: How Diana Captured even the Most Hard- Bitten." New Statesman, September 5, 1997, v. 126, p. 9-10.

"Land Forces Update." Jane's Defence Weekly, June 3, 1995, v. 23, no. 22, p. 33.

"Land Mine Disposal in the Falklands." Defence, June 1983, v. 14, no. 6, p. 363-365.

"Land Mine Warfare and Conventional Deterrence." NATO’s Sixteen Nations, October 1984, v. 29, no. 5, p. 75-82.

"Land Mine Warfare: Detection and Clearance."The DTIC Review, March 1996, v.2, no. 1, entire issue.

"Land Mine Warfare -- The British Position." Jane’s Defence Review, 1983, v. 4, no. 6, p. 597+

"Land Mines." Life, May 3, 1943, v. 14, p. 39+

"Land Mines." Public Health Reports, March-April 1998, v. 113, no. 2, p. 103.

"Land Mines: Another Pro-life Issue." America, February 27, 1999, v. 180, no. 6, p. 3.

"Land Mines: Defense vs. Offense." Army Times, June 15 1998, no. 46, p. 12-15.

"Landmine Ban Treaty Signed in Ottawa." Foreign Policy Bulletin, January/February 1998, v. 9, no. 1, p. 100-104.

"Landmines: Deadly Hidden Killers." Defense Monitor, 1999, Vol. 28 Issue 5, p3+

"Landmines: The Real Weapons of Mass Destruction." The Defense Monitor, July 1996, v. 25, no. 5, p.1-7.

"Landmines and Countermeasures." Military Technology and Economics, 1980, v. 4, no. 14, p. 37-41.

"Landmine-Related Injuries, 1993-1996." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 8, 1997, v. 46, no. 31, p. 724-726.

Lane, Larry. "Mapping Bosnian Minefields." Soldiers, April 1996, v. 51, no. 4, p. 18-21.

______. "One Step at A Time [Land Mine Warfare Class at Fort Leonard Wood]." Soldiers, March 1995, v. 50, no. 3, p. 18-20.

______. "Robots Out Front [for Mine-Clearing Operations]." Soldiers, April 1995, v. 50, no. 4, p. 13-16.

Lardner, J. "Trouble in Cans: Axis-Planted Booby Traps in Tunisia and How They Are

40 Sprung." Collier’s, June 13, 1943, v. 111, p. 28.

Lareau, Andre G. "Flight Performance of an Airborne Minefield Detection and Reconnaissance System." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, February 1991, v. 57, no. 2, p. 173-178.

Lathan, Andrew. "The Military Case Against Anti-Personnel Mines." Canadian Defence Quarterly, Spring 1997, v. 26, no. 3, p. 30-31.

Lawson, Commo Max. "Tending the Mine Field: Sowing and Sweeping: The U.K. is Working to Update Its Capabilities." Journal of Defense and Diplomacy, November 1986, v. 4, p. 53- 55.

Leahy, Patrick. "The CCW Review Conference: An Opportunity for U.S. Leadership." Arms Control Today, September 1995, v. 25, no. 7, p. 20-24.

______. "December in Ottawa." Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, September/October 1997, v. 53, no. 5, p. 4.

______. "Landmine Moratorium: A Strategy for Stronger International Limits." Arms Control Today, January/February 1993, v. 23, no. 1, p. 11-14.

______. "Toward a Global Ban on Landmines." MIT’s Technology Review, October 1997, v. 100, no. 7, p. 45.

Ledbetter, Homer, M. "A Tank Killer -- A Field Plough!" Armor, March-April 1972, v. 81, p. 50- 51.

Lee, Harry B. J. "USA Warrant Officers Had Start as Mine Planters." Officer, August 1982, v. 58, p. 34-35.

Lehman, M. "Booby Traps." Infantry Journal, July 1943, v. 53, p. 37.

Leighow, John K. "Route Clearance Operations." Center for Army Lessons Learned Bulletin, January 1996, no. 96-1, p. 1-17.

______. "Route Clearance Operations [Minefield and Ambush Countermeasures]." Infantry, September-October 1995, v. 85, no. 5, p. 16-22.

______. "Route-Clearance Operations (Countermine Capabilities)." Engineer, August 1995, v. 25, p. 54-61.

Leklem, Eric J. "U.S. to Join ‘Ottawa Process’; Will Seek Changes to Treaty." Arms Control Today, no. 5, p. 23.

______. "U.S. Pledges to Sign APL Ban; Lists Conditions to be Met First." Arms Control Today, May 1998, v. 28, no. 4, p. 37.

Leveaux, C. "Time for a Ban on Landmines - Doctors Should Actively Support Campaign to Ban Landmines." British Medical Journal, August 10, 1996, v. 313, no. 7053, p. 367.

Levert, Normand. "Schiebel AN19/2 Hand-Held Mine Detector: A Canadian View." Engineer, August 1994, v. 24, no. 3, p. 29-31.

Levin, V. "Combat Engineers Train to Clear the Way." Soviet Military Review, November

41 1971, no. 1, p. 18-19.

Lewis, Adrian R. "The failure of Allied Planning and Doctrine for Operation Overlord: The Case of Minefield and Obstacle Clearance." The Journal of Military History, October 1998, v. 62, no. 4, p. 787-808.

Lewis, Mark R. "JRTC (Joint Readiness Training Center) Lessons Learned: An Airborne Platoon in the Defense." Infantry, September-October 1993, v. 83, no. 5, p. 42-44.

Lewis, Robert W. "Army Applications of Composite Materials." Army RD&A, January- February 1980, v. 21, no. 1, p. 1-4.

Licking, Ellen. "Can Bees Take the Sting Out of Land Mines?" Business Week, June 7, 1999, p. 137.

______. "Developments to Watch." Business Week, December 7, 1998, Issue 3607, p. 101.

Lightfoot, Paul J. "The Landmine Review Conference: Will the Revised Landmine Protocol Protect Civilians?" Fordham International Law Review, April 1995, v. 18, no. 4, p. 1526+

"A Lightweight Mine Detector." Armor, March-April 1958, v. 67, p. 60.

Linnell, Frank R. "Foot a Day in Company A." Infantry, March-April 1986, v. 76, no. 2, p. 32- 34.

"Little Boxes: Hungarian Mines Washed Over to Austria." Time, May 20, 1966, v. 87, p. 41.

Lok, Joris Janssen. "Getting the Full Picture (Detect-Control-Engage Capability)." Jane's Defence Weekly, June 10, 1995, v. 23, no. 23, p. 63-65+

______."Mineclearing Making Progress in Sweden." Jane’s Defence Weekly, April 2, 1997, v. 27, no. 13, p. 21.

______. "Upgrade for NATO Mine School." Jane's Defence Weekly, January 29, 1994, v. 21, no. 4, p. 25-26.

Lord, Janet E. "Legal Restraints in the Use of Landmines: Humanitarian and Environmental Crisis." California Western International Law Journal, Spring 1995, v. 25, no. 2, p. 311- 356.

Loretti, Alessandro. "Landmines: Dragon's Teeth: Cause Injury and Death In The World." World Health, September 1995, v. 48, no. 5, p. 14+

Lovely, Bob. "Soviet Engineer Support [Mine Warfare]." Military Intelligence, October- December 1983, v. 9, no. 4, p. 44.

Lowry, Robert. "Uganda's Three-Sided War of Attrition." Jane's Defence Weekly, September 25, 1996, v. 26, no. 13, p. 41+

Lynch, Jarvis D., Jr. "Landmines, Lies, and Other Phenomena." United States Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1998, v. 124, no. 5, p. 44-49.

Lyon, Harold C., Jr. "Do It With Napalm." Infantry, May-June 1962, v. 52, p. 29-31.

42 Machmud, Benjamin. "FASCAM (Family of Scatterable Mines) -- The Force Multiplier." Asian Defence Journal, July 1991, no. 7, p. 32-36.

Mack, R. E. "Minotrap." (Unorthodox Mine Warfare, a Deadly Concept by Which Guerrilla Forces Employ Mines, Devices and Explosives in Booby-Trap Fashion Against the Unsuspecting.) Marine Corps Gazette, July 1967, v. 51, p. 39-42.

Madsen, Peter T. "After a Year in Somalia: A Battalion Commander’s View." Engineer, February 1994, v. 24, no. 1, p. 8-9.

Malik, G. M. and J. A. Basu. "Landmines: Time for a Ban." Lancet, September 20, 1997, v. 350, no. 9081, p. 891.

Manley, Andrew. "Anti-Landmines Crusade Wins a New Royal Champion." Middle East, August 1998, v. 281, p. 50.

Manners, Geoffrey. "Mines Still Prevent Return to Normality in Falklands." Jane’s Defence Weekly, February 25, 1984, v. 1, p. 276-277.

Marapoti, James A. "Tactical Mobility and Minefield Breaching." Marine Corps Gazette, January 1988, v. 72, p. 56-62.

Marsden, James N. "Defeat of Tactical Mine Fields." National Defense, September-October 1975, v. 60, p. 127-129.

Marshall, Eliot. "To Stop Kuwait’s Fires, First Clear the Mines." Science, June 21, 1991, v. 252, p. 1609.

Martin, Steve. "Counter Obstacle Vehicle Test-Bed Program." Army RD&A Bulletin, November-December 1984, v. 25, no. 6, p. 26-29.

Marubbio, Arthur A. "Realistic Training on a Budget: The Device Solution." The Engineer, November 1988, v. 19, p. 24-26.

Masland,T. and J. Barry. Buried Terror." Newsweek, April 8, 1996, v. 127, no. 15, p. 24-27.

Matheson, Michael J. "New Landmine Protocol is Vital Step Toward Ban." Arms Control Today, July 1996, v. 26, no. 5, p. 9-13.

______. "The Revision of the Mines Protocol." American Journal of International Law, January 1997, v. 91, no. 1, p. 158-166.

Matheson, Michael J. and Stephen D. Goose. "In Pursuit of a Global Ban on Landmines." Arms Control Today, July 1996, v. 26, p. 9-17.

Matthew, Richard A. and Ken R. Rutherford. "Banning Landmines in the American Century." International Journal on World Peace, June 1999, v. 16, no. 2, p. 23-36.

Matthews, Carey. "Ban the Production of Land Mines." Army Times, May 20, 1996, v. 56, no. 43, p. 54.

Matthews, Thomas E. "Combat Engineer and Topographic Engineer Missions Intertwine." Engineer, Fall-Winter 1986, v, 16, no. 3, p. 13-16.

Matthews, William. "Allied War on Mines Proves Slow and Risky." Air Force Times, February

43 12, 1996, v. 56, no. 28, p. 18.

______."Bosnia Files Looks at Mines." Air Force Times, February 26, 1996, no. 30, p. 21.

______. "Mines Get Tougher to Find." Army Times, February 12, 1996, no. 29, p. 18.

______. "Spring Brings Worries About Mines (in Bosnia)." Air Force Times, April 8, 1996, v. 56, no. 36, p. 8.

McCall, Jack H., Jr. "Infernal Machines and Hidden Death: International Law and Limits on the Indiscriminate Use of Land Mine Warfare." The Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1994, v. 24, no. 2, p. 229-280.

McCarthy, Terry. "Crusade Against Mines." Time, September 1, 1997, v. 150, p. 46.

McDavitt, Peter W. "Scatterable Mines: Superweapon?" National Defense, September- October 1979, v. 64, p. 33-37.

McDiarmid, J. G. M. "Deaths and Injuries Caused by Landmines in Mozambique." Lancet, 1995, v. 346, p. 1167-1168.

McDray, H. S. "Antitank Mine Simulator." Armor, March-April 1957, v. 66, p. 42-43.

McGee, H. W. "Preparing for Mine Warfare (Exercise Palm Tree)." Marine Corps Gazette, August 1978, v. 62, p. 12.

McGoldrick, Paul. "Delegates from 21 Countries Merge as One." (EUREL Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Land Mines, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 7-9, 1996). Electronic Design, December 2, 1996, v. 44, p. 74+

______. "Humanitarian Conference Looks at Technology to Solve Abandoned Land Mine Problem." (EUREL Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Land Mines, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 7-9, 1996). Electronic Design, October 1, 1996, v. 44, p. 31-32

McGrath, R. and E. Stover. "Injuries from Land Mines." British Medical Journal, December 14, 1991, v. 303, p. 6816, p. 1492.

McGuire, D. J. "Demining Operations – Pandora’s Box or Treasure Chest?" Australian Defence Force Journal, July/August 1997, no. 125, p. 16-24.

McHugh, Jane. "New BASIC (Body Armor Set, Individual Countermine) Outfit May Shield Troops From Bosnia Mines." Army Times, January 29, 1996, v. 56, no. 27, p. 16.

McNamara, Thomas E. "The U.S. Role in Solving the World Landmine Problem." U.S. Department of State Dispatch, December 2, 1996, v. 7, no. 49, p. 594-596.

McWilliams. Fiona. "Engineers Find New Way to Locate Mines." Geographical, April 1999, v. 71, no. 4, p. 11.

Meadows, Sandra I. "Defense Technologists Engineer Blitz Against Global, Buried, Silent Killers (Land-Mines)." National Defense, November 1997, v. 82, no. 532, p. 16-19.

Meddings, D. R. "Weapons Injuries During and After Periods of Conflict." British Medical Journal, November 29, 1997, v. 315, p. 1417-1420.

44 Meier, Billy J. "Mine Detector Dogs in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Military Police Journal, Summer 1996, v. 96, no. 1, p. 24-25.

Meldrum, Andrew. "Landmines: The Maiming Machines." Africa Report, May/June 1995, v. 40, no. 3, p. 18-21.

______. "On Deadly Ground: Some 2 Million Landmines Were Strewn Around Mozambique’s Landscape During the Vicious Civil War." Africa Report, July/August 1994, v. 39, no. 4, p. 55-59.

Menzel, Sewall H. "Automatic Ambush." Armor, November-December 1970, v. 79, p. 34-35.

"MERADCOM Improves Army’s Mobility via Vast RD Programs." Army Research, Development & Acquisition, February 1982, v. 23, no. 1, p. 30-32.

Mercer, David C. "Engineer Mine Sweepers." Military Engineer, January-February 1969, v. 61, p. 16-17.

Merchant, Julie M. "Threat Weapons and Weapons Technologies: Implications for Army SOF (Special Operations Forces)." Special Warfare, July 1994, v. 7, no. 3, p. 32-39.

Meyer, Deborah G. "Countermine Warfare: Deadly Game of ‘Hide and Seek’ Using World War II Technology." Armed Forces Journal International, March 1982, v. 119, no. 7, p. 22+

Meyer, Gerd. "Long-Range Deployable Mine System." Military Technology, October 1988, v. 12, p. 127-128+

Meyerhoff, Roni. "Mined Beaches: If You Can't Avoid 'Em, Breach 'Em." United States Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1999, v. 125, no. 4, p. 41-43.

Miao, X., et al. "Detection of Mines and Minelike Targets Using Principal Component and Neural-Network Methods." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, May 1998, v. 9, no. 3, p. 454-463.

"Military Need Limits US Support for Mine Ban." Jane’s Defence Weekly, August 27, 1997, v. 28, no. 8, p. 5.

Miller, David. "Mine Countermeasures Marketplace Awash with Choices." International Defense Review, January 1994, v. 27, no. 1, p. 44-50.

Miller, Guy E. "Beating Murphy’s Law." Engineer, Spring 1974, v. 4, no. 1, p. 14-15.

Miller, Marion C. "New Countermine Capabilities Emerging in 1980s." Engineer, Summer 1981, v.11, no. 2, p. 24-26.

Milling, James S. "Mines & Booby Traps." Infantry, January-February 1969, v. 59, p. 39-40.

"Mine Clearance an ‘Absolute Necessity.’" UN Chronicle, December 1995, v. 32, no. 4, p. 28.

"Mine Countermeasures." Marine Corps Gazette, December 1998, v. 82, no. 12, p. A1-A14.

"Mine, Metal and Explosive Detector." Ground Defence International, 1980, v. 7, no. 62, p. 17-19.

45 "Mine Simulator Undergoing Tests." Army Navy Air Force Register, November 17, 1956, v. 77, p. 2.

"Mine Terror." Military Review, May 1951, v. 31, no. 2, p. 94-95.

"Mine Warfare." Military Review, May 1955, v. 35, p. 67.

"Mine Warfare (1) -- The Lessons of Two World Wars." Defense Update International, January 1986, no. 67, p. 12-15+

"Mine Warfare Plane." Military Review, March 1955, v. 34, p. 65.

"Mine Warfare School Opens in Vietnam (at Da Nang)." Journal of Armed Forces, September 4, 1965, v. 103, p. 11.

"The Mined Obstacle in American Tactical Doctrine." Defence Today, April 1983, v. 7, no. 60, p. 152-159.

"Minefield Breaching."CALL Newsletter, no. 88-2

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46 January/February 1998, v. 107, no. 1, p. 7-13.

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47 ______. "Mine-Clearing Job (in Bosnia) Has Successful Start." Army Times, January 22, 1996, v. 56, no. 26, p. 12-14.

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______. "Still No Easy Road Through Mine Country." Navy Times, January 15, 1996, no. 15, p. 6.

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"The New Generation of Land Mines: Requirements and Material for the 90s." Military Technology, July 1985, v. 9, no. 7, p. 50+

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"New U.S. Land Mine Policy; Statement by President Clinton Followed by a Press Briefing Old Executive Office Building, Washington, May 16, 1996." Defense Issues, 1996, v. 11, no. 40, p. 1-6.

Newbern, Pam. "EOD Support to Intrinsic Action 93 [Removal of Unexploded Ordnance in Kuwait]." Ordnance, February 1994, p. 12-13.

Newman, Richard J. "How to Reduce Land Mine Casualties: Fast New Gizmos Can Unearth Them Safely." U.S. News & World Report, December 29, 1997-January 5, 1998, v. 123, no. 25, p. 60.

Nicoud, J. D. "Vehicles and Robots for Humanitarian Demining." The Industrial Robot, 1997, v. 24, no. 2, p. 164-168.

48 "Nobel Committee Awards Peace Prize to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines." Foreign Policy Bulletin, November/December 1997, v. 8, no. 6, p. 17-23.

Nordwall, Bruce D. "New SAR Images of Bosnia Show Accurate Elevations." Aviation Week and Space Technology, September 9, 1996, v. 145, no. 11, p. 67+

Nowicki, John C. "Mines From the Sky." Armor, January-February 1974, v. 83, p. 16-17; Military Engineer, May-June 1974, v. 66, p. 169.

"Now’s Time to Compensate For Years of Neglect -- Mine Countermeasures-Modernization Is A Must." Officer, January 1988, v. 64, p. 18-21.

Noyes, Harry F., III. "Aerial Mines: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?" Army, September 1982, v. 32, p. 44-46.

Nunes-Vais, Allan R. "Aggressive Development Program Improves (Land) Mine Warfare Capability." Defense Management Journal, October 1974, v. 10, p. 26-29; Adaptation. National Defense, November-December 1974, v. 59, p. 240-242.

______. "A New Dimension in Land Mine Warfare." Armed Forces Journal International, June 1974, v. 111, p. 18; Army Research and Development News Magazine, July-August 1974, v. 15, no. 4, p.22-23.

O’Balance, "Nuclear Land Mine." Ordnance, September-October 1966, v. 41, p. 165-166.

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O'Malley, T. J. "Land Mines and Countermeasures -- the Continuing Duel." Armada International, December-January 1990-1991, v. 14, no. 2, p. 42+

______. "Seek and Destroy -- Clearing Mined Land." Armada International, February- March 1993, v. 17, no. 1, p. 6-8+

Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. "Improved Mine Protection Shields Armored Vehicles: Offsetting Vehicle Vulnerability to Mine Blast." International Defense Review, April 1997, v. 30, no. 4, p. 33+

Olivia, Mark D. "Lanes of Death." Marines, March 1996, v. 25, no. 3, p. 7.

"Operation Sting." Discover, August 1999, v. 20, no. 8, p. 18.

"Oslo Conference Adopts Treaty Banning Anti-Personnel Landmines." Foreign Policy Bulletin, November/December 1997, v. 8, no. 6, p. 2-16.

"The Ottawa Convention: Signatories and Ratifiers." Arms Control Today, January/February

49 1999, v. 29, no. 1, p. 29-30.

"Ottawa Landmine Treaty: Analysis and Text." Arms Control Today, September 1997, v. 27, no. 6, p. 11-18.

"Our Planet Must be Undermined." UN Chronicle, 1997, v. 34, no. 4, p. 39-41.

Owsley, Brian. "Landmines and Human Rights: Holding Producers Accountable." Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, Spring 1995, v, 21, p. 203-228.

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Padwick, Alan. "Mineclearance Operations in the Middle East." NATO’s Sixteen Nations, June 1998, v. 33, no. 3, p. 43-46.

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Parker, James M. "Modern AT (Anti-Tank) Mines -- A Real and Lethal Threat." Armor, May- June 1994, v. 103, no. 3, p. 48-49.

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Pearn, John. "Landmines: Time For An International Ban, The United Nations Must End This Indiscriminate Killing and Maiming of Civilians." British Medical Journal, April 20, 1996, v. 312, no. 7037, p. 990-991.

Pearson, Willard. "More on Mines & Booby Traps." Infantry, May-June 1969, v. 59, p. 26-27.

Peebles, Alec A. "British View on American ADSM (Artillery Delivered Scatterable Mines)." Engineer, July 1990, v. 20, p. 38-45.

Peel, M. "The Occupational Health of De-Miners in Afghanistan." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, December 1995, v. 88, no. 12, p. 683-685.

Pendreigh, Kim. "Assistance for Demining in Cambodia." Insight: Australian Foreign

50 Affairs and Trade, March 21, 1995, v. 4, no. 3, p. 17.

Pengelley, Rupert. "MEDDS (Mechem Explosives and Drug Detection System): Detecting the ‘Undetectable’ Mine." International Defense Review, February 1993, v. 26, no. 2, p. 131- 132.

______. "South Africa Hones Land-Mine Sweeping and Disposal Techniques." International Defense Review, February 1993, v. 26, no. 2, p. 134-135.

Pengelley, Rupert and Mark Hewish. "Treading a Fine Line: Mine Detection and Clearance -- Combating Mines: Tactical and Humanitarian Efforts." International Defense Review, November 1997, v. 30, p. 30+

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Peters, Ann. "Landmines in the 21st Century." International Relations, August 1996, v. 13, p. 37-50.

Peters, L., J. J. Daniels, and J. D. Young. "Ground-Penetrating Radar as a Subsurface Environmental Sensing Tool." Proceedings of the IEEE, December 1994, v. 82, no. 12, p. 1802-1822.

Peterson, Gayle. "Belvoir Developing Countermine Technologies." Army Research, Development & Acquisition Bulletin, September-October 1988, p. 20-21.

Petit, Brian S. "SOF Initiatives in Demining: The Bosnian Entity Army Training Centers." Special Warfare, Spring 1999, v. 12, no. 2, p. 16-21.

Petrarca, Alicia H. "An Impetus of Human Wreckage?: The 1996 Amended Landmine Proposal." California Western International Law Journal, Fall 1996, v. 27, no. 1, p. 205+

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Pochhacker, Christian. "PAP 104 Mine Hunter." Defense Update International, November 1988, no. 91, p. 50-53.

Pohling-Brown, Pamela. "CMS Goes Clean and Green (in Ordnance and Explosive Waste Disposal)." International Defense Review, February 1993, v. 26, no. 2, p. 132-133.

"Policy on Landmines and U.S.-Russia Arms Control Agreements." Foreign Policy Bulletin, November/December 1994, v. 5, no. 3, p. 67-68.

"Political Will and Cash 'Needed to Speed Up Removal of Landmines'" Nature, January 9, 1997, v. 385, no. 6612, p. 101.

Porter, Michael D. "LAVs (Light Armored Vehicles), Snowshoes, and Mine Detectors (USMC's Proactive Focus On Future Combat Needs)." Sea Power, April 1994, v. 37, no. 4, p. 59-60+

51 Powers, Mary Buckner. "Cleaning Up Buried Bombs May Bust Environmental Budget." ENR, March 6, 1995, v. 234, p. 50-2+

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Preston, Antony. "Mine Warfare." Asian Defence Journal December 1988 no. 12. p. 60-62+

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Pugliese, David. "Canada Pursues Projects to Remove Land Mines." Defense News, June 9- 15, 1997, v. 12, no. 23, p. 47.

Purdy, Phil. "AN/PSS-12 Mine Detector: A Proven Performer." The Engineer, August 1994, v. 24, no. 3, p. 20-21.

Puttre, Micheal. "CAD Clears the Mine Field." Design News, March 3, 1997, v. 52 [i.e. 53], p. 112-114.

"Q & A: The Chairman (of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) on Modernization; an Exclusive Interview with DEFENSE 96 Magazine." Defense, 1996, no. 3, p. 15-18.

Quinn, Woodrow L., Jr. "Dogs in Countermine Warfare." Infantry, July-August 1971, v. 61, p. 16-18.

52 Home » Library Home » Research Tools » Bibliographies » LandMines

Land Mines and Demining: Periodicals R-Z Periodicals R-Z

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

"Race to Detect Landmines." IEE Review, May 16, 1996, v. 42, no. 3, p. 83.

Ragano, Frank P. "Operation Desert Sweep Ousts Battlefield Waste." National Defense, March 1994, v. 78, no. 496, p. 30-31.

______. "Operation Desert Sweep (Minesweeping in Kuwait After the Gulf War)." Military Engineer, October 1994, v. 86, no. 566, p. 29-30.

Ramdass, Prem. "Attention! Mines!" Asian Defence Journal, December 1986. no. 12, p. 48+

Raphel, R. and R. McMullen. "Mired in Conflict: Effects of Protracted Struggle in Afghanistan." Harvard International Review, Winter 1996-1996, v. 18, no. 1, p. 40-43.

"Reaffirming U.S. Commitment to Democracy and Reconstruction in Cambodia." US Department of State Dispatch, August 14, 1995, v. 6, no. 33, p. 632-635.

Reed, Anthony G. "Slavonski Brod Crossing Site: A Multinational Effort in Bosnia [Demining and Sava River Bridging Operations]." Engineer, August 1997, v. 27, no. 3, p. 21+

Reed, Philip L. "One-Hour Minefield -- A Rapid Drill for Combat Engineers or Mechanized Infantry." Engineer, 1987, v. 17, no. 1, p. 22-25.

Reese, K. M. "Fluorescence Used to Detect Land Mines, Nerve Gas." Chemical & Engineering News, February 1, 1999, v. 77. no. 5, p. 72.

Reese, Thomas J. "Bishops Discuss Land Mines and Liturgy." America, July 15-22, 1995, v. 173, p. 8-9.

"Refurbished HMMWV's Provide Added Protection for Bosnia Troops." Army Logistician, July/August 1999, v. 31, no. 4, p. 57.

Regner, William J. "Achtung Minen!" Infantry, October-November 1959, v. 49, p. 21-22.

"Report From Italy." Asian Defence Journal, March-April 1980, p. 104-106.

Reposa, Wayne F. "Aircraft Mine Delivery." USA Aviation Digest, December 1972, v. 18, p. 28-29.

Ressler, Stephen J. "Tank Bumps: A New Concept in Obstacle Employment." Armor, September-October 1986, v. 95, no. 5, p. 25-29.

Rhyne, David W. "War in the Lithosphere." Army, August 1986, v. 36, p. 60-64+

Richards, Seth. "Below the Surface: The Technology of Landmine Removal." Harvard International Review, Summer 1996, v. 18,no. 3, p. 68+

Rider, Bruce. "Obstacle Breaching and Marking For Squads." Engineer, October 1990, v. 20,

53 p. 29-33.

Rivera, Jay. "Batteries Not Included [Robots for Mine-Clearing Operations]." Soldiers, April 1995, v. 50, no. 4, p. 16.

Roach, J. Ashley. "Certain Conventional Weapons Convention: Arms Control or Humanitarian Law?" Military Law Review, Summer 1984, no. 105, p. 3-72.

Robblee, Paul A., Jr. "Legitimacy of Modern Conventional Weaponry." Military Law Review, Winter 1976, no. 71, p. 95-148.

Robinson, Richard. "Mine Countermeasures: How Much Is Enough?" Defense System Review, 1985, v. 3, no. 6, p. 37-40.

______. "Mine Warfare: A Non-Nuclear Strategic Deterrent." Defense System Review, November 1984, no. 2, p. 34-35+

"Robotics Under Study." Defense Management Journal, 1st Quarter 1982, v. 18, p. 48.

Robson, George L., Jr. "Claymore (Directional Fragmentation Weapon)." Infantry, January 1960, v. 50, p. 14-16.

______. "Star-Spangled Land Mines (Use in Civil War)." Military Engineer, September- October 1957, v. 49, p. 354.

Roos, John G. "Deadly Pursuit: Are US Landmine-Hunting Units Properly Equipped for the Job?" Armed Forces Journal International, February 1997, p. 18-19.

______. "Hunting Hidden Killers: Most Promising Mine-Detecting Technologies Now on Fast Track." Armed Forces Journal International, June 1996, v. 133, no. 11, p. 18-19.

______. "The Unending Menace: Military Countermine Efforts Are No Solution." Armed Forces Journal International, July 1994, v. 131, no. 12, p. 15-16.

Rosenblum, Deborah. "Implementation of U.S. Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy." DISAM Journal of International Security, Summer 1998, v. 20, no. 4, p. 96-98.

Rothstein, Linda. "Shedding Light on the Landmine Problem."Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 1998, v. 54, no. 6, p. 10-11.

Rotman, David. "Sniffing Polymers: A Soldier's Best Friend." Technology Review, September/October 1998, v. 101, no. 5, p. 25.

Rouhi, A. Maureen. "Gutsy Journey to a Land Mine Treaty." Chemical & Engineering News, December 8, 1997, v. 75, no. 49, p. 21-22.

______. "Land Mine Dance: One Step Forward, One Back." Chemical & Engineering News, June 23, 1997, v. 75, p. 12.

______. "Land Mines: Horrors Begging Solutions." Chemical & Engineering News, March 10, 1997, v. 75, p. 14-22.

Rowley, D. I. "Landmines: Morality vs Expediency?" Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, December 1996, v. 41, no. 6, p. 397.

54 Runions, Bradley and Richard Roy. "The Mine Threat in Peace Operations, Part One: Existing Mine Intelligence Sources." Peacekeeping & International Relations, January/February 1997, v. 26, no. 1, p. 8-10.

______. "A Proposed Mine Information Net." Peacekeeping & International Relations, May/June 1997, v. 26, no. 3, p. 6-9.

Rupiah, Martin R. "A Historical Study of Land-Mines in Zimbabwe, 1963-1995." Zambezia, 1995, v. 22, no. 1, p. 63-78.

"Russia Unveils Anti-Helicopter Mine Project." International Defense Review, January 1998, page 16.

"Russian Mines and Fuzes." Combat Forces, May 1955, v. 5, p. 32-33.

Ryan, John T., et al. "Maintaining the Tank Mine-Clearing Plow." Engineer, August 1995, v. 24, p. 52-53.

______. "Tank Mine Clearing Blade: Eagle or Albatross?"Armor, July-August 1994, v. 103, no. 4, p. 26-30; CTC Quarterly Bulletin, 95-4 - 2nd Quarter FY 95 (March 1995)

Rybicki, John F. "Emerging Mine Warfare Capabilities." Military Engineer, November- December 1987, v. 79, p. 574-578.

______. "Land Mine Warfare and Conventional Deterrence." NATO's Sixteen Nations, September-October 1984, v. 29, p. 75+

Ryle, J. "Invisible Enemy." New Yorker, November 29, 1993, v. 69, no. 40, p. 120-135.

Saft, Ulrich. "Minefields – East, a Deficit in Instruction and Training." Current Threat Articles, July-September 1983, p. 29-35.

Sahlin, Jr., Carl T. "Global Mine Clearance."Strategic Forum no. 143, August 1998.

Sargent, H. L. "Nuisance Mining." Army, September 1957, v. 8, p. 44-47.

"Savage Injuries to the Poorest of the Poor." CQ Researcher, August 8, 1997, v. 7, no. 30, p. 710.

"Schiebel AN 19/2 Detector – Helping to Make Cambodia a Safer Place." Asian Defence Journal, March 1997, no. 3, p. 30-31.

Schmidt, William G. "Conventional Weapons Convention: Implication for the American Soldier." Air Force Law Review, 1984, v. 24, no. 4, p. 279-346.

Schneck, William. "Desert Storm Countermine Improvisations." Engineer, July 1992, v. 22, p. 2-7.

______. "Origins of Military Mines: Part I."Engineer, July 1998, v. 28, p. 49-55.

______. "Origins of Military Mines: Part II."Engineer, November 1998, v. 28, p. 44-50.

______. "Somali Mine Threat."News From the Front, November-December 1994.

______. "Vehicle Mine Survivability ."News From the Front, March-April 1995

55 Schneck, William C., et al. "Advances in Mine Warfare: Antitank Weapons." Pt. 3, Engineer, November 1993, v. 23, no. 4, p. 38-45; Pt. 1, "An Overview." April 1993, v. 23, p. 2-7; Pt. 2, "Antipersonnel Mines." August 1993, v. 23, p. 26-33.

Schneck, William C., Jr. and Brian M. Green. "Tactics for Route Clearance [Mine Clearance Operations]." Engineer, April 1995, v. 25, p. 46-52.

______. "Techniques and Procedures for Route Clearance [Mine-Sweeping Operations]." Engineer, March 1996, v. 26, no. 1, p. 3-10.

Schneider, Wolfgang. "MTK-2 Mine-Clearing Tank." International Defense Review, September 1990, v. 23, no. 9, p. 939.

______. "New Soviet Tank Minesweeping Equipment." International Defense Review, April 1991, v. 24, p. 322.

Scott-Moncrieff, G. K. "Mining and Demolition in War." Blackwood’s Magazine, October 1915, v. 198, p. 551-563.

"Scottish 'Anteater' Claws Up Land Mines." Machine Design, August 7, 1997, v. 69, no. 15, p. 29.

"Secret Weapons: Viet Cong Booby Traps." Newsweek, June 12, 1967, v. 69, p.36.

Seffers, George I. "Land Mine Removal Could Take A Century." Defense News, June 2-8, 1997, v. 12, no. 22, p. 16+

______. "Legislation Would Prod United States to Sign Land Mine Ban." Defense News, June 16-22, 1997, v. 12, o. 24, p. 64.

______. "Pentagon May Resist Effort to Ban Antipersonnel Mines." Defense News, June 30-July 6, 1997, v. 12, no. 28, p. 11.

______. "Pentagon Plan for Mixed System Mines Draws Criticism." Defense News, November 3-9, 1997, v. 12, no. 44, p. 12.

______. "Price of Options to Mines May Tilt U.S. View." Defense News, August 18-24, 1997, v. 12, no. 33, p. 4.

Selyavin, V. "Artillery Breaches Obstacles." Soviet Military Review, August 1975, no. 8, p. 28-29.

Sengupta, Prasun K. "Combating the Scourge of Mines." Asian Defence Journal, December 1997, p. 92-94.

______. "Neutralising Mines Through Technology." Asian Defence Journal, March 1998, no. 3, p. 9.

Shalikashvili, John M. and David C. Jones. "At Issue: Would a Total Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines Undermine U.S. Military Strategy?" CQ Researcher, August 8, 1997, v. 7, no. 30, p. 713.

Shelkin, Michael and J. Philip Purdy. "Counterobstacle Vehicle: An Enhancement to Battlefield Mobility." Military Engineer, July 1986, v. 78, p. 362-364.

56 Sherrard, D. J. "Death and Injuries Caused by Landmines." Lancet, October 28, 1995, v. 346, no. 8983, p. 1167-1168.

Shumilov, Pyotr. "Mine-Detection and Clearance Party." Soviet Military Review, August 1987, no. 8, p. 22-23.

Sickler, Robert A. "Future Land-Mine Warfare." Engineer, March 1989, v. 18, p. 9-10+

______. "Mine Warfare for AirLand Battle-Future." Military Review, October 1989, v. 69, p. 42-51.

______. "Projecting Robotics Technology in Operations Other Than War." Engineer, August 1994, v. 24, no. 3, p. 2-9.

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67 Home » Library Home » Research Tools » Bibliographies » LandMines

Land Mines and Demining: Docs, Theses, Tech Repts A-C Documentss, Theses, and Technical Reports A-C

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports which have been issued with distribution limitations (e.g., DOD only or FOUO), due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution reference only. Abstracts were taken from the DTIC [Defense Technical Information Center] and NTIS [National Technical Information Service] databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the authors of this bibliography.

Adams, M.S. In-Minefield Effectiveness Measure for Breaching Vehicles. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, Fort Belvoir, VA: June 1983. 36p. [This article is from ‘Proceedings of the Conference on the Design of Experiments in Army Research Development and Testing (28th) Held at Monterey, California on 20-22 October 1982,’ AD-A130 826. p109-144.] ABSTRACT: The development of realistic models is required to assess the military worth of countermine systems in mine warfare scenarios. Explicit closed form solutions of delineating countermine equipment effectiveness are being developed to become modular components of a more complex war game modelling mine warfare. This report develops a closed solution to measure the effectiveness of armored vehicles proceeding through cleared lanes. An equation is derived to determine the expected number of mines a vehicle will encounter in a scenario. The expected number of mine encounters is used to calculate a measure to compare the value of changes in tactical methods and countermine materiel. A discussion of the applicability of the effectiveness measure to support mine and countermine studies is also presented. A set of mine warfare situations are formulated as an example of the ease of using the expression derived in this report.

Addor, Eugene E. and Edward E. Garrett. Description of Terrain to be Used in Evaluating the Lofted Mine Concept. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, September 1977. 343p. ABSTRACT:This report contains road and roadside terrain data pertinent to the evaluation of the Lofted Mine Concept for a portion of West Germany. Appendix A presents the profile data sheets representing 104 sites, 29 of which are accompanied by one or two sheets of on-site photographs. The information on the profile data sheets has been inferred from available topographic and soil maps and air photos. The data are presented on profile diagrams representing transects intercepting the road at right angles and extending 200 m to the right and left from the road center line. The data include a topographic profile along the transect line, slope orientation of the profile, and vegetation, soil, and roadway characteristics to the extent that the relevant data were inferable from the available data sources or from on-site inspection. Selection of the terrain characteristics for description was based on their presumed interactions with various functional phases of the proposed lofted mined system. The data constitute information exhibiting the considerable variation found within the study area. Analysis of the data in terms of performance of the proposed mine systems can be made by inference or more adequately by use of quantitative performance prediction models. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A046 157

Adolf, Frank H. and Robert E. Ainslie. T51 Aerial Emplaced Mine-Clearing Device (Cresset). Dover, NJ: Picatinny Arsenal, December 1960. 140p. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 321 375

Advanced Distribution Simulation Technology II (ADST II) Countermine Experiment

68 32p. ABSTRACT:The purpose of this final report is to document the Advanced Distributed Simulation Technology II (ADST II) effort which supported the Countermine Experiment and specifically capture experiment configurations, results, observations, and lessons learned. This document does not address the operational effectiveness of the various systems or specific results of the data collected as this effort was conducted as part of a larger activity. Analysis of overall Countermine experiment efforts and results is being performed by the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA). ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A327 090

Advanced Pattern Recognition Techniques (Techniques Avancees de Reconnaissance de Forme). North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels (Belgium), September 1998. 163p. ABSTRACT: Pattern recognition is the extraction of consistent information from noisy spatiotemporal data. It can be and is currently being used in systems for battlefield supervision, smart weapons, and anti-counterfeiting of all kinds. A current application is the automatic detection of land mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). The methods employed can be subdivided in the following manner: (1) statistical methods, (2) neuro-methods, (3) fuzzy-methods, and (4) neuro- fuzzy methods. Each of these methods has its special advantages and drawbacks, but all of them require the computation of feature variables from measurement or simulation data, e.g., from microwave backscattering. The Lecture Series covers the following topics: (1) Introductory Overview on Pattern Recognition Techniques, (1)- (4); (2) Feature Extraction for Pattern Recognition by; (a) Electromagnetic, magnetic, and acoustic singularity identification; (b) Model based scattering signatures; (c) Wavelet techniques; (d) SAR/ISAR imaging; (e) Bistatic microwave imaging; and (f) Electromagnetic inversion techniques. (1) Real-time Implementation of Pattern Recognition Methods; and (2) Introduction to Software and Hardware for Pattern Recognition. This Lecture Series, sponsored by the Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel (SET) of RTO, has been implemented by the Consultant and Exchange Programme. REPORT NUMBER: NATO-AC/323(SET)TP/1 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A355 484 and AD-A356 646

Advanced Planning Briefing for Industry Proceedings, 15-16 September 1987. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Center, Requirements and Analysis Office, September 1987. 176p. ABSTRACT: Partial Contents: Soviet Military Power; Mission Area Materiel Plan (MAMP); Technology Trends in Artillery Weapons; Electromagnetic Launch Technology; The Advanced Field Artillery System (AFAS); Manpower and Personnel Integration (MANPRINT) Applied To Future Artillery; Regenerative Liquid Propellant Gun Technology; Advanced Solid Propellants; Shoot-To-Kill/Smart Munitions; Warheads (Including More Powerful Explosives); Mine Warfare - A Significant Combat Multiplier; VHSIC Processor For Fire Control/Battlefield Management System; Artificial Intelligence. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A192 152

Alba, Albert L. The Use of Rigid Polyurethane Foam as a Landmine Breaching Technique. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997. 75p. ABSTRACT: The results of a feasibility test using Rigid Polyurethane Foam (RPF) as an operational anti-personnel mine counter-mine technique are presented. RPF, at a given density and thickness, can withstand the explosive effects of anti-personnel blast mines and mitigate or neutralize the effects of surface laid anti-vehicular mines. A 12-inch thick, 4 pound per cubic foot foam block completely contained a 10 gram explosive charge of PETN while a 30-inch foam block with the same density contained a 30 gram charge. A 24- inch thick pad supported 50 passes of an M88A2 Recovery Vehicle, crushing the foam no more than 2-3 inches throughout the length of a 56 foot foam roadway. Underneath this roadway, simulated land mines set at 14 psi were not detonated by the passage of an M88A2 and a HMMWV. Our experiments indicate that RPF can provide additional traction in muddy conditions and set-off explosives connected to trip wires. The pressure and trafficability experiments were conducted at the Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS in July-August 1997, and the explosive experiments were conducted at the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center (EMRTC) of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM in

69 August and October 1997. ACCESSION NUMBER: N98-24365 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A346 255

Albert, Donald G. Review of the Propagation of Inelastic Pressure Waves in Snow. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, April 1983. 33p. ABSTRACT:A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region. REPORT NUMBER: CRREL-83-13 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A128 714

______. Use of an Artificial Snow Platform for WAM Tests. Special report. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, January 1992. 16p. ABSTRACT: Because of the lack of a deep snow cover at the February 1991 Wide Area Mine (WAM) ground sensor tests held in Grayling, Michigan, an attempt was made there to simulate the effects of a deeper snow cover by making a pile of snow, compacting it and placing the WAM ground sensor prototype package upon the resulting platform. Recordings of moving military vehicles were then obtained with these sensors. To investigate the effects of this approach, a test was conducted in Hanover, New Hampshire, a few days later under similar snow conditions, but using a simple acoustic source (a pistol firing blank shots) rather than moving vehicles. The Hanover tests are described and reported here. The results show that the use of a small snow platform has little effect on the sensor response, and that the Grayling test procedure would be unsuccessful in simulating the effects of a deeper snow cover. The underlying cause of this failure is that the acoustic effect of a snow cover arises over a large areal extent and cannot be simulated by changing the snow properties in a small area near the sensors. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A247 868

Anderson, Alan A. Methodologies for the High Resolution Modeling of Minefield Dynamics. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September. 1991. 182p. ABSTRACT: Landmines are a continuing threat to the mobility required by the modern army. Efforts to develop solutions for the problems presented by mines are hampered by a lack of useful, realistic, high resolution models. To assist in developing the needed modeling capabilities, several methodologies are proposed. Methodologies for modeling vehicle navigation error, mine encounters, plow displacement of mines, by passing obstructions and the presence of overwatching direct fires are developed and explained. These methodologies are then implemented using simscript and simgraphics into a minefield breaching model. The model will run in a graphics mode, allowing a visual validation of the model algorithms. The problem of plow width versus breaching force casualty rates is examined as an example of the potential utility of the model. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A247 255

Anderson, M.S. Land Mine Warfare - Applying the Principles. Student essay. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 23 March 1987. 45p. ABSTRACT: A historical analysis of land mine warfare repeatedly demonstrated certain principles which when correctly applied yield decisive results. this essay begins by examining the employment of mines in four battles - Alam Halfa, El Alamein, the Golan and the Falklands. It then assess how well our current land mine warfare doctrine, organization and equipment facilitate the timely and sound application of the fundamentals demonstrated by

70 history to today's Airland Battlefield. Areas in which we must improve or change are identified and some new ideas are proposed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A182 849

Andrews, Anne M. Et al. Performance in December 1996 Hand-Held Landmine Detection Tests at APG, Coleman Research Corp. (CRC), GDE Systems, Inc. (GDE), and AN /PSS- 12. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, March 1998. 87p. ABSTRACT: In December 1996, a test of three mine detection systems was held at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. This test compared prototype landmine detection systems manufactured by two contractors, Coleman Research Corporation (CRC) and GDE Systems, Inc. (GDE), with the Army's currently fielded electromagnetic induction mine detector, the AN/PSS-12. The two prototype systems under consideration integrate a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) with an electromagnetic induction metal detector. Both GDE the and CRC systems provide increased capability over the AN/PSS-12, but exhibited poor performance for detection of low-metallic and nonmetallic antipersonnel landmines. REPORT NUMBER:IDA-D-2126; IDA/HQ98-000073 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A344 252

Andrews, Anne, James Ralston and Michael Tuley. Research of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Detection of Mines and Unexploded Ordnance: Current Status and Research Strategy. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, December 1999. 102p. ABSTRACT: This report documents the results of an IDA assessment of the state of research on ground penetrating radar (GPR) as applied to countermine and unexploded ordnance clearance. This report examines existing GPR research and development efforts with emphasis on missions where GPR has the potential to provide a unique capability and to achieve operationally meaningful performance. We identify data collections and analyses that will be necessary both to make decisions about the suitability of GPR for particular missions and to achieve performance gains necessary for operational utility. The potential capabilities of ground penetrating radar could, if realized, make it a useful tool for the detection of mines and UXO. These potential capabilities, however, have not been demonstrated in practice. In most cases, performance is limited by clutter, not by insufficient target signal for detection in noise. Thus, discrimination of targets from clutter is the fundamental problem to be solved to improve GPR target detection performance. Among the numerous research efforts that must be undertaken to advance GPR in any application are soil characterization, discrimination, and modeling. Since it is likely that radar will be paired with another sensor for any application, research to support sensor fusion is important. REPORT NUMBER:IDA-D-2416 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A374 029

Approach to Characterising Ground Probing Radar Target Echoes For Landmine Recognition. Canberra, Australia: Defence Science and Technology Organisation, June 1998. 50p. ABSTRACT: This report investigates an approach to characterising Ground Probing Radar (GPR) backscatter echoes from land mines using linear combinations of exponentially damped sinusoids. The GPR signatures of surrogate land mines and PVC cylinders buried in dry sand are measured using an impulse radar system with center frequency of 1.4 GHz and a 90% bandwidth. The GPR signal parameters are represented as sets of complex poles computed from a series of neighbouring signatures recorded over each target type. The algorithm proposed by Kumaresan and Tufts which uses backward linear prediction and the low-rank data matrix approximation based on singular value decomposition is applied to this computation. The performance of the Kumaresan and Tufts (KT) algorithm is compared with that of the Prony method when both techniques are applied to modelling simulated signals. It is concluded that the KT method provides more stable pole estimates. Two approaches to determining the order of the model are examined and compared for simulated and real data. The results show that the poles corresponding to different target types form clusters in the two- dimensional alpha-f space (where a is the pole damping factor and f is the pole frequency). This indicates that these pole clusters can be used for the recognition of land mines. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A356 181

71 Arcangeli, Paul J. Explosive Ordnance Disposal Associate - An Expert System for Landmine Identification. Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1997. 151p. ABSTRACT: Today there are over 110 million mines scattered across 60 countries, and these mines kill or injure more than 26,000 people annually. In order for deminers to remove these mines, they must be able to quickly and accurately identify them. Existing methods for landmine identification involve tedious searching through reference books. This thesis presents an expert system for landmine identification, based on the set of thirty Bosnian mines from the MineFacts landmine database. The user is queried about the landmine, and heuristics are applied to the answers which are then used to calculate other information about the mine. This information is then filtered through decision trees to generate a small group of candidates which are displayed with a photo and confidence factor. The system was modeled and tested using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The system can narrow candidates to within two choices when all queries are correctly answered and to within three candidates when 70% of the queries are correctly answered. The results show that this technique has potential for all types of ordnance identification. A similar 5 stem could be implemented to cover all UXO for EOD use and as a reconnaissance tool b non-EOD trained individuals. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A333 369

Archambeau, Charles, Arden Buck and Jeffery Orrey. Array Beam Imaging for High Resolution Stand-Off Mine Detection. Final report 1 June-31 July 1997. Boulder, CO: Technology and Resource Assessment Corporation, August 1997. 19p. ABSTRACT:Array Beam Imaging (ABI) software has been developed and tested using both radar and seismic wave fields for imaging based on backscattered (reflected) wave pulses from target objects. The ABI software is designed to produce high resolution target images showing internal structure of reflecting objects as well as external surface features. The images obtained are quantitatively proportional to the reflectivity (impedance contrasts) at target surfaces that produce reflections of incident waves. Therefore, reflectivity images using seismic and electromagnetic waves produce sets of images that measure quite different physical properties of the targets. These independent images can be compared (correlated) with the corresponding images of standard mine types for identification purposes using external and internal boundary shapes and other special reflectivity differences between mines and miscellaneous clutter. This report covers the period of the extended Phase 1 study, which includes the interim funding period prior to Phase 2. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A330 092

Archambeau, Charles, Arden Buck, and Jeffery Orrey. Array Beam Imaging for High Resolution Stand-Off Mine Detection. Final report. 1 December 1996-31 May 1997. Boulder, CO: Technology and Resource Assessment Corporation, June1997. 18p. ABSTRACT:‘Array Beam Imaging’ (ABI) software has been developed and tested using both radar and seismic wave fields for imaging based on backscattered (reflected) wave pulses from target objects. The ABI software is designed to produce high resolution target images showing internal structure of reflecting objects as well as external surface features. The images obtained are quantitatively proportional to the reflectivity (impedance contrasts) at target surfaces that produce reflections of incident waves. Therefore, reflectivity images using seismic and electromagnetic waves produce sets of images that measure quite different physical properties of the targets. These independent images can be compared (correlated) with the corresponding images of standard mine types for identification purposes using external and internal boundary shapes and other special reflectivity differences between mines and miscellaneous clutter. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A328 367

Army Study Highlights. Volume 8. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Staff (Army), Study Management Office, October 1987. 17p. [See also Volume 1, AD-A103 349] ABSTRACT: The Principal Findings: (1) The divisional engineer battalion, working alone, can successfully support the Light Infantry Division (LID) during the initial phase of a short- duration, low-intensity conflict. However, the LID needs immediate Echelon-Above-Division (EAD) augmentation to support extended low-intensity situations and all mid- to high-intensity conflicts. Specific recommendations for theater augmentation units are detailed in the study.

72 (2) The mix of engineer equipment in the current divisional battalion needs to be changed to better align capabilities with the most vital combat requirements. Equipment mix and density recommendations were made that do not increase the C-141 deployment profiles of the LID engineer battalion. (3) The LID will greatly benefit from the fielding of advanced land mining systems. New scatterable and improved conventional mine systems will both increase the range of mobility and countermobility tasks the division can undertake, and substantially reduce the Class IV and V transportation requirements. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A189 213

Assessment of Chemical and Biological Sensor Technologies. Washington, DC: National Research, Committee on Chemical and Biological Sensor Technologies, 1984. 125p. ABSTRACT: Chemical and biological warfare agents are divided into three categories: chemical (synthetic compounds), biological (live organisms), and toxins (biologically derived chemical substances). Chemical agents may be subclassified by persistency, degree of toxicity, and physiological effect. Chemical agents can be delivered via rockets, missiles, bombs, artillery shells, sprays, and land mines. Biological agents may be delivered by similar means but may also be used clandestinely. They could be conveniently used to poison water or food supplies, for example. To defend against these agents, sophisticated sensors are required that quickly detect, identify, and monitor very small concentrations. Detection of a chemical agent requires a short response time in order to minimize casualties and a low false alarm rate to maintain credibility. Because the detector will be exposed to high initial concentrations, high sensitivity is relatively less important. Following detection, identification of the agent is essential to deciding what course of action to take. In general, it takes longer to identify than to detect an agent. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A143 408

Aswell, Paul L. Operational Impact of the U.S. Anti-Personnel Land Mine Ban. Newport, RI: Naval War College, May 1999. 23p. ABSTRACT: On March 1, 1999, the Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty (the Convention on the Prohibition, Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction) went into force. The NCA directed that the Department of Defense have alternatives to anti-personnel land (APL) mines in place so that by the year 2006 we end the use of all APL mines. It is unlikely alternative new technologies will be fully fielded by this date. This paper discusses the factors which led the President to direct the elimination of all anti-personnel land mines. The paper argues that the current DoD-wide assumption that the U.S. will retain self-destructing anti-personnel land mines in its arsenal is incorrect and presents operational implications of an APL ban without fielded alternatives. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A370 681

Avrami, Louis and M.S. Kirshenbaum. The Giant Viper Mine Clearing Line Charge: Characterization of Energetic Materials. Technical report. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Command, Large Caliber Weapon Systems, Laboratory, September 1981. 53p. ABSTRACT:Mandatory safety and characterization tests have been conducted on the following four energetic materials which are integral parts of the United Kingdom (UK) Giant Viper/Mine Clearing Line Charge. The materials tested were PE-4 Explosive (Booster), PE- 6/A1 Explosive (Main Charge), EU Propellant, and S.R. 371C Pyrotechnic Composition (Igniter). The tests included composition analysis, Blasting cap test, DTA/TGA, explosion temperature test, electrostatic sensitivity, friction sensitivity, impact sensitivity, small and large scale gap test, detonation velocity, closed bomb, and burning rate statement. In most instances, the test data agreed with the available data supplied by the UK. Most of the data show that the sensitivity of the explosive materials is between that of RDX and TNT. Therefore, it can be concluded that when handled with the proper precautions and procedures, the UK energetic materials, PE-4, PE-6/A1, EU propellant, and SR 371C igniter composition, do not present any undue safety hazards. Interim qualification of these materials for US military use was, therefore, requested. REPORT NUMBER: ARLCD-TR-81018 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A106 434

73 Azevedo, S.G.; et al. Landmine Detection and Imaging Using Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 7 August 1995. 8p. ABSTRACT: The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed radar and imaging technologies with potential applications in mine detection by the armed forces and other agencies involved in determining efforts. These new technologies use a patented ultra- wideband (impulse) radar technology that is compact, low-cost, and low power. Designated as Micropower hnpulse Radar, these compact, self-contained radars can easily be assembled into arrays to form complete ground penetrating radar imaging systems. LLNL has also developed tomographic reconstruction and signal processing software capable of producing high-resolution 2-D and 3-D images of objects buried in materials like soil or concrete from radar data. Preliminary test results have shown that a radar imaging system using these technologies has the ability to image both metallic and plastic land mine surrogate targets buried in 5 to 10 cm of moist soil. In dry soil, the system can detect buried objects to a depth of 30 cm and more. This report describes our initial test results and plans for future work. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-ID-121669 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE 96-000870

______. Statement of Capabilities: Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR) Technology Applied to Mine Detection and Imaging. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 13 March 1995. 14p. ABSTRACT: The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed radar and imaging technologies with potential applications in mine detection by the armed forces and other agencies involved in demining efforts. These new technologies use a patented ultra- wideband (impulse) radar technology that is compact, low-cost, and low power. Designated as Micropower Impulse Radar, these compact, self-contained radars can easily be assembled into arrays to form complete ground penetrating radar imaging systems. LLNL has also developed tomographic reconstruction and signal processing software capable of producing high-resolution 2-D and 3-D images of objects buried in materials like soil or concrete from radar data. Preliminary test results have shown that a radar imaging system using these technologies has the ability to image both metallic and plastic land mine surrogate targets buried in 5 to 10 cm of moist soil. In dry soil, the system can detect buried objects to a depth of 30 cm and more. This report describes LLNL's unique capabilities and technologies that can be applied to the demining problem. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-ID-120801 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE 95-017714

Balck, H. Translation of Taped Conversation with General Hermann Balck, 12 January 1979 and Brief Biographical Sketch. Special report. Battelle Columbus Labs., OH: Tactical Technology Center, January 1979. 64p. ABSTRACT: This document is a transcript of an interview conducted in 1979 with General Hermann Balck, who served as a Commander of German Panzer Divisions during World War II. The question-and-answer session includes such topics as effectiveness of the U.S., German, and Russian air forces, air-ground tactics, use of mines, German military tradition, armored tactics, armored division organization, reconnaissance, and artillery. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A160 703

Ballistic Tests of Armor Materials. Final Report on Test Operations Procedure.Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, 7 February 1984. 58p. ABSTRACT: This report describes methods available for assessing the ability of armored vehicle armor to provide protection against attacking projectiles and land mines. Tests of the basic armor rather than tests of the vehicle are emphasized. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A137 873

Bekas, Alexander J. Wireless Communications for a Multiple Robot System. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, March 1997. 116p ABSTRACT:A multi-disciplinary research project is being undertaken at NPS to develop a semi-autonomous robotic system to detect and clear land mines and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO). The robotic system under development consists of a land vehicle, an aerial vehicle, and a ground-based control station. Reliable communication between these three stations is

74 needed. A traditional wire-based network requires that the vehicles be tethered and severely limits the mobility of the vehicles. A wireless Local Area Network (LAN) is proposed to provide communications between the control station and the vehicles. The objective of this thesis is to develop the physical (hardware) and logical (software) architecture of a wireless LAN that accommodates the needs of the mine/UXO project. Through an analysis of wireless modulation techniques, a market survey of wireless devices, and a field testing of wireless devices, a wireless LAN is designed to meet the technological, performance, regulation, interference, and mobility requirements of the mine/UXO project. Finally, the wireless communication protocols and the development of an error-free application protocol (specified by a FSM model and implemented in ANSI C code using Windows socket network programming) completes the wireless LAN implementation. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A331 876

Bernhardt, R. and R. Chesney. Description of the DRES (Defence Research Establishment Suffield) Practice Mine Hardware. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston (Alberta), July 1988. 91p. ABSTRACT: The development of scatterable mines and intelligent mine fuzes featuring full width attack capabilities has dramatically changed mine warfare. Unfortunately, not all mine training devices have kept pace with these developments. A distinction must be made at this point between those training mines classified as drill mines and those classified as practice mines. Drill mines are used to train engineer troops to correctly handle mines, while practice mines are used to train non-engineer combat troops about mine warfare. Drill mines therefore simply have to mimic the arming and disarming procedures of the newer types of mines; they do not have to offer all the features of these advanced mines to have some training value. The practice type of training mine, because of its different training role, must emulate all features of the newer mines. However, existing practice mines do not do this; they are, for the most part, unrealistic in form, activation mechanism, and result. Because of this, these devices have little training value, and consequently the troops who encounter them do not fully appreciate the problems associated with mine warfare. Canada. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A197 999

Biddle, Stephen D., et al. Landmine Arms Control. Final report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defence Analyses, May 1996. 55p. ABSTRACT:Perhaps 80 to 110 million unexploded mines are now scattered over 64 countries worldwide. These mines kill or maim as many as 2,000 people a month most of them civilians, many of them children. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the pros and cons of addressing this problem via negotiated arms control agreements to ban the production, stockpiling, export and/or use of mines. Our principal findings are that neither the costs nor the benefits are likely to be as great as many have argued. Because costs and benefits are incommensurate, landmine arms control could not be an open and shut case either for or against on its analytical merits, but the value judgment required to reach a conclusion is likely to be a closer call than many in the current debate would suggest. REPORT NUMBER:IDA-P-3001 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A315 050

Biddle, Stephen D., J. Klare, and J. Rosenfeld. Military Utility of Landmines: Implications for Arms Control. Final report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, June 1994. 76p. ABSTRACT: This briefing evaluates the military utility of landmines in high intensity, mechanized land warfare and draws implications from this for landmine arms control. While military utility is clearly only one of wide range of issues bearing on the advisability of any particular arms control proposal, it has nevertheless played an unusually important role in the debate to date. While IDA is continuing a broader assessment of this issue, it is hoped that this more narrowly focused analysis will shed some important, if necessary partial, light on that broader debate. The basic conclusion of the briefing is that issues of military utility in high intensity conflict need not preclude further consideration of landmine arms control. A rather demanding set of assumptions and preconditions is required for the military utility of landmines in such conflicts to be so high as to make arms control unworthy of further consideration requires as especially demanding set of assumptions about the nature of future

75 warfare. It is far from obvious that the required assumptions can be sustained. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A283 061

BM 1000 Mines Developed by the German Air Force. Technical report. Naval Technical Mission in Europe, October 45. 38p. ABSTRACT: No abstract available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A953 474

Bottoms, Albert M., Ellis A. Johnson, and Barbara Honegger. Proceedings of the Technology and the Mine Problem Symposium, 18-21 November 1996, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. 2 volumes. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, November 1996. 954p. ABSTRACT:Major topics of this symposium are (1) The Challenge, (2) Operational Requirements and Perspectives, (3) Operational Environments and Threats, (4) Landmines and Humanitarian Demining, (5) Progress in Autonomous Systems for Mine Warfare, and (6) Countering Mines on Land. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A326 694 – v. 1 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A327 338 – v. 2

Breland, Marian and Robert E. Bailey. Specialized Mine Detector Dog. Hot Springs, AR: Animal Behavior Enterprises, Inc., December 1971. 23p. ABSTRACT:Two Golden Labrador Retrievers were trained by operant conditioning methods to detect modified type M14 antipersonnel mines buried at varying depths in an open field. On detection of a buried mine, the dog was required to sit near the mine and remain until verification could be made. At the home training area the dogs experienced difficulty in making detections at depths greater than two inches. Compacted soil, grass, stubble, and heat proved handicapping. One mine was detected at a depth of four inches. During tests at Aberdeen Proving Ground under simulated field conditions, mines buried two years were detected at depths of one-half inch. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 736 860

Briggs, B.D. General Computer Program for Use in Determining Track Width Plow- Minefield Effectiveness Criteria. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, 1973. 11p. [This article is from ‘Proceedings of the Annual U.S. Army Operations Research Symposium (12th), 2-5 October 1973. Volume I,’ AD-A125 989.] ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center (USAMERDC) has developed a computer program for use in assessing the effectiveness of a track width mine clearing plow moving through an area containing mixed mine types/fuze mechanisms. This program includes important modifications and extensions of some of the methods currently used for obtaining countermeasure-minefield effectiveness criteria and yields statistical information that cannot be determined from other existing models. The approach to this problem makes use of a Monte Carlo computer simulation technique developed at the USAMERDC. Because of a need to investigate current and future threats for ascertaining mine-target interactions within a minefield, the computer program has been written in such a way that the only additional coding required is the so-called threat subroutine, against which the countermeasure effectiveness of the target can be determined.

Brunzell, Hakan. "Extraction of Discriminant Features From Impulse Radar Data for Classification of Buried Objects." IN: IGARSS '97 - 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Singapore, Aug. 3-8, 1997, Proceedings. Vol. 3, Piscataway, NJ, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1997, p. 1285-1287. ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the problem of detecting and classifying buried objects. The application in mind when addressing this problem is the detection of buried landmines. Modern landmines are to a large extent made out of plastic and ceramic materials. This makes detection with traditional sensors, such as metal detectors and magnetometers, almost impossible. Another problem with these sensors is the high false alarm rate induced by metallic debris from exploded bomb shells. A sensor type that seems to have capability to overcome these problems is the impulse radar. The impulse radar can detect nonmetallic objects buried in the ground. The large bandwidth of the radar also gives additional

76 information that can be used for classification purposes. The classification abilities enable discrimination between mines and stones and metallic debris, thus reducing the false alarm rate. An important step towards good classification results is to extract a set of features from measured data. The present paper elaborates on properties that an admissible feature type must possess, and shows that the choice of features should be related both to the type of measurements and the type of classifier used. A number of different feature types are finally evaluated using measured data from an impulse radar system.

______. Signal Processing Techniques for Detection of Buried Landmines Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Goteborg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology, (Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola), 1998, pp. 1-178 ABSTRACT: The present thesis deals with the problem of detecting and classifying buried objects. The application in mind when addressing this problem is the detection of buried landmines. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, about 100 million landmines are buried in 62 countries around the world. Modern landmines are to a large extent made out of plastic and ceramic materials. This makes detection with traditional sensors, such as metal detectors and magnetometers almost impossible. Another problem with these sensors is the high false alarm rate induced by metallic debris from exploded bomb shells. A sensor type that may have the capability to overcome these problems is the impulse radar. The impulse radar can detect non-metallic objects buried in the ground. The large bandwidth of the radar also gives additional information that can be used for classification purposes. The classification abilities enable discrimination between mines and stones and metallic debris, thus reducing the false alarm rate. The thesis presents signal processing techniques used for impulse radar based detection and classification of buried objects. The work constitutes a complete chain of algorithms, from pre-processing of measured data to the presentation of final results to a system operator. All experimental results presented in the thesis are based on real measured data from an experimental impulse radar system, called BURLOC, developed at the Swedish Defence Research Establishment (FOA), Sweden.

Brunzell, Hakan and A. Ericsson. "Dual-Antenna Impulse Radar for Improved Detection of Buried Landmines." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 725-734 ABSTRACT: The present paper is a part of a project with the goal of developing a hand-held system for detection of buried landmines. The system is based on an impulse radar operating in the frequency band 0.3-3 GHz. Previously a crossed dipole antenna was used for transmit and receive. This antenna has now been complemented by another crossed dipole antenna, rotated 45 deg relative to the first one. The two antenna pairs are not active simultaneously, but transmit/receive alternately. One advantage of using two rotated antenna pairs is that the dead angles in the antenna pattern will be covered by the second antenna. Another, perhaps more important, advantage is that the detection capability of the system can be improved by using the information in both antenna channels. For example, if the antenna is positioned above a relatively smooth surface with no target present, then the returned signals in the two channels will be almost equal. If, however, a target is present the signals will be different when we switch between the channels. The second channel also provides an independent realization of the background clutter, and by fusing the two channels the clutter level can be decreased considerably. This paper presents different detection algorithms that exploit this information added by the second antenna channel. The algorithms are evaluated on real data from the impulse radar system.

Buc, Steven M. and George C. Tillery. Cost and Effectiveness Analysis Modeling for Demining Operations. Final report. Arlington, VA: System Planning Corp, January 1996. 91p. ABSTRACT: This study's objectives were to assess the cost and operational effectiveness of state-of-the-art and emerging demining technologies, and to quantify the remaining challenges and potential benefits of developing new technologies. Its goals were to: (1) understand current demining operations and techniques; (2) identify the key cost and operational parameters which affect demining; (3) model demining operations and quantify

77 the current methods in terms of these parameters; and (4) using this modeling tool, identify shortcomings and project potential improvements which could be provided by various new systems and technologies. All study objectives were met. A detailed tradeoff analysis was performed on a Mozambique demining scenario, using a variety of demining techniques and processes. Computer modeling results were in close agreement with reported field experiences, in terms of mine clearance rates, costs, and casualties. The computer model source code listing is provided. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A303 257

Buhl, M.R. et al. Dual-Band, Infrared Buried Mine Detection Using a Statistical Pattern Recognition Approach. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, August 1993. 39p. ABSTRACT: The main objective of this work was to detect surrogate land mines, which were buried in clay and sand, using dual-band, infrared images. A statistical pattern recognition approach was used to achieve this objective. This approach is discussed and results of applying it to real images are given. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-ID-114838 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE93-041279

Butler, Dwain K., et al. Multisensor Methods for Buried Unexploded Ordnance Detection, Discrimination, and Identification. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, September 1998. 182p. ABSTRACT: Unexploded ordnance (UXO) cleanup is the number one priority Army installation remediation restoration requirement. The problem is enormous in scope, with millions of acres and hundreds of sites potentially contaminated. Before the UXO can be recovered and destroyed, it must be located. UXO location requires surface geophysical surveys. The geophysical anomalies caused by the UXO must be detected, discriminated from geophysical anomalies caused by other sources, and ideally identified or classified. Recent UXO technology demonstrations, live site demonstrations, and practical UXO surveys for site cleanup confirm that most UXO anomalies can be detected (with probabilities of detection of 90 percent or better), however there is little evidence of discrimination capability (i.e., the false alarm rates are high), and there is no identification capability. Approaches to simultaneously increase probability of detection and decrease false alarm rate and ultimately to give identification/classification capability involve rational multisensor data integration for discrimination and advanced development of new and emerging technology for enhanced discrimination and identification. The goal of multisensor data integration is to achieve true joint inversion of data to a best-fitting model using realistic physics-based models that replicate UXO geometries and physical properties of the UXO and surrounding geologic materials. Data management, analysis, and display procedures for multisensor data are investigated. A magnetic modeling capability is developed, validated, and documented that uses a prolate spheroid model of UXO. The electromagnetic modeling of UXO signatures is more problematic, and an intermediate quasi- empirical modeling capability (a simple analytical model modified to reflect measured signature observations) is explored. REPORT NUMBER:WES/SERDP-98-10 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A354 124

Campbell, J.G. Landmine Detection by Scatter Radiation Radiography. Final report. Alexandria, VA: Army Military Personnel Center, 2 July 1987. 564p. ABSTRACT: The application of scatter radiation radiography to the detection of buried nonmetallic antitank landmines is examined. A combination of calculations and measurements is used to address the problem. The primary calculation tool is a Monte Carlo photon transport code. Measurements are made with an x-ray source, sodium iodide detector, and soil box positioning system. The soil box containing a model of a nonmetallic antitank mine is moved beneath the x-ray source to simulate both the forward motion of a vehicle transporting the detection system and raster of the beam to search a path of sufficient width to allow safe passage. Measurements are used to validate the calculation results for a small detector and produce images of buried mines. The calculations are extended to large area detectors which are required to provide path searches of approximately three widths. Environmental parameters, such as height sensitivity, soil density and moisture content, and inhomogeneities are examined in both calculations and measurements. Calculations are used

78 to suggest mine detection mechanisms and to optimize geometric parameters and x-ray beam quality. Power requirements are also addressed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A182 227

Carevic, Dragana. An Approach to Characterising Ground Probing Radar Target Echoes for Landmine Recognition. Salisbury, Australia: Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Tactical Surveillance Systems Division, 1998. 50p. ABSTRACT: This report investigates an approach to characterizing Ground Probing Radar (GPR) backscatter echoes from landmines using linear combinations of exponentially damped sinusoids. The GPR signatures of surrogate landmines and PVC cylinders buried in dry sand are measured using impulse radar system with center frequency of 1.4 GHz and a 90% bandwidth. The GPR signal parameters are represented as sets of complex poles computed from a series of neighboring signatures recorded over each target type. The algorithm proposed by Kumaresan and Tufts which uses backward linear prediction and the low-rank data matrix approximation based on singular value decomposition is applied for this computation. The performance of the Kumaresan and Tufts (KT) algorithm is compared with that of the Prony method when both techniques are applied to modelling simulated signals. It is concluded that the KT method provides more stable pole estimates. Two approaches to determining the order of the model are examined and compared for simulated and real data. The results show that the poles corresponding to different target types form clusters in the two-dimensional alpha-f space (where alpha is the pole damping factor and f is the pole frequency). This indicates that these pole clusters can be used for the recognition of landmines. REPORT NUMBER:DSTO-TR-0680 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A356 181

______. A Kalman Filter-Based Approach to Target Detection and Target- Background Separation in Ground Penetrating Radar Data. Melbourne, Australia: Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, August 1999. 34p. ABSTRACT: The returns from shallowly buried targets measured using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) are typically obscured by a strong background signal comprised of the reflections from the air-soil interface. A Kalman filter-based approach is proposed to estimate this background signal and to separate it from the target return. In the absence of the target the filter operates using a "quiescent state model" in which it computes the background estimate. A statistic based on measurement innovation is applied to detect the target position. Upon detection the state is augmented by a new component which allows for the change of the signal corresponding to the presence of the target return. The augmented state model is used until it is reverted to the quiescent model by another decision. REPORT NUMBER:DSTO-TR-0853 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A370 784

Carin, Lawrence. Synthetic Aperture Radar for Mine Detection and Identification. Durham, NC: Duke University, Department of Electrical Engineering, August 1999. 11p. ABSTRACT: This project has focused on modeling and signal processing for the detection and identification of buried and surface land mines, both metal and plastic. The modeling has been performed through development of a method of moments (MoM) for general conducting/dielectric targets in an arbitrary multi- layered environment. The model accounts for all loss and dispersion associated with real soils. Using the MoM models, we have generated computed synthetic- aperture radar (SAR) imagery for buried and surface mines, with this model data compared very favorably to data measured by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). Moreover, the models have been employed in an optimal Bayesian processor, in which the real-world uncertainties have been accounted for, including variability in the soil properties and the target depth. For the case of anti- tank mines, the results of the Bayesian processor are very encouraging, demonstrating a dramatic decrease in the false alarm rate, via-a-vis traditional approaches. This suggests that SAR may be a viable technology for mine field detection. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A370 415

Carpenter, R.D., and G.N. Romstedt. Counterobstacle Vehicle (COV) Utility Study.

79 Volume 1. Final technical report. January-April 1986. McLean Research Center, Inc., VA, May 1986. 127p. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the utility of a single, multi- purpose counterobstacle system on the future battlefield. The study is accomplished by conducting a time-phased analysis of the interrelationship between counterobstacle equipment, missions, and threats over a 30 year period, extending from 20 years ago to 10 years in the future (1965-1995). The analysis involved isolating the counterobstacle mission, by identifying, in priority, the functions performed in accomplishing that mission. A data base was then established listing US Counterobstacle equipment developed and used over the time period, together with the opposing threat capability over the same period. These capabilities were then compared in light of the counterobstacle mission. Wargame analysis was used to show the utility of the counterobstacle system over the timeframe, and to evaluate the utility of a single, multicapable system, called a counterobstacle vehicle (COV) for the future. The findings of the study include the following: - The COV is able to reduce the extra losses that accrue to an attacker from a minefield by one-third. - The COV can improve the chance of successful mission accomplishment of an attacking force by ten percent. . ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A169 309

Carr, Dale A. Evaluation of the U.S. Policy on Anti-Personnel Landmines. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 7 April 1999. 54p. ABSTRACT: Landmines have received a great deal of attention. Debating their utility has become a major military/humanitarian issue. Current U.S. policy on anti-personnel landmines (APL) consists of three major positions. The first position is banning the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of APL. The second position is to develop APL alternatives through aggressive research and development. The last position is to improve mine detection and clearing technology for current and future humanitarian demining operations. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate each major position against what has been done to date (looking at ends, ways, and means) and then extrapolate this out to the years 2020-2025. This paper evaluates the current policy's effectiveness by looking at the various programs implemented and actions taken to date. It concludes with recommended changes to U.S. Policy. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A364 457

Carr-Harris, E. and R. Thal. Mine, Booby-Trap, Tripwire and Tunnel Detection. Raleigh, ND: Behavior Systems, Inc., January 1970. 73p. ABSTRACT:Reports from the field indicated that German Shepherd scout dogs had been observed to alert on mines, tripwires and other man-made artifacts. The purpose of the present program was to explore the feasibility of training such animals specifically to the tasks of detecting mine/tripwires and tunnels, by means of techniques that were sufficiently objective to permit instruction of military handlers in their use. A six month feasibility study was conducted . Procedures and practices derived from the formal study of animal behavior were used throughout the program. Because of the success of the first phase of the problem, a second six months of work was initiated with the objective of training an army scout dog platoon for the capability of mine/tripwire and tunnel detection. The platoon was judged ready and deployed to Vietnam April 20, 1969. An additional 3 month program was undertaken to study the feasibility of cross-training tunnel and personnel detection dogs. The results of this work were ambiguous. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 867 404

Carroll, P.W. Mine and Boobytrap Warfare: Lessons Forgotten. Study project. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 29 February 1988. 27p. ABSTRACT: Low-intensity conflict has brought with it many new training opportunities in the methods of warfare. Considering the probability of involvement at this end of the spectrum of conflict, we must revisit some of the lessons learned over the past wars and take advantage of the experience gained by our friends and allies. This study examines the experience of U.S. forces in three conflicts and tracks the changes in the use of mines and boobytraps in terms of casualties. The experiences of the Thai and Malaysian armies in current hostilities involving mines and boobytraps is also studied. The purpose is to highlight a potential shortfall in our current training emphasis through an examination of history, probability of intensity and current training emphasis.

80 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A194 094

Carts, Stanley L. Jr. Feasibility of Non-Metallic Mine Detection by Earth’s Magnetic Field Distortion. Washington, DC: Army Research Office, December 1962. ABSTRACT:An investigation to determine the worldwide feasibility of a passive magnetic method for detection of nonmetallic land mines is discussed. The work included ascertaining the natural restrictions imposed upon a passive magnetic detection system by the magnetic properties of soil containing buried mines. A special measuring system was developed by USAERDL for these studies. The report concludes that: (a) Use of a passive magnetic mine detection system as a sole means of detection is not feasible in 74 of the world's land surface; in 12 because of insufficient mine-soil susceptibility contrast alone; in 40% because of excessive magnetic anomalous (false) signal effects alone; and in 22% because of both insufficient contrast and excessive anomalies. (b) More sensitive instrumentation will not improve the world-wide feasibility of passive magnetic mine detection systems because severe restrictions are imposed on the use of passive magnetic phenomenon by natural magnetic soil properties, and not by inadequate instrument sensitivity. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 286 664

Carts, Stanley L., Jr. and Donald G. Orr and Jack R. Maccormac. Effects of Soil Magnetic Properties and Natural Magnetic Micro-Anomalies of Typical Tropical Soils on Passive Magnetic Land Mine-Detection Methods. Technical report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Research and Development Laboratories, February 1961. 63p. ABSTRACT:Measurements were made of micro-distortions in the earth's magnetic field at the soil surface of 24 test sites in the Panama Canal Zone. The test sites were chosen as representative of typical humid tropical soils. Magnetic properties of the soil were measured both in the field and in the laboratory. Correlation was found between soil magnetic properties (including natural magnetic micro-anomalies) and passive magnetic mine detection feasibility. It was concluded that: (1) the use of a passive magnetic system for detection of nonmetallic 50-cubic-inch mines (AP size) is generally not feasible in the Panama Canal Zone and is not expected to be feasible in any similar humid tropical region; (2) Anomalous signals produced by natural causes are the most detrimental factor to passive magnetic methods in humid tropical regions; (3) The most common causes of anomalous response due to natural effects are buried stones and pieces of rock; and (4) The detection method may be fair in areas of stone-free homogeneous magnetic sand. These areas, however, represent less than 1 percent of the land area of the Panama Canal Zone. REPORT NUMBER: AERDL-1665 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 255 994

Chambers, William B., et al. "Chemical Sensing System for Classification of Mine-Like Objects by Explosives Detection." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies or Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 1, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 1), 1998, p. 453-461. ABSTRACT: Consideration is given to the development of a field portable chemical sensing system that can be used to examine minelike objects (MLOs) to determine whether there are explosive molecules associated with the MLOs. Two sampling subsystems have been designed, one for water collection and one for soil/vapor sampling. The water sampler utilizes a flow-through chemical adsorbent canister to extract and concentrate the explosive molecules. Explosive molecules are thermally desorbed from the concentrator and trapped in a focusing stage for rapid desorption into an ion-mobility spectrometer. We will describe a prototype system, which consists of a sampler, a concentrator-focuser, and a detector. The soil sampler employs a lightweight probe for extracting and concentrating explosive vapor from the soil in the vicinity of an MLO. The chemical sensing system is capable of sub-part- per-billion detection of TNT and related explosive munition compounds. We present the results of field and laboratory tests on buried landmines, which demonstrate our ability to detect the explosive signatures associated with these objects.

Chang, Shu-Kong Scattering by Buried Finite Cylindrical Dielectric Land Mines. Final report. Berkeley, CA: EMTEC Engineering, Inc., March 1979. 52p.

81 ABSTRACT:The unimoment method is applied to solve the electromagnetic scattering by a buried dielectric finite cylinder simulating a land mine. The computational results are reported at 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, and 1000 MHz. The fields are presented in graphical form including parametric studies. The results will greatly enhance the ability of engineers in designing and improving effective land mine detection systems. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A070 896

Charles F.J. Combat Engineer Equipment: Achilles Heel in the Offense. Student essay. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 7 April 1986. 31p. ABSTRACT: There is some question whether or not US Army combat engineers have the equipment necessary to provide mobility support to offensive operations as would be found in Air Land Battle. The current status of engineer equipment and its shortcomings are described. Recent trends in research, development and acquisition of engineer equipment to provide counterobstacle and countermine support on the battlefield are discussed. The inability of engineers to obtain the priority and funds needed to modernize their equipment is attributed to a general lack of understanding and appreciation of the necessity of engineer support in the offense. To counter this condition the need to retain the initiative in the offense, the nature of the Soviet threat, and weaknesses in realistic combat engineer combined arms training are cited. The conclusion is that weaknesses in combat engineering equipment can be overcome only with support of the other combat arms who must carefully weight the risks incurred during offensive operations if engineer equipment does not complement the modernize systems of the combined arms team. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A170 235

Chester, K.L. Influence and Outcome: The Making of a US Policy on Anti-Personnel Landmines. Master's thesis. Columbia, SC: South Carolina University, 1999. 164p. ABSTRACT: In the spring of 1996, a very public and rancorous debate ensued over the question of whether the United States would lead, or even join in, the global effort to ban the manufacture and use of anti-personnel landmines. It was a debate that had been dragging on for a while among foreign policy elites and defense experts both in and out of uniform. However, in a very short period of time a series of events caused the issue to spill over into the public arena. Understanding the emotion and deep convictions that surround the issue of a permanent ban on anti-personnel landmines requires some appreciation for the unique place mines hold in the history of warfare. Few weapons have caused more suffering and engendered more terror in generations of foot soldiers and civilian victims of conflict than have the silent killers buried deep beneath the soil of the battlefield. Similarly, understanding the mechanics of attempting to draft and implement a ban on landmines requires one to become familiar with the legal aspects of landmines as weapons. Those who support a total ban on anti-personnel landmines, as well as those who advocate their use, find justification for their positions under international law as derived from both treaty and custom. Finally, a quick look at the recent history of international efforts to ban anti-personnel landmines is necessary to better understand how the issue made it from the meeting rooms of international conferences half a world away and onto the foreign policy agenda of the Clinton administration in early 1996. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A364 209

Chotiros, Nicholas P. High Frequency Buried Target Imaging. Austin, TX: University of Texas, Austin, Applied Research Laboratories, October 1997. 27p. ABSTRACT:Acoustical imaging can potentially provide a buried object classification capability. The image quality is expected to be a function of sediment type, burial depth, and grazing angle. Image degradation is caused by propagation and scattering processes that can be modeled and experimentally measured. Three physical mechanisms were investigated: ghosting, warping, and fogging. Fogging, caused by backscattering from the sediment, is expected to be the limiting factor. A laboratory experiment was conducted to test the findings but the results were inconclusive. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A330 065

Chotiros, Nicholas P., et al. Physics of Buried Mine Detection and Classification. Final technical report. Texas Univ. at Austin. Applied Research Labs.,12 May 1995. 15p.

82 ABSTRACT: The physics of buried mine detection in offshore sediments and in the surf zone was investigated. Optical techniques are useless because they cannot penetrate sediments while magnetic techniques are of low value because of low resolution, short range, and the introduction of non-magnetic mines. For buried mine detection in the off-shore sediment acoustic penetration at shallow grazing angles was explored. An experiment was conducted jointly with SACLANTCEN to measure sound propagation into a sediment in the 500 Hz to 2 kHz band, and a theoretical fast field model was developed to model the penetration. In the surf zone, where bubble clouds are expected to render acoustic methods unreliable, seismic sonar methods were explored as a means to echo range off buried targets. Tests with controlled pulses revealed that the far-field response was dominated by two interface waves. The results have been very encouraging. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A294 394

Clapp, Frederick L., Jr. US Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy vis-a-vis the Ottawa Anti- Personnel Landmine Treaty. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, April 1998. 49p. ABSTRACT: Anti-personnel landmines (APL) left in the aftermath of various conflicts around the world claim a multitude of civilian victims each year. Dismay with this annual human toll spawned a worldwide movement to ban the manufacture, use or sale of APL, culminating in Ottawa, Canada on 3 December 1997 when 122 nations, but not the United States, signed a treaty implementing such a ban. While the United States supports the general goals of the treaty, our current APL policy is not in accord with an absolute ban. Instead, US policy preserves our ability to use non-self-destructing APL along the Korean DMZ and self- destructing APL worldwide. This paper will show that US APL policy is sound and that we should not sign the Ottawa Treaty. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A344 861

Clark,G. A., et al. Computer Vision and Sensor Fusion for Detecting Buried Objects. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, October 1992. 7p. [Annual Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers (26th), Pacific Grove, CA, 25-30 October 1992.] ABSTRACT: Given multiple images of the surface of the earth from dual-band infrared sensors, our system fuses information from the sensors to reduce the effects of clutter and improve the ability to detect buried or surface target sites. Supervised learning pattern classifiers (including neural networks,) are used. We present results of experiments to detect buried land mines from real data, and evaluate the usefulness of fusing information from multiple sensor types. The novelty of the work lies mostly in the combination of the algorithms and their application to the very important and currently unsolved problem of detecting buried land mines from an airborne standoff platform. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-112103, CONF-92-102314 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE93-012605

______. Computer Vision for Locating Buried Objects. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, November 1991. 7p. [Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, 4-6 November 1991.] ABSTRACT: Given two registered images of the earth, measured with aerial dual-band infrared (IR) sensors, we use advanced computer vision/automatic target recognition techniques to estimate the positions of buried land mines. The images are very difficult to interpret, because of large amounts of clutter. Conventional techniques use single-band imagery and simple correlations. They rely heavily on the judgment of the human doing the interpretation, and give unsatisfactory results with difficult data sets of the type we analyzed. Our automatic algorithms are able to eliminate most of the clutter and give greatly improved indications of regions in the image that could be interpreted as mines. The novelty of our approach lies in the following aspects: (1) a patented data fusion technique using two IR images and physical principles based on Planck's law, (2) a new region-based texture segmentation algorithm using Gabor Transform features and a clustering/thresholding algorithm based on a neural network (Self-Organizing Feature Map), (3) Prior knowledge of measured feasible temperatures and emissivities, and (4) results with real data using buried surrogate mines. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-107626, CONF-91-111012 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE92-013979

83 ______. Data Fusion for the Detection of Buried Land Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, October 1993. 13p. [International Symposium on Substance Identification Technologies, Innsbruck (Austria), 4-8 October 1993.] ABSTRACT: The authors conducted experiments to demonstrate the enhanced delectability of buried land mines using sensor fusion techniques. Multiple sensors, including imagery, infrared imagery, and ground penetrating radar, have been used to acquire data on a number of buried mines and mine surrogates. The authors present this data along with a discussion of the application of sensor fusion techniques for this particular detection problem. The authors describe the data fusion architecture and discuss some relevant results of these classification methods. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-114623, CONF-93-101649 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE94-006189

______. Detection of Buried Objects by Fusing Dual-Band Infrared Images. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, November 1993. 13p. [Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, 1-3 November 1993.] ABSTRACT: We have conducted experiments to demonstrate the enhanced detectability of buried land mines using sensor fusion techniques. Multiple sensors, including visible imagery, infrared imagery, and ground penetrating radar (GPR), have been used to acquire data on a number of buried mines and mine surrogates because the visible wavelength and GPR data are currently incomplete. This paper focuses on the fusion of two-band infrared images. We use feature-level fusion and supervised learning with the probabilistic neural network (PNN) to evaluate detection performance. The novelty of the work lies in the application of advanced target recognition algorithms, the fusion of dual-band infrared images and evaluation of the techniques using two real data sets. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-114321, CONF-93-111355 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE94-008286

______. Land Mine Detection Using Multispectral Image Fusion. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 29 March 1995. 12p. [Symposium on Autonomous Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures, Monterey, CA, 3-7 April 1995.] ABSTRACT: Our system fuses information contained in registered images from multiple sensors to reduce the effects of clutter and improve the ability to detect surface and buried land mines. The sensor suite currently consists of a camera that acquires images in six bands (400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm and 900nm). Past research has shown that it is extremely difficult to distinguish land mines from background clutter in images obtained from a single sensor. It is hypothesized, however, that information fused from a suite of various sensors is likely to provide better detection reliability, because the suite of sensors detects a variety of physical properties that are more separable in feature space. The materials surrounding the mines can include natural materials (soil, rocks, foliage, water, etc.) and some artifacts. We use a supervised learning pattern recognition approach to detecting the metal and plastic land mines. The overall process consists of four main parts: Preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. These parts are used in a two step process to classify a subimage. We extract features from the images, and use feature selection algorithms to select only the most important features according to their contribution to correct detections. This allows us to save computational complexity and determine which of the spectral bands add value to the detection system. The most important features from the various sensors are fused using a supervised learning pattern classifier (the probabilistic neural network). We present results of experiments to detect land mines from real data collected from an airborne platform, and evaluate the usefulness of fusing feature information from multiple spectral bands. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-120710, CONF-95-041544 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE95-017825

______. Multispectral Image Fusion for Detecting Land Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, April 1995. 17p. [SPIE International Symposium on Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Dual-Use Photonics, Orlando, FL, 17-21 April 1995.] ABSTRACT: This report details a system which fuses information contained in registered

84 images from multiple sensors to reduce the effects of clutter and improve the ability to detect surface and buried land mines. The sensor suite currently consists of a camera that acquires images in six bands (400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm and 900nm). Past research has shown that it is extremely difficult to distinguish land mines from background clutter in images obtained from a single sensor. It is hypothesized, however, that information fused from a suite of various sensors is likely to provide better detection reliability, because the suite of sensors detects a variety of physical properties that are more separable in feature space. The materials surrounding the mines can include natural materials (soil, rocks, foliage, water, etc.) and some artifacts. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-120319, CONF-95-047222 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE96-002641

______. Sensor Feature Fusion for Detecting Buried Objects. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, April 1993. 13p. [Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) OE/Aerospace science and Sensing Meeting, Orlando, FL, 11-16 April 1993.] ABSTRACT: Given multiple registered images of the earth's surface from dual-band sensors, our system fuses information from the sensors to reduce the effects of clutter and improve the ability to detect buried or surface target sites. The sensor suite currently includes two sensors (5 micron and 10 micron wavelengths) and one ground penetrating radar (GPR) of the wide- band pulsed synthetic aperture type. We use a supervised teaming pattern recognition approach to detect metal and plastic land mines buried in soil. The overall process consists of four main parts: Preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. These parts are used in a two step process to classify a sub-image. The first step, referred to as feature selection, determines the features of sub-images which result in the greatest separability among the classes. The second step, image labeling, uses the selected features and the decisions from a pattern classifier to label the regions in the image which are likely to correspond to buried mines. We extract features from the images, and use feature selection algorithms to select only the most important features according to their contribution to correct detections. This allows us to save computational complexity and determine which of the sensors add value to the detection system. The most important features from the various sensors are fused using supervised teaming pattern classifiers (including neural networks). We present results of experiments to detect buried land mines from real data, and evaluate the usefulness of fusing feature information from multiple sensor types, including dual-band infrared and ground penetrating radar. The novelty of the work lies mostly in the combination of the algorithms and their application to the very important and currently unsolved operational problem of detecting buried land mines from an airborne standoff platform. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-113727, CONF-93-044522 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE93-01866

Collins, Leslie M. Statistical Signal Processing for Demining: Experimental Validation. Durham, NC: Duke University, June 1999, 53p. ABSTRACT: Under the support provided by ARO in the form of a MURI for Humanitarian demining, successful techniques for discriminating between mines and anthropic clutter have been developed using a statistical signal processing approach. The improved performance provided by these algorithms has been validated using data obtained by DARPA. In order determine whether these algorithms have wider application than the relatively high-metallic content mines used in the DARPA experiment, the Joint UXO Coordination Office (JUXOCO) was interested in augmenting the work begun under the MURI. JUXOCO is sponsoring a series of experiments designed to establish a performance baseline for metallic mine detectors. This baseline will be used to measure the potential improvements in performance offered by advanced signal processing algorithms. The goal of the work funded under this grant was to collect data from low-metal content mine using Geophex's GEM-3 sensor and to begin the development of improved detection algorithms. This report provide a summary of the results obtained during the course of this study and a summary of experimental data acquisition methods. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A370 676

Countermine Warfare Analysis. Hopkins, MN: Honeywell, Inc., Mission Analysis Group, June 1981. ABSTRACT:The specific objectives of the Countermine Warfare Analysis were: To identify the

85 principles, precepts, and trends in mining and countermining warfare that were established in World War II combat and assess their relevance to contemporary warfare, and to determine the potential impact of countermining operations on the modern battlefield. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A103 772

Curl, Terry Winslow. Measuring the Effectiveness of Scatterable Mines in the Armor Combat Environment. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1976. 69p. ABSTRACT:Scatterable mines are currently being evaluated in the material acquisition process. This new concept of landmines will be examined by an analysis of field experiment data provided by the Combat Developments Experimentation Command (CDEC), Fort Ord, California. An experimental design and analysis plan is presented to measure the effectiveness of scatterable mines. The experimental design considered two models. A normal model is designed without considering CDEC's instrumentation, equipment, and personnel, and a 'modified' model which takes into consideration CDEC's limitations. The experimental design, analysis methodology, and a hypothetical example are presented to indicate implementation of the 'modified' model. Finally, a comparison of the 'modified' model is made with CDEC's 'Tactical Effectiveness of Mines in the Armor Weapons System' model design. Dynamic measures of effectiveness are used to discriminate between levels of five factors (e.g., location of minefield, type of minefield, threat tactic, minefield density, defensive force mix) and to determine if there is a synergistic effect with employment of scatterable mines. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A032 295

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Land Mines and Demining: Docs, Theses, Tech Repts D-H Documents, Theses, and Technical Reports D-H

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports which have been issued with distribution limitations (e.g., DOD only or FOUO), due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution reference only. Abstracts were taken from the DTIC [Defense Technical Information Center] and NTIS [National Technical Information Service] databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the authors of this bibliography.

Dashcund, D. IRAAM Wind Tunnel Test. Task III. Final technical report. Wilmington, MA: Avco Systems Div., 30 August 1983. 63p. ABSTRACT: A deceleration, orientation and stabilization system for the deployment of the anti-armor mine (IRAAM) submunition was developed and tested at the Wright-Patterson vertical wind tunnel facility. The system employs a flexible samara airfoil with a tip mass arranged to provide the proper spin rate, descent rate and coning angle. Samara wings of KEVLAR material were fabricated using a flat webbing construction and also a construction consisting of KEVLAR cords enclosed in a nylon envelope. Blades varied in both area and platform aspect ratio. Blade spans ranged from 2.5 to 10.0 inches. Blade widths varied from 2 to 4 inches. All of the IRAAM models used for testing were dimensionally full scale. One model of the nominal configuration was full weight. The other two models were half weight. The tip weight varied up to 5% of the model weight. The test program is outlined. All test procedures and equipment are described. The test results are analyzed and recommendations are made for future developmental studies. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A135 256

Davis, H.A., et al. Neutron-Based Land Mine Detection System Development. Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. 1997. 25p. ABSTRACT: This is the final report of a one-year, Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The goal of this project was to examine the feasibility of developing a land mine detection system that can detect nonmetallic (plastic) mines using the detection and analysis of prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA). The authors approached this study by first carrying out a review of other nonmetallic land mine detection methods for comparison with the PGNAA concept. They reviewed issues associated with detecting and recording the return gamma signal resulting from neutrons interacting with high explosive in mines and they examined two neutron source technologies that have been under development at Los Alamos for the past several years for possible application to a PGNAA system. A major advantage of the PGNAA approach is it's ability to discriminate detection speed and need for close proximity. The authors identified approaches to solving these problems through development of improved neutron sources and detection sensors. REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-97-2274 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE 98-000069

Dean, A.M., and C.R. Martinson. Mine Detection Using Non-Sinusoidal Radar. Part 1. Spatial Analysis of Laboratory Test Data. Special report. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, August 1984. 105p. ABSTRACT: The interaction among UHF radiation, winter roadway conditions and buried mines was investigated in a refrigerated facility. The near-field spatial return from each target was unique. When the target was not in the near field the spatial return was not at all unique. Cobbles in the medium had little effect, but surface-thawed conditions significantly affected

87 the spatial return, and the reflected signal strength and frequency content. The primary frequency content of the returned signal was either spread over a band broader than that of the transmitted primary frequencies, or completely outside of the primary detection band. We conclude that the complexity of winter roadway conditions requires (1) a much broader frequency band than is currently being considered, and (2) a more complex and adaptive background-removal, signal-enhancement scheme than is currently used. Further, more data are required describing the interaction of the winter media, UHF radiation, and buried mines so that adequate detection instrumentation can be developed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A150 471

Dean, K.J., and J.A. Christians. Battlefield Related Evaluation and Analysis of Countermine Hardware (BREACH). Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, 1973. 11p. [This article is from ‘Proceedings of the Annual U.S. Army Operations Research Symposium (12th), 2-5 October 1973. Volume I,’ AD-A125 989. ] ABSTRACT: This paper presents the methodology being used at MERDC to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated family of countermine equipment. The scenarios and hierarchy of models used to determine systems effectiveness and operational feasibilities are described. The essential countermine missions of the Army are examined along with a comparative evaluation of a typical baseline system.

Deeds, F. E., Flix W. Fleming, and Robert K. Stump. Mine-Field Clearance by Nuclear Weapons. Kansas City, MO: Midwest Research Institute, August 1960. 112p. ABSTRACT:The objective of the project was to investigate the behavior of pressure-activated antitank mines under air-blast loading from a nuclear detonation. Of particular interest were the reliability of current methods for predicting probability of land-mine actuation from nuclear detonations, the effect of burial depth on mine actuation, and the effect of sympathetic actuation in extending the range of mine clearance. In addition, a study was initiated to determine if special methods were needed for prediction of mine actuation at particular ranges of transition in the pressure-wave shape. Fifteen mine types, both United States and foreign, were employed. Test results indicated: (1) the procedures for predicting mine actuation under nuclear detonations were reasonably accurate; (2) in the live mine fields, sympathetic actuation occurred among mines; (3) the response of the Universal Indicator Mines (UIM) increased with burial depths to a maximum value between 6 and 9 in.; and (4) the reliability of the actuation curves can be improved by laboratory testing of adequate sampling mines. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 358 121

Del Grande, N. Sensor Fusion Methodology for Remote Detection of Buried Land Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, April 1990. 20p. [National Symposium on Sensor Fusion (3rd), Orlando, FL, 16-20 April 1990.] ABSTRACT: We are investigation a sensor fusion methodology for remote detection of buried land mines. Our primary approach is sensor intrafusion. Our dual-channel passive IR methodology decouples true (corrected) surface temperature variations of 0.2(degree)C from spatially dependent surface emissivity noise. It produces surface temperature maps showing patterns of conducted heat from buried objects which heat and cool differently from their surroundings. Our methodology exploits Planck's radiation law. It produces separate maps of surface emissivity variations which allow us to reduce false alarms. Our secondary approach is sensor interfusion using other methodologies. For example, an active IR CO(sub 2) laser reflectance channel helps distinguish surface targets unrelated to buried land mines at night when photographic methods are ineffective. Also, the interfusion of ground penetrating radar provides depth information for confirming the site of buried objects. Together with EG&G in Las Vegas, we flew a mission at Nellis AFB using the Daedalus dual-channel (5 and 10 micron) IR scanner mounted on a helicopter platform at an elevation of 60 m above the desert sand. We detected surface temperature patterns associated with buried (inert) land mines covered by as much as 10 cm of dry sand. The respective spatial, spectral, thermal, emissivity and temporal signatures associated with buried targets differed from those associated with surface vegetation, rocks and manmade objects. Our results were consistent with predictions based on the annual Temperature Wave Model. They were confirmed by field measurements. The dual-channel sensor fusion methodology is expected to enhance the capabilities of the military and industrial community for standoff mine detection. Other

88 important potential applications are open skies, drug traffic control and environmental restoration at waste burial sites. 11 figs. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-103626, CONF-90-041881 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE90-010633

______. Temperature Evaluated Mine Position Survey (TEMPS) Application of Dual- Band Infrared Methodology. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, March 1990. 20p. [ IRIS Specialty Group Meeting on Passive Sensors and Atmospheric Physics, Laurel, MD, 13 March 1990. ] ABSTRACT: We are investigating a temperature evaluated mine position survey (TEMPS) for remote detection of buried land mines. The TEMPS methodology uses two passive IR channels peaked near 5 and 10 microns to decouple temperature from emissivity related effects. The true (corrected) temperature maps show surface temperature variations of 0.2 (degree)C. Corrections are made for air-path interference and reflected sky radiation. We exploit a property of Planck's radiation law which applies for small temperature excursions from 288 K. The radiant emittance is proportional to emissivity times absolute temperature to the power of (50/wavelength in microns). Our corrected temperature maps show patterns of conducted heat generated by buried objects which heat and cool at different rates than the surrounding materials. These patterns are distinguished from the patterns produced by surface objects. Their respective spatial, spectral, thermal, emissivity and temporal signatures differ. EG & G flew a dual-band IR scanner at 60 m for our demonstration of the TEMPS methodology at Nellis AFB. We detected simulated mine targets covered by 10 cm of dry sand. Optimization of this technology is expected to enhance the capabilities of the military community for standoff mine detection and other applications. 9 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-103264, CONF-90-03963 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE90-009182

Del Grande, N. K., et al. Buried Object Remote Detection Technology for Law Enforcement. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, March 1991. 28p. [SPIE International Symposium on Optical Engineering and Photonics in Aerospace Sensing, Orlando, FL, 1-5 April 1991.] ABSTRACT: We have developed a precise airborne temperature-sensing technology to detect buried objects for use by law enforcement. Demonstrations have imaged the sites of buried foundations, walls and trenches; mapped underground waterways and aquifers; and been used to locate underground military objects. Our patented methodology is incorporated in a commercially available, high signal-to-noise, dual-band infrared scanner with real-time, 12-bit digital image processing software and display. Our method creates color-coded images based on surface temperature variations of 0.2 (degrees)C. Unlike other less-sensitive methods, it maps true (corrected) temperatures by removing the (decoupled) surface emissivity mask equivalent to 1(degrees)C or 2(degrees)C; this mask hinders interpretation of apparent (blackbody) temperatures. Once removed, were are able to identify surface temperature patterns from small diffusivity changes at buried object sites which heat and cool differently from their surroundings. Objects made of different materials and buried at different depths are identified by their unique spectra, spatial, thermal, temporal, emissivity and diffusivity signatures. We have successfully located the sites of buried (inert) simulated land mines 0.1 to 0.2 m deep; sod-covered rock pathways alongside dry ditches, deeper than 0.2 m; pavement covered burial trenches and cemetery structures as deep as 0.8 m; and aquifers more than 6 m and less 60 m deep. Our technology could be adapted for drug interdiction and pollution control.. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-104637, CONF-91-045013 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE91-013587

Delaney, J. E. Apparatus for Clearing Mines. Patent. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, filed 4 June 1992, patented 29 June 1993. 15p. ABSTRACT: An abstract is provided which is capable of clearing encased explosives such as land mines. This apparatus combines a shaped charge jet with a plate penetrator. A depression is formed in a column of a first explosive material. The depression is provided with a metal liner such that detonation of the first explosive material forms a shaped charge jet. The shaped charge jet passes through a hole in a plate penetrator and exits the device

89 without detonating a second explosive material. The shaped charge jet strikes the ground and imparts kinetic energy. As the energy in the shaped charge jet is consumed, the second explosive material detonates and drives the plate penetrator to supersonic velocities. Since shaped charge jet velocity exceeds the detonation velocity of the second explosive material, the shaped charge jet clears a path ahead of the plate penetrator. This results in higher velocity when the plate penetrator impacts the encased explosive, and consequently a greater chance of inducing explosion and neutralization. REPORT NUMBER: PATENT 5,223,666

DeLony, J. W. Tactical Mobility and the In-Stride Obstacle Breach: Impossible, Probable, Futuristic. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, 29 November 1988. 72p. ABSTRACT: This monograph analyzes the concept of an in-stride breach of an obstacle by a tactical maneuver force. Its focus is on a historical and current review of the tactical doctrines of the U.S. and Soviet armies’ development of tactics, equipment, and force structure to execute an in-stride breach of an obstacle concurrent to sustaining the momentum of a maneuver force. Given the friction of terrain and combined arms operations, the paper seeks to answer whether the in-stride obstacle breach is possible for either force on today's battlefield. The study begins with a discussion of tactical mobility theory associated with an in- stride obstacle breach. Historical experiences and doctrine for breaching obstacles from World War II are presented for the U.S. and the Soviets. Current doctrine, equipment, and force structure for the two armies are reviewed for analysis and comparisons. Conclusions as to the strengths and weaknesses of each army's capability to conduct an in-stride obstacle breach are made. A final section of recommendations for future U.S. AirLand Battle in-stride obstacle breach operations is presented. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A221 445

Department of the Army Staff Study Estimating Land Mine Operational Requirements for Mobilization Planning.(revised). Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Engineers (Army), August 1958. 47p. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 389 668

DeRiggi, D.F. Analysis of Variance of the Countermine Experiment (CME). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, October 1997. 59p. ABSTRACT: The Countermine Experiment, conducted at the Mounted Warfare Testbed at Ft Knox, KY in July of 1996 by this Night Vision Sensors Division of Ft Belvoir, VA and the Engineer Battle Testbed of Ft Leonard Wood, MO, was a classic 2 to the 3rd factorial experiment. It examined three classes of countermine systems in which each class had two representations. The three categories of countermine systems were aerial surveillance, ground surveillance, and explosive breaching systems. An analysis of variance performed on the number of Blue vehicles lost during this experiment indicates that the aerial surveillance system is the most significant factor in reducing Blue losses to mines. REPORT NUMBER:IDA-D-2011; IDA/HQ97-001465 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A333 342

Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pts. 1 & 2 Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pts. 1 & 2), 1998, p. Pt.1, 677 p.; pt.2, 626 p ABSTRACT: The present two-volume collection of articles on detection and remediation technologies for mines and minelike targets discusses EM methods, acoustic sensing, sonar image classification, sonar image detection, wideband acoustic classification, and chemical /biological sensors. Attention is given to radar, other sensor systems, X-ray, signal and image processing and ATR, and sensor fusion. Specific topics addressed include detection of buried mines from array inductive measurements, EM induction spectroscopy, passive IR polarization sensors as a new technology for mine detection, visual ordnance recognition for clearing test ranges, and thin film resonators for TNT vapor detection. Also considered are canine detection signatures for mine-related explosives, design of optical

90 sensor arrays with enhanced sensitivity for explosives detection, an airborne ground- penetrating radar system to detect surface and subsurface land mines, and acoustic resonance for nonmetallic mine detection.

Detection of Land Mines and Sound Ranging. Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and Development, September 1946. ABSTRACT:None Available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 221 602

Detection of Remote Minefields Project Plan I. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 15 December 78. 124p. ABSTRACT: The objective of the minefield detection project is to determine the effectiveness of remote sensing systems and other methods of detecting and identifying mines, minefields, minelaying equipment, or minelaying operations, and to recommend continuing effort on the most promising this research and development program. This first project plan (Plan I) defines the work to be performed during the contract period with primary emphasis on the first years' effort. The project effort will concentrate on the European Theater of Operations. The terrain of interest is the West German border areas which are generally exemplified by flat plains to the north and rolling terrain to the south. Primary emphasis will be placed on detecting and identifying anti-tank (AT) and anti-vehicular (AV) mines, and will be directed toward hasty mining and minefields associated with tactical offensive operations (i.e., surface mines). Minefields may be detected by both direct observation or by inferential observations, and both approaches will be investigated. Work under the project concerned with each of the concepts to be investigated will be performed in a sequence of four major tasks: (1) identification and screening of promising techniques; (2) preliminary systems analysis and definition of experimental or other data acquisitions systems; (3) acquisition of critical data through experiment, literature survey, or access to SCI; and (4) evaluation of conceptual systems for technical and military usefulness. Four major scenarios for Soviet mine warfare operations have been adopted for analytical purposes. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A172 476

Dillencourt, M. B., et al. Expert System for Minefield Site Prediction. Phase 1. Annual technical report. February 1987-January 1988. Reston, VA: PAR Government Systems Corp., February 1988. 46p. ABSTRACT: The software design of the prototype Minefield Site Prediction Expert Systems (MSPES) is described. The ultimate goal of the system is to emulate the role of a terrain analyst in predicting likely mine sites. The major components of the system are the inference system, the geographic information system, and the user interface. The inference system is driven by a goal-directed backward chaining mechanisms. The geographic information system is based on quadtrees. The user interface is menu-driven, and is based on an object-oriented graphics package. This report describes the implementation of the prototype system. It also contains recommendations for the operational system, based on an evaluation of the prototype system. Descriptions of data format conversion capabilities, a detailed description of the geographic processing algorithms, and a complete listing of the rulebase are included as appendices. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A192 990

Disposal of Chemical Munitions and Agents. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Committee on Demilitarizing Chemical Munitions and Agents, 1984. 234p. ABSTRACT: For more than half a century, the United States has maintained a stockpile of highly toxic chemical agents and munitions for possible use in a wartime situation. The United States maintains its stockpile principally to deter other countries from using such munitions against U.S. forces. Four basic chemicals are kept. These are the nerve agents VX, which is persistent in its effects, and sarin (GB),* which is nonpersistent; the mustard agents H, HD, and HT, which are usually referred to simply as H; and the hallucinogenic agent BZ. These chemical agents are stored at eight U.S. Army depots in the Continental United States as well as on Johnston Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The latter depot was not a part of this study. Each depot varies in size, in the type and number of agents and munitions in storage, and in its proximity to off-site civilian populations. Moreover, the agents are kept in a variety of

91 containers and munitions--rockets, land mines, artillery and mortar shells, bombs and spray tanks, and bulk containers. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A148 584

Douglas, Stephen, et al. Denying Access to an Area and Controlling Enemy Movement: Alternatives to Land Mines. West Point, NY: Military Academy, Operations Research Center, June 1998. 176p. ABSTRACT: The Area Denial design group of Stephen E. Douglas, Michael T. Golden, Franklin B. Scherra, Jr., Bryan J. Wiley, Mike Talbot, and Eric R. Swenson, has designed a system that will limit access to an area and constrain the movement of the enemy forces. Several types of land mines are in use today that fall under the anti-tank or anti-personnel categories. These mines can be employed in many different manners. Some require aerial dispersal while others have to be deployed manually. Land mines are an effective means to delay, fix, disrupt, deny, turn, or destroy enemy forces in combat. However, unrecovered conventional land mines pose a threat because they remain armed after the conflict ends. Currently, several nations are proposing to ban anti-personnel land mines that do not self- destruct or can not be command detonated. We assume the political pressure against land mines will eventually encompass both anti- personnel and anti-tank mines. The mounting political pressure against land mines has forced the United States to look for alternatives to deny enemy force 5 access to specific areas. The objective of our group was to provide alternative area denial systems to replace the conventional land mine. Our most promising alternative deals with the Intelligent Wide Area Munitions (IWAM) because of the extensive work that has already been done on that system. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A361 531

Edwards, David C. Expendable Mine-Clearing Roller (ENSURE 202.1). Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development, January 1972, 106p. ABSTRACT:The report covers the development, testing, and field use in South Viet Nam of the expendable, mine-clearing roller. The data developed and the present status of the roller regarding type classification are also discussed. The period of time actually covered by this report is from September 1969 through August 1971 and, most specifically, is related to ENSURE 202.1. Appendices include an installation, operation, and maintenance manual prepared by the contractor; the report of the contractor's field engineer while serving as part of the NET team; and a statement of the operational suitability message from USARV. A Final Evaluation Report dated 26 July 1971 is also included. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 737 723

Engel, T. G., W. C. Nunnally, and N. B. VanKirk. "Research Progress on an Airborne Ground Penetrating Radar System to Detect Surface and Subsurface Landmines." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 1, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 1), 1998, p. 586-595. ABSTRACT: Research progress on the design, construction, and operation of a novel, airborne ground penetrating radar system to detect surface and subsurface landmines is presented. The landmine detection system is unique in that active, electronic projectiles are shot into the ground from an airborne platform to create high power, monopulse radar signals. Intimate contact between the projectile and the ground reduces the amount of reflected radar energy at the air-soil interface and ensures that maximum radar energy is propagated into the surrounding ground. The end result is that the reflected radar signal is of higher energy and possesses a higher SNR, allowing enhanced detectability. The high power, monopulse signal that is reflected off the landmine is received at the airborne platform via a scanned antenna array. In comparison, conventional ground penetrating radar systems typically use chirped or long pulse signals and horn-type antennas located close to the ground, limiting their usefulness in this application. To generate electrical energy, two types of projectiles are used and are based on the principle of magnetic flux compression or by the principle of piezoelectric compression. The performance results of these two projectile types, as well as the models used to predict their behavior, are presented and discussed.

Evaluation of Individual Demonstrator Performance at the Unexploded Ordnance

92 Advanced Technology Demonstration Program at Jefferson Proving Ground (Phase 1). Report for August 1993-December 1994. Indian Head, MD: Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Center, Indian Head, March 1995. 194p. ABSTRACT: The data contained in this report is a supplement to report SFIM-AEC-ET-CR- 94120, "Unexploded Ordnance Advanced Technology Demonstration Program at Jefferson Proving Ground (Phase I)." This report provides a further analysis of the individual demonstrators and the performance of their systems when used to detect, identify and/or remedy buried unexploded ordnance under realistic, controlled conditions. ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A295 074

Evaluation of the Locally Fabricated Belche Minesweep. Army Concept Team in Vietnam, December 1968. 10p. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD- 850 760

Evans, Giles L., Jr. Evaluation of Minefield Clearing Devices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Engineer Board, September 1945. 71p ABSTRACT:None Available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 156 854

Expert System to Help Assess Tactical Air Readiness and Capability. Phase 1 Report. Washington, DC: Synergy, Inc., 30 May 1986. 97p. [See also Appendices, AD-A173 698 - AD-A173 700. Prepared in cooperation with Systems Research and Applications Corp., Arlington, VA.] ABSTRACT: Being built is a demonstration expert system that allows users to ask questions in English about major resources and their effects on U.S. tactical aircraft sorties in central Europe. The system will handle two types of questions. The first are those that require understanding the request, knowing what data bases (if any) to search, searching those data bases, selecting the right piece of information, and presenting the answer to a user in a format he wants. The second type are those questions that require substantive expertise and thinking to answer (i.e., those that require both an intelligent search for information and expert analysis of that information). The demonstration system will answer questions drawing on 6 types of information: 1) Characteristics of U.S. tactical aircraft in Europe; 2) The specific missions those aircrafts fly; 3) The number and type of conventional munitions associated with U.S. tactical aircraft; 4) Availability of and POL requirements for U.S. tactical aircraft; 5) Aircrew status and availability; and 6) Status and descriptions of 4 U.S. tactical airfields (Spangdahlem, Bitburg, Hahn, Ramstein). ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A173 697

Falls, Robert A. and Louis Mittelman. Forecasting of the Electromagnetic and Thermal Properties of Soils by the Study of Their Climatological Environment. Final report. September 1974-September 1977. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, September 1978. 104p. ABSTRACT:For a number of years, efforts have been made to accumulate data on soil - particularly, electromagnetic and thermal properties. The ultimate purpose being a better understanding of the interaction of land mine detectors and the soil. Conventional field and laboratory efforts, up to the present, have not been able to develop sufficient confidence in estimating these properties over wide geographic areas and seasons of the year. This report evaluates the efforts to develop an innovative technique utilizing the available laboratory/field data with a climatological concept that estimates seasonal, soil-moisture behavior. Once the yearly variation of the moisture is established for an area, all other soil properties related to moisture can be predicted. Currently, the probability of success using this predictive technique is approaching 0.75. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A069 283

Fambroo III, Dillard H. A Combat Simulation Analysis of the Amphibious Assault Vehicle in Countermine Operations. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1999. 74p. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of an Amphibious

93 Assault Vehicle (AAV) as a mine countermeasure in the surf zone and beach zone (sz/bz). In order to show the utility of these approaches, this thesis presents results from three different scenarios. Scenario one provides a baseline and is conducted with the amphibious landing force moving onshore with no minefield breaching operations being conducted. Scenario two encompasses a more traditional method of minefield breaching. Scenario three will use AAVs only to breach the surf zone and beach zone minefields. The focus will be placed on the number of mines neutralized as well as the number of assets killed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370 835

Feddema, John T., Rush D. Robinett, and Brian J. Driessen. "Explaining Finite State Machine Characteristics Using Variable Structure Control." IN: Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Autonomous Robotic Systems; Proceedings of the Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 14, 15, 1997, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3209), 1997, p. 46-54. ABSTRACT: This paper describes how variable structure control can be used to describe the overall behavior of multiple autonomous robotic vehicles with simple finite state machine rules. The importance of this result is that we can then begin to design provably asymptotically stable group behaviors from a set of simple control laws and appropriate switching points with variable structure control. The ability to prove convergence to a goal is especially important for applications such as locating military targets or land mines.

Fields, D. J., et al. "Hyperspectral Mine Detector Program." IN: International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition - Development, Integration, Applications & Operations, 3rd, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 7-10, 1997, Proceedings. Vol. 1, Ann Arbor, MI, ERIM International, Inc., 1997, p. I-17 to I-24. ABSTRACT: The DARPA sponsored Hyperspectral Mine Detection (HMD) program was initiated in February 1994 to investigate methods for remote detection of buried land mines using advanced hyperspectral sensors. The technology of hyperspectral sensors is rapidly advancing, and sensors have recently been developed for the thermal infrared. The HMD program is concentrating on extending current optical surface detection capability to the situation of buried mines. The DARPA Hyperspectral Mine Detection program is identifying and developing technology to find these mines quickly and affordably. Hyperspectral Mine Detection sensors can be employed from a helicopter or a low flying aircraft to detect mines on roads and in off-road areas.

Filling Apparatuses, Chemical Land Mine. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, February 1970. 24p. ABSTRACT:This Engineering Test Procedure describes test methods and techniques for evaluating technical performance and characteristics of Chemical Land Mine Filling Apparatuses. The evaluation is related to criteria established by applicable Qualitative Materiel Requirements (QMR), Small Development Requirements (SDR), Technical Characteristics (TC), or other appropriate design requirements and specifications. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 868 257

Fitch, V. L., and L. Lederman. Air-Sown Mines for the Massive Barrier. Research paper. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, Jason Division, May 67. 7p. ABSTRACT: A discussion of a series of air-sown mines designed to complement the use of gravel mines and to be sown densely along wider trails and roads is presented. The basic design is a pencil-shaped, fin-stabilized device which would be capable of soil penetration to a predetermined depth, so that a plunger-activator projects just slightly above the trail surface. The objective is to produce a system of cheap, small devices that would present a formidable barrier to infiltration and would be difficult to counter. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 383 442

Fitzsimmons, F. FASCOM Soldering Process Control Evaluation. Final report. Columbus Labs., OH: Battelle, 31 December 1982. 18p. ABSTRACT: Based upon observations of the manufacturing processes at Honeywell, Inc., New Brighton, MN and Aerojet Corp., Downey, CA, the writer feels that certain major activities must be performed to ensure minimum risk and maximum reliability of the finished

94 product. The recommendations contained in this report will promote similarity in FASCAM products. ADAM and RAAM are both delivered to target in basically the same manner; both are expected to face the same stress conditions in storage and in use. Therefore, there should be a single, unified standard of workmanship for FASCAM products. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A164 194

Fleischer, Peter. Evaluation and Selection of Test Sites for BURMMS. Technical note. NSTL MS: Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, January 1981. 26p. ABSTRACT:This report develops a procedure for selection, identification, and evaluation of test sites to be used in the development of BURMMS (Buried Mine Minehunting System). Potential test sites are evaluated and ranked by this procedure. Panama City, Florida, Norfolk, Virginia, and New Orleans, Louisiana, are proposed as the primary BURMMS test sites. The site selection rationale is based on three categories of test site attributes: (1) environmental parameters of the bottom that influence mine burial prediction; (2) physical setting at the test sites in which operations will be performed; and (3) logistical aspects of utilizing the test sites. REPORT NUMBER:NORDA-TN-90 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A098 907

Fleischer, Peter and Dawn L. Lavoie. Ground-Truth Area Selection and Characterization for Mine Countermeasures Tactical Environmental Data System. Final report. Stennis Space Center, MS: Naval Research Laboratory, Geoacoustics/Geotechnical Section, June 1996. 107p. ABSTRACT:Three candidate sites were selected that are suitable as analogs for a variety of forward areas for Mine Countermeasures Tactical Environmental Data System development and testing. From an initial evaluation of 13 areas in U.S. waters and from comparison to certain forward areas, two sites (1) the Mississippi Gulf Coast/Chandeleur Island and (2) Key West, FL, and surrounding areas were chosen as the most suitable ground-truth areas. A third site, offshore of Panama City, FL, was added to take advantage of an ongoing research program, the Coastal Benthic Boundary Layer research program. For each of the three ground-truth areas, the following is presented: (1) a summary of salient characteristics, (2) a listing of existing data bases, and (3) an annotated bibliography. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A311 448

Foster, J. Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Clearance, Active Range UXO Clearance, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Programs. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology), Washington, DC. April 1998. 48p. ABSTRACT: Contamination of land and sea from unexploded ordnance has grown to a level where it now presents a serious problem in the United States. Estimates provided to the Task Force indicate that over 15 million acres in the United States may contain some level of UXO contamination, at about 1,500 different sites. Virtually all UXO contamination in the United States results from weapons system testing and/or troop training activities conducted by the Department of Defense (DoD). Property containing UXO includes active military sites and land transferring or transferred to private use, such as Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) and Base Realignment And Closure (BRAC) sites. DoD's responsibilities include providing UXO site clean-up project management, assuring compliance with federal, state and local laws and environmental regulations, assumption of liability, and appropriate interactions with the public. DoD has no specific UXO remediation policy, goals or program. Current UXO site remediation efforts are based on decades-old technology and use several procedures that are inefficient, labor-intensive and costly. UXO site remediation in the United States currently is being funded at about $125M per year, excluding special clean-up programs (such as the on-going clean-up at Kaho'olawe, which has funding projected to total about $400M). ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A345 904

Funk, David E. A Mine is a Terrible Thing to Waste: The Operational Implications of Banning Anti-Personnel Landmines. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 1998, 58p. ABSTRACT: Approximately 25,000 people each year fall victim to the estimated 110 million

95 anti-personnel landmines (APL) scattered throughout the world. Most of the victims are non- combatants in third-world and developing nations. Because most APL are cheap to procure, long-lasting once employed, and totally indiscriminate concerning their choice of victims, the world has begun to vilify these so-called slow motion weapon of mass destruction Thus in December of 1997 did 122 nations join with Canada in signing the provisions of the Ottawa Process -- an agreement that bans universally the use, sale, and transfer of all APL. Absent from the roll of signatories was the United States. The president was willing to end U.S. use of conventional APL, except in Korea, but was convinced by the Joint Chiefs of Staff that scatterable (self-destructing) APL were critical to the Army's countermobility doctrine and did not contribute to the humanitarian problem. Nonetheless, congress passed a unilateral law requiring a one-year moratorium on U.S. use of all APL, except along internationally recognized national borders (read Korean DMZ). This monograph examines whether or not the U.S. can fulfill its current warfighting contingencies without the use of APL. The monograph begins by describing the global nature of the APL problem and examining the events that led to the Ottawa treaty and the congressional "Use Moratorium." Ban activists (including many members of congress) have gone to great lengths to show that APL do not have -- in fact have never had -- significant military utility. Therefore, the next section of this paper consists of historical analyses of the past use of APL in the PACOM (Korea), and CENTCOM (Southwest Asia/Middle East) areas of responsibility (AORs) -- the two areas that represent present-day military contingencies. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A357 010

Gambiez, G. Should We Fear Mine Warfare. Study project. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 30 March 1989. 44p. ABSTRACT: Mines are weapons. Thanks to the improvements allowed by electronics they become more and more efficient and cost effective. On land as well as at sea, they would be widely used at theater level by all belligerents in all types of conflicts. Unfortunately improvements in mine countermeasures are more difficult to realize and to use on the field. The nations of the free world should increase their efforts in the domain of those countermeasure systems, or they risk being the first victims of the increasing advances in mines and mine delivery systems. The problem is as difficult as urgent. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A209 180

Garland, M. W. KHAFJI: A Combat Simulation. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1991. 137p. ABSTRACT: This thesis presents a high resolution, discrete event driven combat simulation. This model was developed to facilitate the analysis of tactical options available to a small unit (company/platoon) commander using artillery and multiple lanes in overcoming a minefield obstacle. KHAFJI is a high fidelity combat simulation written in SIMSCRIPT 11.5 with SIMGRAPHICS I. Employing user input parameters which define a minefield scenario, the model generates output which enables the user to compare various tactical options available to maneuver commander in crossing a minefield. By using menu driven input screens, the user has a choice of multiple crossing lanes, size of crossing force, distribution of forces upon crossing lanes, multiple mine belts, and use of indirect fires against the minefield. Using SIMGRAPHICS I software, KHAFJI displays the minefield and the unit as it crosses the minefield. KHAFJI depicts each mine, each member of the crossing unit, and each impacting artillery round. The graphics provided by KHAFJI allows the user to see the crossing as it unfolds, thereby, reinforcing user confidence in the resultant data. When running multiple replications, graphics can be turned off to speed processing. An example of the type of analysis that can be performed with KHAFJI is presented in Chapter IV. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A245 170

Gavel, D. T., et al. Impulse Radar Array for Detecting Land Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 3 April 1995. 12p. [Symposium on Autonomous Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures, Monterey, CA, 3-7 April 1995.] ABSTRACT: The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has developed radar and imaging technologies with potential application in demining efforts. A patented wideband (impulse) radar that is very compact, very low cost, and very low power, has been demonstrated in test fields to be able to detect and image nonmetallic land mines buried in 2-10 cm of soil. The

96 scheme takes advantage of the very short radar impulses and the ability to form a large synthetic aperture with many small individual units, to generate high resolution 2-D or 3-D tomographic images of the mine and surrounding ground. Radar range calculations predict that a vehicle-mounted or man-carried system is quite feasible using this technology. This paper presents the results of field tests using a prototype unit and describes practical mine detection system concepts. Predicted capabilities in terms of stand-off range and radiated power requirements are discussed. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-120550, CONF-95-041543 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE95-017847

George, Vivian and Thomas W. Altshuler. "Summary of the DARPA Background Clutter Data Collection Experiment." IN: The 1998 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems. Part 1 (of 2), Anchorage, AK, USA, 05/04-09/98.Piscataway, NJ: 1998, vol. 1, pp. 226-231, ABSTRACT: Most technologies in use or proposed for use to detect landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) suffer from unacceptably high false-alarm rates, even at modest probabilities of detection. High false-alarm rates are a consequence of the inability to discriminate real UXO and landmines from man-made and naturally occurring clutter. Experimental data on expected signatures of UXO and landmines have been collected by various sensor developers and research agencies. However, an equivalent characterization of clutter returns has been lacking. As a result, background signatures have not been considered in sensor or algorithm design. The goal of the two-phase, DARPA-sponsored Background Clutter Data Collection Experiment is to begin to fill this void. The first phase, completed during the fall of 1996, consisted of high aerial density site surveys using the following sensor types: magnetometer, infrared, electromagnetic induction, and ground- penetrating radar. The second phase, which is currently underway, consists of analysis of the collected sensor data to include excavation of clutter objects. This paper describes the clutter data collection program and provides a cursory summary of the analysis done to date.

Goodnight, Curtis J. Design and Evaluation of Mine and UXO Detectors for Autonomous Mobile Robots. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1996. 65p. ABSTRACT:This study focuses on the development of a light weight metal detector to be used for the purpose of mine Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) detection. The detector was developed based upon a twin oscillator design, and the performance of this design was tested with respect to diameter of the sensing coil, operating frequency, and the number of turns of the sensing coil. The results of this study provide a field tunable, light weight, low power mine UXO detector with significant range. The ability to equip a robot with this device and send it into the field will prove to be an invaluable asset to ongoing mine sweeping operations. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A320 169

Graham, W. J. Focused Synthetic Microwave Array for Mine Detection and Imaging. Final report. 3 June-3 December 1991. Bensalem, PA: Graham Research, 3 December 1991. 85p. ABSTRACT: This report presents the results of a feasibility study of a proposed focused synthetic rectangular array for microwave detection and imaging of mines. The proposed techniques uses a bistatic antenna system with transmitter and receiver located at the angles of incidence and reflection, respectively of the radiation illuminating the ground. These angles are equal to the Brewster angle of the ground medium so that ground reflections are minimized for vertical polarization. The transmit antenna has a broad beam which illuminates the field of view on the ground. The receiver antenna is a horizontal line array, which forms a rectangular synthetic array by the forward motion of the system. The results of an analytical study are presented, and experimental results are described which give high resolution three- dimensional images of various types of buried anti-tank mines. A system design for a focused rectangular synthetic countermine array is also given. A design of an experimental system for Phase II and a test plan is described. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A245 850

Granuzzo, J. P. Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) Testing Packaging for Ground Emplaced Mines (i.e., M74, M75 and M79 Mines). Final report. DoD Performance Oriented

97 Packaging of Hazardous Materials, Washington, DC, 24 March 1994. 6p. ABSTRACT: This report contains the tests performed and test results on the Ground. Emplaced Mines (i.e., M74, M75 and M79 Mines) that are packed 40 mines per metal ammunition container IAW drawing number 9243805 for Performance Oriented Packaging Certification. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A277 849

Graves, Steven M. Internetworking: Airborne Mine Countermeasures C4I Information Systems. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1996. 106p. ABSTRACT:Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM) Command Control Communication Computer and Intelligence (C4I) baseline currently consists of stand-alone tactical decision aids. Information such as aircraft position, equipment status, and abbreviated mine-like contact reports cannot be transferred in any form other than voice from/to the MH-53E helicopters while conducting Airborne Mine Countermeasures operations. There are currently no methods to transfer sonar video or single-frame imagery of mine-like objects between any Mine Warfare (MIW) units in a near-real-time manner. Delays lasting several hours are frequently encountered before the results of a 'rapid reconnaissance' airborne mine-hunting mission are made available to the rest of the fleet and/or MIW community. In order to improve command and control, the AMCM Mine Warfare community must integrate all of its C4I assets onto a tactical internet. This thesis presents a tactical internet for AMCM with an open, standards-based modular architecture. It is based on the TCP/IP network model using common protocols and interfaces. Command and control will significantly improve as this network will provide a methodology to transfer critical information between AMCM C41 assets and tactical networks world-wide. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A328 259

Gravitte, Dwight L. and Charles N. Johnson, Jr. Seasonal Moisture-Temperature Distributions in Mined Podzolic Soil. Research report, August 1962-June 1963. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, June 1965. 68p. ABSTRACT:This investigation is part of a continuing study of soil moisture-temperature properties and phenomena significant to the detection of buried mines and explosives. The report concludes: In a heavy clay podzolic soil in a midlatitude humid zone: (1) The moisture distribution in the soil around a mine differs from that in undisturbed soil. In the soil above the mine, there is normally a moisture deficiency, except during conditions of saturation. (2) During late spring, summer, and early fall, and when the moisture content approaches saturation, the temperatures in the soil above the mine and in undisturbed soil at the same depth are generally about the same, day or night. When the moisture content of the soil above the mine is lower than in undisturbed soil at the same depth, the temperature of the soil above the mine rises more rapidly during daylight hours than in undisturbed soils at the same depth, reaching a higher peak temperature than undisturbed soil in the early afternoon. During night hours, the soil above the mine cools more rapidly and may drop to a lower temperature than will undisturbed soil at the same depth. (3) When the soil moisture content approaches saturation during late fall, winter, and early spring conditions, the temperatures are about the same or lower in the soil above the mine relative to undisturbed soil at the same depth. REPORT NUMBER: AERDL-1809 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 466 168

Griffith, Douglas and Yuji Morita. MIDURA (Minefield Detection Using Reconnaissance Assets) 1982-1983 Experimental Test Plan. Technical report. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, April 1982. 72p. ABSTRACT:This report is an experimental test plan, designed for use in exploring the utility of existing assets to detect the presence of both surface-laid and buried anti-tank mines and minefields and to aid in designing and specifying future minefield detection systems. Flights are to be made by the Oregon National Guard OV-1D's using the AN/AAS-24 infrared scanner and KA-76 camera for a period of a year over a minefield array at Camp Adair, Oregon. Other flights are to be made by the OV-1D's and Idaho Air National Guard RF-4's (AN/AAD-5 infrared scanner and the KS-87 camera) over selected areas representing other environments such as snow conditions and semi-arid and agricultural lands. Flight schedules are arranged to match a matrix of parameter levels, parameters such as time of day, flight

98 altitudes, mine type, weather conditions, etc. Instrumentation required for measuring the several variables and for calibrating the sensors are specified. Data obtained in the tests are to be used for assessing image interpreter performance, for validating, revising and/or generating system models and for adding information to a minefield detection data base. A description of the image interpreter evaluation test to be conducted in given. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A172 410

Groot, J. S. and Y. H. Janssen. Remote Land Mine (Field) Detection: An Overview of Techniques. Physics and Electronics Laboratory RVO-TNO, The Hague (Netherlands), September 1994. 52p. ABSTRACT: A near real time land mine (field) detection system is essential for military commanders to enable them to circumvent the mines, or to allocate/employ mine neutralization/breaching assist to clear a safe route through a minefield. Basic principles and strengths and weaknesses of such a system with visual, near infrared, midwave infrared, longwave infrared, microwave radiometric and radar sensors are presented. Recommendations for a vehicle mounted multi-sensor demonstrator system are given since the Genie expressed its interest in such a system, it is cheaper than an aircraft mounted system and because sensor fusion can be tested and applied relatively easy on such a system. Promising techniques for a vehicle mounted detection system are: (1) passive and active infrared imaging, (2) microwave radiometry, (3) passive and active visual and near infrared wavelength discrimination, (4) radar ground and vegetation penetration. Proposed steps in the development of a vehicle mounted mine detection demonstration system are a feasibility study, tower measurements and design, construction and testing of the demonstrator. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A288 635

Ground Penetrating Radar for Ordnance Contaminated Site Restoration.Indian Head, MD: Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Center, March 1995. 348p. ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this document is to apply ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology to the problem of locating and identifying buried ordnance at military sites. The emphasis of the research applied GPR technology to an airborne system that will allow very large parcels of land to be processed. This contract represents one portion of an overall U.S Government program to clear former and present military ordnance ranges of all unexploded ordnance and other buried devices that pose a threat to the public. ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A295 153

Guadagno, J., et al. Radiation Protection Safety Protocol for Industrial X-Ray Backscatter Radiography Experiments. Final report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research Development and Engineering Center, November 1990. 30p. ABSTRACT: Scattered radiation has been used in medical and engineering applications to determine properties and form images or irradiated objects. Scattered radiation is ideally suited to the geometry of mine detection which depends upon differences between the number of photons scattered from mines and soil to produce an image as opposed to conventional radiography which uses the transmission of photons through an irradiated object to produce an image. Mine detection through backscatter radiation measures the amount of radiation that is backscattered from the ground to a NaI detector which is mounted next to the x-ray source. To generate sufficient backscatter radiation to image buried land mines, an industrial x-ray unit must be operated continuously at or above 150 k Vp for 2 to 3 hours. Operating an industrial x-ray unit at this level and duration for the purpose of mine detection requires a complete radiological review of both the exposure room and the x-ray unit itself. (JS) ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A229 740

Gupta, A. D. Structural Analysis of a Mine with Two Viscoelastic Explosive Fills. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Armament Research and Development Command, Ballistic Research Laboratory, February 1983. 25p. [This article is from ‘Transactions of the Conference of Army Mathematicians (28th) Held at Bethesda, Maryland on 28-30 June 1982,’ AD-A128 683.] ABSTRACT: The structural response of a Soviet TM-46 land mine with two viscoelastic

99 explosive fills subjected to an externally applied pressure wave has been analyzed with the ADINA finite element code. The main charge consists of 5.72 kg TNT while the booster charge in the fuze contains .04 kg Tetryl in the fuze well. The finite element model of the mine uses the axisymmetric two-dimensional mesh configuration with a rigid base support boundary condition. Both implicit and explicit time integration schemes have been used for this analysis.

Haas, Gary A., et al. An Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Mine Detection: Systems Integration Issues and Recommendations. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1997. 43p. ABSTRACT:The U.S. Army Research Laboratory performed a series of pilot studies for the Countermine Division at the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate concerning how a mine detection sensor suite might be implemented on a teleoperated unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). The studies addressed five areas: mobility, human factors, radio communications, the use of infrared cameras for remote driving, and options for attaching the sensor array to the UGV. This report describes the proposed countermine system, the issues identified by the studies, and recommendations concerning how such a system might be implemented. REPORT NUMBER:ARL-TR-1256 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A324 035

Haas, Gary A., Phillip David, and Bailey T. Haug. Target Acquisition and Engagement from an Unmanned Ground Vehicle: The Robotics Test Bed of Demo 1. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1996. 69p. ABSTRACT:The capability of robotic technology to perform dangerous military missions without exposing troops to hazard has been of significant interest to the U.S. Army. Much of this interest has focused on unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). Perceived benefits include force multiplication, reduction of military hazard, and operation in nuclear/biological/chemical environments. UGVs have been discussed for a number of missions, including antitank, mine neutralization, physical security, smoke generation, scout, sentry, forward observer, and others. This report describes and discusses one of the first military UGVs, the robotics test bed (RTB). The RTB is a teleoperated vehicle with on-board automatic target acquisition system and turret-mounted weapon surrogate. The perspective of this report is primarily on robotic target engagement, with other aspects of the program and equipment being covered as context. The history of the program provides context for system design. Major subsystems of the vehicle are described, with detailed description of the target acquisition and engagement subsystems. A description of the use of the system in a recent demonstration of the capabilities of military robotics illustrates how such a system might be used in war fighting. Issues in robotic target engagement are discussed and further work is proposed. REPORT NUMBER: ARL-TR-1063 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A308 459

Haberman, J. R. Prediction of Target Casualties from Minefield Penetration Using Markov Processes. Technical publication. China Lake, CA: Naval Weapons Center, May 1971. 158p. ABSTRACT:The theory of Markov processes, a branch of probability theory, is used in this publication for the prediction of target casualties resulting from minefield penetration by unfriendly forces. The mathematical models an computer programming in this report are valid for a wide range of applications. The computer programs in this publication calculate the probability density function for the number of targets surviving a breach attempt; also the mean number of surviving targets is calculated. For specialized applications these programs can be used to the greatest advantage by altering them slightly to yield the type of output needed. REPORT NUMBER: NWC-TP-5121 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 886 548

Hanson, J. V., et al. Mine Detection in Dry Soils Using Radar. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Topographic Engineering Center, 17 March 1992. 16p. ABSTRACT: The detection of mines and subsurface ordnance continues to present a

100 challenging problem for both the Army and U.S. Marine Corps. An initiative was launched by the Army's Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) to determine the feasibility of using penetrating radars to detect subsurface objects in very dry soils. A test site was selected at Twenty-nine Palms, CA, and soil samples were collected and analyzed. The soils were very dry, containing on average less than 2 percent moisture, and consist mainly of fine sand with some gravel. An analysis of soils collected in the Middle East showed they were sufficiently comparable for the demonstration. A minefield test site was constructed reflecting known doctrine and combat engineering practices. Metallic and nonmetallic mines were emplaced on the surface and at varying depths. Corner reflectors were placed around the test site, both on the surface as well as underground. Overflights were conducted utilizing X-, C- and L- band radars. ground-penetrating radar, arid regions, mines, minefields, synthetic aperture radar (SAR). ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A254 259

Hartmann, Gregory K. Mine Warfare History and Technology. Silver Springs, MD: Naval Surface Weapons, Center, White Oak Laboratory, July 1975. 43p. ABSTRACT:The history of mine warfare is traced. Technological advances applied to mine development and use have demonstrated an increasing effectiveness at modest cost. The effficacy of mines, if fully exploited, should have an important deterrent effect on conventional wars. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A017 318

Healey, Anthony J., and William T. Webber. Sensors for the Detection of Land-Based Munitions. Technical report. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 18 September 1995. 29p. ABSTRACT: This report provides a summary of current land based munition detection sensor development. Sensors are categorized based upon the principle of their operation: electromagnetic, conductive, mechanical, optical, acoustic, and chemical. Each category is subdivided into particular operational sensor types. Theory of operation for each particular sensor type is provided, as well as a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of each. A discussion of sensor performance is included. The final section of the report is a survey of commercially available munition detection sensors along with comments concerning their performance. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A300 930

Heberlein, David C. Hardening of Countermine Structures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, June 1978. 15p. ABSTRACT:Mines have long been recognized and used as effective barriers to retard or restrict the advance of enemy forces. Mines contain a sensor for target acquisition and an explosive kill mechanism that is directed towards a vulnerable area of an acceptable target. Mine explosive kill mechanisms include blast damage to armored vehicle tracks, wheels and suspension systems, shrapnel damage to personnel or non-armored vehicles, and shape charge damage to the 'belly' of armored vehicles. Mine terminal effects can be defeated through the use of high strength, light weight composite materials. Vehicle components and countermine structures can be made from composite materials that will retain their functionality after being exposed to blast loading or high velocity fragments. Although these components are damaged by the mine, the retention of functionality permits the completion of mission. It is in this sense that vehicles and countermine structures are hardened against mine blast and shrapnel damage. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A056 445

Held, M. Anti Tank Mines. Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm G.m.b.H., Munich (Germany, F.R.). Information und Dokumentati, 1984. 21p. [ International Seminar on Defence Technology, Rawalpindi (Pakistan), 28 November 1984. ] ABSTRACT: According to the method of deployment and to the mechanism of performance types of anti-Tank mines are reviewed. There is given an overview about 3 generations of mines. According to the mode of action and to the principle of function the mines are classified. Examples of modern anti-tank mines and pictures are presented. ACCESSION NUMBER: TIBB 86-80835

101 Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis. Washington, DC: Department of State, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs. September 1998. 206p. ABSTRACT: Since the Department of State's last landmine report was issued in 1994, several developments have altered significantly the status of the global humanitarian crisis caused by antipersonnel (APL) landmines. This report is designed to take account of those developments and their impact on the problem, as well as to add new information to the baseline data and update the status of 12 of the most severely mine-affected countries. Much of the background data in the 1994 report remains valid and has not been repeated in this updated edition. ACCESSION NUMBER:PB-99-101792

Huat, Lim C. Experimental Investigation of a High Resolution Sonar. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, March 1996. 91p. ABSTRACT:This thesis investigated a laboratory synthetic aperture sonar designed to test the algorithms and techniques needed to detect, classify and identify minelike objects. Previous synthetic aperture sonar work at NPS achieved 5 cm range resolution and 1 cm azimuth resolution. This thesis developed a pulsed, frequency modulated, synthetic aperture sonar that achieved range and azimuth resolutions of about 1 cm. The processed images clearly reveal targets with a high degree of certainty. However, the ability to classify and identify mines and rocks is less certain because of speckle and glint effects. The high resolution algorithms improved the detection and overall image quality of targets, and achieved a signal to noise ratio of 35 dB. The 2:1 frequency spread of the FM chirp increased the signal to noise ratio by 20 dB compared to an unfocused synthetic aperture system. However, a significant finding is that resolution alone is not sufficient to classify and identify minelike targets in complex backgrounds. Resolution of this problem will require a different approach such as utilizing adaptive acoustic daylight to avoid the speckle and glint problems inherent with coherent illumination. To achieve a classification and identification capability, a completely different approach to acoustic illumination and signal processing is needed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A308 086

Hudler, Dennis W. and Kermit O. Taylor. Remote Controlled Vehicle Mounted Minefield Detector System. Final report. February-August 1982. Dallas, TX: Standard Mfg., Co., November 1982. 123p. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and optimum design concept for a remotely controlled ground vehicle to locate mines and minefields. Evaluation was to be based on current technology, equipment and mission considerations, and threat assessment. The envisioned vehicle utilization indicated the need for a lightweight, highly maneuverable vehicle equipped with radio controls, television monitor, minefield marking device, and a very good detection system. These features are necessary to insure system survival, reliable operation, and provide standoff distance for operator safety. Addition of other equipment is also envisioned for use on special purpose missions, thereby increasing system utility and value. All these pieces of equipment exist and can be operated using a remote control system. Vehicle mobility, maintainability, and cost factors indicate that the optimum vehicle configuration be a 6-wheeled all terrain unit utilizing hydrostatic drive and skid steering. Vehicle will be powered by a diesel engine for maintenance, efficiency, and logistical interface with current Army units. These systems are also readily adapted to remote control applications. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A122 001

Humanitarian Demining Equipment Catalog. Taming the Demon ... Solving the Global Problem of Uncleared Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance.Interagency Working Group on Humanitarian Demining, 1997. 63p. ABSTRACT:Since the mid 19th century, landmines have been an important and prolific weapon of war. Although a long-standing and accepted part of warfare between military forces, world events have evolved to an era where innocent civilians are now the primary victims of landmines. The proliferation of landmines throughout the world is the most significant cause of the high number of civilian casualties. They are a prominent weapon in these regions because they are so effective, yet so inexpensive and easy to make. Landmines are frightening residual weapons of war that retard resettlement and economic

102 renewal. This menace denies access to roadways and other lines of communication, villages and urban areas, agricultural fields and other rural areas long after the declaration of peace. Their numbers and the devastation they exact are staggering. When published in early 1995, the Department of State report Hidden Killers, the Global Landmine Crisis estimated that some 85-110 million mines in 62 countries maim and kill approximately 26,000 people a year. The problem is most acute in underdeveloped nations already ravaged by conflict and lacking the resources and the infrastructure needed to deal with their landmine problems. The removal and destruction of all forms of dangerous battlefield debris, particularly land mines and other unexploded ordnance (UXO) are vital pre-requisites for a country to recover from the aftermath of a war. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A328 869

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Land Mines and Demining: Docs, Theses, Tech Repts I-M Documents, Theses and Technical Reports I-M

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports which have been issued with distribution limitations (e.g., DOD only or FOUO), due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution reference only. Abstracts were taken from the DTIC [Defense Technical Information Center] and NTIS [National Technical Information Service] databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the authors of this bibliography.

Iberall, A., S. Cardon and A. Schindler. Application of Cybernetics to Decision Making for Pattern Generation Displays. Report for 1 July-28 September 1973. Darby, PA: General Technical Services, Inc., September 1973. 45p. ABSTRACT:The purpose of the study was to learn what methodology cybernetics might have to offer mine detection. Namely, given a variety of sensor inputs from the changing images of a mine field being scanned, how might one augment the character of a display system in a cybernetic sense so as to enhance the capability of a man to detect mines. The report provides both a survey of pertinent cybernetic literature and an outline of relevant cybernetic principles drawn from the contractor's expertise in this field. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 767 318

Inselmann, Edmund H. The Generalized Zacks Model. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Combined Arms Combat Developments Activity, September 1977. 12p. See also AD-A026 218. ABSTRACT:This paper generalizes the Zacks model for minefield crossings. Zacks computes in his model the probability of the Nth vehicle crossing a minefield and also the distribution of the number of vehicles crossing the field. Zacks' computations are made under the assumptions that all the vehicles are of the same type and only one kind of mine is present in the field. This paper removes both these restrictions. REPORT NUMBER:CACDA-TP-12-77 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A046 958

Isbell, Richard A. Evaluation of Remotely Operated Mine Detector. Army Concept Team in Vietnam. October 1969. 10p. ABSTRACT:The Army Concept Team in Vietnam evaluated the Remotely Operated Mine Detector to determine the effectiveness, suitability and, if appropriate, a basis of issue. The evaluation started on 12 May 1969 and continued through 21 July 1969. The four Remotely Operated Mine Detectors were used on mine sweeping operations of main supply routes. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 861 954

Jacobs, P. A. A Model for the Defense of a Mine Field. Technical report. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1979. 18p. ABSTRACT:This paper presents and analyzes a simple stochastic model for defense against an attacking force of tanks; the defense is made up of a mine field and a single defending tank. The approach of the paper makes use of classical applied probability notions and techniques and explicit algebraic solutions are derived that can easily yield numerical results and hence interpretable insights into the value of various tactics. REPORT NUMBER: NPS55-79-032 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A081 609

Jakosky, John J., Jr. and John J. Jakosky. Method and Means for Predicting Contents of Containers. Patent. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, March 1980. 8p. ABSTRACT:A method for detecting and differentiating between containers of submerged junk and explosive-filled mines in demolition operations, comprising the steps of subjecting an

104 unknown submerged container under surveillance to a gamma radiation source, traversing said submerged container with said source along a standard diagnostic path, detecting the changes in intensity of the radiation penetrating the submerged container, and recording the variations of intensity of said radiation penetrating the submerged container along said path to obtain a density signature of said submerged container. REPORT NUMBER: PATENT 4,259,577

Janzon, B. International Workshop of Technical Experts on Ordnance Recovery and Disposal in the Framework of International Demining Operations. Held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 8-10, 1994. Foersvarets Forskningsanstalt, Stockholm (Sweden). Dept. of Weapons and Protection, September 1994. 46p. ABSTRACT: The Workshop was arranged by FOA, the National Defence Research Establishment of Sweden, as a result of discussions with the United Nation's Under-Secretary General for Human Affairs, with the UN Coordinator for Demining Operations, and with the Government of Sweden. The purpose of this workshop was to be a forum for the exchange of information, identification of problems and possible means of solving them, and specification of principle requirements on new systems and methods, within the general areas of mine and other ordnance detection, recovery and disposal, particularly in connection with demining operations. ACCESSION NUMBER: PB95-222907

Jenkins, Thomas F., et al. Detection of Cyclohexanone in the Atmosphere Above Emplaced Antitank Mines. Special report. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, April 1974. 20p. ABSTRACT:Atmospheric samples were taken at the soil surface above field-emplaced M-15 and M-19 antitank mines and military explosive Composition-B. These samples were analyzed to determine if trace chemicals generated by the explosive material are detectable. Cyclohexanone was positively identified and is attributable to the explosive. Calculations were made, based on the amount of cyclohexanone found, to approximate its flux rate through the surface. REPORT NUMBER:CRREL-SR-203 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 778 741

______. Vapor Signatures from Military Explosives. Part 1. Vapor Transport from Buried Military-Grade TNT. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, December 1999, 46p. ABSTRACT: Crystals of military-grade TNT were placed beneath 2.5 cm of soil in enclosed 40-mL amber vials and the accumulation of signature vapors in the headspace above the soil was determined as a function of time. Three different soils-sand, silt, and clay-were investigated at three different moisture contents: air dry, low moisture, and high moisture. Two replicates of each combination of soil type and soil moisture were equilibrated at three temperatures (23, 4 and -12 deg C) over periods ranging from 63 to 173 days. The headspace was sampled by a polyacrylate solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber for periods ranging from 5 to 20 minutes, and analytes were desorbed in the injection port of a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Mass detection limits using this method were below 1 pg (1 x 10(exp- 12) g) for the major signature chemicals -- 2,4- dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 1,3- dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT). At the end of the experiment, the top 5 mm of soil was carefully removed, extracted with acetonitrile, and the extracts were analyzed using RP-HPLC-UV according to SW846 Method 8330. Both the qualitative and quantitative nature of the chemical signature above buried TNT is strongly a function of temperature. At 23 and 4 deg C, 2,4-DNT was present at the highest concentration in the headspace vapor, 2,4,6-TNT being only a minor component. At -12 deg C, the more volatile 1,3-DNB predomin ated. Vapors penetrate the soils in the order sand > silt > clay, with vapor concentrations in the same order. Dry soils are very retentive of TNT vapors, while soil moisture facilitates movement of vapors to the headspace. Soil-air partition coefficients, computed for these three soils at 23 and 4 deg C for 2,4,6-TNT, ranged from 1.6 x 10(exp 4) mL-air/g-soil for moist sand at 23 deg C to 3.0 x 10(exp 7) for moist clay at 4 deg C. Partition coefficients for 2,4-DNT were about an order of magnitude lower. REPORT NUMBER:CRREL-SR-99-21

105 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A373 402

Jessl, P. and W. Koeppel. Development of Environmental Support on Mine Detection Techniques. Special report. no. 1, June-July 1983. Battelle-Inst. e.V., Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.), July 1983. 17p. ABSTRACT: Terrain factor maps have been established for the following data: land-use (basic information); crop type; crop/vegetation height; and crop/vegetation condition. A continuous flight line map at the scale 1:2.500 (600' flight height) plus single overlays (M=1:500, 300' flight height) were prepared in detail. As the meteorological data and also interviews clearly indicate, 1982 had extremely dry summer conditions. Thus, all beef-raising crops (pastures, rape, etc.) and also truck crops yielded quite good crops. It was sometimes difficult to identify characteristic differences between beef-raising crops and meadows/pastures because of the extremely poor crop conditions of these areas (which resulted in untypical colours and textures). ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A132 761

Jones, Jon N. United States Army Operations Under the Ottawa Convention: Mine Warfare without Antipersonnel Landmines. Master's thesis. Ft. Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, 04 June 1999 117p. ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the impacts of the Ottawa Convention ban of antipersonnel landmines on U.S. Army operations. The Unites States has not signed the convention, but the thesis explores the impacts should the U.S. decide to abide by this international agreement The thesis looks at the history of landmine warfare, the provisions of the Ottawa Convention, the specific functions of antipersonnel landmines, and the ability of other systems to replace antipersonnel landmines. Based on the inability of other systems to completely replace antipersonnel landmines, this thesis draws on other studies to determine the degree of vulnerability U.S. forces would find themselves in operations consistent with the Ottawa Convention. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A367 686

Johnson, Charles N. and Dwight L. Gravitte. Microwave Radiometric Studies in Relation to Mine Detection. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, November 1966. 89p. ABSTRACT:Field investigations over clay-type soils of the Fort Belvoir area indicated that microwave radiometry is highly unsuitable for mine detection for the following reasons: (1) Numerous strong and highly variable radiation signals from soils almost completely mask mine detection signals even under the most favorable summer conditions. (During moist soil and thermally neutral conditions which prevail during much of the spring, fall, and winter, detection performance can be expected to deteriorate even more.) (2) Microwave radiation originates in upper 2 in. to 4 in. of soil of moderate moisture content (13 to 20 percent) because of soil attenuation. When soil moisture approaches saturation conditions (30 to 40 percent), emitted radiation is confined to surface. (3) Strong similarity exists between thermal responses of microwave radiometer and typical infrared detector to mine signals. Infrared detector offers greater potential promise because of image-forming capability obtainable with high inherent resolution of infrared compared to microwave frequencies. REPORT NUMBER: AERDL-1875 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 646 730

Johnson, J. H., et al. Oxalate Ester Chemiluminescence, Improved Low Temperature Formulations. Final technical report. July 1983-September 1984. China Lake, CA: Naval Weapons Center. ABSTRACT: The objective of the program was to develop and test new chemiluminescent formulations which were usable at lower temperatures than the systems currently in use. The visibility requirements included a minimum visual range of 10 meters for 30 minutes at -25 degrees F or lower. The oxalate ester-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescent system was used. A series of new formulations were developed which offer reduced temperature sensitivity in a variety of colors. The formulations were tested at Ft. Greely, Alaska, where the program objectives were met and exceeded. (Mine clearance). ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A157 899

106 Johnson, John V., et al. Project Ostrich, A Feasibility Study: Detecting Buried Mines in Dry Soils Using Synthetic Aperture Radar. Technical Report, September 1990-May 1993. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Topographic Engineering Center, September 1993. 108p. ABSTRACT: Metallic and nonmetallic mines were utilized to construct a mine field in arid soil at Twenty-nine Palms, California to assess the extent to which long-wavelength radar could be used to detect buried mines by remote sensing. Surface and subsurface mines were placed in accordance with known enemy doctrine, and the site was imaged with X_J C_ and L-band radar from a Navy P-3 aircraft. This report describes the construction and physical characteristics of the test sites, and presents and discusses the results of imagery analysis. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A274 141

Johnston, J. M., et al. "Canine Detection Odor Signatures for Mine-Related Explosives." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 1, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 1), 1998, p. 490-501 ABSTRACT: Results are presented of research to determine the compounds dogs learn to use in recognizing explosives used in land mines. This is accomplished by training dogs under behavioral laboratory conditions to respond differentially on separate levers to (1) blank air, (2) a target odor such as an explosive, and (3) all other odors (nontarget odors). Vapor samples are generated by a serial dilution vapor generator whose operation and output is characterized by GC/MS. Once dogs learn this three-lever discrimination, testing sessions are conducted containing a number of probe trials in which vapor from constituent compounds is presented. Which lever the dogs respond to on these probe trials indicates whether they can smell the compound at all (blank lever) or whether it smells like the target odor (e.g., the explosive) or like something else. This method was conducted using TNT and C-4. The data show the dogs' reactions to each of the constituent compounds tested for each explosive. Analysis of these data reveals the canine detection odor signature for these explosives.

Kemp, Maryland D. Survey of Bioluminescence Research Pertinent to Explosives Detection. Technical report. June 1970-June 1975. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, November 1976. 66p. ABSTRACT:Bioluminescence has been offered as a means of detection for mines. In this instance, luminous microbiological specimens when exposed to explosives vapors characteristic of mines would change light levels, sometimes increasing light intensity and sometimes decreasing light intensity. The amount of change related to the concentration of the vapors present. This report presents a literature review of aspects of bioluminescence pertinent to explosives detection including the origins of the bioluminescent property, its generation, growth, and the effects of environmental parameters such as temperature, pressure, pH, and previous history. The structure of the bioluminescent species is discussed including the form contributory to the bioluminescent phenomenon; spectroscopic and chemical observations are included. An appendix detailing MERADCOM's efforts in bioluminescent detection is included which illustrates the sensitivity and specificity of the specific micro-organisms developed for TNT vapor detection. The responses to various chemicals both like and unlike TNT and ways and means of increasing the sensitivity and specificity were part of the MERADCOM efforts. The cost of the MERADCOM effort from 1970 to 1974 included. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A047 275

Kercel, SW., et al. "Investigation of Wavelet-Based Enhancements to Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Explosives Detectors." 14p. IN: Annual International Symposium on Aerospace/Defense Sensing, Simulation and Controls (12th), Orlando, FL (United States), 13-19 April 1998, Prepared in collaboration with Quantum Magnetics Inc., San Diego, CA. ABSTRACT: Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) is effective for the detection and identification of certain types of explosives such as RDX, PETN and TNT. In explosive detection, the NQR response of certain N-14 nuclei present in the crystalline material is probed. The N-14 nuclei possess a nuclear quadrupole moment which in the presence of an electric field gradient produces an energy level splitting which may be excited by radio-

107 frequency magnetic fields. Pulsing on the sample with a radio signal of the appropriate frequency produces a transient NQR response which may then be detected. The authors are using multiresolution methods to investigate the enhancement of operation of NQR explosives detectors used for land mine detection. For this application, NQR processing time must be reduced to less than one second. False alarm responses due to acoustic and piezoelectric ringing must be suppressed. Also, as TNT is the most prevalent explosive found in land mines, NQR detection of TNT must be made practical despite unfavorable relaxation tunes. All three issues require improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, and all would benefit from improved feature extraction. This paper reports some of the insights provided by multiresolution methods that can be used to obtain these improvements. It includes results of multiresolution analysis of experimentally observed NQR signatures for RDX responses and various false alarm signatures in the absence of explosive compounds. REPORT NUMBER: ORNL/CP-96389, CONF-980412 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE98-004124

Kerner, D., et al. Anti-Personnel Landmine (APL) Detection Technology Survey and Assessment. Alexandria, VA: DynMeridian, March 1999. 130p. ABSTRACT: A survey was made of technologies and systems available to detect anti- personnel landmines for the purpose of monitoring or verifying a potential treaty-based landmine ban. A literature search revealed that numerous devices and supporting research exist for the point-source detection of anti-personnel landmines (APL), but only a few systems were found to be under development that address the more rapid detection of multiple APL and entire minefields over a wide area. Given the potential treaty verification need to be able to detect and describe the boundaries of existing and new APL use, and a complementary technical requirement in humanitarian demining, an assessment was made of those technologies that might be applicable to the wide-area detection mission, followed by the identification and assessment of pertinent systems. This survey identified certain promising RDT&E efforts, but none currently appear to provide a complete or near-term solution to the wide-area detection of landmines and minefields. A combination of sensors through sensor fusion and data fusion may hold promise for minefield detection with a higher degree of confidence An investigation was also made of other technical disciplines not normally associated with landmine detection for the contribution they might make for the wide-area detection of landmines. None of the ten fields explored, however, offered any unique or more effective approaches or solutions to the mission. The study concludes with observations on the state of research and development in wide-area landmine detection and offers recommendations concerning the specification of technical requirements and for potential future initiatives in this field. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A365 599

Khanna, S. M., et al. A New Remote-Sensing Method for Mine Detection using HPM Irradiation and IR Detection. Ottawa, Ontario: Defence Research Establishment, December 1999, 31p. ABSTRACT: A remote-sensing method based on active high-power microwave (HPM) illumination and detection in the infrared (IR) region is described for the detection of shallow buried landmines. This method is based on different interactions of the incident HPM radiation with the mine and the surrounding soil which occur due to a difference in their complex dielectric constants. This leads to the development of a thermal signature of the mine at the soil surface that can be detected in the infrared region. The thermal signature which is observed initially in near real-time persists for several minutes following HPM illumination. It is primarily made up of two components. The first component appears on the soil surface in near real-time due to the interference of the incident HPM beam and the HPM beam reflected by the mine. A second signature is due to the absorption of microwave energy by the mine. This signature appears at the soil surface alter a brief time-delay from the start of HPM illumination. At any instant, the resultant thermal signature at the soil surface is the sum of the two time-dependent signatures. In this report we provide both laboratory and field trial results obtained using this method to detect metallic and non- metallic mine surrogates, dummy mines without explosives and live mines with explosives but without any fuse. REPORT NUMBER: DREO-TR-1999-132 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A372 852

108 Kieft, L. J., and D. L. Bowman. Sensitivity Evaluation of M15 and Analog Mines. Final report. October 1989-June 1990. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, September 1990. 27p. ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the explosive destruction or deactivation of land mines. Computer modeling was used extensively to calculate and predict mine initiation. In order to facilitate comparisons between modeling predictions and experimental data, mine analogs were made. These analogs were intended to represent actual mines in their sensitivity to initiation by explosive countermeasures. In reality, the analog mines were found to be somewhat more sensitive than had been predicted by computer modeling, and thus might not accurately represent the M15 mine. To determine the reasons for this discrepancy in sensitivity, four analog mines and one M15 mine were sawed open and their contents analyzed. It was found that there are definite physical differences between the analog mines and the M15 which could account for this sensitivity difference. The differences are metal thickness, void structure, interfacial voids, and variations except void structure were in the direction of causing an increase in sensitivity of the analog mines as compared with that of the M15 mine. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A226 489

Kimmitt, M.T. Rethinking FASCAM (Family of Scatterable Mines) Principles for the Use of Artillery Delivered Mines. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, 18 November 1988. 65p. ABSTRACT: This monograph addresses existing shortcomings in the principles for employment of scatterable and remotely delivered mines. Such mines, part of an overall revolution in the conduct of land mine warfare, are an integral component of the deep, close and rear battlefields. Yet, the doctrine and principles of these mines has not kept pace with the advances in land mine technology. One area in which this is abundantly clear is in the use of Field Artillery weapon systems to deliver scatterable mines. While the Field Artillery has made great advances in the development and integration of such systems as precision guided munitions and advanced artillery data technology, the RAAM (Remote Anti-Armor Mine) and ADAM (Area Denial Artillery Munition) systems lack adequate doctrine and principles to fully exploit their potential on the battlefield. In schoolhouse exercises, and FTX's worldwide, the lack of such doctrine is reflected in ad hoc, highly personal approaches to FASCAM (Family of Scatterable Mines) employment. While the lack of any wartime testing of these systems precludes definitive doctrine on the subject, most often these systems are employed without fully understanding their potential or shortcomings. The author argues for the development of thorough and consistent doctrine for the use of artillery scatterable mines. As one component in a 'Triad' of delivery systems, the artillery may be the most responsive and flexible leg of that triad, but it is also the most vulnerable. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A210 973

King, A. B. External Configuration of an Air Droppable Land Mine. El Segundo, CA: Douglas Aircraft, Co., January 1953. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 129 981

King, A. B. and L. E. Sattler. Wind Tunnel Tests on an Air Droppable Land Mine. El Segundo, CA: Douglas Aircraft, Co., January 1953. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 129 982

Klemencic, John V. United States Policy for Anti-Personnel Landmines. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army Warfare College, 12 January 1998. 39p. ABSTRACT: Every month, landmines around the world kill 800 people. An estimated 100 million active anti-personnel mines, left from past conflicts lie beneath the ground in at least 70 countries. The International Red Cross estimates that at the current pace of demining, it will cost $33 billion to rid the world of mines, but only if no more are added. Anti-personnel landmines (APL) are an indiscriminate weapon that kill or maim whoever triggers them; friend or foe, civilian or soldier. Over 90 nations have signed the Ottawa Treaty banning all anti- personnel landmines. The U.S. refuses to sign the treaty based on the belief that anti-

109 personnel landmines, of all types, are militarily significant weapons. Recent computer simulations, historical examples and comments by military professional suggest that anti- personnel landmines may not be as effective as the Department of Defense believes. ACCESSION NUMBER-A345: AD 447

Kolasinski, Eugenia M. The Psychological Effects of Anti-Personnel Landmines: A Standard to which Alternatives can be Compared. West Point, NY: Military Academy, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, April 1999. 67p. ABSTRACT: On September 17, 1997, President Clinton announced that, by the year 2003, the U.S. will no longer use anti-personnel landmines (APLs) outside of Korea and, within Korea, the goal is to have APL alternatives ready by 2006. It is desired that APL alternatives have the same psychological effects as APLs without the negative humanitarian aspects. However, in order to replicate the psychological effects of APLs, those effects must first be identified. This study sought to provide input regarding the effects of APLs on soldiers when they are used in military operations. A two- phased approach was employed. The first phase consisted of a review of the open literature to determine what research had already addressed this issue and what such research found. The second phase was an exploratory investigation into APL effects on individuals who had experience with them, primarily in a non- training situation. This study makes four primary conclusions regarding the psychological effects of APLs. Although not the focus of this study, the operational effects of APLs were also explored and there are five primary conclusions regarding the operational effects. Overall, this study offers five primary conclusions related to the development and evaluation of APL alternatives. Areas for future research are also suggested. ACCESSION NUMER: AD-A371 531

Korjack, T. A. Two-Dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (FD-TD) Model of Electromagnetic (EM) Scattering From a Buried Rectangular Object. Final report. June 1993-June 1994. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, February 1995. 36p. ABSTRACT: A two-dimensional transverse-magnetic (TM) electromagnetic (EM) scattering problem from buried dielectric objects due to a Gaussian pulse is numerically solved using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FD-TD) method with absorbing boundary conditions via Maxwell's equations. The scatterers are rectangular cross sections in a multilayer media; the Gaussian pulse is reflected into a lossy earth by a finite, 450 plate that is part of the detector that receives the EM signal. Spatial distributions of electric field components are calculated over time for single and multiple land scatterers (mines). The scattered fields gradually diminish with time and are then eventually dissipated. Carpet plots are illustrated to depict the spatial distributions of the scattered field component at comparative time steps for one, two, and three distinct scatterers or land mines within the lossy media. Results clearly illustrate the typical wave patterns expected under the simulated conditions as presented in this report - i.e., conductivity (s) for the air is 0, conductivity for the earth is 0.01, conductivity for the grass is 0.005, and conductivity for the mines are 0, 0.02, and 0.008; permeability values ranged from 1 for air, 9 for earth, 5.5 for grass, and 2.3, 5.6, and 23.0 for the mines, respectively. Numerical analysis indicates that the difference of scattered signals between single and multiple scatterers are considerably obvious from the point of view of both time domain and frequency domain. (AN). ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A293 685

Kovel, Steven and John Brand. Research Support for the Depth and Simultaneous Attack Battle Laboratory. Final report. January-December 1994. Adelphi, MD: Army Research Laboratory, January 1995. 68p. ABSTRACT: We performed an assessment of the 6.1/6.2 sensor technology programs that support four of the operational capability requirements (OCRs) related to real-time targeting, formulated by the Depth and Simultaneous Attack Battle Lab. The assessment focused on (1) how the research programs support the OCRs and (2) which research programs are required to support each OCR. Four programs were found to have the greatest potential for supporting the OCRs: Automatic Target Detection-Recognition- Identification, Radar Sensor and Signature Research, Smart Mines Sensor System, and Ultra-Wideband Foliage-Penetrating Synthetic Aperture Radar. These programs were selected based on the information generated

110 by these sensor technologies. In addition, we identified the need for realistic war game simulations that incorporate these sensor program concepts, in order to quantitatively evaluate the concepts. In assessing the support required by the OCRs, we found that automatic target recognition was least mature link, and we recommend that the greatest effort be in developing this technology. Finally, we found that the battlefield damage assessment OCR requires a clearer definition before a technology assessment can be performed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A289 874

Lastnik, Abraham L. A History of the Development of an Armor Ensemble for Mine Clearance Personnel. Technical report. Army Natick Laboratories, MA: Clothing and Personal Life Laboratory, October 1970. 40p. ABSTRACT:Mine clearance teams have always tried to adapt available armor clothing to their operations with varying degrees of success. The report is concerned with the history of the development of a full body coverage armor for mine clearance personnel to satisfy military requirements. Discussions are concerned with the hazards of mine clearance vulnerable body areas, operational concepts, design, protective characteristics and fabrication of the ensemble, and its evaluation. A summary of recent armor material developments and typical applications is included. These materials may be applied to any future concepts for full body armor. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 729 353

Lawson, A. and Yuji Morita. A Characterization of West German Terrain and Land Use in Connection with Minefield Detection. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Radar and Optics Division, August 1980. 49p. ABSTRACT:This report is intended to provide an overview of terrain and land use features in West Germany with the intent of generally delineating and characterizing in a gross sense areas which logically could be used for the emplacement of anti-vehicular minefields. The primary invasion routes from the east, the Northern German Plain, the Fulda Gap and the Hof-Nurnberg Corridor, are described and typical tank-trafficable areas suitable for minefield employment are selected. These typical areas are analyzed in terms of land use, vegetation, and surface geometry. This analysis is particularly oriented to the development of parameters useful in determining the detectability of minefields by remote sensor systems. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A092 681

Lee, KyuSang. Biomechanical Response of the Human Body Inside a Military Vehicle Exposed to Mine Explosion. Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1998. 57p. ABSTRACT: Biomechanical response of the human body inside a military vehicle exposed to AP mine explosion was studied using the finite element method. The main focus was placed on evaluation of the injury potential of the human body, particularly the brain, neck (cervical spine), and legs. Injury criteria used to evaluate the injury potential were HIC, IARV's, and some others. The military vehicle used in this research was M 1097A2, the basic model of HUMVEE. In addition to the evaluation of the injury potential, some design modifications to the present vehicle were considered in order to reduce the injury potential to the crew of the vehicle. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A359 627

Lehowicz, L. G., et al. Analysis of Scatterable Mine Doctrine. Study project. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 2 June 1983. 73p. ABSTRACT: This study summarizes the capabilities, strengths, and limitations of scatterable mine systems; analyzes the doctrine concerning scatterable mine battlefield employment, command, and control; establishes some proposed guidelines for the employment of scatterable mines in support of a main battle area defense against a Soviet/Warsaw Pact attack into Western Europe; and provides some broad conclusions on the integration of scatterable mines onto the modern battlefield. Scatterable mines offer the Army and Air Force a powerful means to counter the battlefield mobility of any potential armored or mechanized enemy. However, the maneuver doctrine described in the Airland Battle concept reinforces the requirement to preserve the full freedom of movement for friendly forces. A balance must be struck between these two competing demands. That balance can be attained by viewing

111 scatterable mines as several distinct munitions, which are emplaced by different delivery systems and have unique strengths and weakness. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A131 659

Lester, Craig. Protection of Light Skinned Vehicles Against Landmines - A Review. Canberra, Australia: Defence Science and Technology Organisation, June 1997. 33p. ABSTRACT:The Australian Army currently fields Landrover vehicles, Unimog troop transports and Mack trucks that do not include any form of armour protection, known generically as Class B' vehicles. This document is a review and summary of the state-of-the-art in protection of this family of vehicles against the threat from landmines. The approach taken has been to focus on the experience of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa, primarily during the Rhodesian Bush War of 1972-80. This has the advantages of extensive combat data, it is from a scenario similar to that which the Australian Army could experience during short warning conflict or UN missions, and vehicles common with the Australian fleet (Landrover, Unimog) were employed. Limited data is drawn from other sources where appropriate. depending on the degree of protection pursued. Body modification whereby a mine resistant hull is added to the chassis of existing vehicles. Though the cost of this measure is moderate for the level of protection attainable, some investment and plaruting would be necessary prior to field deployment. Monocoque construction in which a chassis-less mine resistant body is used to maximise blast dissipation and deflection - high to very high level protection is attainable. High volume production runs are necessary to offset manufacturing equipment costs if the monocoque is based on composite materials. REPORT NUMBER: DSTO-TR-0310 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A329 952

Lindsey, G. R. Battlefield of the 1990s. Memorandum report. Ottawa (Ontario): Operational Research and Analysis Establishment, December 1982. 19p. ABSTRACT: While the new weapons likely to appear on the battlefields of the 1990s will add formidable capabilities, some will be offset by direct countermeasures and others by the effects of properly integrated combined arms tactics. There will be important improvements to ground-based air defence weapons, to air-to-ground weapons, to anti-tank guided missiles, to land mines, and to anti-personnel weapons. Dominant features of the 1990s will be electronic warfare, fast movement, and the rapid expenditure of ammunition. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A126 587

Lockwood, G., et al. Mine Detection Using Backscattered X-Ray Imaging of Antitank and Antipersonnel Mines. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories. 1997. 11p. ABSTRACT: The use of backscattered X rays to image buried land mines and distinguish between surface and buried features has been well documented. Laboratory imaging experiments, being conducted at Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (SNL/NM), have been used to develop preliminary data acquisition hardware and software for an upcoming Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD). In addition image processing techniques, developed by the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Florida (UF), are utilized. Previous buried land mine imaging studies focused on antitank mines buried in screened sand and have included well defined surface features such as a broad or a small diameter rock. In the present study the authors have examined imaging under a variety of practical environmental conditions. They have successfully imaged antitank mines (ATM) buried in sand and rocky New Mexico (NM) soil. Images have been obtained for bare surfaces as well s for surfaces covered with limestone road coarse base (gravel), snow, water, and native grass. In addition, they have imaged buried ATM and surface antipersonnel (AP) mines covered with debris consisting of various size rocks, a log, and leaves such that no mine was visible to the eye. REPORT NUMBER: SAND-97-0703C, CONF-970465-5 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE97-004023

Llopis, J.L., et al. Site Characterization Investigations in Support of UXO Technology Demonstrations, Jefferson Proving Ground, Indiana. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Geotechnical Laboratory, September 1998. 323p. ABSTRACT: Geological, geophysical, environmental, and geotechnical investigations were

112 performed to characterize three unexploded ordnance (UXO) test sites at Jefferson Proving Ground (JPG), Indiana. The purpose of the characterization is to support: (I) Phase IV demonstrator planning and results assessment; (2) Additional assessments of Phase I-III; (3) Future use of JPG sites; and (4) Comparisons of the JPG sites with other UXO and landmine test and cleanup sites. Some observations made as a result of the investigations are outlined below. Soil samples collected from the three sites are classified, according to the Unified Classification System (USCS), chiefly as CH or CL and are generally characterized as clays, sandy clays, or silty clays. In the USCS, soil particles passing the No.200 sieve are considered silt or clay. X-ray diffraction analysis indicate that these soils contain little or no clay minerals and consist chiefly of very fine-grained (silt or clay-sized) silica particles. Relative dielectric permitivitties values generally range between l0- 25 and were determined in the field and in the laboratory. Test results also indicate that the soils highly attenuate the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The depth of investigation for ground penetrating radar at the sites is limited to approximately 3.5 m. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A354 119

Lucey, Paul G., et al. "AHI - An Airborne Long Wave Infrared Hyperspectral Imager." IN: Airborne Reconnaissance XXII; Proceedings of the Conference, San Diego, CA, July 21, 22, 1998, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3431), 1998, p. 36-43 ABSTRACT: The AHI (Airborne Hyperspectral Imager) system was designed to detect the presence of buried land mines from the air through detection of a LWIR observable associated with mine installation. The system is a helicopter-borne LWIR hyperspectral imager with real time on-board radiometric calibration and mine detection. It collects hyperspectral imagery from 7.5 to 11.5 microns in either 256 or 32 spectral bands. At all wavelengths the AHI noise equivalent delta temperature is less than 0.1 K at 300 K, and the noise equivalent spectral radiance is less than 0.02 W/sq m sr micron.

Ludien, J. R. and C. A. Miller. A Study of Impact and Penetration of the Gator Mine in Earth Materials. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, March 1975. 71p. ABSTRACT: This report presents the results of a study of the penetration characteristics of an air-delivered, antitank/antivehicle and antipersonnel mine (Gator mine system) as related to variations in mine impact velocity and attitude and changes in soil strength conditions and vegetation. A theoretical study, a field study, and a mapping study were pursued to estimate worldwide mine penetration performance. The theoretical results are presented in terms of relations of impact velocity (specific velocity ranges) versus maximum depth of penetration and maximum deceleration for various terrain materials. The field study was conducted using an air gun, and the results are presented in terms of relations of impact velocity, depth of penetration, impact angle, impact attitude, and terrain material strength characteristics. In the mapping study the results of the theoretical and field studies were used to estimate the probability of successful emplacement (i. e., in a position suitable for activation) of the mines in any region of the world. The results obtained from the theoretical study show that, for the normal range of impact velocity, penetration is excessive in clay and sandy clay soils, intermediate in sands, and acceptable in frozen ground and rock. The results obtained from the field study showed that penetration was excessive in lean and fat clay soils when the mine impact angle was 90 degrees. Penetration performance becomes more satisfactory as the impact angle decreases. The results of the mapping study show that a large portion of the world has surface soils too soft to allow acceptable emplacement when the impact angle is 90 degrees. Reducing this angle to 45 degrees will allow acceptable emplacement in many regions. REPORT NUMBER: WES-MP-M-76-15 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-B012 007 [approved for public release]

Lunardini, Virgil. Mine/Countermine Problems During Winter Warfare. Final report. Hanover, NH: cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, September 1981. 53p. ABSTRACT:The possibility of modern warfare being waged under cold weather conditions has raised questions about the effectiveness of conventional and new mine systems during the winter. A workshop on mine/countermine winter warfare was held at the U.S. Army Cold

113 Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 21-23 October 1980, to define problems related to cold climates. The designer, developer and user communities sent 22 representatives from 16 organizations outside of CRREL. Discussion papers were prepared by four groups, covering emplacement of mines, mine performance, detection of mines, and neutralization of mines. The emphasis was on the unique problems of the winter environment. It appears that the U.S. has the capability to conduct defensive warfare during the summer but is not adequately prepared for mine/countermine winter warfare. Test and research programs are called for to compensate for the prior lack of consideration of the winter environment, to adequately winterize new mine/countermine systems, and to formulate appropriate doctrine for defensive winter warfare. REPORT NUMBER: CRREL-SR-81-20 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A107 047

Lute, A. and N. Scors. Demilitarization Plan for Non Self-Destruct and Self-Destruct Antipersonnel Land Mines. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, August 1998. 47p. ABSTRACT: The United States goal is to have all non self-destruct land mines demilitarized by 31 December 1999. To support this goal, this report provides recommendations for demilitarizing these mines as well as self-destructing land mines. Although the use of open buminglopen detonation (OBIOD) is the primary method for destroying obsolete munitions because of its simplicity and low cost, increasing environmental regulations are expected to severely limit, if not eliminate the use of OBIOD in the near future. For this reason, OBIOD was not considered in this plan as a demilitarization method. The demilitarization methods and technologies that are addressed in this plan have either been developed by the Armament Systems Process Division of the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center under the direction of the U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center, or are based on existing methods used for other items. All methods that are presented in this plan allow for the recovery of materials, with the degree of recovery tied to the activities and economics of the demilitarization method. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A353809

Maes, Reed. Test Array Number 1 for Mine Detection Experiments. Technical report. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, January 1980. 89p. ABSTRACT:To provide for the conduct of remote mine detection tests, a test array was established on a twenty-acre site in Washtenaw County, MI approximately one mile west of Ann Arbor Airport. The topography, soil, and vegetation of the site is representative of the North German Plain. The total area, roughly 200 m by 400 m, was divided into 16 rectangular areas or elements, each 50 m by 100 m in size. Each of the elements was used for installation of dummy mines, either surface or buried, in specific configurations, for the location of various ancillary military items, as an undisturbed control area, or for the location of special instrumentation or calibration units. Configurations of each element are documented, and data are presented on test site vegetation, soil conditions, and soil moisture content, also on meteorological conditions during periods when overflights were made for mine detection tests of various sensors. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A086 142

Magg, M. and J. Nitsch. "Mine Detection with Microwaves." IN: Advanced Pattern Recognition Techniques. 1998. 12p. ABSTRACT: Location and identification of buried landmines is a real challenge for sensor technology and target identification algorithms. We analyze the performance of a bistatic microwave imaging system with a focused synthetic aperture. If the soil is homogeneous and dry with a very smooth surface it will be possible to identify even plastic mines under a 10 cm overburden. However, under a rough surface or in wet soil even a relatively big metallic anti- tank mine could be missed, since the signal to clutter ratio gets quite poor under these circumstances. ACCESSION NUMBER: N99-11033

Magner, George J. Detection and Avoidance of Mines and Boobytraps in South Vietnam. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Organization, June 1968. 87p.

114 ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A951 572

Mahoney, Daniel P., III. Goalie Without a Mask? The Effect of the Anti-Personnel Land Mine Ban on US Army Countermobility Operations. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, December 1996. 57p. ABSTRACT:This monograph examines whether the United States’ unilateral ban on conventional anti-personnel mines will significantly impair the effectiveness of US Army countermobility operation. Land mines and mine warfare play critical roles in US countermobility doctrine, and the loss of one entire category of mines could constrain the Army's ability to successfully perform countermobility missions. The prospect of such failure is alarming since successful mine warfare has often been the difference between life and death for hard pressed defenders. This monograph attempts to anticipate both the nature and severity of such consequences. The monograph begins by exploring the origins and nature of the anti-personnel mine ban. It does this by tracing the history of mines and mine warfare, and the global problems that this history has created. Next, the paper covers the current US inventory of anti-personnel mines to determine which mines (and capabilities) the ban eliminates. The monograph then examines the tasks that land mines serve under countermobility doctrine. This section is particularly important since it introduces the concepts that the paper later uses in the analysis. The monograph completes its fact gathering focus with a treatment of the countermine measures available to modem armies. Once the background knowledge set is complete, the monograph turns to analyzing the ban’s effects. The monograph's analysis portion begins with a brief discussion of the Second Battle of El Alamein. The monograph uses this action as its historical laboratory because land mines played a central role in the battle, but very few of the mines (only three percent) were of the anti-personnel variety. For this (and other) reasons therefore, Alamein approximates battle under the ban. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A324 323

Maxey, Jeffery L., et al. Investigations of the Human Factors Involved in Mine Detection in Varying Operational Environments. Technical report. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Organization, August 1974. 102p. ABSTRACT:The report summarizes findings from the four research tasks comprising Project IDENTIFY for FY 74. During FY 73 research into the identification of the individual differences involved in mine detection produced a body of human factors data relevant to the mine detection problem. A major purpose of the FY 74 research was to continue gathering and analyzing human factors data in the area of unaided mine detection. This research was designed not only to gather additional human factors data for an unpopulated field environment, but also to gather it for a built-up area environment. In addition, it was designed to identify the human factors involved in vehicular operations, both along an established road and in a cross-country setting. REPORT NUMBER: HumRRO-TR-74-18 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 784 201

Maxey, Jeffery L. and George J. Magner. A Study of Factors Affecting Mine and Boobytrap Detection: Subject Variables and Operational Considerations. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization, June 1973. 54p. ABSTRACT:Antipersonnel weapons, Military tactics, Detection, Performance (Human), Military training, Dogs, Methodology Tests were administered to and interviews conducted with military personnel identified as expert mine and boobytrap detectors, in exploratory research designed to develop methodology for identifying the characteristics of and describing the techniques used by such personnel. Only two of the psychological, ability, aptitude, and interest variables studied were significantly related to rated expertise in detection, so these variables may not play an important role in detection performance. None of the background information variables had any apparent relationship to expertise. Identifying highly proficient detectors on the basis of non-experiential variables is not likely to be successful, but it may be possible to identify these individuals on the basis of experience- oriented data.

115 REPORT NUMBER:HumRRO-TR-73-12 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 769 635

May, James G. New Technology Required to Implement U.S. Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, March 1998. 36p. ABSTRACT: Current U.S. APL policy seeks to accomplish three major objectives. First, it seeks to ensure that American military personnel will have the tools they need to accomplish their global responsibilities. Second, it seeks to ensure that U.S. APL do not cause unintended casualties. It also expands the U. S. role in reducing casualties by non-U.S. landmines. Third, it seeks a responsible treaty to ban APL without unduly compromising military concerns. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how the development and application of improved mine, countermine, and demining technology could facilitate, significantly in some cases, the three major APL policy objectives of the United States. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A342 303

Mays, E. J and F. A. Reid. Shepherd Rotary Vehicle: Multivariate Motion Control and Planning. Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1997. 305p. ABSTRACT: Millions of acres of the U.S. formerly used defense sites (FUDS) are contaminated with unexploded ordnance (UXO) as a result of past military use. This thesis shows that through robotics technology (e.g., Shepherd rotary vehicle with three degrees of freedom) and the use of advanced computer technology it is possible to make clearing tasks safer, more cost effective, and more efficient. An over arching hardware and software architecture was developed for Shepherd (including a self-contained on board computer system). The software system was developed for timer control, motion control, user interface, and an operating kernel. The hardware and software organization, structure, and interaction provide the framework for real-time control. This research included the use of encoders, digital boards, and a counter board; required the handling of interrupts, electric motor manipulation by servomotor controllers, and communication using RS232 and VMEbus technology. The kinematics algorithms and a real-time operating kernel were implemented using the C language. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A340 478

McClure, M., P. Bharadwaj and L. Carin. "Multiresolution Signature-Based SAR Target Detection." IN: Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery V; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, April 14-17, 1998, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3370), 1998, p. 318-329. ABSTRACT: A full-wave electromagnetic scattering model is utilized to effect a land-mine detector via a multiresolution template-matching-like algorithm. Detection is performed on fully polarimetric ultrawideband (50-1200 MHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Multiresolution template matching is effected via the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) of the SAR imagery and the parametric target signatures(templates). Detector results are presented in the form of receiver operating characteristics (ROCs).

McFee, John, et al. "A Multisensor, Vehicle-Mounted, Teleoperated Mine Detector With Data Fusion." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 1082-1093. ABSTRACT: The Improved Landmine Detector Project (ILDP) was initiated in autumn 1994 to develop a prototype teleoperated vehicle mounted mine detector for low metal content and nonmetallic mines to meet the Canadian requirements for rear area mine clearance in combat situations and peacekeeping on roads and tracks. The ILDP system consists of a unique teleoperated vehicle carrying a forward looking IR imager, a 3-m-wide down-looking highly sensitive EM induction detector and a 3-m-wide down-looking ground probing radar, which all scan the ground in front of the vehicle. Scanning sensor information is combined using a suite of navigation sensors and custom designed navigation, spatial correspondence, and data fusion algorithms. Suspect targets are then confirmed by a thermal neutron analysis detector. A key element to the success of the system is the combination of sensor information. This

116 requires coordinated communication between the sensors and navigation system and well designed sensor co-registration, spatial correspondence and data fusion methodologies. These complex tasks are discussed in detail. Results of system performance during extensive field trials are presented.

McIntosh, A. C., Jr. MIL-STD-1660 Test of XM87 and XM8 Volcano Mine Pallet. Savanna, IL: Army Defense Ammunition Center and School, Evaluation Div., March 1987. 20p. ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School (USADACS), Evaluation Division (SMCAC-DEV, has been tasked by the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (SMCAR-AEP), Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, to design, fabricated, and test a metal pallet for the PA113 Volcano Mine Cannister. This engineering report contains the results of the MIL-STD-1660 pallet testing sequence of the palletized PA113 Volcano Mine Cannister. As a result of these tests, recommendations to strengthen the pallet and modify the PA113 bundling procedure evolved. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A207 182

Mei, K. K. Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Partially-Buried Metallic and Dielectric Objects. Final report. Berkeley, CA: California University, Berkeley, Electronics Research Laboratory, March 1984. 20p. ABSTRACT: The objective of this research is to study the feasibility of computing electromagnetic wave scattering by objects which are buried or partially buried in a lossy ground. The datas obtained through computer solutions of the related Maxwell's Equations can be applied to detection of plastic land mines, tunnels and natural resources. The method used in this investigation is based on the Unimoment method, a unique hybrid of analytical and numerical methods. The extension of the method to include lossy ground half-space was made possible by the development of special eigenfunctions which include the continuity of the air-ground interface. Results were obtained for scattering by buried body of revolution, buried body of revolution with arbitrary orientation and two-body scattering. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A140 109

Mei, K. K., and T. M. Kvam. Numerical Parametric Study of Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Buried Dielectric Land Mines. Final report. Berkeley, CA: Geo Electromagnetics, Inc., 1983. 95p. ABSTRACT: The unimoment method is applied to solve the electromagnetic scattering by a buried dielectric finite cylinder simulating a land mine. Computed results are reported at frequencies from 400 MHz to 1400 MHz at 100 MHz intervals. The dielectric constants of the ground are considered to be dispersive which simulates soil with 5%, 10% and 20% water content. Results are computed for the scattered electric and magnetic fields which are presented in terms of the cylindrical components of E and noH at a distance of 1 in. to 4 in. above the ground at 1 in. intervals. The numerical results are computed along the positive x- axis for each azimuthal mode. The fields at points on the positive x-axis may be obtained by summing the modal fields directly. Fields at points other than the positive x-axis may be obtained by summing the modal fields multiplied by the proper azimuthal function. Sample results are given in the report and the complete data are stored on magnetic tape. This report include documentation for the tapes. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A124 980

Mei, K. K., W. C. Kuo and S. K. Chang. Scattering by Buried Obstacles. Final report. 20 April 1971-31 July 1974. Berkeley, CA: California University, Berkeley Electronics Research Laboratory, November 1974. 119p. ABSTRACT:The purpose of this investigation is to find theoretical solutions to scattering of electromagnetic fields by buried obstacles. The first part of the investigation is primarily concerned with the source problem of the scattering phenomena. It enables us to find the near fields of an antenna above a lossy ground and the near fields penetration into the ground, which are the primary fields to be scattered by the obstacles. In order to study that problem the Sommerfeld's integrals are extensively studied. The second part of the investigation involves some practical application of the results of the first part which have direct bearing on the 'detectability' of buried obstacles. The third part of the investigation contains the preliminary work of scattering by buried dielectric obstacles. Since the final

117 objective of this research is the detection of buried dielectric bodies, the technique of computing dielectric scattering is of primary importance. The application of the 'Uni-moment method' to 2-dimensional scattering problems is presented. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A005 237

Messinger, Martin. Mixed Minefield Modeling. Dover, NJ: Picatinny Arsenal, 1973. 17p. [This article is from ‘Proceedings of the Annual U.S. Army Operations Research Symposium (12th), 2-5 October 1973. Volume I,’ AD-A125 989.] ABSTRACT: The purpose of this section is to present a model for analyzing the effectiveness of mine clearing plows mounted in front of the tracks of a tank in a AM minefield. The plow's function is to sweep AM mines away from the path of the tank's tracks thereby preventing a track - AM mine contact, thus increasing the tank's survivability. The minefield to be considered consists of a mixture of AM munitions with three different types of fuzes; anti- handling (AH), pressure (PR), long impulse (LI). AH munitions will almost certainly be detonated upon contact with the plow whereas PR and LI munitions will usually be pushed aside without detonation. A major purpose of employing AH munitions in the minefield is to countermeasure plows.

Metz, C. D., et al. Recent Developments in Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicles. San Diego, CA: Naval Command Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division, June 1993. 9p. [In Proceedings AUVS-92, 19th Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 22 June 1992.] ABSTRACT: Unmanned ground vehicles have long been envisioned in battlefield support roles involving reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisitions and NBC and mine detection. Appropriate utilization of robotic vehicles for these tasks can be an effective force multiplier and an enhancement to soldier survivability. Over the past six years there has been substantial progress in the development of prototype unmanned ground vehicles for use by the Army and the Marine Corps. This paper looks at several versions of tactical unmanned ground vehicles and discusses technical issues with respect to remote platforms, mission modules and control units. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A266 171

Mine Detectors. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, July 1971. 19p. ABSTRACT:Methods and techniques are described for evaluating the performance and characteristics of mine detectors, and for determining their suitability for service use by the U. S. Army. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 729 633

Minefield Clearance.Washington, DC: Reed Research, Inc., June 1953. ABSTRACT:Discussions are presented of the following methods for emplacing charges for clearing mine fields: (1) propulsion from 10 guns or throwing devices: (2) propulsion from a single throwing device; (3) vertical emplacement of individual charges from a projecting boom; (4) vertical emplacement from a reciprocating beam; (5) positive transverse spacing of charges; (6) charges mechanically positioned and held during detonation; and (7) simulataneous detonation of a blanket of physically connected charges. The evaluation of the methods is to include the consideration of accuracy and speed of emplacement, vulnerability to mine explosion and enemy fire, reliability simplicity, and time required for reloading. (See also AD- 012 601) ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 015 577

Mines and Demolitions. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, 29 April 1983. 24p. [Supersedes report dated 22 April 74, AD-A031 850.] ABSTRACT: Provides tests for evaluating the performance characteristics of mines and demolitions. Describes safety evaluation, supplementary environmental and shock tests, and tests for weathering, fuze functioning, mine/fuze compatibility, effectiveness, bullet impact, blast sensitivity, sympathetic detonation, and parachute delivery. Discusses reliability, human factors and maintenance evaluations. Describes equipment and technique for determining

118 burst height of bounding mines. Tabulates mine types and applications and physical characteristics of explosives. Not applicable to chemical mines. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A127 777

Mitchell, Daniel S. Selection of Dogs for Land Mine and Booby Trap Detection Training. Volume I. Final technical report. San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, September 1976. 61p. [see also volume 2, AD-A031 981] ABSTRACT:It is imperative that all dogs considered for enrollment in a land mine/booby trap detection training program be submitted to a thorough screening process prior to acceptance. Only those animals which meet the criteria herein specified are selected for formal training. Numerous physical and behavioral dimensions must be weighed during the course of selection, and, unfortunately, many aspects of the decision-making process remain largely subjective in nature. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A031 980

______. Training and Employment of Land Mine and Booby Trap Detector Dogs. Volume II. Final technical report. San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, September 1976. 247p. [see also volume 3, AD-A031 982] ABSTRACT:The present document is intended as a procedures manual and reference text to be used during the training of initially naive canines for land mine and booby trap detection service. No directly related experience on the part of the handler/trainer personnel is assumed. Each successive phase of training is treated in detail, and all specialized training aids and facilities are described and/or illustrated. Commonly encountered training difficulties are discussed and appropriate solutions indicated. Techniques of service deployment are described in the concluding chapter. Chapter II presents a discussion of those concepts of operant and classical conditioning which are relevant to land mine and explosive booby trap detection training and has been included to provide handler/trainer personnel with a basic knowledge of the underlying behavioral principles. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A031 981

______. User's Guide: Land Mine and Booby Trap Detector Dogs. Volume III. Final technical report. San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, September 1976. 61p. [see also volume 1, AD-A031 980] ABSTRACT:While the capabilities of land mine/booby trap canines have been well documented, several years of carefully-controlled studies have shown that the successful utilization of such animals requires a knowledgeable, dedicated handler with proper training and experience. This manual is intended as a field guide for use by personnel who meet these qualifications. Its purpose is to provide a 'field-portable' summary of the important procedures and considerations involved in the deployment of land mine/booby trap detector dogs. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A031 982

Mitchell, Robert, et al. "New Sensors and Sensor Fusion for a Ground-Based Land Mine Detection System." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 1094-1102. ABSTRACT: The complexity of the detection and discrimination problem for land mines requires that multiple sensors and algorithms be employed. We have been attempting to develop a range of new sensors and sensor combinations that will contribute to the solution to this problem. The sensors discussed in this paper include heated waterjets combined with IR images, noncontact acoustic focusing, and the detection of EM emissions from smart land mines.

Moler, Robert B. Nuclear and Atomic Methods of Mine Detection. Technical report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research Development and Engineering Center, 1 November 1991. 40p. ABSTRACT: This report summarizes the results of a project to provide technical review and analysis, developmental assessments, and studies of current and new technology applicable

119 to the detection of landmines using nuclear and atomic techniques. Additionally, technical support for new research initiatives was provided in the form of independent analytical studies that sought to verify expectations and predictions for a range of techniques, including neutron capture, gamma ray induced reactions on nitrogen (an important element in military explosives), neutron elastic and inelastic scatter, gamma ray nuclear resonance scattering on nitrogen, x-ray backscatter imaging, dual energy x-ray Compton scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. For relatively mature technologies such as x-ray backscatter imaging, thermal neutron capture, and the reaction of nitrogen with 13.6 MeV gamma-rays, plans for laboratory testing were reviewed and plans for field tests were developed. The project had its principal focus on x-ray backscatter imaging, particularly the optimization of the technique, the development of appropriate x ray sources capable of scanning a 3 meter wide search path, and the development of detectors and collimators capable of withstanding the field environment. A unique type of x ray generator was proposed that could meet the scan rate requirements. It consisted of a single 3 m long cylindrical anode with 150 grid controlled cathodes. The technical specification of this tube were developed. A laboratory demonstration of the feasibility of this concept was carried out by an associate contractor. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A243 332

______. Workshop Report: Nuclear Techniques for Mine Detection Research, July 22- 25, 1985, Lake Luzerne, New York. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research and Development Center, July 1985. 74p. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this workshop was to investigate the use of ionizing radiation techniques for detecting land mines and, in particular, to identify technological advancements that would alter the assessment of the prior workshop held on March 1973. Although emphasis was placed on application of developed or emerging technology to the problem of the detection of buried land mines, detection of concealed explosives in the context of security was also considered. Automatic detection of explosives in luggage and hand-carried items received the greatest attention. Lesser attention was given to detecting explosives concealed within a building's structure. Three particular explosives detection scenarios were considered, and the requirements for each were explicitly discussed by panel members. The first of these, the detection of buried, nonmetallic, anti-vehicular mines, was the area of greatest concern and was given the greatest emphasis by the panel. The other two, detection of anti-personnel mines and detection of explosives in luggage and packages, were considered in less detail. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A167 968

Morgan, M. A. Scattering of Radar Waves by Mine Fields. Final report. Berkeley, CA: Geo Electromagnetics, Inc., 1980. 65p. ABSTRACT: Radar scattering by an array of surface land mines is studied. The array is considered to be a random perturbation of a uniform array. The analytical evaluation of the expectation is performed for this problem under specified, but realistic, assumptions. The analytic expression for the expectation contains coherent and incoherent array factors, each of which are summations of terms that are weighted by the effect of the antenna pattern. By curve fitting the antenna gain pattern with exponential functions in elevation and azimuth the resultant series are summable. The resultant expression for normalized signal to clutter ratio displays the coherent contributions from the radar system parameters (such as, beamwidths, frequencies, depression angle and pulse width) in conjunction with the randomness of mine placement and the clutter distribution. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A129 693

Morien, Steven B. The Operational Effects of Mine Warfare. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 5 February 1999 28p. ABSTRACT:This paper demonstrates that naval mines are a threat to the operational commander and that there are actions he can take to reduce the operational effects of mine warfare. The first section demonstrates that mine warfare is a pertinent problem for the operational commander by examining three principle relationships. It examines the history of mine warfare from an operational perspective, warfare in the context of operational art and mine warfare in the context of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps service visions. The second part of the paper explores the Mine Countermeasures (MCM) concept of operations,

120 the difficulties countering the mine problem with recommendations to minimize the operational effects and lastly, the future of mine warfare in the context of "Joint Vision 2010" and beyond. This paper shows that the operational commander can minimize the operational effects of mine warfare by preventing mining, maintaining surveillance, minimizing maneuver space requirements, requesting MCM forces early in crisis, using creative schemes of maneuver and exploiting the miner's resource and environmental limitations. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A363 227

Morita, Allen M. Land Mine Detection System. Final report. 1 April 1972-15 February 1973. Redondo Beach, CA: TRW Systems Group, February 1973. 82p. ABSTRACT:The objective of this contract was to determine the feasibility of using acoustic waves for the detection of metallic and nonmetallic land mines. It was found that a 3 KHz pulse burst could detect all of the simulated mines at burial depths exceeding 12 inches. The mine reflected signals exhibited a signature significantly different from those obtained with no mine present and with small soil inhomogeneities present. Rock reflected signals generally exhibited irregular axes of reflection. Mine reflected acoustic signals can be detected and imaged from both nonmetallic and metallic mines at the burial depths most likely occurring in a field situation. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- A908 713

Morita, Y., et al. Identification and Screening of Remote Mine Detection Techniques. Technical report. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, June 1979. 103p. ABSTRACT:This report documents the technical effort and results achieved for the task of identification and screening of promising remote sensing systems and other methods of detecting and identifying mines, minefields, minelaying equipment or minelaying operations and recommends continuing effort on the most promising methods. Systems considered under this task include systems presently in use, systems on which research and development is currently being conducted, and systems with potential for future development. Emphasis in the study was placed on detecting surface-laid minefields in the European theater with short detection reaction times. Continued effort is recommended on aerial photography, with particular attention paid to rapid processing and delivery of imagery to the local commander. Field tests of the Spotlight radar, being conducted under another task of this project, may give quantitative information of its mine detection capability, on the basis of which further effort on this type of radar can be planned. Of the electro-optical scanners, the active scanner most nearly approaches a 24-hour data collection capability, with multispectral scanners and passive infrared scanners having more restricted capability. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A086 944

Morita, Yuji and Henry McKenney. An Assessment of Technical Factors Influencing the Potential Use of RPVs for Minefield Detection. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Radar and Optics Division, July 1980. 65p ABSTRACT:An assessment is made of the use of television and FLIR sensors carried on RPVs as remote minefield detection systems, based on four major scenarios for Soviet mine warfare operations involving the use of TM-46 metallic and PM-60 plastic anti-vehicular mines. The RPV system minefield detection capability, response time and search rate are functions of the sensor resolution, field of view and sensitivity capabilities; the obscuration due to vegetation, atmospheric attenuation, terrain and weather; the radiance contrast existing between mines and background; the airborne platform characteristics; data link characteristics; the man/machine interface; and command, control and communication system characteristics. These factors are considered in this study to initially define the minefield detection capability of currently planned RPVs, to indicate areas where additional data is needed to provide a better definition of RPV minefield detection capabilities and to indicate parameters for an improved next generation sensor system. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A092 682

Morris, Bruce L. Evaluation of Nonexpendable Mine Clearing Roller Wheels Under Blast Attack. Final report. October 1970-January 1971. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility equipment Research and Development Center, April 1971. 64p.

121 ABSTRACT:The project experimentally evaluated configurations and materials for mine clearing roller wheels required to withstand the effects of three detonations of 30 pounds of explosives each. The tests were conducted using one-fourth geometric scale-model wheels and suitably scaled explosive charges. 4340, T-1, HY-100, and 4330 steels were tested in a flat-rimmed and two curved-rim wheel configurations, and the impulse imparted to these wheels was experimentally determined. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 728 158

Muschek, Richard C. Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties and Effectiveness of Countermine Boots. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, March 1998. 111p. ABSTRACT: The first goal of this project was to determine the mechanical properties of countermine boots and protective overboots that are currently available to U.S. soldiers. The second goal of this project was to conduct a qualitative analysis to determine the effectiveness of the boots. This was done by determining their ability to dissipate a blast force equivalent to a typical anti-personnel landmine. This was followed by a parametric study which involved altering the component materials in an effort to determine if the effectiveness of the boots varied as the materials changed. The soles of both boots were made from identical materials. All the materials used in the boots soles were tested to determine their mechanical material properties using an Instron uniaxial testing machine. All testing was conducted on multiple specimens to verify repeatability. The material data was tabulated and the stress-strain curves are included in this report. A finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the countermine boot based upon accepted tolerance levels of the lower bones of the body. Next, the materials and their dimensions were modified in the finite element model to determine how these modifications would impact the boots' effectiveness. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A344 926

122 Home » Library Home » Research Tools » Bibliographies » LandMines

Land Mines and Demining: Docs, Theses, Tech Repts N-Z Documents, Theses, and Technical Reports N-Z

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports which have been issued with distribution limitations (e.g., DOD only or FOUO), due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution reference only. Abstracts were taken from the DTIC [Defense Technical Information Center] and NTIS [National Technical Information Service] databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the authors of this bibliography.

Needham, Charles E. and Joseph E. Crepeau. Calculational Investigation for Mine- Clearance Experiments. Final report. Albuquerque, NM: Systems Science and Software, Inc., August 1981. 70p. ABSTRACT:The detonation of military line charges is being considered as a means to clear battlefields of implanted pressure-sensitive antitank mines. Such charges have an undesirable characteristic, however, in that, for distances less than about 1 m from the line charge, phase duration of the positive overpressure is too short to detonate the mines. This region in which mine clearance may not occur is called the skip zone.... Line-Charge Effects, Mine Clearance, Skip Zone, Airblast, Hydrodynamic Computer Calculations, High Explosive Experiments, Line Charge Experiments, Line-Charge Calculations, and Charge Configuration Improvement. REPORT NUMBER: SSS-R-81-5149 ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A259 255

Nelson, John D. Clearing the Paths to Peace: Humanitarian Demining in Peace Operations. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, December 1996. 60p. ABSTRACT:This monograph discusses the necessity for conducting humanitarian demining during the initial stages of a peace operation in a region contaminated with landmines. The removal of landmines will be an essential task as part of a peace operation in order to return a region to peace and stability. This monograph explores how landmines affect all aspects life within a region and demonstrates that for a peace operation to be successful removal of mines must be planned for early. The monograph first examines the nature of the mine threat in regions that have emerged from conflict, and how the landmine has affected the economic life, repatriation of refugees, protection of humanitarian aid, and protection of peace forces. Next, the doctrine of peace operations was examined in light of this landmine threat. From this an essential task early in peace operations was determined to be demining. Next, landmine removal policy and doctrine, for the U.S. military, and U.S. Army specifically, was examined. A possible demining doctrine for U.S. Forces was proposed as a result of this examination. The role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Private Volunteer Organizations (PVOs) involved in demining was explored. Finally, a case study was examined from Somalia. The criteria that was used to examine the case was that developed in the previous sections. Somalia demonstrated that peace operations, conducted in a region contaminated with landmines, will have to remove landmines as an essential task to ensure the success in the early stages. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A324 396

______. Ending the Legacy of War: Long-Term Solutions to Humanitarian Demining in Peace Operations. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 1997. 57p. ABSTRACT:This monograph discusses the importance of planning for long-term demining in the early stages of a peace operation. Planning and coordinating for the long-term demining of a nation emerging from conflict will be critical to the success of the rebirth of that society

123 economically, politically, socially, and psychologically. Unless there is a long-term self- sustaining solution to deal with the legacy of war, the landmine, all efforts involved with redevelopment may be wasted. The monograph explores how landmines present a complex multi-faceted problem to the nation emerging from conflict. The landmine will effect the redevelopment of the nation economically. This will be especially true for nations that have agrarian based economies. The landmine will affect the psychosocial healing of a nation, meaning that for a nation to heal itself psychologically from war the threat to personal security must be removed. As long as landmines remain under the lands of a nation rebuilding a shattered society cannot fully take place. United States and United Nations policy concerning humanitarian demining was examined. The United States to provide assistance to nations involved in demining their nations. The nation must be willing to help itself and must accept United States assistance. The United Nations policy regarding humanitarian demining has been to include this as a task in the mandate of the peacekeeping forces. However, the United Nations does not have policy in place to ensure the success of long-term demining. The requirements to secure international resources, both financial and technical was developed. Many International Organizations will be involved in raising capital to demine a nation, to include the World Bank. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A331 393

Nikolaidis, Dimitrios. Detection of Mines Using Hyperspectral Analysis. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1996. 63p. ABSTRACT:This study focuses on the development of computer algorithms that can be used for automatic mine detection using hyperspectral imagery. These algorithms perform a pixel- by-pixel comparison of the scene spectra with the spectrum of a mine. The goal is to assign to every pixel a scale factor which gives the relative probability of finding a mine. Algorithms were tested on simulated data taken from the NPS Middle Ultraviolet Spectrograph (MUSTANG). Three computer methods are tested and relative results were compared. This analysis suggests that the potential exists to use these methods in military applications. The ability to identify features in an image based solely on their spectral signature provides a new dimension to imagery interpretation. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A311 744

Nolan, R. V. and D. L. Gravitte. Mine-Detecting Canines. Summary report. 1975-1976. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility equipment Research and Development Command, September 1977. 83p. ABSTRACT:This report describes the rationale, protocol, and results of a series of four field tests designed to determine the merits of canines as mine/booby-trap/explosives detection systems. The report begins with a discussion of the factors which led to selection of the dog as the optimum choice for detection service. This is followed by discussion of factors pertinent to an understanding of the results; i.e., the use of the full-reinforcement and partial- reinforcement operant conditioning regimens used to train the animals; the anticipated tactical operational environments and the choice of test site analogs to these areas; the nature of the test lanes and of the test protocol. Results are presented in several formats so that every significant finding will be evident to the reader. The report concludes with the general statement that, based upon the most objective test and data analysis possible at this time, canines are the most effective and versatile mine/booby-trap/explosives detection systems available for immediate use in either military or civilian applications. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A048 748

Novikov, M. Clearing Mines in Algeria. Washington, DC: Army Foreign Science and Technology Center, July 1965. 6p. Translation from SMENA, SSSR, No. 4, pp. 1-3, 1965. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 469 167

Offenberg, Jerome William. Marginal Oscillator for a Modified Free Precession Magnetometer. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1969. 41p. ABSTRACT:The primary interest concerns the use of a magnetometer for mine detection, anti-submarine warfare, salvaging and other related naval operations. The original concept of a modified free precession magnetometer using the Overhauser Effect was formulated by A.

124 Abragam. The objective of this thesis was to develop an improved marginal oscillator for the magnetometer. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 705 083

Olness, D. U. and A. S. Warshawsky. Representation of the MON-50 Antipersonnel Mine for Application in SEES. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, August 1992. 6p. ABSTRACT: The Security Exercise Evaluation Simulation (SEES) was used to study an ambush of a train carrying soldiers. An integral part of the analysis required that directional, antipersonnel mines (similar to Claymore mines) be included in the scenario. SEES does not have a capability to model the effects of such a weapon explicitly. It was possible, however, to approximate the effect of the mines, albeit crudely, in a way that was judged adequate for the specific study at hand. This report describes that approximation. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL/ID-111813 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE93-007397

Ottignon, David A. Losing Anti-Personnel Landmines: An Economy of Force. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 5 February 1999 21p. ABSTRACT: The 1997 Ottawa Conference recently banned anti-personnel landmines (APLM) and created international pressure for non-signatories such as the United States, to abide by its mandate. This paper will address the operational need for landmines. It examines the role of landmines as an economy of force in operational maneuver and flexibility, as well as their affects on the operational factors of war. It will explore the impact of eliminating landmines on the Korean peninsula and offer alternatives to the Operational Commander. The paper will argue that the elimination of landmines, without a proven and cost efficient alternative to APLM, creates a substantial capability gap and ignores the increased risk to U.S. Forces. Finally, it will briefly examine future systems under exploration to replace APLM that might offer the Operational Commander an alternative capability. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A363 214

Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology II; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13, 1998. Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3378), 1998. ABSTRACT: The present volume on passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging technology discusses PMMW imaging systems, PMMW component technology, PMMW modeling and phenomenology, and PMMW resolution enhancement/superresolution. Attention is given to a PMMW video camera, a PMMW imaging device for Naval Special Warfare, large-scale W- band focal plane array developments for PMMW imaging, and remote fire detection using an MMW radiometric sensor. Other topics addressed include landmine detection using passive centimeter- and millimeter-wave emission, oversampled PMMW images with application to superresolution, superresolved imaging sensors with FOV preservation, imaging processing techniques for PMMW imaging, and optimization of radiovision systems in the millimeter-wave range.

Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) Testing and Packaging for Ground Emplaced Mines (i.e. M74, M75 and M79 Mines). Final report. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, 24 March 1994. 6p. ABSTRACT: This Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) report is for the Ground Emplaced Mines (M74, M75, M79 Mines) packed 40 per metal ammunition container IAW drawing 12624514. This report describes results of testing conducted on a similar packaging which is used as an analogy for this item. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A277 845

Pieper, G. F., A. A. Evett, and A. Patterson, Jr. An Electromagnetic System for Mine Detection. New Haven, CT: Yale University, Laboratory of Marine Physics, January 1955. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD- 063 622

Pijor, T. D. Mine/Countermine Basis of Issue Optimization Plan. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1988. 161p.

125 ABSTRACT: The mobility and effective employment of tanks in a future conflict may be seriously threatened by enemy land mines. This thesis presents a high resolution stochastically based simulation to be used in the evaluation of measures of effectiveness to determine the optimal basis of issue of mine/countermine equipment. A discussion of the types of breaching equipment and the tactics involved is used to provide background for the simulation. Several measures of effectiveness are used to determine how the various configurations of breaching equipment affect the battle and battle outcome. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A200 117

Porter, Lisa J., et al. Assessment of the REmote Minefield Detection System (REMIDS). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analysis, June 1998. 39p. ABSTRACT: This report describes the REmote Minefield Detection System (REMIDS) developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to detect surface UXO. REMIDS collects three channels of optically aligned image data consisting of two active laser channels, one polarized reflectance and the other total reflectance, and one passive thermal infrared channel. The system also incorporates onboard sensor data recording and post- processing insertion of differential Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates. The principle behind REMIDS is to enhance the discrimination of surface UXO by relying on multiple signatures: surface UXO may exhibit a unique combination of reflectance, polarization, temperature, and footprint (shape), compared to natural objects in the UXO's surroundings. In addition to a description of the phenomenology of REMIDS, an evaluation of the performance of the system at the Yuma Proving Ground (Arizona) and at Ft. Rucker (Alabama) is presented. Items used at those sites included mines, rockets, mortars, projectiles, and bombs. Performance curves (P sub d vs. P sub fa) are presented for both test sites. Furthermore, measurements at several ordnance-free sites were obtained at Yuma to assess the potential use of REMIDS as a large area search tool. REPORT NUMBER: IDA-D-2158 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A362 985

Pottorff, James P., Jr. Legal Preparation of the Battlefield: Issues in Combined Operations. Newport, RI: Naval War College, May 1999. 25p. Abstract: This JMO paper discusses the issues arising when allies and coalition partners in combined operations have different laws and policies with regard to such matters as antipersonnel land mines, rules of engagement, and protected places. Recognition, analysis, and, when possible, reconciliation of domestic law and policy differences among members of a coalition or alliance should be included in a CINC's planning for any combined operation. In that light, this paper discusses the implications of differences in law and policy among members of multinational forces, highlights several of the more significant of these issues, and proposes some solutions that may mitigate, if not alleviate, problems created by these variations. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370645

Poulain, D. E., et al. "Detection and Location of Buried Objects Using Active Thermal Sensing." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 861-866 ABSTRACT: We examine the feasibility of active thermal sensing of buried objects. A 1.5-kW carbon dioxide laser is used to provide a thermal impulse to the surface of a sand test bed containing simulated metallic landmines. Time-dependent thermal images of the induced surface temperature differentials are obtained using an IR focal plane array imaging system. Experimental results are reported for two target sizes and four thermal pulse conditions. Quantitative evaluations of the induced surface temperature differentials as a function of time are presented.

Printz, J. Pursuit Deterrent Munition Reserve-Cell Ammonia Battery Redesign Analysis. Final report. 1986-1990. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Center, Fire Support Armament Center, April 1991. 42p. ABSTRACT: The M86 pursuit deterrent munition (PDM) went into full-scale production in early

126 1989. At this time a serious design flaw was discovered in the electronics system of the mine. the reserve ammonia battery in the system had a serious performance problem at cold temperatures. This performance problem had not been apparent on the M692/M731 area denial artillery munition (ADAM), a ballistically-launched antipersonnel land mine that was later adapted for hand-emplacement (and subsequently evolved into PDM). A thorough engineering analysis, involving a Taguchi design of experiments, was necessary to determine how the battery could be improved to solve the performance problems encountered. This report discusses this engineering analysis, in detail, from the development of the PDM until the incorporation of the corrective fix for the system. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A234 943

______. RAAM Integrated Circuit Source Change Analysis. Final report. 1989-1990. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Center, Fire Support Armament Center, September 1990. 38p. ABSTRACT: This report prepared to provide an analysis of the change from gold eutectic die attach integrated circuits (I.C.) to sliver-glass die attach I.C. for the M718/M741 remote antiarmor mine (RAAM). An overview of the contract history of the present RAAM electronic lens assembly (ELA) contractor, Accudyne Corporation of Janesville, WI, is presented. An outline of both the gold eutectic die attached process and the silver-glass die attach process is also given. The Government test plan for the die attach change was analyzed and the results and conclusions of the tests listed in the plan are provided. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A227 325

Proceedings of the Panel on the Tactical Aspects of Mine Warfare and Evaluation of the Research and Development Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952. 32p. ABSTRACT:None Available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 466

Progress report. 1 July-30 September 1953. (Harbor Protection Project).New Haven CT: Yale University, Laboratory of Marine Physics, September 1953. ABSTRACT:Mine-spotting tests with the temporaty X-band radar showed that mine splashes are easily detected and that low-flying planes and falling mines are trackable in some cases. Sound-ranging tests showed that the low-frequency component of long duration, which always follows a mine splash, is also observed when the mine is dropped from rest while wholly submerged. Progress is reported on the medium-range and short-range location of planted mines. Tests of Raydist equipment indicated that much lighter gear (perhaps a set designed for helicopters) would be more suitable for small boat work. Laboratory tests on inducing vortex flow (by towing suitably shaped baffles) indicated the feasibility of this method as a means of pressure mine sweeping. The special television chain for the underwater identification of mines operated satisfactorily. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 022 747

Radevich, P. G. and V. V. Zhuravlev, and I. V. Volkov. Manual on the Laying and Clearing of Minefields. Charlottesville, VA: Army foreign Science and Technology Center, November 1965. 138p. Translation from Posobiye Po Ustroystvu I Preodoleniyu Minno-Vzryvnykh Zagrazhdeniy, 1965. ABSTRACT:This book describes the designs and operating principles of antitank and antipersonnel mines of the Soviet Army and the armies of the capitalist states. The fundamentals of laying, reconnaissance and clearing of minefields, as well as recommendations for their recording and simulation, are also covered. Methods of organizing the training of personnel are described along with the safety rules that must be observed in laying and clearing mines. The book may be used as an aid by officers in all branches of the armed forces, by cadets in military schools, and by non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the Soviet Army. The book will also be useful to reserve officer affiliated with engineer units. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 474 792

Randers-Pehrson, Glenn and K. A. Bannister. Airblast Loading Model for DYNA2D and DYNA3D. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory. March 1997. 97p.

127 ABSTRACT: We incorporated the CONWEP blast model into DYNA2D and DYNA3D. It works as expected and appears to be adequate for modeling problems such as vehicle response to land mines. The model accounts for the angle of incidence of the blast wave, but it does not account for shadowing by intervening objects or for confinement effects. This report provides FORTRAN listings and directions for incorporating the model in DYNA2D, DYNA3D, and associated preprocessors and postprocessors and suggests changes to the user manuals. REPORT NUMBER: ARL-TR-1310 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A322 344

Rathore, A. Y. and T. P. Weldon. Wave Propagation Model and Simulations for Landmine Detection. North Carolina Univ. at Charlotte, Department of Electrical Engineering, March 1999. 19p. ABSTRACT: A simplified 1-dimensional transmission light model of electromagnetic waves propagation in mine fields is considered. This model might be used as a first indicator of the presence of land mines. Next, the 2D inverse algorithm would image mines. It is shown that this 1-dimensional model is in general agreement with published Army data. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A365 259

Report of the Committee on Doctrine and Training.Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952. 69p. ABSTRACT:None Available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 467

Report of the Committee on Research and Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952. 65p. ABSTRACT:None Available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 469

Report on the Committee on Technique. Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952. ABSTRACT:None Available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 468

Required Operational Capability (ROC) Number LOG 1.59 for a Mine Clearing Plow System. Washington, DC: Marine Corps, 1 April 1983. 12p. ABSTRACT: A system, device or combination of devices which can be temporarily mounted to the front of a standard armored tracked vehicle (tank) chassis or other tracked vehicle and controlled by an operator inside the vehicle is required to clear land mines and explosive devices from the path of the vehicle. It should be capable of physically extracting or removing any land mine and/or explosive device which is laying on the surface or buried under up to four inches (10.6cm) of soil cover from the area in front of each track. An Initial Operational Capability of 1985 is desired. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A127 475/AD-A129 447

Required Operational Capability (ROC) Number LOG 1.63 for the Trailer Mounted Mine Clearing Line Charge (MICLIC) System.Washington, DC: Marine Corps, 7 April 1983. 13p. ABSTRACT: The U.S. Marine Corps requires an easily transportable, rapidly deployable mine clearing capability which can be employed without modification or permanent attachment to tactical wheeled and tracked vehicles. A trailer mounted mine clearing line charge would provide a surface-launched capability which could be rapidly employed by mechanized infantry, armored and combat engineer units. A MICLIC system is needed to create a vehicle- width cleared lane for tracked and wheeled vehicles through minefield obstacles. The M58A1 Linear Demolition Charge is a standard Marine Corps ordnance item and will satisfy safety and explosive clearing requirements. This line charge will create a breach path approximately 100m long and 10-16m wide against tactically laid, single-impulse pressure mines. The MK 22 rocket used to deploy the M58A1 line charge is in the Marine Corps ordnance inventory. The M353 general purpose, 3 1/2-ton, chassis trailer is an existing asset that can easily be adapted to carry the M58A1 line charge. A launch rail and framework will be required to

128 launch the MK22 rocket and carry the M58A1 line charge pallet on the M353 trailer chassis. The adaptation of existing ordnance and trailer assets will satisfy many of the basic requirements. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A129 426

Required Operational Capability, USMC-ROC-213.3.5 for Amphibious Continuous Breach Land Mine Countermeasure System.Washington, DC: Marine Corps, 20 May 1987. 23p. ABSTRACT: The Marine Corps has a requirement for a mobile mine countermeasure system (hereafter referred to as the system) capable of breaching enemy minefields in very shallow water and from the high watermark inland in conjunction with lead echelons of the amphibious assault. The system will be employed by assault amphibious vehicle (AAV) units to provide a highly mobile, quick response capability for the assault breaching of single impulse pressure and tilt-rod antitank and antipersonnel minefield. A preplanned product improvement (P3I) goal will be the neutralization of magnetically fuzed, blast hardened and multiple impulse mines. The initial operational capability (IOC) for the system is FY91. The date for full operational capability (FOC) is scheduled for FY94. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A183 962

Resnick,W.V. Investigation of the Resistance of 1-inch Rolled Homogeneous Armor Plate of Various Hardnesses to Antitank Mine Attack. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May 1959. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 307 752

Richmond, Owen. Operation SNAPPER, Project 3.4. Minefield Clearance. Washington, DC: Atomic Energy Commission, February 1953. 75p. ABSTRACT:None available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A995 044

Riggs, Lloyd S., and Charles A. Amazeen. Measurements in Moist and Wet Soils with the Waveguide Beyond Cutoff or Separated Aperture Dielectric Anomaly Detection Technique. Final report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research Development and Engineering Center, June 1991. 38p. ABSTRACT: This report present experimental results concerning the separated aperture (or waveguide beyond cutoff) buried mine detection scheme. More specifically, the experimental data presented describes the ability of the separated aperture sensor to detect buried dielectric anomalies under moist or saturated (wet) soil conditions. This data was collected during June - August 1990 at the Fort Belvoir Experimental Mine Lanes Facility, Fort Belvoir, Va. This report is part of ongoing research to build an engineering database to be used in a long-term research program directed toward the development of a complete understanding of the fundamental electromagnetic principles underlying the separated aperture mine detection technique and to assess the general feasibility of separated aperture mine detectors. The moist and wet soil experiments described in this report should be viewed as a continuation of earlier experimental efforts described in BRDEC Technical Report No. 2497, August 1990, (AD-A227008). ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A239 409

______. Research with the Waveguide Beyond Cutoff or Separated Aperture Anomaly Detection Scheme. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research Development and Engineering Center, August. 1990. 67p. ABSTRACT: This report presents experimental results concerning the separated aperture (or waveguide beyond cutoff) buried mine detection scheme. The primary purpose of this research effort is to contribute to an engineering database to be used in a long term research program directed toward the development of a complete understanding of the fundamental electromagnetic principles underlying the separated aperture mine detection technique and to assess the general feasibility of separated aperture mine detectors. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A227 008

129 Roder, Fredrick L. and Richard A. Van Konynenburg. Theory and Application of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Backscatter to Landmine Detection. Research report. 1968-1973. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center, March 1975. 153p. ABSTRACT:This report discusses the theory and application of X-ray and gamma-ray backscatter to the problem of nonmetallic landmine detection. The fundamental interactions of X and gamma radiation with matter, including photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, and pair production, are reviewed. The backscatter spectrum is analyzed in terms of the components due to single and multiple scattering. The variation of the backscatter spectrum with changes in the average atomic number of the scattering material and with changes in source energy is explained. Four different source/detector geometries are compared in terms of countrate for a given source strength, target-present-to-target-absent ratio, sensitivity to height variations above the scatterer, and sensitivity to scatter density. Theoretical and practical factors in the selection of sources and detectors are considered. Three techniques for compensating for height variations are discussed, the most promising of which is a K- edge-filter method. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A015 541

Romba, John J. A Study in Training Methodology of Mine Dogs. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Land Warfare Laboratory, June 1974. 14p. ABSTRACT:An attempt was made to organize the training of mine dogs into logical learning segments: object discrimination, outgoing excursion, and search. The procedure for object discrimination learning alone failed to produce the desired result. A possible alternative method is suggested and briefly described. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 784 048

______. Tactics in the Development of Mine Detector Dogs. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Land Warfare Laboratory, 1970. 8p. ABSTRACT:The paper describes the development and characteristics of two U. S. mine dog systems. The Mine Detection Dog was recently made operational and has undergone a 6 month evaluation in RVN. The Specialized Mine Detection Dog is currently in development. The training procedures for both have been based on the reward or approach principle of learning. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 713 577

Romberger, David D. Optimization Methods for Mixed Minefield Clearance. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1996. 84p. ABSTRACT:This thesis describes the development and implementation of an improved optimization feature for the minefield clearance TDA MIXER. A constrained form of MIXER's original local optimal search method is proposed, followed by an exhaustive search method, and then a simulated annealing method. Computational efficiency and program run times are examined for the exhaustive search method. Also, a performance comparison of "optimal" solutions for the local search and simulated annealing methods is given. A final version of the optimization feature incorporates all three search methods. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A319 531

Romstedt, G. N. CSS/EMW/SOF (Combat Service Support/Engineering and Mine Warfare/Special Operations Forces) Mission Area Materiel Plan (MAMP) Software. Final report. February-September 1986. McLean Research Center, Inc., VA, September 1986. 343p. ABSTRACT: This report documents the status of the Combat Service Support (Database Management Systems)/Engineering and Mine Warfare (EMW)/Special Operations Forces (SOF) Mission Area Material Plan (MAMP) Software. This software is used for program planning and resource allocation AMC RDT&E initiatives. It also presents an analysis of some of the system aspects of the automated MAMP as it is instituted throughout AMC, and of the program prioritization methods used. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A172 652

Rotondo, F., et al. Report on the Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) of the Vehicular-Mounted Mine Detection (VMMD) Systems at Aberdeen, Maryland, and

130 Socorro, New Mexico. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, October 1998. 192p. ABSTRACT: This document presents an analysis of the results of an advanced technology demonstration of five vehicular-mounted mine detection systems developed for the detection of antitank land mines. The five contractors were Coleman Research Corporation; Computing Devices Canada; EG&G, Inc.; GDE Systems, Inc.; and GeoCenters, Inc. The systems were developed for the U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate. The advanced technology demonstration took place at the Aberdeen Test Center, Aberdeen, Maryland, on June 8-19, 1998, and the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center, Socorro, New Mexico, on July 13-24, 1998. The purpose of the program is to develop the technology for a remotely operated vehicle that will detect mines and mark their locations during military mine- clearance operations. The system will ultimately consist of a mine overpass vehicle upon which is mounted a sensor system that detects mines and a communication system that provides data transfer between the detection vehicle and the remote operator. The mine threats include both metal-cased mines and mines with low-metal content. These mines may be laid on ground surface or buried underground. The report outlines the systems' performance, in particular their detection probability and false-alarm rates, compared to the program's requirements. REPORT NUMBER: Report: IDA-D-2203 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A366 073

Sabol, B. and T. Berry. Effects of Microtopographic Features on Tilt of the Wide Area Mine Ground Platform. Final report. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, May 1991. 25p. ABSTRACT: Under the Proof of Principle Program for development of the Wide Area Mine (WAM), the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station was responsible for characterizing terrain features expected to affect the WAM performance. The off-vertical angle of the WAM ground platform (tilt) erected on the terrain surface will affect several critical functions of candidate WAM systems. Digital terrain elevation data of adequate spatial resolution (2-ft horizontal spacing) was not available to accurately estimate the distribution of tilt angles for the WAM ground platforms. Actual tilt measurements were therefore made on pre-erected (legs locked in pulse) WAM surrogates (mass models) on four terrain surface types representing managed and agricultural lands. Mean tilt angles ranged from 2 deg for meadowland to almost 11 deg for a freshly plowed and rowed field. The Textron Defense System WAM exhibited a slightly larger mean and standard deviation of tilt angle than the Honeywell, Inc., WAM for each terrain surface type; however, this difference was statistically significant in only one of the four cases. Because this study did not consider the ground platform erection process, these data should not be interpreted as tilt angles resulting from realistic deployment of WAMs. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A237 421

Sabol, B. M., et al. Environmental Site Characterization for the Wide Area Mine Sensor Demonstration, Aberdeen Proving Ground, October 1988. Final report. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, May 1991. 43p. ABSTRACT: Under the proof-of-principle program for the development of a wide area mine (WAM), the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station was responsible for characterization of the temperature environment in which WAM developmental tests would be conducted. The principal temperate area for WAM testing was designated to be the US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. This report presents data that characterize terrain and environmental factors expected to affect WAM sensor performance. Field measurements were made before and during the conduct of WAM captive flight tests and ground sensor data acquisition exercises. Measurements included soil and seismic tests, a quantitative vegetation survey, thermal terrain characterization measurements, and the collection of onsite meteorological data. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A237 045

Salmon, Neil A., Sean Price and Jonathan Borrill. "Landmine Detection Using Passive Centi/Millimetre Wave Emission." IN: Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology II; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13, 1998, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3378), 1998, p. 95-101

131 ABSTRACT: The feasibility of using passive centimeter and millimeter wave emission to detect landmines is investigated. The work concentrates on the modeling and measurement of the radiation temperatures of metal and plastic plates. These plates are considered both surface mounted and buried under thin layers of soil. Experimental measurements were made at frequencies of 3, 10, 35, and 94 GHz. A two-interface model, which uses the dielectric constants of the media, is used to predict the radiation temperatures of the plates. Conclusions are made about the radiation bandwidths in which the various plates, surface mounted and buried, can be detected.

Sanz, G. M. Countermine Combat Systems Analysis (Mine Plow Evaluation Module). Technical report. February-September 1985. Vienna, VA: BDM Corp., 15 September 1985. 70p. ABSTRACT: This report summarizes the results of tasks conducted to provide the Engineer Support Laboratory with a low cost evaluation model to be used in the assessment of countermine concept alternatives. The model is microcomputer-based and supported by a commercial software package which provides ease of use, rapid computational abilities, and useful graphics features. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A159 444

Sargis, P. D. Buried Mine Detection Using Ground-Penetrating Impulse Radar. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, March 1995. 13p. [Symposium on Autonomous Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures, Monterey, CA (United States), 3-7 April 1995.] ABSTRACT: LLNL is developing a side-looking, ground-penetrating impulse radar system that can eventually be mounted on a robotic vehicle or an airborne platform to locate buried land mines. The system is described and results from field experiments are presented. REPORT NUMBER: UCRL/JC-119069, CONF-95-041541 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE95-01144

Sarholm, L., A. Lauberts and H. Lok. Report from SusDem-97. International Workshop on Sustainable Humanitarian Demining. Held in Zagreb, Croatia on September 29-October 1, 1997. Foersvarets Forskningsanstalt, Tumba (Sweden). Avd. foer Vapen och Skydd. Jan 1998. 34p. ABSTRACT: A Workshop on Humanitarian Demining was organized in Zagreb, Croatia from September 29 to October 1 1997. About 130 delegates from different parts of the world participated in the workshop, like scientists from military and civil organizations, universities and research laboratories, delegates from NGOs, Mine Acting Center (MAC) and UN and also representaties of different manufacturers. The Workshop took place in a country infected by million of mines and the delegates had the opportunity to go out in real mined areas, and see the problems deminers are confronted with like mines in dense vegetation, rough terrain and destroyed buildings. All delegates agreed about the need for an International Center with emphasis on a network for information exchange between scientists and deminers. The first step would be an event calendar for Conferences and Workshops about demining problems on a web site for instance. ACCESSION NUMBER: PB99-108706

Sattinger, I. J. Record of First Meeting of Expert Working Group on Minefield Detection Technology. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, February 1979. 30p. ABSTRACT:The first meeting of the Expert Working Group on Minefield Detection Technology was held at MERADCOM on 7-8 December 1978. Briefings were given by representatives of MERADCOM, the Environmental Research institute of Michigan (ERIM), and Braddock, Dunn, and McDonald (BDM) on the goals of a project being performed under Contract DAAK70-78-C-0198 to identify, screen, analyze, test, and evaluate methods of minefield detection, with primary emphasis on the European Theater of Operations. ERIM presented, a Project Plan I for accomplishment of project tasks, which would include early effort devoted to identification and screening of new technical opportunities, and experimental collection of critical data on spotlight radar and active IR scanner systems. Suggestions were made by the EWG members and other participants concerning specific techniques to be screened, analytical methodology, and experimental tests. After review and discussion of the

132 Project Plan in an open meeting followed by an Executive session, the Expert Working Group made the following recommendations. MERADCOM, ERIM, and BDM should prepare a comprehensive work plan which more fully coordinates the objectives and activities of ERIM and BDM. The program plan should specify technical opportunities in terms of (1) present systems, (2) IOC 1985 systems, and (3) IOC 1990 technologies. The resulting coordinated plan should be ready for review by the EWG by the end of February 1979. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A088 670

Sattinger, Irvin J. Record of Second Meeting of Expert Working Group on Minefield Detection Technology. Technical report. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, March 1979. 34p. ABSTRACT:The second meeting of the Expert Working Group on Minefield Detection Technology was held at MERADCOM, Ft. Belvoir, Virginia on 27-28 February 1979. Presentations were made by MERADCOM, the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan and Braddock, Dunn, and McDonald to the Expert Working Group on the current status and future plans for the project. At the end of the presentations, an Executive session of the Expert Working Group was held. Major conclusions and recommendations of the meeting included the following. The study is to exclude considerations of sensors emplaced in advance of hostilities and scatterable mines. The potential of multispectral scanners, passive IR sensors, wet chemistry photography, SIGINT, and mine neutralization was discussed. Recommendations were made for further review by MERADCOM and by individual members of the EWG of the overall coordination of the program, details of the analytical methodology being developed by BDM, and data on the RF-4C photographic system for use as a technical example in operational analysis. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A088 290

Schmidt, Jeffrey A. Design, Construction and Testing of an Autonomous Mine Hunter. Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997. 56p. ABSTRACT: Landmine detection is a immense technological problem. A small low power metal detector would find application in concert with other search technologies. A detection circuit was designed and constructed consisting of a search coil and a CMOS exclusive OR gate forming an oscillator. This was interfaced to a microprocessor which counted the pulses from the oscillator and decided whether a detection had been made. Detection range for an anti-personnel mine like object was 14 cm at the coil centerline. A robot platform to autonomously search for landmines was constructed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A341 446

Schwartz, Richard E. and Dennis F. DeRiggi. SIMNET-Based Tests of Antihelicopter Mines. Final Report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, January 1994. 58p. ABSTRACT: This report describes a series of SIMNET Semi-automated forced armor engagements in which antihelicopter mines are deployed. The impact of two types of antihelicopter mines on armor exchange ratios and other combat measures is presented. Learning effects are analyzed for both types of mines. Antihelicopter mines can have a significant effect on small unit engagements when used in conjunction with an effective air defense system. Direct fire and sublet launched antihelicopter mines, when properly deployed are capable of depriving attack helicopters safe ingress routes and firing positions. ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A281 162

Schwartz, Richard E., et al. The Smart Mine Simulator User's Guide and Algorithm Description. Final Report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, 1 December 1993. 74p. ABSTRACT: The Smart Mine Simulator (SMS) is a computer simulation that runs on two UNIX workstations and operates in the SIMNET/BDS-D distributed simulation environment. It simulates smart antiarmor mines, two variations of smart antihelicopter mines, and conventional antiarmor mines, enabling these mines to participate in SIMNET exercises for analytic, training, demonstration, or other purposes. This document describes the SMS structure, its algorithms for simulating mines, and how to install and use it. The document is intended to support both the planning of distributed simulation exercises and the installation and operation of the SMS on simulation networks.

133 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A277 803

Semi-Annual Performance Report on Physics of Buried Mine Detection and Classification. Technical Letter Report, 1 March-31 August 1994. Austin, TX: Texas University at Austin Applied Research Labs, January 1995. 8p. ABSTRACT: A better understanding of the science and engineering of buried mine detection in (1) offshore and (2) surf zone sediments, leading to safe, standoff detection technologies. This project is part of a leveraged investment program for ONR and APPA offices, which involves SPECWAR and USMC interests, to pursue major research thrusts already begun by the authors, that will lead the way to systems development. The work is further leveraged by the cooperation of the SACLANT Undersea Research Center (SACLANTCEN) which will provide cooperating seafloor scientists, research tools and research vessels in a joint effort to research the basic physics of the governing processes. ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A289 786

Shoenfelt, N. M. Selectable Lightweight Attack Munition Operating Component of the Gate Array. Technical report. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Center, Fire Support Armament Center, April 1991. 26p. ABSTRACT: The selectable lightweight attack munition (SLAM) is a small explosive armament. It can be used similarly to a mine where it can be placed on the ground to detonate when the magnetic signature of the desired target is detected. It can also be used with a tripline or to detonate after a set period of time. The operation of the SLAM is controlled by electronics with the majority of functions on a gate array. The functions of the gate array that control the operation of the SLAM are described in this report. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A233 926

Silk, J. D, L. Porter and R. Moler. Vehicular Mounted Mine Detector (VMMD) Test of Neutron Activation Technology. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses,. March 1999. 52p. ABSTRACT: This report discusses the results of a series of tests specific to the Thermal Neutron Analysis (TNA) detector being used by Computing Devices Canada (CDC) during the Vehicular Mounted Mine Detector (VMMD) ATD demonstrations conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Maryland, in June 1998 and at Socorro, New Mexico, in July 1998. A TNA-specific test plan was devised to address performance issues in a thorough and systematic manner; unfortunately, there were sufficient constraints such that the test plan was not implemented as designed. Instead, a much-abridged version was conducted at APG, and a still more limited version at Socorro. In addition to performance evaluation for both sites, we present detailed analysis of the APG data, where we found that the detectability of a mine did not seem to depend on either its burial depth or its nitrogen content. Furthermore, target signature variability dominated the test results, rather than background variability. Surprising results such as these must be treated with caution, however, given the extremely small data set that was available. We believe that it is in the Army's interest to pursue these issues with a more thorough test, such as the one originally proposed which appears in the Appendix of this report. REPORT NUMBER: IDA-D-2286 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A366 028

Simard, Jean-Robert. Experimental Evaluation of the Apparent Temperature Contrast Created by Buried Mines as Seen by an IR Imager. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston (Alberta), November 1994. 35p. ABSTRACT: The detection of buried mines is a problem of prime interest internationally. One potential method to succeed in this task is to use passive IR imaging to form thermal images of the soil surface. Even though this technique has been intensively investigated for the last 15 years, only few publicly reported studies show quantitative measures of the apparent temperature contrast at the soil surface above buried mines. This document aims to improve this situation. Apparent temperature contrasts are measured for different mine-soil combinations over 24 hour periods with a camera sensitive to long wave infrared (8-12 micrometer). The effect of the variation of burial depth is investigated and special attention is taken to differentiate the thermal effects associated with the soil disturbance from the mine

134 itself. A maximum average of 2 degrees C in apparent thermal contrast disappears when the burial depth exceeds 8 cm for the case where the thermal disturbance is related to the buried mine only. A 50% increase (-3 degrees C) is observed when the thermal effect of the soil disturbance is present. Furthermore, this last apparent thermal contrast shows little dependency with the burial depth. These results are promising for the detection of mines buried in compacted soil. However, serious reservations about an acceptable false alarm rate and the duration of the thermal effected created by the soil disturbance are expressed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A289 856

Simms, Janet E., et al. Geophysical Site Characterization for UXO Background Studies: Fort Carson, Colorado; Fort A. P. Hill, Virginia; and Jefferson Proving Ground, Indiana. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Geotechnical Laboratory, August 1998, 495p. ABSTRACT: Five 1-hectare UXO/landmine test sites were established at Fort A. P. Hill, Virginia (two sites); Fort Carson, Colorado (2 sites); and Jefferson Proving Ground (JPG), Indiana (1 site). The sites were characterized to document them for the purpose of comparison with other UXO/landmine test sites and to provide presite disturbance assessments disturbance of site heterogeneity and the presence of buried cultural features. The investigations included measurements and surveys to determine geological, geophysical, and environmental parameters or properties and their variation with depth, lateral dimension, and time. The criteria used for choosing the geographical location of a site are predominant soil type and average yearly precipitation. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A352 647

Sinn, J. L. Land Mine Options in Future Crisis and Conflicts. Student essay. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College., 9 March 1987. 33p. ABSTRACT: Newly developed land mine barrier and obstacle systems play a significant role in AIRLAND battle tactical concepts. However, little has been written regarding the use of these systems at the operational and strategic levels of war. This paper examines the potential impact of land mine systems on the range of military, political, and socio- psychological options available to American decision-makers in future crisis and conflicts. It deliberately avoids questions concerning system cost, the number and mix of systems to procure, and the possible limitations involved. Rather, its purpose is to stimulate thinking about ways in which land mine systems may contribute to crisis bargaining, deterrence of conflict, and termination of the same. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A182 782

Smith, F. G. History of the Army Ground Forces. Study Number 17. Washington, DC: History of the Third Army, Army Ground Forces, Historical Section, 1985. 152p. ABSTRACT: The History of the Third Army, 1932-1944, (from organization to combat), was started with the other three field armies on 9 August 1932, by direction by the Army Chief of Staff, General Douglas MacArthur. Third Army was assigned the area formerly administered by the Fourth and Eighth Corps, with its mission coverage the area the Gulf of Mexico and the southern frontier. The Commander had a dual hat as the Corps Area Commander. With the change of command 30 September 1940, the Army HQ was moved from Atlanta to Fort Sam Houston. The Army continued with large scale maneuvers to develop and test doctrine and personnel. Its mission of training and preparation continued until its was alerted and sent overseas for combat deployment. The mission and command was taken over by the Fourth Army. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A166 409

Sprowls, Lance P. Replacing the Antipersonnel Landmine in the Force Protection Role. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 17 May 1999 23p. ABSTRACT: Although FM 20-32 prescribes protective minefields to "provide the defender with close-in protection during the enemy's final assault, the U.S. military will soon be banned from using antipersonnel landmines (APL) meet this force protection role. The magnitude of human suffering resulting from landmines has caused the world humanitarian and diplomatic communities to join forces in September 1997 to produce the Ottawa Convention, a treaty that bans all APLs, to include self-destructing devices. That same month, the President directed

135 DoD to develop antipersonnel landmine alternatives, to include mixed anti-tank systems, for use outside Korea by 2003 and for the Korean Theater by 2006. If this is achieved, the United States will then sign the Ottawa Convention. Lead for this effort fell to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology (USD(A&T)). Based on preliminary research, the Under Secretary issued a 1997 report focused on integrating technology, combat forces, and military doctrine. The concept was that any lethal APL alternatives would incorporate real-time surveillance, precise firepower to immediately suppress enemy forces, and "man- in-the-loop" command and control Systems to cue engagement. Given the DoD interest in nonlethal weapons, it is only natural that this technology would also be among the options examined to satisfy the force protection role historically played by the APL. The die has been cast. Early in the 21st century, high-tech nonlethal and man-in-the-loop defensive weapon systems will fill the limited remnants of the 20th century antipersonnel landmine force protection role not made obsolete by operational doctrine and precision, standoff weapons. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370 723

Squire, Derek H. Potential Technology Transfer to the DoD Unmanned Ground Vehicle Program. Final report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, October 1996. 51p. ABSTRACT:The Joint Robotics Program (JRP), managed by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, is developing unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for a number of military applications. These applications currently include scout vehicles, engineer vehicles for mine detection and clearing, security robots, explosive ordnance disposal, and construction-type robots for detecting and removing unexploded ordnance. Future applications may include convoys and other logistic applications, both nonlethal and lethal weapons platforms, and a variety of other applications, such as firefighting, painting, and munitions handlers. A significant amount of development in the civil sector may be applicable or adaptable to military UGVs. The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe some of the robotics-related research being conducted outside of the JRP that may be relevant to future programs. This paper focuses on two areas of current research. One is the Automated Highway System (AHS) under development by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (see Chapter II). The second is microrobotics being pursued by numerous organizations for diverse purposes (see Chapter III). In addition to these two areas, a variety of activities of narrower scope are of interest. A few are described briefly in Chapter IV. The information contained in these chapters is largely descriptive. Although suggestions on the potential relevance of these activities are made, those directly involved in JRP developments are in a better position to evaluate the potential of technology transfer from other programs. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A317 789

Steinberg, Bernard D. and Donald Carlson. Research in Ground-to-Air Microwave Imaging. Philadelphia, PA: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, March 1995. 29p. ABSTRACT: Many potential applications exist for high resolution radar such as direction finding, high accuracy tracing, target counting, and high resolution radar imaging. All of these applications require the use of large, thinned, random or periodic antenna arrays. Many uncertainties exist in such large antenna systems. For example, exact element positions are generally not known because of surveying problems or flexing of the large antenna structure. Adaptive beanforming (ABF) is the solution to the unusual design that achieves these objectives. It deduces the errors in the locations of the receivers that are distributed around the airport or on the air frame and automatically compensates for them in the image processing. This year's work concentrated on three tasks. The first was to develop a generalized ABF theory for the class of spatial correlation algorithms. The second was to extend the resolution of a microwave leading radar to 15 cm, and the third was to study enhanced target detection sensitivity and target recognition. ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A292 907

Stewart, William F. Buried Object Detection Using Surface Waves. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1995. 64p. ABSTRACT: The goals of this thesis is to evaluate the use of surface waves to detect buried objects. The source used to generate the surface waves was a three element phased array controlled by LabVIEW visual instruments. This research included developing a source and receiver, evaluating attenuation and azimuthal dependence of the surface wave propagation,

136 detection using scattering within a tank of sand, and using the three element array to beamform surface waves. It was successfully demonstrated that target localization using surface wave scattering and beamforming with a phased array is possible. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A305 744

Steinway, W. J. and J. A. Fuller. Antenna Considerations and Signal Processing Techniques for the Identification of Buried Non-Metallic Objects. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology, Engineering Experiment Station, June 1981. 112p. ABSTRACT:The U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command (MERADCOM) has been involved in a program for the development of an off-road mine detection system. In 1978, the Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Experiment Station (GIT/EES) began a 36 month contract to gather and analyze radar data and investigate antenna designs with the goal of improving the ability to detect, discriminate and classify buried targets. The project included tasks of initial data analysis, antenna design and fabrication, extensive data collection, and algorithm development. Section 2 describes the data collection methods used with both the NBS measurement equipment and the MERADCOM short-pulse radar and a preliminary analysis of the data. Section 3 deals with the survey of candidate antennas, the design and fabrication of the 'best' choices, and the testing of those antennas. Test results for a cavity-backed spiral, and a broadband horn are presented and compared with a dipole antenna. Section 4 develops the discrimination concept using frequency spectra data and spatial correlation. Both FFT and MEM were used to obtain spectral data for comparison. The results of the discrimination algorithms are given. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A107 752

Stolarczyk, Larry G. Concept Study of Multi Sensor Detection Imaging and Explosive Confirmation of Mines. Raton Technology Research, Incorporated, NM, March 1998. 66p. ABSTRACT: To achieve a quantum leap forward in humanitarian demining and counter mining, a handheld instrument capable of detecting metallic and non- metallic landmines is needed. Metal detectors (MD) cannot detect non-metallic mines and detection sensitivity degrades in magnetic soil. Because metal detection sensitivity can be increased to detect low metal content in some non- metallic mines, some alarms significantly increase. Prodding the soil overlying a suspected mine with metal rods is needed to create a mental image of the object. Imaging, especially high resolution imaging, would minimize and perhaps eliminate prodding. This scientific and engineering study concluded that electromagnetic wave detection and imaging technology (EDIT) featuring a resonant microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) provides a quick look at shallow buried objects. Scans of 1X1 meter square areas can be completed in minutes while producing silhouettes of the buried objects. Lateral migration radiography (LMR) and nuclear quadripole resonance (NQA) instruments become field deployable when only required to scan the area of the EDIT silhouette. Much higher resolution of LMR contributes to the quantum leap forward in landmine detection technology. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A344 194

Suart, Robert D. "Robotic Deployment of Mine Detection Equipment." IN: UV '97; Proceedings of the 5th International Unmanned Vehicles Conference & Exhibition, Paris, France, June 12, 13, 1997. Vol. 2, Burnham, United Kingdom, Shephard Press, 1997. ABSTRACT: At Defence Research Establishment Suffield (DRES), a generic system for the guidance and control of unmanned vehicles has been developed. This system, called ANCAEUS, has been applied to the development of training targets for the Canadian Forces (CF). More recently, the requirement to detect land mines in the peacekeeping operations of the CF has led to the development of teleoperated land-mine detector equipment that permits rapid and reliable detection of these hazardous weapons, while affording the operators the security of remote operation of the equipment.

Sullivan, John D. and C. N. Kingery. JUGFAE (Jug-Contained Fuel-Air Explosive) Concept. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, April 1988. 51p. ABSTRACT: Uncontested minefields, ones without covering enemy fire, are cleared cautiously but still cause casualties. The Jug-Contained Fuel-Air-Explosive (JUGFAE) concept does not send men into the minefield, but lets them proceed methodically from the

137 minefield boundary. Safety and thoroughness are inherent in the setup process. The concept prescribes crane emplaced rows of plastic jugs containing detonable fuel. When fueled jugs are in place, a single large fuel-air explosion is triggered. The explosion will neutralize susceptible land mines. The 'don't cross' repeats line is moved across the neutralized area and the setup operation is repeated. The cycle repeats until the mined area is cleared. The errors in placing jugs and overlapping fuel-air clouds can be reduced so that a long line of clouds explodes. Based on 55 liters of fuel per jug, the needs are 92 jugs per km of front and a cost of about $1 per square meter. In very large minefields, jub numbers and costs are daunting. Increased cloud radius (6.2m presently) significantly reduces the needs. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A195 794

Sullivan, John D., Jerry Thomas and Linda L. Moss. FAE Bombing for Minefield Breaching. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, June 1992. 77p. ABSTRACT: Historically, bombing has not been used or extensively tested for minefield breaching. This report predicts that bombing results should be excellent even with small numbers of sorties. Fuel-air explosives (FAE), which are notably effective against pressure- fuzed mines, were the notional ordnance. For a single FAE bomb probability of one-half of making a 30-meter breach, four Harrier jets with seven CBU72 bombs each can reduce a 210-meter path through a standard minefield from 1,000 mines/km to at most 330 mines/km with 99% probability. This decreased path density provides a tank 62% chance of crossing the minefield path without hitting a mine; whereas, without the FAE bombing, a tank trying to bull through is only 25% certain of crossing safely. Killing all mines in the path is possible (82% chance) with the four jet strike. The analysis can be applied to other bombs and minefields. minefields, mine countermeasures. REPORT NUMBER: BRL-TR-3356 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A251 392

Supplee, Thomas B. Not Without Risk: Operational Analysis of a Landmine Ban. Newport, RI: Naval War College, Joint Military Operations Department, 13 February 1998 21p. ABSTRACT:Since World War II, U.S. forces have gained considerable experience in the employment of landmines in war and operations other than war. Landmines are integrated into the tactics, techniques and procedures trained by the armed services. Now, because of the indiscriminate killing and maiming effects of these weapons, policy makers are committed to a global ban on most categories of antipersonnel landmines. A debate has developed in the professional and academic journals over the utility of landmines in military operations from one perspective versus the necessity of a landmine ban for humanitarian reasons from the other. Much of the available literature examining the impact of a landmine ban fails to analyze the issue from an operational perspective. This study will review the available literature but attempt to maintain an operational focus by consistently returning to the operational link among ends, ways, means and risk. Based on an analysis considering ends, ways, means, and risk; the operational commander can logically determine how to respond to a total ban on anti- personnel landmines and, in the process, identify the associated risk. The key to successfully reconciling the tactical and strategic perspectives resides at the operational level of war, because it is at the operational level that available military means are applied to achieve strategic ends. While an operational analysis of the impact of a landmine ban can identify alternative mechanisms, none of these alternatives are without associated risk. In every case, when landmines are removed from the operational equation some degree of risk must be identified and accepted. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A349 337

System/Design Trade Study Report for the Navigation of the Airborne, Ground Vehicular and Man-Portable Platforms and Support of the Buried Ordnance Detection, Identification, and Remediation Technology. Indian Head, MD: PRC, Inc., March 1995. 79p. ABSTRACT: This document contains a System Design Trade Study on the optimum navigation systems for airborne, ground-vehicle and man-portable Unexploded Ordnance detection platforms. This study will be used by Unexploded Ordnance Advanced Technology Demonstration decision-makers to make informed technical and programmatic decisions

138 concerning the use of new navigation and location technologies in the detection, identification and remediation of Unexploded Ordnance. ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A295 740

Test Operations Procedure Safety Evaluation of Mines and Demolitions. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, May 1978. 12p. ABSTRACT:This paper provides a method of evaluating the safety of mines and demolitions during development testing. Covers inspections and tests for adequacy of safety features; confirmation of functioning loads; sensitivity to accidental detonation during emplacement, arming, disarming, and recovery; safety during transportation including secured cargo vibration, rough handling, and 12.2-meter drop; and effects of high- and low-temperature storage on functioning. Not applicable to chemical mines. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A055 107

Thurston, R. D. and Thomas Bardeen. Minefield Clearance. Fort Belvoir: Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, March 1952. 97p ABSTRACT: The methods for using Universal indicator mines to determine probabilities of detonation of anti-tank mines when subjected to blast are discussed. Scaling laws for normal bombs and atomic weapons are devised and methods for computing probabilities of detonation are given. An outline of the instrumentation and field procedure used in obtaining data during Operation BUSTER is given. The results show that, in addition to obtaining data for minefield clearance, estimates can be made of yield of the weapon and of peak pressure as a function of distance from ground zero. A rather radius of clearance was obtained in the BUSTER shots primarily because of a skip effect (abnormally low readings) occurring at a radius about equal to the height of burst. It is recommended that the Universal indicator mines with closer control be used in future atomic tests to study in detail the skip effect due to ground shock, terrain, and obstructions and that further studies be made on the mine as a peak pressure gage. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 374 623

Tricoles, G., et al. Nearfield Electromagnetic Detection of Mines. Final report. San Diego, CA: General Dynamics Corp. December 1987. 140p. ABSTRACT: Experimental and analytical research on mine detection is described. The objectives were the design of measurement system for evaluating mine detection ideas and a plan for investigation. The approach was electromagnetic waves for ranges less than 3 meters. The report has three parts. Part I represents analytical and experimental data, describes equipment and reviews identification; it is the basis for design of a measurement system and the technical plan. Part II describes system design; Part II the technical plan. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A314 152

Tsang, Leung. Microwave and Millimeter Wave Remote Sensing of Snow and Detection of Buried Objects in Snow Environment. Final report. 1 June 1993-31 December 1996. Seattle, WA: Washington University, March 1997. 9p. ABSTRACT:Understanding and predicting the snow conditions in snow terrain is important to the US Army in the transportation of military vehicles, equipment, and personnel and for monitoring battlefield environment in snow terrain. The snow parameters that characterize snow conditions are snow wetness, snow depth, snow density, and snow grain size and layering. These parameters describe the hydrological and mechanical states of the snow pack. Remote sensing of snow conditions using microwave and millimeters waves are useful techniques. The microwaves and millimeter waves interact with the snow rough surface and volume scattering to produce the bistatic and monostatic radar return. Detection of mines in snow terrain environment is an important problem. The scattering of wave by the mine can be obscured by the scattering of snow clutter. A newly developed technique based on angular correlation function can be used to suppress the scattering by clutter and relatively enhance the scattering by the mine. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A324 646

Tsang, Leung, Gulfu Zhang, and Kyung Pak. Detection of a Buried Object Under a Single Random Rough Surface with Angular Correlation Function in EM Wave Scattering.

139 Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Department of Electrical Engineering, April 1996. 6p. ABSTRACT:Detection of a buried object with an electromagnetic rough surface above the buried object. Recent studies show that by taking statistical averages, the angular correlation function of scattering by random rough surfaces is small except along the memory line governed by the incident and scattered angles. In this article we study the angular correlation junction of the scattering of electromagnetic waves by a buried object under a single random rough surface. Because the buried object is positioned under a single random rough surface, the angular correlation junction is calculated with frequency averaging. Numerical results show that the frequency averaged angular correlation junction still exhibits the memory line. It is also shown that the angular correlation function away from the memory line will suppress the rough surface scattering and make the buried object scattering more conspicuous by a relative magnitude of as large as 23 dB. Thus, the use of the angular correlation function will give better detection of a buried object than scattering intensity. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A308 230

U.S. Army Ground Vehicle Survivability Symposium 29 March-1 April 1999. Arlington, VA: National Defense Industrial Association, April 1999. 91p. ABSTRACT: A mine-soil-structure interaction problem with a landmine buried in two different soil types was modeled using a hydrodynamic code. Because the actual soil types can vary widely between experiments the problem was bracketed between two widely differing soil types-dry sand and fully saturated tuff. The ballistic pendulum anvil plate acts as a momentum trap for a vertical impulse measurement facility (VIMF) under development at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. The model allows simulation of complex asymmetric explosive-soil- structure interaction effects. It also generates loading and response of the plate due to varying offset, standoff depth of soil overburden, and explosive contents. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A369 728

Umholtz, Robert L. and John D. Sullivan. JUGFAE Crane Error. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, July 1989. 70p. ABSTRACT: A concept called JUGFAE, JUG-contained Fuel-Air Explosive, was devised for clearing minefields in uncontested, rear areas. The concept prescribes a line of jugs set in by a crane standing on cleared ground. The jugs must be carefully spaced so that when they simultaneously burst, the fuel-air clouds can overlap and give one large explosion. The process is then repeated. This report documents the mathematics of the error if the crane misspaces the jugs. Six different methods are presented. For a probability of 0.135 of mislaying a jug outside a tolerance circle whose diameter is no more than the cloud overlap expected, the probability of not detonating a 10-jug line is only 0.0404. The failure probability grows just less than directly proportionally to the number of jugs in the line. REPORT NUMBER: BRL-TR-3016 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A210 916

Unexploded Ordnance Clearance: A Coordinated Approach to Requirements and Technology Development. Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology), March 1997. 109p. ABSTRACT:The Department of Defense (DoD) is in the process of establishing an effective, fully-coordinated, requirements-driven research and development program for Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Clearance technology. This program will coordinate and leverage technology advancements across the five DoD UXO Clearance mission areas: Countermine, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Humanitarian Demining, Active Range Clearance, and UXO Environmental Remediation. An integral component of DoD's technology plan for UXO Clearance and detection is the development of private sector capabilities to perform these functions-for Active Range Clearance and Environmental Remediation. The vast acreage at closing and active bases that require UXO clearance will require industry to play a leading role in developing improved detection and clearance technologies for these important missions. The need for such a program has emerged over the past few years as U.S. involvement in operations other than war and post conflict humanitarian concerns have gained importance and as DoD has undertaken the closure of installations contaminated with UXO. As requirements for UXO clearance have increased, it has become apparent that similar technologies may be applied to UXO clearance activities in each of these areas. Such

140 a coordinated technology development approach would not only be beneficial to the multiple user communities, but also to DoD to make efficient use of resources. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A326 965

US Government Interagency Humanitarian Demining Strategic Plan. The Interagency Working Group on Humanitarian Demining, 1996. 70p. ABSTRACT:This document contains the United States Government (USG) Interagency Humanitarian Demining Strategic Plan. The plan was developed, coordinated, and approved by the Interagency working Group (IWG) on Humanitarian Demining. It provides the strategy and implementing methodology to develop a more effective and better integrated humanitarian demining program that helps selected countries relieve human suffering and develop indigenous demining capability, while promoting U.S. political, security, and economic interests. The Strategic Plan lays the foundation for improving Interagency coordination and synergy by formally documenting: (1) vision, goals, and objectives of the USG humanitarian demining program and the means employed to achieve them; (2) roles and responsibilities of the IWG and those of its member and participating departments and agencies; and (3) methodology and planning timeline to coordinate and implement interagency activities within the context of the USG humanitarian demining program. The appendices: (1) supplement the plan and detail the process for selecting, developing, and managing assistance efforts for countries included in the U.S. program; (2) provide an overview of humanitarian demining program funding; (3) contain a glossary and selected bibliography; and (4) include copies of the White House press release announcing the President's anti-personnel landmine policy, the Secretary of Defense memorandum for implementation of the President's decision on anti-personnel landmines, and the current IWG Charter. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A322 291

The United States Viewpoint on Minefield Policy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952. 30p. ABSTRACT:None Available. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 470

Van Williams, Terry. Filling an Operational Requirement: The Nonlethal Approach. Newport, RI: Naval War College, February 1998. 29p. ABSTRACT: Pressures generated as a result of the growing worldwide concern over the use of conventional landmines forced the United States to severely limit their use. At the same time, the operational commander continues to have a need to shape the battlefield and protect his forces, a need currently filled by the conventional landmine. This paper examines the roll that nonlethal technologies can play in filling the battlefield shaping and force protection requirements. It will show that not only can nonlethal weapons replace the conventional landmine, but that they will give the operational commander options never before possible, so revolutionary that they will change the entire mine warfare paradigm. This paper looks at emerging nonlethal technologies and how they can meet the old requirements and the newly generated battlefield shaping and force protection requirements. It looks at their employment options, highlighting the new options and what they do for the operational commander. The paper then looks to the future to see where and how these assets fit in Joint Vision 2010. Finally, it looks at the key legal and ethical concerns associated with the employment of these new assets. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A348 576

Vande Kieft, L., et al. Sensitivity Testing of RDX/Aluminum Powdered Explosive Mixtures for the Improved Dispersed Explosives (IDX) Project. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, April 1993. 37p. ABSTRACT: The task reported on here was performed for the Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Command, and is a portion of a significant effort in the area of Explosives Mine Countermeasures. The goal is to develop a weapon system capable of clearing a path 8m wide by 100m long through a minefield, while under enemy fire. A further consideration is the requirement that the weapon system be relatively invulnerable to all of the hazards of the battlefield, that it not cause injury or damage to friendly forces, and that it

141 survive sufficiently long to perform its function. The weapon system under development employs the high explosive, cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), in two particle sizes (Classes 3 and 5), mixed dry with flaked aluminum, as the active ingredients. These materials are explosively disseminated into the atmosphere, and allowed to distribute themselves under the forces of gravity and aerodynamic drag, into a ground layer and an atmospheric concentration gradient with a maximum at the ground surface. The airborne cloud is initiated, and the reaction wave initiates the ground layer. The resulting pressure initiates the mines. This task was defined to quantify the sensitivities of the formulations employed, and to provide some direction in defining the packaging configuration of the final weapon system. REPORT NUMBER: ARL-TR-113 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A264 732

Varenysgev, B. Reconnaissance of Mines and Explosive Obstacles. Charlottesville, VA: Army Foreign Science and Technology Center, November 1973, 9p. Translation of Voennye Znaniya (USSR) n10 p40-41 Oct 72, by Markowitz. ABSTRACT:In view of the wide use of mines and explosive obstacles by the forces of the NATO powers, Soviet troops are equipped with a wide range of devices for detecting, marking and eliminating antitank and antipersonnel mines. These include roller and plow type mine sweepers mounted on tanks, the Road Induction Mine Detector (DIM) mounted in a GAZ-69 light truck, and a hand-operated mine detector and Mine Reconnaissance and Clearance Set (KR) for foot soldiers. Various types of engineer equipment are provided for locating hidden delayed-action mines and demolition charges, and a magnetometer bomb-detector has been developed. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 784 756

Von Tresckow, Arnold. Land Mines (Landminen). Translation of Soldat und Technik (West Germany) no. 8 1975. Washington, DC: Naval Intelligence Support Center, Translation Division, February 1978. 43p. ABSTRACT: Long before World War I, the term 'Mine Warfare' was well known. The term was used to denote tunnels, advanced towards enemy positions and usually filled with large amounts of explosives which, when initiated, were to bury enemy positions or destroy them, in order to make possible the breakthrough of friendly forces. Also covered by this term was combat against ships with naval mines. While this article is entitled 'landmines', its discussion is limited to antitank mines and mines used against other ground vehicles, as well as mines used against live targets on the ground. Both types of mines had their origin as a result of the conditions prevailing during World War I. ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A053 305

Walczak, J., and K. J. Bathe. Nonlinear Analysis of a TM-46 Soviet Land Mine. Final report. 25 March 1986-March 1988. Watertown, MA: Adina Engineering, Inc., 29 March 1988. 55p. ABSTRACT: A static and dynamic analysis of a TM-46 land mine is presented. The objective of this study was to establish a finite element analysis of the mine including an accurate modeling of the contact conditions. The report presents the finite element modeling and solution results for the static buckling response and the dynamic response under blast pressure loading. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A206 986

Walker, John K., Jr. Air Scatterable Land Mines as an Air Force Munition. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, March 1978. 20p. Presented at the Air University Airpower Symposium, Battlefield Support in the 1980's, Air War College, Maxwell AFB, AL, 14 February 1978. ABSTRACT:This discussion has touched upon some aspects of the following hypotheses: The extensive array of mine countermeasure gear in Warsaw Pact ground forces formations suggests considerable respect for the potential of mines to impede armored vehicle mobility. In the absence of some delaying influence, Pact combat power can build up at a faster rate than a defender can cope with or maneuver to counter. Disruption may be viewed as a combination of vehicle destruction, formation delay and diversion, and interruption of orderly command and control. A number of related interactions that are subtle and not well

142 understood currently cannot be defined or measured. A number of opportunities appear to exist for useful employment of air scatterable land mines by tactical aircraft. But there are some problems, as well, several of which may be reduced through joint service understanding, testing, and cooperation. An initial step in this direction might be an appreciation of countermobility as an attack objective, using disruption as the effect to be sought rather than destruction of discrete target elements. REPORT NUMBER: RAND/P-5955 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A086 583

Wallace, Robert R., Richard K. Young and Robert Felts. Countermine Systems Study: Part IA: Baseline System Description. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center, September 1972. 136p. ABSTRACT:The study determines the range of time, labor, materiel dollars, weight, volume, energy, casualties, and vehicles associated with breaching a 1-4-8 minefield using selected doctrine and materiel as of 1 September 1971. It is intended that this system description serve as a baseline for the comparison of alternative conceptual countermine systems. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 755 105

Walsh, Marianne E. and Thomas A. Ranney. Determination of Nitroaromatic, Nitramine, and Nitrate Ester Explosives in Soil Using GC-ECD. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, August 1999. 47p. ABSTRACT: Nitroaromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester explosives are analytes of interest for hazardous waste site characterization and land mine detection. Traditionally determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), these thermally labile analytes may be determined by gas chromatography (GC) by using direct injection into a deactivated liner and a short (6-m) wide-bore capillary column. Gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and HPLC- ultraviolet (UV) concentration estimates of these compounds in field- contaminated soils from hazardous waste sites were compared, and excellent correlation (r > 0.97) was found between the two methods of analysis for the compounds most frequently detected: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3, 5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 2,4- dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 1,3- dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), and octahydro-1,3,5,7- tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). GC-ECD method detection limits (MDL) were about 1 micrograms/kg for the di- and trinitroaromatics, about 10 micrograms/kg for the mononitroaromatics, 3 micrograms/kg for RDX, 25 micrograms/kg for HMX, and between 10 and 40 micrograms/kg for the nitrate esters (NG and PETN). ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A368 184

Wanner, Christopher. Side Sweeping Blade, Concept Evaluation for Mine Clearing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Communications-Electronics Command, Night Vision and Electronics Sensors Directorate, February 1995. 59p. ABSTRACT: This evaluation analyzes the mine clearing performance of an angled plow blade with a side sweeping conveyor face in place of a conventional moldboard. The evaluation was conducted on the basis of field testing of the Clausen Power Blade and standard angle and V blades. REPORT NUMBER: AMSEL-NV-TR-0124 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A293 091

Washburn, Alan. Katz Distributions, with Applications to Minefield Clearance. Technical report. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, Department of Operations Research, March 1996. 27 p. ABSTRACT:At the end of a mine clearance operation, some judgment must be made about the number of mines that remain uncleared. A Bayesian analysis will require a prior distribution for the number of mines. This report describes some desirable properties of Katz distributions for that purpose. The Katz class consists of binomial, Poisson, and negative binomial distributions. REPORT NUMBER: NPS-CR-96-003 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A307 317

Weddle, Kevin J. The Ottawa Treaty and Coalition Warfare: An Unholy Alliance? Carlisle

143 Barracks, PA: Army War College, 1 April 1999. 46p. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to show how the United States and our coalition partners have failed to fully consider the impact of the recently signed Ottawa Treaty to ban Anti-Personnel Landmines (APLs) on our ability to execute successful coalition warfare. This paper describes the serious implications for NATO and Coalition operations in view of the bulk of our Allies signing the Ottawa Treaty banning the use of all anti-personnel landmines (APLs) . This paper will argue that the cost to NATO and other Coalition operations due to Ottawa clearly demonstrates the shortcomings in this treaty. This paper also provides some key recommendations that, if adopted, will ensure that the United States can fight effectively with Allies all over the globe. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A363 463

Wegman, Edward J., Jeffery L. Solka, and Wendy L. Poston. Immersive Methods for Mine Warfare. Technical report. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, Center for Computational Statistics, April 1996. 28p. ABSTRACT:We are developing a synthetic environment to be used in combination with real environments for the purpose of mine counter measures. Two examples of our work involve applications to land-based minefields and an application to submarine defense. In the former application, imaging is done with six spectral bands. It has been shown empirically that a sequence of images taken in six spectral bands when viewed sequentially will allow one to distinguish between real mines, partially buried real mines, decoys, other metallic objects, and other manner of debris. The image can be viewed as a 2-dimensional image with an 6- dimensional vector attached to each pixel location. We use the grand-tour technique (Wegman and Shen, 1993) to find an optimal discrimant between real mines and other objects. We then use a head-mounted display (HMD) which is semitransparent so that the real-world objects can be seen through it. After processing the scene, the suspected sites of real mines are superimposed on the visual field so that the soldier wearing the HMD is alerted to the presence of mines. The submarine application is similar. We use Crystal Eyes technology and Silicon Graphics Onyx systems in our laboratory. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A313 514

Wehlburg, Joseph, et al. "Field Trials of Mobile X-Ray Source for Mine Detection Using Backscattered X-Rays." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 888-892. ABSTRACT: The implementation of a backscattered X-ray landmine detection system has been demonstrated in laboratories at both Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the University of Florida (UF). The next step was to evaluate the modality by assembling a system for fieldwork. To assess the system's response to a variety of objects, buried plastic and metal antitank landmines, surface plastic antipersonnel landmines, and surface metal fragments were used as targets. To provide motion, the system was mounted on a gantry and rastered side-to-side using a computer-controlled stepper motor with a come-along providing the forward movement. Data generated from the detector responses were then analyzed to provide the images and locations of landmines. Changing from the lab environment to the field did not decrease the system's ability to detect buried or obscured landmines. The addition of rain, blowing dust, rocky soil, and native plant-life did not lower the system's resolution or contrast for the plastic or the metal landmines.

Wenzel, A. B. and L. R. Garza. A Preliminary Report of the Technical Objectives and Anticipated Functional Requirements of the Nonexpendable Mine Roller System. San Antonio,TX: Southwest Research Institute, September 1970. 31p. ABSTRACT:The program objective is to furnish all the engineering technology and facilities necessary to design, fabricate, test, and deliver components for the development of a nonexpendable vehicle mine clearing roller. It is to incorporate a command wire cutter. The roller will be used for assault minefield breaching and route clearing operations and is designed to detonate single impulse, pressure-activated mines buried under soil, sand, or water up to 6 inches deep. A command wire cutter will be developed as an integral part of the Vehicle Mine Clearing Roller.

144 ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 728 123

Wertman, W. H. Cumulative Indexes of Papers from Proceedings of Minefield Conferences (I through XIV). White Oak, MD: Naval Ordnance Laboratory, October 1971. 50p. [Reprinted from NOLTR-71-71-Vol-2. This revision supersedes those previously published. It includes the papers published in NOLTR-71-71 and all previous volumes of the Proceedings.] ABSTRACT: Technical conferences have been conducted annually by the Naval Minefield Community. The Author Index and Subject Index presented list papers which have been submitted for use in connection with these conferences, and included in the Proceedings. The Proceedings include papers which were presented orally during the conference sessions, and papers on related topics which could not be presented for reasons such as absence, or limitations of the two-day conferences. Copies of the Proceedings are initially distributed upon request to individuals who furnish certifications of Secret security clearance and need-to- know in connection with conference sessions. In general, copies of individual papers included in the Proceedings are not available. Some of the papers have been published separately by the authors. Inquiries in this regard should be addressed to the authors personally or to their activities. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 902 096

White, Ben O., Jr. 60th Infantry Platoon (Scout Dog) (Mine/Tunnel Detector Dog). Army Concept Team in Vietnam, December 1969. 42p. ABSTRACT:The Army Concept Team in Vietnam evaluated the 60th Infantry Platoon (Scout Dog) (Mine/Tunnel) (60th IPSD) to determine its suitability for tactical employment with US Army units in RVN. The 28-man platoon had 14 mine and 14 tunnel dogs. The mine dogs were trained to detect explosive artifacts and trip wires. The tunnel dogs were trained to detect open and camouflaged holes and trip wires. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 869 383

Wichmann, Guenter. Research and Development on the Field of Mine Detection. Final technical report. Heidelberg, Germany: Development Office for Microwave Impulse Techniques, October 1996, 29p. ABSTRACT:Due to the experience made over several decades in the field of mine detection it became obvious that the identification or at least the classification of detected objects will be indispensable because of the false alarm rate which would nullify the success of any mine detection system. This meant for a mine detector based on microwave technology that additional information had to be gained by exploiting considerably higher frequencies than had been used in the past. Since in wet soil high frequencies are subject to an extreme attenuation, a pulse radar system with an extremely clean pulse on an extremely clean baseline had to be built. By introducing a completely unconventional method for diminishing the radar cross section of the antenna, this clutter could be reduced by almost two orders of magnitude, thus achieving a cleanliness of the pulse which had never been reached before. Thus it became evident that the system internal clutter can be reduced to a level which possibly will allow the future identification or classification of mines. As for a final mine detector, an antenna line array is unavoidable and the antenna internal clutter as well as the clutter generated by the multiple reflections between soil and antenna will increase due to the larger number of antenna elements involved, an additional improvement has to be achieved in order to at least maintain or even increase the performance now achieved when using a complete line array. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A325 260

Williamson, Roger L. Modeling Visual Detectability and Avoidance of Scatterable Antitank Mines. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Human Engineering Laboratory, December 1977. 18p. ABSTRACT:When comparing the effectiveness of scatterable antitank mine systems, the countermeasure of visual detection and avoidance is a significant aspect. The probability of detecting and avoiding antitank mines emplaced on the surface of the ground varies as a function of the height of the mine, the height of vegetation on the ground, the running mode of the tank (open versus closed hatch), and tank speed. Those four parameters were combined

145 into a geometrically derived model to produce a point estimate of the probability of detecting and avoiding a mine system. Additional parameters needing investigation as possibly significant additions to the model are mine color, mine camouflageability with natural debris, the presence of parachutes or mine antennas, diurnal effects, sun angle, and psychological/physiological condition of the tank crew. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A049 635

Winter, E.M., et al. "Assessment of Techniques for Airborne Infrared Land Mine Detection." IN: International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition - Development, Integration, Applications & Operations, 3rd, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 7-10, 1997, Proceedings. Vol. 2, Ann Arbor, MI, ERIM International, Inc., 1997, p. II-44 to II-51 ABSTRACT: Many different passive optical techniques have been proposed for the remote detection of buried land mines from an airborne platform. These techniques rely on different potential mine observables in the visible and IR portions of the spectrum. These observables are based on detection of the disturbed soil or vegetation associated with the mine emplacement or upon the detection of the mine body itself, through its thermal signature. Disturbed soil texture is discussed, followed by approaches that rely on the spectral anomaly associated with the disturbed soil. The review of the disturbed soil techniques leads to an assessment of the potential detection of long-buried mines by their thermal properties. Recently collected field data is used to assess the potential value of different procedures. The passive optical mine detection techniques using IR are then compared.

Wirtz, David P. Preliminary Design and Accuracy Analysis of a Ground-Launched Multiple Rocket System for Breaching Mine Fields. China Lake, CA: Naval Weapons Center, January 1973. 55p. ABSTRACT:The purpose of this report is to design and evaluate the accuracy of a proposed multiple rocket system. This implies a preliminary baseline design for which the accuracy is evaluated. Accuracy implies the basic deviations resulting from an attempt to place the rockets in a pattern required to breach the minefield. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A061 672

Wissler, J. E. Anti-Mechanized Defense: A Computerized Simulation for Squad Leader Training. Master’s thesis. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Air Force Inst. of Tech., School of Systems and Logistics, September 1983. 359p. ABSTRACT: Marine Corps doctrine requires deployment of one combat engineer platoon with each BLT. Engineer squad leaders provide anti-mechanized defense expertise to Battalion Landing Team rifle company commanders. This expertise includes the effective use of barriers and obstacles in conjunction with organic direct fire antimech weapons and combined arms support. Current squad leader training in these areas is limited due to budget, equipment, and training area constraints during both shipboard and ashore periods. Gaming has proven a satisfactory approach in supplying this training. This research developed a two- player, Pascal-based, computerized simulation incorporating USMC and Soviet direct and indirect fire weapons, standard barriers and obstacles, and appropriate Soviet tactics. Development of the game included initial verification and validation testing through comparison of game responses to MCCRES standards and interpretation of actual Marine enlisted playtesting. The completed prototype war game was shown to provide realistic and enjoyable training on the squad leader level. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A134 962

Won, I. J. and Dean Keiswetter. "Electromagnetic Induction Spectroscopy." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 1, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 1), 1998, p. 14-22. ABSTRACT: An object, made partly or wholly of metals, has a distinct combination of electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, and geometrical shape and size. When the object is exposed to a low-frequency EM field, it produces a secondary magnetic field. By measuring the secondary field in a broadband spectrum, we obtain a distinct spectral signature that may uniquely identify the object. Based on the response spectrum, we attempt to 'fingerprint' the object. This is the basic concept of Electromagnetic Induction Spectroscopy

146 (EMIS). EMIS technology may be particularly useful for detecting buried landmines and unexploded ordnance. By fully characterizing and identifying an object without excavation, we should be able to reduce significantly the number of false targets. EMIS should be fully applicable to many other problems where target identification and recognition (without intrusive search) are important. For instance, an advanced EMIS device at an airport security gate may be able to recognize a particular weapon by its maker and type.

Wortman, Donald E. Mine Detector System. Patent. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, January 1977. 4p. ABSTRACT:A mine detector system that utilizes an explosive comparator to increase the sensitivity and selectivity. The system utilizes a generator to transmit a signal simultaneously toward the area to be scanned for mines and towards a sample of the explosive sought. Detectors are positioned within the device to receive the reflected signals from both the area to be scanned and the sample explosive. The outputs from both detectors are fed to preferably a null type comparator for correlation. When the two signals correlate, mine presence is indicated. REPORT NUMBER: PATENT 4,004,212

Wright, Susan J. Tactical Effectiveness of Minefields in the Antiarmor Weapon System Mine Detection Side Test (TEMAWS II). Final report. February-April 1977. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Combined Arms Combat Developments Activity, September 1977. ABSTRACT:This paper contains an analysis of the data collected during the Mine Detection Side Test of the Tactical Effectiveness of Minefields in the Antiarmor Weapon System (TEMAWS) field experiment. The purpose of the test was to collect data on the ability of tank drivers to detect and avoid scatterable mines as a function of varying levels of vehicle speed, minefield density and mine detectability. A trial consisted of one tank, manned only with a driver, traversing a course of four minefields of different densities. The drivers were not task loaded beyond the objective to detect and avoid all mines. Results of the analysis include probabilities of mine detection, detection and avoidance, and mine encounter. Distances traveled to first detection and between subsequent encounters are also provided. Analysis of variance conducted on the independent variables identified significant factors and interacting factor effects. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A045 519

Wuest, C. R. Energetic Charged Particle Beams for Disablement of Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 27 March 1995. 11p. [Autonomous Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures Symposium, Monterey, CA, 5 May 1995.] ABSTRACT: LLNL has an ongoing program of weapons disablement using energetic charged particle beams; this program combines theoretical and experimental expertise in accelerators, high-energy and nuclear physics, plasma physics and hydrodynamics to simulate/measure effects of electron and proton beams on weapons. This paper reviews work by LLNL, LANL and NSWC on detonating sensitive and insensitive high explosives and land mines using high-current electron beams. Computer simulations are given. 20--160 MeV electron beams incident on wet/dry soils are being studied, along with electron beam propagation in air. Compact high current, high-energy accelerators are being developed for mine clearing. Countermine missions of interest are discussed. . REPORT NUMBER: UCRL/JC-120594, CONF-95-051972 ACCESSION NUMBER: DE95-009669

Yates, Donald R. The Landmine Dilemma and the Role of the U.S. Government. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, March 1996. 32p. ABSTRACT: The proliferation of antipersonnel landmine use has created problems world- wide. This study identifies and clarifies the complex issues that have created the current landmine dilemma. In addition, this research discusses international and congressional attempts to regulate antipersonnel landmine use and critically analyzes these efforts. This paper also proposes recommendations as to what the role of the United States should be in resolving the landmine dilemma. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A308 534

147 Yue, O., G. Tricoles and E. L. Rope. Monostatic Microwave Imaging of Buried Objects. Volume I. San Diego, CA: General Dynamics, October 1974. 49p. ABSTRACT:High quality microwave images of realistic objects in damp soil were formed, and correlated to the structure of the objects using the monostatic measurement technique. Moreover, they compared very well with other images made in dry smooth soil. Effect of polarization and changes in frequency on the microwave image was investigated. A new way of displaying the scanned data was introduced to facilitate detection of buried objects. ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A004 861

Zacks, S. Survival Distributions in Crossing Fields Containing Clusters of Absorption Points with Possible Detection and Uncertain Activation or Absorption. Technical report. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, June 1976. 36p. ABSTRACT:The present paper presents an algorithm for the exact determination of survival distributions in crossing fields containing absorption points (mines). The model under consideration considers clusters of absorption points, scattered at random in the field around specified aim points. The scatter distributions of the various clusters are assumed to be known. The encounter process between the particles (objects) and the absorption points allows for a possible detection and destruction of the points, for inactivation of the points and for the possibility that an activated point will not absorb the particle. Recursive formulae for the determination of the survival probabilities of each particle in a column of n crossing a the same path are given. The distribution of the number of survivors out of n particles in a column is also determined. Computer programs in Fortran are provided as well as numerical examples. ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A026 218

Zeler, Bernard. "The Concept of a Humanitarian Airborne Minefield Detector Project." IN: International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition - Development, Integration, Applications & Operations, 3rd, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 7-10, 1997, Proceedings. Vol. 2, Ann Arbor, MI, ERIM International, Inc., 1997, p. II-13 to II-19. ABSTRACT: Land mines are devastating weapons of war, but they are equally devastating weapons after the war. Mines remain active and deadly long after conflicts cease, killing and maiming innocent civilians. We introduce the operation of a utility aircraft equipped to detect mines, mines-like targets and unexploded ordnance, addressing the benefits of humanitarian versus military operation, multisensor and simultaneous operation of the equipment, postprocessing and fusion of the collected data, simultaneous operation of various sensors on board to detect minefields more effectively than a single sensor alone, and whether mines are metallic, plastic, slightly buried or hidden under light vegetation. The development of fusion software displaying the collected data on a single georeferenced document will increase the positive identification of the mine signatures, and allow the location of the mines plotted with higher accuracy.

Zwamborn, A. and M. Peter. "Electromagnetic Inversion." IN: Advanced Pattern Recognition Techniques. Physics and Electronics Lab TNO The Hague, Netherlands, 1998. 2p. ABSTRACT: The paper is comprised of an introduction to a lecture discussing electromagnetic inversion as applied to the problem of land mine pollution and detection. ACCESSION NUMBER: N99-11029

148 Home » Library Home » Research Tools » Bibliographies » LandMines

Land Mines and Demining: Internet Sites Internet Sites

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography Internet Sites

About.Com – Human Rights – Landmines

Canada and the Global Land Mine Crisis

Canada’s approach to the land mine crisis.

Defense Environmental Network & Information eXchange (DENIX)

Demining Research at University of Western Australia

DeTeC HOMEPAGE – the Demining Technology Center at the EPFL

(Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)

Provides a lot of good links

Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining

Human Rights and Landmines

Humanitarian Demining

Sponsored by the U.S. Army communications Electronics Command, Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, Countermine Division This site provides some great links including to a world map showing mine infestation areas, other links and most usefully, a mine identification guide database which identifies mines based on their characteristics. Pictures are included.

Humanitarian Demining

------Publications

ICRC: International Red Committee of the Red Cross

This location contains basic facts and information about landmines, a bibliography, press releases and news items on antipersonnel weapons.

Land Mine Warfare: Detection and Clearance

The DTIC Review, vol. 2, no. 1 (entire issue) and includes a list of electronic references.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Landmine Bibliography

Mine Action Information Center [MAIC]– James Madison University

149 ------El Desminado

------DTIF Demining Technology Information Forum Journal

------Journal of Mine Action

MINERATS: Anti-personnel Mine Clearance Robots

Common anti-personnel mines (with pictures).

MINWARA-- The Mine Warfare Association

Includes copies of the Association newsletter and reports online.

UNICEF

The United Nations Mine Action Service

Mine Action Investments Database Includes demining programme reports, country and area reports and casualties and incidents as well as links to other Landmine sites.

United States Department of Defense’s Unexploded Ordnance Center of Excellence (UXOCOE)

------Technical reports

------UXO Forum papers

United States European Command – Humanitarian Demining Operations

United States. State Department -- Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs

United States. State Dept – Arms Control and Non-proliferation – Anti-personnel mines

150