THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF KACHIN STATE UNDER COLONIAL RULE (1886-1948) PhD DISSERTATION MARAN HKAWN TAWNG DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF MANDALAY MYANMAR MAY, 2014 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF KACHIN STATE UNDER COLONIAL RULE (1886-1948) University of Mandalay THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF KACHIN STATE UNDER COLONIAL RULE (1886-1948) A Dissertation Submitted to the University of Mandalay In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History Department of History Maran Hkawn Tawng 4 PhD-Hist-24 Mandalay, Myanmar May, 2014 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines socio-economic conditions of Kachin State in Colonial Period. The various changes of the socio-economic conditions are mentioned in this dissertation. Institutional changes of Kachin educational system, different nature of economic situation, arrival of Christianity in Kachin Society are also discussed. The dissertation also explains the once important and reliable Kachin customary tradition changed under western colonialism. The vast extent of the economic resources in Kachin State and introduction of new administrative pattern which effected upon the continuities and changes of Kachin Society are also considered in this dissertation. The only noteworthy fact was the development of communication system under the colonial regime. The year of 1898 showed Kachin State to be in a much better railway system; exporting more goods to Upper Myanmar. Ledo Road was another backbone between India and China, which was built by American engineers during World War II. To control the authoritative power in Kachin State, Duwaship was also developed in Kachin Region. Christianity was flourishing and socio-economic status of Kachin Society was uplifted even though much economic rights and privileges had been lost to the British. Table of Contents Pages Abstract iv List of Abbreviations vi List of Photographs xi List of Tables xii Glossary xiii Introduction xv Chapters 1. Beginning of the British Rule 1 2. The Coming of New Religion 31 3. Economic Conditions 63 4. Changes in Social Life 94 Conclusion 123 Photograph 127 Bibliography 130 ABBREVIATIONS 1/1 B Acc. No. 6713 1/1 B Acc. No. 6317, p.1, Sub-improvement of the Road between Bhamo and Tengyuch (China),National Archive Department, Yangon 1/1 B Acc. No.7409 1/1 B Acc. No.7409, p.2, Sub-Question of opening to international trade of the Kuyung Route between Burma and China, National Archive Department, Yangon Awng La, 1984 K.B.C. 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A-thin-daw Ya-za-win (The History of A. G. Church in Myanmar) ,Myitkyina, Shwe Kya Press, 1997 Zau Raw, 1997 Shanglawt Hkristan Mung Chying Sa Sana hpung byin pru wa ai labau (The History of Independent Church Mission), Myitkyina, Tatkon Church, 1997 Zau Rip, 1983 Jinghpaw Mung hte ngai (Kachin State and me), Myitkyina, Hanson Press, 1983 List of Photographs Pages 1. Father C. Gilhodes (1900) 128 2. Rev. Albert J. Lyon (1878) 128 3. Rev. William H. Roberts & Wife (1879-1913) 128 4. Dr. Ola Hanson & Wife (1890-1928) 129 5. Rev. George J. Geis & Wife (1892-1916) (1924-1936) 129 List of Tables Pages 1. Agricultural statistics of Bhamo District 69 2. Agricultural Statistics of Myikyina District 70 3. Excise Revenue of Myitkyina District 74 4. Excise Revenue of Bhamo District 75 5. Myitkyina Forest Reserve 78 6. Bhamo Forest Reserve 79 7. Myitkyina Forest Revenue 80 8. Bhamo Forest Revenue 80 9. Jade production of the period 1911-1921 84 10. Jade production of the period 1929-1938 84 11. Revenue from Tax Farming for the period 1929-1938 85 12. Amber production of the period 1911 to 1921 86 13. Statistics of value of transfrontier trade, Bhamo District 91 14. Statistics of value of transfrontier trade, Myitkyina District 92 15. Growth of population of Myitkyina and Bhamo 92 GLOSSARY Dama Kachin; one's paternal relatives; those who ask for wives from their Mayu to their Dama Dumsa Kachin, an animist priest Duwa Kachin Chief Gumlau Kachin, to rebel; a type of Kachin society in which a rebellion against hereditary chiefs has taken place and in which there is more democracy Gumrawng Gumtsa Democratic system Gumsa Feudal system Hka Debt Hkinjawng Ritual butcher Hpaga Wealth object Hpunglum