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España En El Recuerdo, México En La Esperanza. Juristas Republicanos Del Exilio, Madrid 2020, 343 Pp

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España En El Recuerdo, México En La Esperanza. Juristas Republicanos Del Exilio, Madrid 2020, 343 Pp España en el recuerdo, México en la esperanza juristas republicanos del exilio Eva Elizabeth Martínez Chávez España en el recuerdo, México en la esperanza The Figuerola Institute Programme: Legal History The Programme “Legal History” of the Figuerola Institute of Social Science History –a part of the Carlos III University of Madrid– is devoted to improve the overall knowledge on the history of law from different points of view –academically, culturally, socially, and institutionally– covering both ancient and modern eras. A number of experts from several countries have participated in the Programme, bringing in their specialized knowledge and dedication to the subject of their expertise. To give a better visibility of its activities, the Programme has published in its Book Series a number of monographs on the different aspects of its academic discipline. Publisher: Carlos III University of Madrid Book Series: Legal History Editorial Committee: Manuel Ángel Bermejo Castrillo, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Catherine Fillon, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 Manuel Martínez Neira, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Carlos Petit, Universidad de Huelva Cristina Vano, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II More information at www.uc3m.es/legal_history España en el recuerdo, México en la esperanza Juristas republicanos del exilio Eva Elizabeth Martínez Chávez DYKINSON 2020 Historia del derecho, 84 ISSN: 2255-5137 © 2020 Eva Elizabeth Martínez Chávez Cubierta: Lic. Aura Daniela Paz Caballero Editorial Dykinson c/ Meléndez Valdés, 61 – 28015 Madrid Tlf. (+34) 91 544 28 46 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.dykinson.com Preimpresión: TALLERONCE ISBN: 978-84-1324-773-1 Depósito legal: M-14858-2020 Versión electrónica disponible en e-Archivo http://hdl.handle.net/10016/30520 Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España A mis compañeras de aventuras Valentina e Isabela ÍNDICE SIGLAS Y ACRÓNIMOS 13 INTRODUCCIÓN 15 PRIMERA PARTE. EL ÉXODO EUROPEO DE ENTREGUERRAS 31 ITALIA 40 1. Silvio Trentin en el exilio 41 2. Norberto Bobbio y el antifascismo 42 3. Las leyes raciales 45 3.1. La discriminazione y l’arianizazione 52 4. El regreso del exilio 53 5. La ciencia jurídica italiana en el destierro 55 ALEMANIA 59 1. El exilio de los juristas 61 2. La llegada a Estados Unidos 66 3. Hermann Heller en el exilio español 70 FRANCIA 76 1. La legislación antijudía 81 1.1. La aplicación de la legislación de Vichy 85 2. La Resistencia 90 3. Liberación y retorno 98 ESPAÑA 101 1. La diáspora republicana y sus destinos 108 1.1. Europa y África 108 1.2. América 110 2. Portugal. Un enclave estratégico 118 3. El exilio de los juristas republicanos 119 9 EVA ELIZABETH MARTÍNEZ CHÁVEZ SEGUNDA PARTE. EN BUSCA DE UN NUEVO DESTINO 133 MÉXICO EN LA ESPERANZA 135 1. Los contactos más allá del Atlántico 146 2. Las fichas migratorias 147 3. La masonería mexicana 153 4. El viaje a México 158 5. La recepción mexicana. Conflictos, reticencias, aceptación 159 5.1. La inmigración republicana en la prensa mexicana 161 LOS ASILADOS POLÍTICOS 166 1. La Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1917 y el artículo 33 166 2. Los cauces en la aplicación del artículo 33 constitucional 168 3. El artículo 33 durante el mandato del presidente Lázaro Cárdenas 170 4. Leyes, Tablas, Acuerdos 175 5. El presidente Manuel Ávila Camacho y la inmigración republicana 181 TERCERA PARTE. TIERRA DE ENCUENTRO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN 185 EL MUNDO DEL DERECHO EN EL MÉXICO POSREVOLUCIONARIO 191 1. La enseñanza del Derecho en la Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia 191 2. La creación de la Escuela Libre de Derecho 203 3. Las revistas jurídicas 208 4. La llegada a México de los estudiosos del derecho españoles 211 LOS FRUTOS DEL ENCUENTRO 221 1. La docencia universitaria 222 2. Los seminarios de investigación 228 2.1. La Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 231 2.2. El Colegio de México 235 3. Las aportaciones a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 242 4. Las revistas 248 4.1. La Revista Mexicana de Sociología 250 4.2. La Revista de la Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia-Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de México 253 4.3. Cuadernos Americanos 258 10 ESPAÑA EN EL RECUERDO, MÉXICO EN LA ESPERANZA DERECHO EN MOVIMIENTO 264 1. Los traductores del exilio 267 1.1. La editorial Fondo de Cultura Económica 269 2. La ciencia jurídica alemana viaja a México. El papel de Luis Reca- séns Siches 286 3. Juan López Durá y la presencia en el mundo universitario de Adolf Merkl 289 CONCLUSIONES 295 FUENTES CONSULTADAS 303 ÍNDICE ONOMÁSTICO 331 ÍNDICE TOPONÍMICO 340 11 SIGLAS Y ACRÓNIMOS AGA Archivo General de la Administración AGUCM Archivo General de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid ADGCPP Archivo de la Dirección General de Costes de Personal y Pensiones Públicas AHJAE Archivo Histórico de la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios AHMAEC Archivo Histórico del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación AHUS Archivo Histórico de la Universidad de Sevilla AMEC Archivo del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia BAEM Biblioteca del Ateneo Español de México BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BOE Boletín Oficial del Estado CDMH Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica CEH Centro de Estudios Históricos CEPAL Comisión Económica Para América Latina CES Centro de Estudios Sociales CFLN Comité Francés de Liberación Nacional CICIAER Comité Internacional de Coordinación de Información para la Ayuda de la España Republicana COLMEX El Colegio de México CTARE Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Refugiados Españoles CTM Confederación de Trabajadores de México ELD Escuela Libre de Derecho ELHE La École Libre des Hautes Études ENJ Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia FCE Fondo de Cultura Económica FET Falange Española Tradicionalista FOARE Federación de Organismos de Ayuda a la República Española FPI Formación de Personal Investigador GPRF Gobierno Provisional de la República Francesa HFDUNAM Hemeroteca de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México HNM Hemeroteca Nacional de México 13 EVA ELIZABETH MARTÍNEZ CHÁVEZ IDC Instituto de Derecho Comparado IIH Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas IIJ Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas IIS Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales INAH Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia JAE Junta para Ampliación de Estudios JARE Junta de Ayuda a los Refugiados Españoles JONS Juventudes de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista LCE La Casa de España OEA Organización de Estados Americanos ONU Organización de Naciones Unidas OPS Organización Panamericana de Salud PCE Partido Comunista Español PRM Partido de la Revolución Mexicana PSUC Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya SERE Servicio de Evacuación para los Refugiados Españoles SPSL Society for the Protection of Science and Learning SRE Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores TERMC Tribunal Especial para la Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo UAEM Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México UAG Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero UMSNH Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UPUEE Unión de Profesores Universitarios Españoles en el Extranjero URSS Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas 14 INTRODUCCIÓN Masones, ateos, comunistas y otros adjetivos peligrosos les fueron adjudi- cados a miles de españoles que arribaron a territorio mexicano a consecuencia de la Guerra Civil en su patria. Ya ha quedado comprobado que no todos eran masones, ni ateos, ni comunistas; sin embargo, su llegada a México causó revuelo y oposición en algunos sectores de la sociedad. Esto debe compren- derse en un momento en que aún se olfateaba la sangre derramada por la lucha revolucionaria, seguía presente la animadversión hacia los españoles, las heridas dejadas por el conflicto cristero aun no cicatrizaban y las derechas mexicanas, en general, se inconformaron ante su llegada. A grandes rasgos, se pueden ubicar dos vastos grupos de exiliados espa- ñoles: el que se asentó en Francia, y el que atravesó el Atlántico y llegó a territorio de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Cuantitativamente, el exilio fran- cés superó por mucho al mexicano; sin embargo, creo que es posible que el número de licenciados en derecho que se establecieron en México sea uno de los mayores del exilio, si no el más extenso de todos. Por desgracia, esta idea se queda en el terreno de la especulación por la falta de un estudio sobre los juristas y sus actividades en suelo francés que permitiera compararlo con el caso mexicano. A México llegaron poco más de 300 licenciados en derecho que se dedi- caron a actividades diversas: docencia universitaria, traducciones de auto- res europeos, principalmente, el foro, asesorías a dependencias del gobierno mexicano y a empresas, periodismo, literatura, imprenta, ventas o negocios. El alto número de estudiosos del derecho que se asentó en tierras mexicanas permite suponer que se trata de uno de los colectivos más importantes del exilio y sobre el que poco se sabe, ya que se han estudiado a las grandes figu- ras, dando prioridad a aquellos que ya gozaban de reconocimiento en España. También se han rescatado del olvido a algunos juristas que llegaron al inicio de sus carreras y que en tierra mexicana desarrollaron lo mejor de su activi- dad intelectual; sin embargo, la gran mayoría son unos desconocidos que se diluyen en la marea de exiliados que España lanzó de sus tierras. El número no resulta el único elemento para considerar a estos profesionales dignos de estudio, pues la razón principal recae en la calidad intelectual de algunos de sus integrantes y las aportaciones al país de acogida. Cabe mencionar que ante la vastedad de información obtenida, fue nece- 15 EVA ELIZABETH MARTÍNEZ CHÁVEZ sario sistematizarla y clasificar a los licenciados en derecho en tres grandes grupos. El primero se conformó con aquellos que en España habían conse- guido el nombramiento de catedrático, el puesto más elevado en la estructu- ra universitaria. El segundo se integró por los licenciados y doctores que en su país se relacionaron con la docencia universitaria y que ocuparon cargos como ayudantes y auxiliares de los catedráticos.
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