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Sheffield 1

City of Sheffield

— Borough & City —

Coat of Arms of the City Council

Nickname(s): "Steel City"

Motto: "Deo Adjuvante Labor Proficit" "With God's help our labour is successful"

Coordinates: 53°23′09″N 1°28′10″W

Sovereign state

Constituent country Sheffield 2

Region and the Humber

Ceremonial county

Admin HQ

Founded ~8th century

Town charter 10 August 1297

City status 1893

Government

- Type , City

- Governing body

- Lord Mayor Jane Bird

- Council Leader (LD)

- MPs: (L) (L) Richard Caborn (L) (LD) Meg Munn (L) Angela Smith (L)

Area

- Borough & City 142.1 sq mi (367.94 km2)

Population (2007 est.)

- Borough & City 530,300 (Ranked 3rd)

- Density 3732.2/sq mi (1441/km2)

- Urban 640,720 ()

- Urban Density 10228.4/sq mi (3949.2/km2)

- City Region 1,819,500

- County 1,292,900

Time zone (UTC+0)

Postcode S

Area code(s) 0114

ISO 3166-2 GB-SHF

ONS code 00CG

OS grid reference SK352878

NUTS 3 UKE32

Demonym Sheffielders

[1] Website www.sheffield.gov.uk

Sheffield (pronounced /ˈʃɛfiːld/ ( listen)) is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. It is so named because of its origins in a field on the that runs through the city. Historically a part of the , the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wide economic base. The population of the Sheffield 3

is estimated at 530,300 people (2007 est.),[2] and it is one of the eight largest English cities outside , which form the English Core Cities Group. The wider Sheffield Urban Area, which extends beyond the city proper, has a population of 640,720. Sheffield obtained worldwide recognition during the 19th century for its production of steel. Many innovations in the industry were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel. This fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population during the Industrial Revolution. Sheffield received its city charter in 1893, and officially became the City of Sheffield. International competition in iron and steel eventually caused a decline in traditional local industries during the 1970s and 1980s, and at the same time the nearby coal mining industries collapsed. The beginning of the 21st century has show extensive redevelopment in some British cities, including Sheffield. The city's GVA (gross value added) increased by 60 per cent in recent years and, in 2006, it reached £8.7 billion. The overall economy experienced steady growth averaging around five per cent annually and, as such, has been growing at a higher rate than has been experienced in in general. The City of Sheffield is located near the confluence of five rivers, with much of the city having been built on hillsides with views either into the city centre or out to the countryside. With an estimated total of over two million living trees, Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe: 61% of the city is greenspace.

History

The area that is now the City of Sheffield has been occupied since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period, about 12,800 years ago.[3] but the settlements that grew to form Sheffield date from the second half of the 1st millennium, and are of Anglo-Saxon and Danish origin.[4] In Anglo-Saxon times the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of and . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that King Eanred of Northumbria submitted to King Portrait of Chaucer as a Canterbury Egbert of Wessex at the hamlet of Dore (now a suburb pilgrim in the Ellesmere manuscript of of Sheffield) in 829.[5] This event made Egbert the first The Canterbury Tales Saxon to claim to be king of all of England. After the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.

By 1296 a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square,[6] and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small market town. In the 14th century Sheffield was already noted for the production of knives, as mentioned in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales,[7] and by 1600 it had become the main centre of cutlery production in England, overseen by The Company of Cutlers in . From 1570 to 1584 Mary, Queen of Scots was held as a prisoner in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor.[8] Sheffield 4

In the 1740s a form of the crucible steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been available. At about the same time a technique for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating was invented and became widely known as Sheffield plate. These innovations spurred the growth of Sheffield as an industrial town. However, the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a cholera epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832.[4] The Industrial Revolution saw a resurgence of Sheffield through the 19th century. As a result of its growing population, the town was incorporated as a borough in 1842 and granted a city charter in 1893.[9] The influx of people also led to

Beauchief Abbey demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town. The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the Great Sheffield Flood, which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town. The growing population also led to the construction of a large number of back-to-back slums, which, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired George Orwell, writing in 1937, to declare, "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World".[10]

A recession in the 1930s was halted by only the increasing international tension as World War II loomed. The steel factories of Sheffield were set to work making weapons and ammunition for the war. As a result, once war was declared, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred over the nights of 12 December and 15 (now known as the Sheffield Blitz). More than 660 lives were lost and numerous buildings were destroyed.[11] In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the slums were demolished and replaced with housing schemes such as the Park Hill flats. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.[4] Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the closure of many steel mills. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries (along with those of many other areas in the UK). The 1984/5 miners' strike affected the coal mining areas to the east and north east of Sheffield, though it is unlikely to have had a major impact upon Sheffield's economy. The building of the Meadowhall shopping centre on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much needed jobs but speeding the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 World Student Games, WSG, which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the , Don Valley and the complex.[4] The city is now changing rapidly as new projects aim to regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such project, the Heart of the City Project, has seen a number of public works in the city centre: the were renovated in 1998, the Millennium Galleries opened in April 2001, the Winter Gardens were opened on 22 May Sheffield 5

2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the Millennium Square, was opened in May 2006. Further developments included the remodelling of in front of the recently refurbished railway station. The new square contains The Cutting Edge a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd[12] made of Sheffield steel.

Governance

Sheffield is governed at the local level by Sheffield City Council. It consists of 84 councillors, elected to represent 28 wards, each with three councillors. It is currently controlled by the Liberal Democrats who gained the council from NOC at the English Local Election 2008—the Liberal Democrats, taking 45 seats to Labour's 36.[13] The Green Party took three council seats, whilst the Conservative party lost their single seat. Since the 2008 election the leader of the council has been Paul Scriven.[14] The city also has a Lord Mayor; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The current (2009/10) Lord Mayor is Graham Oxley.[15]

For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its leftist sympathies; during the 1980s administration under and the Peace David Blunkett, the area gained the epithet the Gardens "Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire".[16] However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again in the May 2008 local elections.[17]

The majority of council-owned facilities are now operated by independent charitable trusts. Sheffield International Venues runs many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, including Sheffield Arena and . Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust and the Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust take care of galleries and museums owned by the council.[18] [19] The city returns six Members of Parliament to the House of Commons, though this will be reduced to five at the next election as one constituency, , will be abolished and its area redistributed among three other constituencies.[20]

International links Sheffield is formally twinned with Anshan in China, in , Donetsk in Ukraine, and Esteli in Nicaragua. There are more informal links with Kawasaki in Japan, Kitwe in Zambia, Kotli in Kashmir and in the .[21] Sheffield has also had close links with Poland, since Polish ex-servicemen who had fought alongside British forces during the Second World War settled in the city.[22] Sheffield 6

Geography Sheffield is located at 53°23′N 1°28′W. It lies directly beside , from which it is separated largely by the . Although Metropolitan Borough also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with ; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,[23] including , Dore and the area now known as Townships. Directly to the west of the city is the National Park and the Pennine hill range. Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.[24] The city nestles in a natural amphitheatre created by several hills[25] and the confluence of five rivers: Don, Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley and Porter. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. The city's lowest point is just 29.27 metres (96 ft) above sea level near , while some parts of the city are at over 500 metres (1640 ft); the highest point being 548 metres (1798 ft) at High Stones, near Margery Hill. However, 79% of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 metres (330 and 660 ft) above sea level.[26]

Panorama from Park.

With an estimated total of over two million trees,[27] Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe. It has over 170 woodlands (covering 10.91 sq mi/28.3 km2), 78 public parks (covering 7.07 sq mi/18.3 km2) and 10 public gardens. Added to the 52.0 square miles (134.7 km2) of national park and 4.20 square miles (10.9 km2) of water this means that 61% of the city is greenspace. Despite this, about 64% of Sheffield householders live further than 330 yards (300 m) from their nearest greenspace, although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city.[28] Sheffield also has a very wide variety of habitat, comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. There are six areas within the city that are designated as sites of special scientific interest.[29] The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former of Sheffield merged with Urban District and two parishes from the Wortley . This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the Peak District National Park (no other English city includes parts of a national park within its boundary), and Sheffield often boasts of being Europe's greenest city, a claim that was reinforced when it won the 2005 Entente Florale competition. This was helped by the fact that Sheffield contains over 150 woodland spaces and 50 public parks.[30]

Weather averages for Sheffield Sheffield 7

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Oct Nov Year Aug Sep Dec

Average 6.3 6.5 9.0 12.0 15.8 18.8 20.5 20.1 17.3 13.4 9.0 6.8 12.8 high °C (°F) (43) (44) (48) (54) (60) (66) (69) (68) (63) (56) (48) (44) (55) Average low 1.4 1.3 2.5 4.1 6.9 9.8 11.8 11.7 9.8 7.1 3.9 2.2 5.9 °C (°F) (35) (34) (37) (39) (44) (50) (53) (53) (50) (45) (39) (36) (43) Precipitation 81.5 64.3 64.8 60.9 59.2 65.9 58.8 68.6 66.0 74.2 76.6 86.3 813.4 mm (inches) (3.21) (2.53) (2.55) (2.4) (2.33) (2.59) (2.31) (2.7) (2.6) (2.92) (3.02) (3.4) (32.02)

[31] Source: 2009-17-02

Subdivisions

[32] [33] Sheffield Compared UK Census 2001 Sheffield South Yorkshire England Total population 513,234 1,266,338 49,138,831 Foreign born 6.4% 8.9% 9.2% White 91% 95% 91% Asian 4.6% 2.6% 4.6% Black 1.8% 0.9% 2.3% Christian 69% 75% 72% Muslim 4.6% 2.5% 3.1% Hindu 0.3% 0.2% 1.1% No religion 18% 14% 15% Over 75 years old 8.0% 7.6% 7.5% Unemployed 4.2% 4.1% 3.3%

Sheffield is made up of numerous suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or hamlets that were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew. These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28 electoral wards, with each ward generally covering 4–6 areas.[34] The electoral wards are grouped into six parliamentary constituencies. Sheffield is largely unparished, but Bradfield and have parish councils, and Stocksbridge has a town council.[35]

Demographics People from Sheffield are called Sheffielders. They are also colloquially known to people in the surrounding towns of Barnsley, , Rotherham and Chesterfield as "dee-dars" (which derives from the traditional pronunciation of the "th" in the dialectal words "thee" and "thou", which is now extremely rare to hear).[36] Many Yorkshire dialect words and aspects of pronunciation derive from old Norse[37] due to the Viking influence in this region. The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed a total resident population for Sheffield of 513,234, a 1.9% decline from the 1991 census.[33] The the city is part of the wider Sheffield Sheffield 8

Urban Area, which had a population of 640,720.[38] The racial composition of Sheffield's population was 91.2% White, 4.6% Asian, 1.8% Black, and 1.6% Mixed. In terms of religion, 68.6% of the population are Christian and 4.6% Muslim. Other religions represent less than 1% each. The number of people without a religion is above the national average at 17.9%, with 7.8% not stating their religion.[39] The largest quinary group is 20- to 24-year-olds (9.4%), mainly because of the large university population (45,000+).[40]

Population change The total population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since seen a steady decline. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300 which represents an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.[41] The table below shows the population of Sheffield within its borders at that time.

Year 1801 1851 1901 1921 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Population 60,095 161,475 451,195 543,336 569,884 577,050 574,915 572,794 530,844 528,708 513,234

[42] Source: A Vision of Britain through Time

Economy

[43] Labour Profile

Total employee jobs 255,700

Full-time 168,000 65.7%

Part-time 87,700 34.3%

Manufacturing 31,800 12.4%

Construction 8,500 3.3%

Services 214,900 84.1%

Distribution, hotels & restaurants 58,800 23.0%

Transport & communications 14,200 5.5%

Finance, IT, other business activities 51,800 20.2%

Public admin, education & health 77,500 30.3%

Other services 12,700 5.0%

Tourism-related 18,400 7.2%

After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004 Barclays Bank Financial Planning study[44] revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by Knight Frank[45] revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. Some £250 million was also invested in the city during 2005. This can be seen by the current surge of redevelopments, including the City Lofts Tower and accompanying St Paul's Place, Velocity Living, and the Moor redevelopment,[46] the forthcoming NRQ and the recently completed Winter Gardens, Peace Gardens, Millennium Galleries, and many projects under the Sheffield One redevelopment agency. In 2006 the Sheffield economy was worth £8.7 billion Sheffield 9

(2006 GVA).[47] The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying 3rd and 4th places respectively for best office location and best new call centre location. The same report places Sheffield in 3rd place regarding "greenest reputation" and 2nd in terms of the availability of financial incentives.[48] Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.[49] Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield. Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique in the 1740s at his workshop in Handsworth.[50] This process was made obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter. Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield Plate (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century. Stainless steel was invented by Harry Brearley in 1912,[51] and the work of F. B. Pickering[52] and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels. Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the Advanced Manufacturing Park by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations.[53] Organisations currently located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between the Boeing Company and the ), Castings Technology International (Cti) and TWI.[54] While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, coal mining has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of . Other areas of employment include call centres, the City Council, universities and hospitals.[43] Sheffield is also a major retail centre, and home to many High Street and department stores as well as designer boutiques. The main city centre shopping areas are on The Moor precinct, , and the . Department stores in Sheffield City centre include John Lewis, Marks and Spencer, Atkinsons, Castle House Co-op and Debenhams. Sheffield's main market is the , built above the remains of the castle. Shopping High Street, Central Sheffield areas outside the city centre include the Meadowhall shopping centre and retail park, Road, London Road, Hillsborough and the shopping centre.

Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city's domestic waste, by Incinerating it and converting the energy from it to electricity. It also provides hot water, which is distributed through over 25 miles (40 km) of pipes under the city, via two networks. These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city. These include not only cinemas, hospitals, shops, and offices but also universities (Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield), residential properties.[55] Energy generated in a waste plant produces 36 MW of thermal energy and up to 6.8 MW electrical energy from 115,000 tonnes of waste. It is claimed[56] that for every 100,000 MWh of energy supplied by district energy 31,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide is displaced and that for every 100,000 MWh of useful energy delivered 154,000 MWh of fossil fuel energy is displaced. Sheffield 10

In a 2008 survey on spending potential, Meadowhall came 12th while Sheffield city centre came 28th.[57] In a 2004 survey on the top retail destinations, Meadowhall was 20th while Sheffield was 35th.[58]

Transport

National and international travel Sheffield is linked into the national motorway network via the M1 and M18 motorways.[59] The M1 skirts the north-east of the city, linking Sheffield with London to the south and to the north and crosses near Rotherham; the M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with Doncaster, Doncaster Sheffield Airport and the Humber ports. The Sheffield Parkway connects the city centre with the motorways. The is a hub in the national network of long-distance buses (coaches). Passenger rail services through Sheffield railway station are provided by East Midlands Trains, Cross Country, TransPennine Express, and Northern Rail.[60] The railway south from Sheffield railway station links the city to London via the East Midlands. Also running through Sheffield is the main NE/SW cross-country line which links the East of and Northeast of England directly with West and South Yorkshire, the Sheffield railway station West Midlands, and the Southwest. Sheffield also lies on the line linking and with Hull and East Anglia.

The closest international airport to Sheffield is Doncaster Sheffield Airport, which is located 18 miles (29 km) from the city centre. The airport opened on 28 April 2005 and is served mainly by budget airlines. It currently handles around one million passengers a year.[61] Manchester Airport, Leeds Bradford International Airport and East Midlands Airport: , , all lie within one hour's drive of the city. Manchester Airport is connected to Sheffield by a direct train every hour. The Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation (S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways (canals and canalised rivers) in Yorkshire and .[62] Chiefly based on the River Don, it runs for a length of 43 miles (69 km) and has 29 locks. It connects Sheffield, Rotherham, and Doncaster with the River Trent at Keadby and (via the New Junction Canal) the Aire and Calder Navigation. Sheffield 11

Local travel The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield.[59] These run east-west and north-south, respectively, crossing in the city centre. Other major roads generally radiate spoke-like from the city centre. An inner ring road, mostly constructed in the 1970s and recently (2007) extended to form a complete ring,[63] allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an outer ring road runs to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield. Sheffield does not have as extensive a suburban and inter-urban railway network as other comparable British cities. However, there are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of South Yorkshire, , Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Derbyshire. These local routes include the Line, the Line, the Hope Valley Line, and the Hallam Line. As well as the main stations of Sheffield and Meadowhall, there are four suburban stations at Chapeltown, , Woodhouse and Dore. The light rail system (operated by Stagecoach Sheffield), opened in 1994, serves the city. Its network consists of three lines, from Halfway to Malin , from Meadowhall to Middlewood, and from Meadowhall to Herdings Park, with all three lines running via the city centre.[64] Sheffield Supertram at Castle Square Sheffield's local bus infrastructure has its main hub at Sheffield Interchange. Other bus stations lie at Halfway, Hillsborough and Meadowhall. A flurry of new operators were created after deregulation in 1986,[65] though a series of mergers have reduced the number. , part of FirstGroup, became by far the largest bus operator and in recent years implemented a series of fare rises and service cuts which saw bus ridership drop.[66] [67] Recent developments have seen Stagecoach Sheffield taking over Yorkshire Terrier and expanding their bus services in the city. This has resulted in increased competition, and price drops on certain routes.[68] A free bus service—the FreeBee—operates on a circular route around the city centre from the Sheffield Interchange.[69]

In 2008, the Bus Rapid Transit Scheme between Sheffield and Rotherham was approved by the Yorkshire and Humber Assembly's Regional Transport Board. There are plans for two routes; one (the Northern route) via Meadowhall and Templeborough, and the other via the developing employment centre and Waverley.[70] Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads running through it. It is on the Trans-Pennine Trail, a National Cycle Network route running from Southport in the north-west to Hornsea in the East Riding, and has a developing Strategic Cycle Network within the city. The Peak District National Park, an area of outstanding natural beauty popular with both on- and off-road cyclists, is so close to Sheffield that part of the park lies within the city boundary, and there are green routes into the park almost from the city centre. Sheffield 12

Sport

Sheffield has a long sporting heritage. In 1857 a collective of cricketers formed the world's first-ever official football club, Sheffield F.C.,[71] and by 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.[72] There are now three professional clubs in the Football League two of whom play in the Football Sheffield F.C. in 1890 League Championship: Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday, both of whom formed from cricket clubs, and Rotherham United, who will play at the Don Valley Stadium for the next 3–4 years following a dispute with their previous landlords at . There are also two major non-league sides: Sheffield F.C. and Hallam F.C., which also formed from cricket clubs, although Sheffield F.C. now play just outside the city in nearby . These are the two oldest club sides in the world and, in addition, Hallam F.C. still play at the world's oldest football ground near the suburb of . Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby, whilst United and Wednesday contest the . In April 1989, tragedy struck when 96 Liverpool fans died in a crush during their FA Cup semi final at Sheffield Wednesday's .[73]

Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the World Student Games, which the city hosted in 1991. These include the Don Valley International Athletics Stadium, which is the largest athletics stadium in the UK with a capacity of 25,000,[74] Sheffield Arena, and the Ponds Forge international diving and swimming complex. There are also facilities for golf, climbing and Don Valley Stadium during the World bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated (2003) national Student Games in 1991 ice-skating arena (IceSheffield). The is the largest artificial ski resort in Europe, and is due to undergo a major expansion soon.[30] The city also has three indoor climbing centres. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the English Institute of Sport (EIS).[75]

Sheffield also has close ties with snooker, due to the fact that the city's is the venue for the World Snooker Championships.[76] The English squash open is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championship bowls tournaments have both been held at Ponds Forge.[77] The city also hosts the , Sheffield Tigers rugby union, basketball, Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club, and Sheffield Tigers speedway teams. Sheffield 13

Culture and attractions

7.2% of Sheffield's working population are employed in the creative industries, well above the national average of 4%.[30]

Music

Sheffield has been the home of several well-known bands and musicians, with an unusually large number

of synth pop and other electronic outfits hailing from Ponds Forge from Park Square there.[78] These include The Human League, Heaven 17, ABC, and the more industrially inclined Cabaret Voltaire. This electronic tradition has continued: label Warp Records was a central pillar of the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of Britain's oldest and best-loved dance music labels. There was a thriving goa trance scene in the early 1990s. More recently, other popular genres of electronic music such as bassline house have originated in the city. Sheffield is home to a number of high-profile nightclubs – Gatecrasher One was one of the most popular nightclubs in the north of England until its destruction in a fire on 18 June 2007.[79]

Sheffield has also seen the birth of the bands Pulp, , Joe Cocker, , The Longpigs, Milburn, Moloko, and Bring Me the Horizon along with many other popular and alternative musicians. Recently several indie bands, including and The Long Blondes, have emerged from the city as part of what the NME dubbed the New Yorkshire movement.[80]

Former National Centre for Popular In 1999, when the National Centre for Popular Music, a Music museum dedicated to the subject of popular music, was opened in the city.[81] It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building became the students' union for Sheffield Hallam University.[82] Live music venues in the city include the Sheffield Arena, Leadmill, Corporation, the Boardwalk, the City Hall, the University of Sheffield, the Studio Theatre at the Crucible Theatre, the Sheffield, and The Grapes.

Sheffield is home to several local orchestras and choirs, such as the Sheffield Symphony Orchestra, the Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra, and the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus. Sheffield 14

Attractions

Sheffield has two major theatres, the Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre, which together with the smaller Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside London.[83] There are four major art galleries, including the modern Millennium Galleries and the Site Gallery, which specialises in multimedia. The Sheffield Walk of Fame in the City Centre honours famous Sheffielders in a similar way to the Hollywood version. The Lyceum & Crucible Theatres

The city also has a number of other attractions such as the Sheffield Winter Gardens and the Peace Gardens. The Botanical Gardens recently underwent a £7 million restoration.[84] There is also a city farm at City Farm and a second animal collection in that is open to the public. The city also has several museums, including the , the , the Sheffield Fire and Sheffield Winter Gardens Museum, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet and .

There are about 1,000 listed buildings in Sheffield (including the whole of the Sheffield postal district). Of these, only five are Grade I listed. 42 are Grade II*, the rest being Grade II listed. Compared with other English cities, Sheffield has few Grade I buildings. Liverpool, for example, has 26 Grade I listed buildings. This situation led the noted architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment", with no pre-19th century buildings of any distinction.[85] By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain the Royal Institute of British Architects' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible".[86] The city has many large parks such as Park, and Graves Park. Sheffield 15

Media and film

Sheffield has two commercial newspapers, The Star and Sheffield Telegraph, both published by Johnston Press PLC. The Star has been published daily since 1897, whereas the Sheffield Telegraph, now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.[87] There are also three local radio stations broadcasting in the city: the BBC's Radio Sheffield, the independent Hallam FM, and its sister station Magic AM.

The films and plays The Full Monty, Threads, Looks and Smiles, When Saturday Comes, Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? and The History Boys are based in the city.[88] F.I.S.T. also included several scenes filmed in Sheffield. The documentary festival Sheffield Doc/Fest has been run annually since 1994 at the Showroom Cinema,[89] and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the Awards of The , located on the campus of the University of Sheffield the International Indian Film Academy.[90]

In Literature

A number of recent novels have been set in the city, including Philip Hensher's The Northern Clemency. In addition, sections of Jonathan Coe's What a Carve Up! are set in Sheffield. Interestingly, in the eponymous novel Huckleberry Finn at one point claims to hail from Sheffield.[91]

Education Sheffield has two universities, the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 54,000 students to the city every year.[92] [93] As a result of its large student population, Sheffield has many bars, cafes, clubs and shops as well as student housing to accommodate them. Sheffield has two further education colleges. Sheffield College is organised on a collegiate basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city, since reduced to just four: City (formerly Castle)[94] in the city centre, Hillsborough, Crystal Peaks on the outskirts and Norton, each operating as semi-autonomous constituents of Sheffield College. There are also 137 primary schools and 25 secondary schools—of which seven have sixth forms, and also a special separate sixth-form college, Sixth Form College.[95] There are also six independent private schools, including Birkdale School and the Sheffield High School for Girls.[96] Sheffield 16

See also • Largest European metropolitan areas • Sheffield City Centre • Listed buildings in Sheffield • Timeline of Sheffield history • List of people from Sheffield • People of Sheffield

External links • Sheffield City Council Website [1] • Sheffield travel guide from Wikitravel Geographical coordinates: 53°23′09″N 1°28′10″W

References

[1] http:/ / www. sheffield. gov. uk/ [2] The mid-2007 population estimate for the City of Sheffield was 530,300 according to the Office for National

Statistics (http:/ / www. statistics. gov. uk/ statbase/ Product. asp?vlnk=15106). It should be noted that this figure includes the whole area included in the city. Some population figures, for example those given at List of English cities by population use just the urban core of the city and therefore are lower. [3] Pike, Alistair W.G.; Gilmour, Mabs; Pettitt, Paul; Jacobid, Roger; Ripoll, Sergio; Bahn, Paul; Muñoz, Francisco (2005). "Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK". Journal of Archaeological

Science 32 (11): 1649–1655. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. jas. 2005. 05. 002). [4] Vickers, J. Edward (1999). Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany (2nd ed.). Sheffield: The Hallamshire Press Limited. ISBN 1-874718-44-X. [5] In an entry dated 827 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they

returned home" ( transcription (http:/ / omacl. org/ Anglo/ part2. html)). Most sources (for example Vickers, Old Sheffield Town) state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.

[6] " Markets history - 1700's and before (http:/ / www. sheffield. gov. uk/ business-economy/ markets/

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[16] Price, David (2008). "Blunkett and the Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire". Sheffield Troublemakers: Rebels and Radicals in Sheffield History. : Phillimore & Co. Ltd. pp. 149–160. ISBN 978-1-86077-569-7.

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