L. J, ra. VANVLir-_T, p.r,g. KDQ!OGIST AGRIcAJL'I"URE CANADA 6660 NW MARINE DRIVE VANCOUVER, B .C. VF;T 1X2

SOIL SURVEY

of the

NORTH OKANAGAN VALLEY

By

P . N . SPROUT

and

C . C . KELLEY

INTERIM REPORT

BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

KELOWNA, B . C .

September, 1960 CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ...... 3

Introduction . . . ., ...... 3

Description of the Area :

Location and Extent _...... 3 ...,

Physiography ......

Transportation and Communications ......

Climate ...... ~...... e ...... n ......

Origin of Soil Forming Dep osits ...... e ......

Soil Classification ......

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS :

1 . Dark Brown Soils ...... 14

Hulcar Silt Loam ...... 14

2 : Black Soils ...... : ...... 15

Armstrong Series ...... 15

Moffat Series ...... 16

Grandview Series ...... 17

Na.hun Series ...... 18

Kalamalka Series ...... 19

Bluespr.i.ng Series ...... 20

3 . Ha ].omorphic Soils ...... 21

Spallumcheen Series ...... 21

Broadview Series . . . . . : ...... 22

4 . Brown Wooded Soils ...... 23

Grizzly Hill Series ...... 23

O'Keef e Series ...... e ...... 24

Lumby Series ...... e ...... 25

Coldstream Series ......

Glenemma Series ......

5 . Gray Wooded Soi.ls ......

Reiswig Series ......

Saltwell Loam ...... : ......

Plaster Series ...... 31

Enderby Series ...... 32

Hilton Series ...... 32

Beaverjack Series ...... 34 -2-

Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam ...... 35

Stepney Sandy Loam ...... 36

Mara Series ...... 36

Cherryville Series ...... , ...... 37

6 . Brown Podzolic Soils ...... /o ...... 38

Sicamous Series ...... 39

Shuswap Series ...... 40

Sauff Series ...... 41

Schunter Series ...... 42

7 . Podzol Soils ...... 43

Hupel Series ...... 43

Reiter Series ...... 44

Vance Sand ...... 45

Sitkum Gravelly Loamy Sand ...... 46

8 . Meadow Soils ...... 47

Swanson Series ...... 47

9 . Dark Gray Gleysolic Soils ...... 47

Nisconlith Series ...... 48

Bessette Series ...... 49

10 . Gleysol Soils ...... 50

Duteau Series and Complex ...... m ...... 50

Gardom Series and Complex ...... 51

11 . Regosolic Soils ...... 52

Mabel Complex ...... 52

Monashee Series and Complex ...... 53

Grlndrod Series ...... 54

1.2 . Organic Soils ...... 55

Waby Peat ...... ~ 56

Okanagan Muck ...... 56

Irrigable Acreage and Water Requirements ...... 58

Suitability for Irrigation ...... 61

Chemical and Physical Analyses ...... 65

Glossary ...... 74 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

The soil survey of the North Okanagan Valley was undertaken by the Soil Survey Branch,, British Columbia Department of Agriculture . Base maps and aerial photographs were supplied by the Water Rights Branch, Department of Lands and Forests . The advisory 'assistance of Department of Agriculture district officials, -including M. G . Oswell and J . C . Ryder is acknowledged . Soil Survey staff partici- pating were A. B . Dawson, J . Raeside, A. . C . S . Wright, J . Baker, H . Luttmerding, N. Keser and C . A. Gobin .

INTRODUCTION

The soil survey of the North Okanagan Valley was undertaken in 1959 at the request of the Comptroller of Water Rights, in connection with a proposal to form a North Okanagan Metropolitan. Water District . The proposed water district included a large chiefly mountainous area, and an initial task was to determine the.acreage and kinds of potentially arable and irrigable soil it contained .

Prior soil classification of the area consisted o£ a broad reconnaissance survey undertaken in 1937 and published in 1949 as Report No . 3, Soil Survey of the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys . The pioneer survey did not provide sufficient differentiation of the soils to meet the new requirements . A new, more detailed survey was necessary, to separate soil associations into components and to more closely define the soil groups contained in the area . The new survey was on a scale of one half mile to an inch . In addition to soil classification it in- cluded a classification of soils according to their suitability for irrigation .*

A limited number of hand-made soil maps were produced for use by the Water Rights Branch and the Department of Agriculture . Such maps are not for general distribution, but they may be examined at district offices of the Department of Agriculture within the area .

On May 18th-20th, 1960, a meeting of the Department of Agriculture Reclamation Committee was held to assign farm water requirements to the irrigable soil types . A report,covering the meeting was made available in the form of "Pro- ceediings of the Reclamation Committee, Brief 38, 1960, Department of Agriculture, Kelowna, B . C .T1

DESCRIPTION. OF THE AREA

LOCATION AND EXTENT :

The sail-mapped area includes the main Okanagan Valley from Cozens Bay on Kalamalka Lake to Mara Lake, but the Salmon River valley and Salmon Arm are ex- cluded . The Coldstream Valley east to Lumby, the Bluesprings Valley and the Shuswap ,River valley from Cherryville to Enderby were soil surveyed . The area of classified soils amounts to 148,475 acres .

PHYS I OGRAI'HY :

The North Okanagan Valley and side valleys are situated in the vicinity of the junction of the Interior Plateau and the Columbia Mountains . The drainage is west and south into the systems of the Fraser and Columbia rivers . The Fraser system includes Sugar and Mabel Lakes and the Shuswap River . The Columbia drainage starts at Waby Lake and Fortune Creek, which drain southward into Okanagan Lake .

The larger lakes ., such as Okanagan, Mara and Mabel, are wat'er-filled pa :~?:<; of inter-linked valleys . The most important of the valleys is the Spa~7.lumcheen, which extends from Sicamous to the north arm of Okanagan Lake . At the head of Kalamalka Lake and at Enderby, the Okanagan is joined by the Coldstream and Shuswap River valleys . Most of the valleys have approximately the same elevations, which lie between 1,120 and 1,500 feet above sea level .

' Proceedings of_ the Reclamation Committee, Brief 22, 1953 . TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS :

The Okanagan and Shuswap Railway, a branch of the C .P .R :, wA8 built between Sicamous and Okanagan Landing in 1892 . The C .N.R . constructea a line from Kamloops to Kelowna in 1925, with a branch to Lumby .

Highway 97 extends northward from Vernon and joins the Trans-Canada Highway at.Canoe and Sicamous . Other paved roads lead west from Vernon to Kamloops and from Vernon to Lumby . There are secondary roads in all of the valleys, which also are served by telephone and rural mail delivery .

CLIMATE :

The main movement of air masses is from west to east . The amount of precipitation is dependent on elevation and exposure . The lower areas are drier than the nearby highlands . The winter climate is governed chiefly by low pressure systems that cross the country frequently, bringing cloud cover and moderate pre- cipitation . These systems may move in a series, one after another with scarcely a day between, arid the -series may persist for weeks or months .

Occasionally in winter this pattern may be interrupted by an invasion of continental arctic air, lasting from a few days to a week or more . The change is noteworthy for strong winds, which clear away the clouds . Stich air masses bring low temperatures .

In summer the march of west to east low pressure systems is interrupted from time to time by areas of high pressure which originate over the Pacific Ocean . Such "highs" last from a few days to peveral weeks and bring dry, hot weather . When atmospheric humidity is present, particulakly in June and early July, high pressure periods are punctuated by thunder storms .

Temperature :

All temperature stations within the map-area are between 1,180 and 2,090 feet elevation, hence they are closely comparable . There are seven teraperature ;; stations, Sugar Lake having only two years of record . The seasonal temperatures are shown in Table l . The monthly means are given in Table 1A .

TABLE L: AVERAGE SEASONAL TEMPERATURES, (Degrees F ., Elevati ons in Feet)

Years of Station Elevation 'Winter Spring Summer Autumn Year Record

Salmon Arm 1,660 22 46 65 46 46 46 S icamou.s 19400 27 46 65 45 46 4 Sugar Lake 2,090 28 42 61 42 43 2 Enderby 1,180 24 46 65 44 45 24 Armstrong 1,200 24 45 64 44 44 43 Vernon 1,383 26 4~7 66 46 46 37 Coldstream 1,582 25 46 64 45 45 62

As shown in Table 2, data as to extreme temperatures are available from eight stations, and they represent the highest and lowest temperatures in the times of record . Average snowfall is given in Table 2 for eleven stations . - 5 -

TABLE 2 : EXTREME TEMPERATURES AN) AVERAGE SNOWFALL

Years of Temperature OF Snowfall Elevation Station Record High Low (Inches) (Feet)

Sailmon Arm 1913-59 106 -31 67 .3 1,660 Sicamous 1954-59 96 -21 82 .7 1,400 Sugar Lake 1958-59 100 -18 100 .3 2,090 Shuswap Falls 1933-59 57 .9 1,400 Mabel Lake 1927-59 52 .2 1,310 Enderby 1894-01/1910-27 104 -32 63 .4 1,180 Armstrong 1914-59 105 -44 48 .1 1,200 Glenemma 1915-17/1921-24 102 -.28 54 .1 1,350 Grandview Flats 1949-52 - - 68 .1 1,600 Vernon 1922-59 104 -31 47 .8 1,383 Coldstream 1900-59 104~ -32 36 .6 1,582

Precipitation :

Precipi.tation .is supplied chiefly by low pressure systems passing from west to east . In winter the incoming lows discharge most of their moisture on the western slopes of the Coast Range and Cascade Mountains . Thus, while the winter season is very cloudy, the snowfall is moderate .

In spring and summer the amount of cloud is also governed by the number of low pressure systems that move from west to east . Some springs have comparatively high rainfall, while others are dry . In summer the low pressure systems are more widely spaced by areas of high pressure from the Pacific Ocean . These high pressure systems bring cloudless skies . Rainfall, particularly in June and early July, is often supplied by thunder storms . The average monthly precipitation at eleven stations is shown in Table 2A .

In areas where irrigation is necessary, average figures for precipitation are misleading . The annual averages for Salmon Arm, Armstrong and Coldstream are 19 .68, 16 .82 and 14 .88 inches respectively . However, the significant months for agriculture are May to September inclusive, and 44 yearcaverages for these months are 7 .13, 6 .51 and 6 .43 inches . The range between these averages is significant, hence the same problem applies to all three areas .

In order to get figures of significance to agriculture it was considered worthwhile to show rainfall at Salmon Arm, Armstrong and Col.dstrea.m for the time of record, which is 44 years . This information is given in Tables 3, 4 and 5 . Salmon Arm had 15 years in which rainfall was less than six inches during the five months, Armstrong had 20 years and Coldstream 24 years .

The monthly figures and yearly averages in Tables 3, 4 and 5 indicate that lack o£ moisture is the main limiting factor in crop yields . Nevertheless, Salmon Arm and Armstrong have little or no irrigation, whereas irrigation is established in the Coldstream Valley . In this regard it is evident that a marginal dry farming regime is possible in the Salmon Arm-Armstrong areas on heavy textured soils, whereas such soils cover an insignificant acreage in the Co ldstream Valley . Duty of water recommendations for the heavy dry-farmed Salmon Arm-Armstrong soils (Spallum- cheen and Broadview series) are 14 and 12 acre inches respectively for maximum yields . These water duties should be decreased in years of greater than average rainfall . On the average, present production is about one third of the yield of which the t ra.vy, well drained soils are capable without irrigation, and the coarse textured soils ii.~.~ not in use . TABLE 3 ; RAINFALL AT SALMON ARM, MAY TO SEPTEMBER, SHOWING VARIATION DURING 44 YEARS (Inches)

Annual Five Precipi- Year Max June July August September Months tation

1916 1 .09 1 .90 2 .87 1 .00 0 .32 7 .18 16 .66 1917 1 .09 1 .72 0 .07* 1 .30 1 .41 5 .59 20 .88 1918 0 .62 1 .46 0 .79 2 .81 0 .21 5 .89 21 .46 1919 1 .06 0 .64 0 .70 0 .47 1 .55 4 .42 1.1 .65 1920 1 .1.2 2 .78 0 .38 1 .32 2 .63 8 .23 22 .57 1921 1 .06 1 .75 0 .36 0 .85 1 .26 5 .28 18 .52 1922 1 .11 0 .32 0 .39 1 .44 2 .28 5 .54 23 .20 1923 2 .20 5 .02 0 .77 1 .29 0 .78 10 .06 22 .07 1924 0 .28 0 .96 0 .85 2 .14 1 .63 5 .86 17 .12 1925 0 .66 0 .92 0 .37 1 .10 0 .41 3 .46 15 .58 1926 1 .13 0 .58 0 .06=; 0 .76 0 .99 3 .52 13 .35 1927 2 .10 0 .98 1 .42 2 .71 2 .22 9 .43 21 .08 1928 0 .75 2 .14 0 .34 0 .26 0 .05* 3 .54 11 .61 1929 0 .96 3 .23 0 .57 1 .34 1 .27 7 .37 16 .34~ 1930 2 .03 1 .46 0 .23 0 .70 0 .90 5 .32 16 .91 1931 0 .76 2 .90 0.29 0 .41 1 .84 6 .20 18 .21 1932 1 .24 1 .32 1 .02 1 .16 0 .79 5 .53 21 .09 1933 1 .20 1 .76 0 .93 1 .19 1 .20 6 .28 18 .44 1934 1 .13 0 .51 1 .11 0 .45 3 .48 6 .68 18 .81 1935 1 .35 ,1 .71 4 .29 0 .49 1 .01 8 .85 20 .80 1936 1 .01 2 .27 0 .50 0 .91 1 .95 6 .64 23 .19 1937 1 .17 2 .44 1 .55 1 .16 0 .43 6 .75 24 .44 1938 0 .55 1 .73 1 .45 1 .05 1 .49 6 .27 19 .02 1939 1 .66 3 .43 0 .48 0 .23 1 .01 6 .81 19 .13 1940 2 .16 0 .58 1 .19 0 .72 1 .50 6 .15 20 .23 1941 2 .83 3 .35 1 .81 1 .26 3 .55 12 .80 21 .98 1942 3 .08 1 .90 4 .84 1 .15 0 .87 11 .84 17 .09 1943 1 .09 1 .94 1 .11 0 .89 0 .35 5 .38 1.4 .83 1944 1 .33 1 .08 1 .00 1 .96 2 .53 7 .90 19 .82 1945 0 .60 1 .31 1 .54 1 .02 1 .93 6 .40 23 .43 1946 1 .37 2 .60 0 .45 1 .28 1. .43 7 .13 22 .47 1947 1 .30 2 .78 1 .94 1. .23 0 .82 8 .07 22 .69 1948 3 .91 0 .78 2 .41 2 .71 1 .51 11 .32 25 .48 1949 1 .83 1 .96 1 .55 1 .29 0 .68 7 .31. 20 .00 1950 1 .26 0 .63 1 .41 0 .67 0 .39 4 .42 19 .43 1951 0 .83 0 .36 . 1 .45 1 .25 1 .27 5 .16 24 .04 1952 0 .81 2 .35 0 .67 0 .17 0 .33 4 .33 14 .11 1953 0 .65 4 .42 0 .97 3 .45 0 .76 10 .25 22 .81 1954 2 .78 1 .75 1 .96 3 .42 0 .84' 10 .74 25 .04 1955 1 .40 1. .61 2 .20 0 .44 0 .93 6 .58 19 .97 1956 0 .52 2 .64 1 .24 1 .92 1 .15 7 .47 21 .73 1957 1 .63 3 .79 1 .02 3 .26 0 .40 10 .10 21. .07 1958 1 .12 1 .82 0 .62 0 .82 2 .54 6 .92 23 .96 1959 1 .77 2 .53 1 .01 2 .26 5 .04 12 .61 19 .68

Average of five months for 44 years 7 .13

* Less than a tenth of an inch . TABLE 4~ : RAINFALL AT ARMSTRONG, MAY TO SEPTEMBER, SHOWING VARIATION DURING 44 YEARS (Inches >_

Annual Five Pxecipi- Year May June ~Jul -_ August September Months tation

1916 0 .86 1 .90 3 .82 0 .91 0 .72 8 .21 15 .34 1917 1. .97 1 .96 0 .33 0 .77 1 .67 6 .70 18 .36 1918 1 .07 1 .46 1 .28 2 .69 0 .49 6 .99 17 .70 1919 0 .90 0 .73 0037 0 .76 1 .21 3 .97 14 .14 1920 0 .41 ~2 .66 0 .35 1 .01 2 .96 7 .39 19 .97 1921 0 .50 2 .46 0 .37 0 .99 1 .37 5 .69 16 .21 1922 0 .75 0 .17 0 .21 7. .29 1 .89 4 .31 1.4 .66 1923 1 .67 '` 4 .15 1 .28 1 .79 0 .77 9 .66 16 .82 1924 0 .12 1 .59 0 .40 1 .80 0 .71 4 .62 15 .1.4 1925 1 .26 1 .03 1 .22 0 .84 0 .37 4 .72 14 .91 1926 1 .77 1 .35 0 .39 1 .67. 2 .11 7 .23 18 .86 1927 1 .42 1 .27 1 .52 1 .97 2 .79 8 .97 20 .49 1928 1 .02 2 .72 0 .49 0 .32 0 .44 4 .99 1.4 .19 1929 1 .30 3 .86 0 .14 2 .6'7 1 .78 9 .75 18 .42 1930 1 .43 0 .81 0 .041* 0 .47 0 .37 3 .12 11 .57 1931 1 .01 3 .76 0 .42 0 .44 1 .82 7 .4~5 - 1932 0 .94 1 .08 ~0 .80 1 .,70 0 .91 5 .43 - 1933 0 .81 1 .37 1 .29 0 .31 2 .26 6 .04 1.9 .71 1934 1 .54 0 .79 0 .78 0 .4~1 2 .75 6 .27 16 .03 1935 1 .27 2 .10 3 .38 1 .04 0 .73 8 .52 1.8 .69 1936 0 .87 2 .32 0 .94 0 .78 1 .92 6 .83 17 .68 1937 0 .57 2 .33 0 .89 0 .68 0 .23 4 .70 19 .57 1938 0 .18 0 .56 0 .59 0 .99 1 .67 3 .99 12 .55 1939 11.42 2 .10 1 .03 0 .00* 0 .48 5 .03 12 .99 1940 0 .93 0 .25 1 .21 1 .19 0 .44 4 .02 13 .67 1941 3 .97 2 .74 0 .58 1 .36 3 .54~ 12 .19 20 .79 1942 3 .65 2 .17 4 .89 1 .29 0 .27 12 .27 19 .23 1943 1 .07 0 .88 0 .81 1 .51 0 .56 4 .83 12 .39 1944 0 .57 0 .30 0 .97 1 .19 1 .74 4 .77 14 .15 1945 0 .76 0 .12 1 .11 0 .05* 2 .10 4 .14 14.68 1946 0 .78 2 .53 0 .00* 0 .46 0 .59 4 .36 1.6 .36 1947 0 .23 3 .4~1 1 .98 0 .27 1 .1.6 7 .05 1.8 .96 1948 2 .4-0 1 .43 1 .91 3 .77 1 .16 10 .67 22 .55 1949 1 .26 1. .27 2 .06 0 .94 0 .99 6 .52 18 .21 1950 1 .18 0 .24 0 .93 0 .77 1 .06 4 .18 16 .24 1951 '0 .75 0 .02* 1 .57 . 0 .70 0 .81. 3 .85 18.53 19.52 1 .10 2 .01 0 .56 0 .30 0 .22 4 .19 10 .59 1953 0 .55 3 .51 0 .67 2 .03 0 .99 7 .75 20 .09 1954 1 .72 2 .53 1 .47 1 .75 1 .55 9 .02 - 1955 0 .61 1 .24 2 .27 0 .17 1 .53 5 .82 15 .12 1956 0 .69 2 .65 0 .54 1 .16 1 .94 6 .98 1.7 .99 1957 1 .20 2 .10 0 .75 2 .43 0 .65 7 .13 - 1958 1 .41 2 .20 0 .38 0 .59 1 .76 6 .34 20 .41 1959 2 .20 1 .77 0 .39 2 .01 3 .28 9 .65 16 .82

Average of five months for 4~4 years 6 .51

^ Less than a tenth of an inch . TABLE 5 : RAINFALL AT COLDSTREAM, MAY TO SEPTEMBER, SHOWING VARIATION DURING 44 YEARS - (Inches)

Annual Five Precipi- Year May June July August September Months tation

1916 0 .65 2 .23 2 .32 0 .59 0 .52 . 6 .31 12 .69 1917 1 .41 1 .44 0 .40 0 .61 1 .66 5 .52 15 .56 1918 0 .77 1 .03 2 .41 2 .34 0 .35 6 .90 14.53 1919 0 .86 0 .92 0 .65 0 .55 1 .15 4 .13 14 .18 1920 0 .45 1. .29 0 .38 1 .33 1 .70 5 .15 13 .47 1921 0 .75 2 .38 0 .21 1 .11 1 .06 5 .51 13 .04 1922 0 .61 0 .1.1 0 .20 1 .72 1 .47 4 .11 13 .26 1923 1 .14 -4 .27 1 .76 0 .95 0 .37 9 .49 15 .33 1924 0 .30 1 .28 0 .48 1 .23 0 .71 4 .00 - 1925 0 .66 1 .05 1 .21 0. .14 0 .86 3 .92 13 .17 1926 1 .80 1 .06 0 .17 1 .88 1 .16 6 .07 14.88 1927 2 .10 1 .12 2 .00 3 .35 3 .59 12 .16 23 .25 1928 1 .21 2 .84 1 .70 0 .29 0 .18 6 .22 13 .15 1929 0 .96 2 .07 0 .09* 1 .70 0 .63 5 .45 14 .29 1930 1 .68 1 .17 0 .12 0 .42 0 .50 3 .89 10 .76 1931 0 .88 2 .44 0 .33 0 .45 1 .57 5 .67 14.02 1932 1 .27 0 .83 0 .82 2 ..22 0 .93 6 .07 16 .48 1933 1 .21 0 .91 0 .78 0 .75 2 .26 5 .91 18 .43 1934 1 .33 0 .25 0 .71 0 .27 2 .76 5 .32 13 .57 1935 0 .90 2 .49 2 .84 1 .18 0 .29 7 .70 16 .10 1936 1 .68 2 .24 1 .31 1 .46 1. .05 7 .74 16 .62 1937 0 .96 1 .58 0 .79 0 .43 0 .93 4 .69 18 .54 1938 0 .28 0 .70 0 .80 1 .19 1 .07 4 .04 12 .70 1939 1 .75 1 .95 0 .63 0 .09* 0 .66 5 .08 11 .83 1940 1 .62 0 .32 1 .17 0 .28 1 .05 4 .44 13 .17 1941 1 .71 2 .65 0 .71 1 .75 2 .54 9 .36 15 .24 1942 3 .05 2 .69 5 .14 1 .49 0 .39 12 .76 18 .56 1943 1 .08 0 .70 1 .16 1 .31 0 .73 4 .98 12 .70 1944 2 .07 1 .36 0 .83 1 .12 3 .09 8 .47 18 .38 1945 1 .35 0 .88 1 .33 0 .26 1 .91 5 .73 16 .07 1946 2 .07 1 .91 0 .32 0 .52 0 .66 5 .48 14 .06 1947 0 .30 2 .98 1 .71 0 .69 0 .59 6 .27 14 .00 1948 2 .06 2 .03 2 .04 3 .4~3 0 .80 10 .36 19 .43 1949 1 .13 0 .65 1 .00 1 .66 0 .68 5 .12 13 .50 1950 ,0 .92 0 .54 1 .21 1 .52 0 .65 4 .84 15 .57 1951 1 .30 0 .65 1 .16 1 .09 0 .83 5 .03 18 .88 1952 1 .49 2 .26 0 .40 0 .34 0 .33 4 .82 9 .7~a 1953 0 .67 4 .97 1 .06 2 .26 0 .87 9 .83 19 .19 1954 2 .42 2 .13 1 .79 2 .23 1 .14 9 .71 17 .82 1955 0 .96 2 .31 1 .32 0 .29 0 .80 5 .68 14 .46 1956 1 .36 1 .92 0 .43 1 .09 2 .07 6 .87 15 .68 1957 1 .52 2 .05 0 .37 2 .38 0 .19 6 .51 14 .09 1958 0 .77 2 .05 0 .10* 0 .54 1 .34~ 4 .80 15 .23 1959 2 .08 1 .58 0 .55 0 .85 2 .80 7 .86 15 .92

Average of five months for 44 years 6 .36

* One tenth of an inch or less TABLE IA: AVERAGE MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURES FOR THE PERIOD SHOWN*

(Degrees F .)

Years of Station Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May June July Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec . Year Record

Salmon Arm 23 27 36 47 56 62 68 66 57 46 35 27 46 1913-59 Sicamous 25 26 35 46 57 ' 62 68 65 57 45 33 29 46 1955-59 Sugar Lake 23 25 35 42 50 58 65 . 60 54 43 28 28 43 1958-59 Enderby 22 26 36 47 55 62 67 65 56 43 32 25 45 1895-01, 1910-27 Armstrong 21 25 35 46 54 62 66 64 55 44 34 26 44 1916-59 Vernon .23 27 36 48 50 63 69 67 57 46 35 28 46 1922-59 Coldstream 21 26 36 47 55 61 61 65 56 45 34 27 45 1897-1959

TABLE 2A: AVERAGE MONTHLY AND AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR THE PERIOD SHOWN'

(Inches)

Year of Oct . Nov . Dec . -Snowfall Year Record

Salmon Arm 2 .47 1 .62 1 .22 1 .08 1 .38 1 .82 1 .27 1 .23 1 .24 1 .71 2 .03 2 .61 67 .3 19 .68 1913-59 Sicamous 2 .84 2 .08 1 .31 0 .96 t_ .68 3 .31 1 .49 1 .79 2 .31 2 .04 2 .81 3 .06 82 .7 25 .68 1954-59 Sugar Lake 3 .26 2 .94 2 .17 1 .45 3 .80 2 .45 1 .47 1 .58 4 .87 3 .29 4 .19 1 .63 100 .3 33 .10 1958-59 Shuswap Falls 2 .01 1 .69 1 .04 1 .10 1 .63 2 .12 1 .42 1 .30 1 .48 1 .56 1 .66 2 .00 57 .9 19 .01 1933-59 Mabel Lake 2 .12 i .41 1,10 1 .09 1 .54 2 .12 1 .45 1 .39 1 .45 1 .65 1 .52 2 .11 52 .2 18 .95 1927-59 Enderby 2 .49 1 .47 1 .09 0 .94 1 .33 1 .98 1 .25 1 .26 1 .49 1 .49 2 .02 2 .40 63 .4 19 .21 1894-01,1910-27 Armstrong 1,83 1 .21 0 .86 0 .87 1 .20 1 .82 1 .21 1 .09 1 .29 1 .66 1 .62 2 .16 48 .1 16 .82 1914-59 Gienemma 2 .09 1 .38 1 .40 1 .55 1 .77 2 .71 1 .10 1 .21 1 .09 1 .47 2 .07 2 .38 54 .1 20 .22 1915-17,1921-24 Grandview Flats 1 .72 1 .96 2 .32 0 .86 0 .80 0 .81 0 .95 0 .75 0 .64 1 .37 0 .98 2 .95 68 .1 16 .11 1949-52 Vernon 1 .68 1 .14 0 .95 0 .80 1 .13 1 .70 1 .04 1 .17 1 .14 1 .46 1 .36 1 .94 47 .8 15151 1922-59 Coldstream 1 .47 1 .10 0 .86 0 .80 1 .27 1 .73 1 .17 1 .13 1 .22 1 .23 1 .31 1 .59 36 .6 . 14 .88 . 1900-59 . . .

* Climate of British Columbia, Report for 1959, Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B . C . -10-

ORIGIN OF SOIL FORMING DEPOSITS

In the Pleistocene epoch the Cordilleran ice-sheet covered all of the area below 7,500 feet elevation . Hills that do not exceed that elevation were rounded, and hills covered by Tertiary lavas were left flat topped . During subse- quent glaciation of the north-south valleys, the spurs were removed and the valleys left U-shaped .

In the stages of ice-retreat most of the valleys were in part filled by overloaded streams . In the Okanagan Valley ice-damming occurred at different ele- vations and temporary lakes were impounded . The whole valley bottom between Kalamalka Lake and Enderby is covered by a deposit of glacio-l.acustrine clay, and remnants of older lacustrine deposits occur at higher elevations . 1=Parts of the valleys occupied by Okanagan, Kalamalka and Mabel Lakes were probable sites of rem- nants of valley glaciers preserved. under coating of debris . This ice disappeared after other parts of the valleys had been filled with glacial outwash .

In addition to glacio-lacustrine clays, there are terraces and deltaic deposits where streams entered the main Ol.canagan Valley . A large delta was formed in the area occupied by Grandview Flats . The sandy materials of which this deposit is composed were supplied from the Salmon River valley . The water-sorted sandy soil forming materials on the upland west of Enderby were left in drainage ways during the lowering of the valley glacier . Upland areas not covered by sorted materials have a mantle of till .

Fan formation began when temporary glacial lakes occupied parts of the main valley . It was a time in which the ice had retreated to high elevations, there was little or no vegetation, and the summer climate was dry but punctuated by violent storms . Under these conditions the loose drift on the highlands was carried down the stream valleys as tumultuous outwash and deposited at the toe of the slope . After removal of readily available drift from the high elevations, and the invasion of vegetation and stabilization of the climate, this process .came to an end . Most of the fans have been stable long enough to develop soil profiles with B horizons .

Early to late post-glacial soil forming alluvium contemporary in deposi- tion with the fans, occurs in the stream valleys . In the mapped area the largest of these formations is in the Spallumcheen Valley along the Shuswap River . This deposit is worthy of note because of its size and also of evidence that stagnant ice in the Shu~swap and Mara Lake depressions for a time prevented northward drainage . It would appear that the ice-filled Mara Lake depression extended south to the vicinity of Enderby .

The dam thus formed caused the Shuswap River to turn southward at Enderby and discharge into the north arm of Okanagan Lake . This drainage was of sufficient duration to carve a wide channel to a depth of 50 feet or more in the clays previous- 1y deposited in a temporary glacial lake . The town of Armstrong is largely situated in this channel . It may still be .feasible to reopen this abandoned riverbed, now used to convey the drainage of Fortune and Deep creeks, and thus divert Shuswap River into Okanagan Lake .

Eventual decay of the ice in the Shuswap and Mara lake depressions caused a reversal of drainage, and the gradual filling of the lake basin from the vicinity of Enderby to the south end of Mara Lake .

In addition to the mineral soil forming deposits in the north Okanaga» Valley, ponds and seepage depressions here and there have become filled by orpa deposits . The deeper ones obviously began as lily ponds with rushes and tules around their margins, and the organic residue accumulated a little faster than f:lie rate o£ decay . When the partly decomposed organic matter reached the surface, building outward from the margins, sedges were able to take over, and the final stage was invasion by forest . While some of the bogs are up,to 20 feet deep, the surface material is generally woody peat or muck .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION :

Table 6 gives the relationship of the soil forming deposits to the soil groups and series . The soil groups can be divided into two broad categories, those are developed under grass and those developed under forest . The grassland soils characterized by accumulation of. organic matter in the surface mineral horizons, whereas in the forest soils a layer of organic litter occurs on the soil surface . The natural. grassland soil group separations are the Dark Brown and Black soils . - 11

The forested soils were separated into groups on the basis of the degree of weathering and movement of soil constituents . In the order of increasing weathering and leaching these groups are Brown Wooded, Gray Wooded, Brown Podzolic, and Podzol soils . There is also a Solonetzic .and Solodized,group of Black and Gray Wooded Halomorphic soils .

In such areas additional groups of soils occur which are distinguished by the influence of groundwater . In the classified area these are Calcareous Meadow, Dark Gray Gleysolic, Gleysol, Regosol, and Organic soils .

The basic mapping unit is the soil series, meaning a group b:6 closely related soils derived from one patent material and one drainage position, and with similar profile characters except for the surface layer . Soil series are given local place names . They are divided into soil types on the basis of the surface soil. texture (i .e . sandy loam, loam, etc .) . In turn the soil types are divisable into phases based on variations of topography, gravel, stoniness, etc . Where it is not feasible to differentiate soil types the "complex" is used as the mapping unit . The complex may contain two or more soil types identified by hyphenating the names of the soil types ,that are included . TABLE 6 : CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS IN THE NORTH OizA.NAGA1i VALLEY

Dark Black Halomorphic Brown Gray Brown Parent Materials Brown Soils Soils S04-1IS Wooded Soils Wooded So ils Podzolic Soils

Series ~ Series Series Series Series Series

Glacial Till ------Armstrong Grizzly Hill Reiswig $icamous Bluespring Cherryiille

Mixed Till and Saltwell Lacust-rine Material

Thin Glacio-Lacustrine Plaster Sediments

Stratified Glacio- Hulcar Spallumcheen Enderby Lacustrine Sediments Broadview Hilton Beaverjack Latewhos

Glacial Outwash, ------Moffat ------OKeefe Stepney Shuswap I oraines,-Eskers, Grandview Glene.,mma Nahun

Alluvial Terraces Mara Sauff

Alluvial-Colluvial Fans ------Kalamalka ------Lumby Schunter Go?dstream TABLB 6 (\COLN7'.D) : CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS !N THE NORTH OKAIN-A-GAN VALLEY

Podzoi Dark Gray Gleysoi Regosoiic Organic Parent Materials Soils - Meadow Soils Gleysolic Soils Soils Soils Soils

Series Series Series Series Series Ser ies

Stratified Giacio------S=Nar,son ------_ Lacustrine Sediments

Glacial Outwash, Reiter Moraines, Eskers

A1luvial Terraces ~Iance _ ------Nisconlitb Duteau & Mab&l Complen Some Included Fans . Bessette Complex Monashee 8? Gar3om & Comp 1 ex Complex

Alluvial-Colluvial Fans Sitkum ------. ------Grindrod liuoel

Organic Deposits ------6daby Okanagan - 14 -

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS

1 . DARK BROWN SOILS

The soils of this group developed on dry exposures under natural grass cover . They are charactearized .by,an accumulation of organic matter which imparts a dark brown color to the surface horizons . Since leaching is not pronounced, soil reaction at the surface is generally neutral, and lime accumulations occur at a relatively shallow depth . Only one Dark Brown soil type, Hulcar Silt Loam, was mapped and this was assigned to the Orthic subgroup .

Hulcar Silt Loam

This series is derived from silty to fine sandy glacio-lacustrine sedi- ments, which occupy a minor acreage in.the east-west valley between Glenemma and Ende.rby . In undisturbed areas the topography is level to gently undulating . However, the deposit occurs as a strip along the valley side with one face exposed and subject to erosion . Where erosion has occurred the relief is rolling and steeply sloping . The elevation varies between 1,700 and 1,7 .50 feet and the area mapped was 222 acres .

The parent material is stratified and calcareous . Textures of the strata vary from silt to fine sand ., the sand being more common with depth . The material is stone-free . The surface texture is coarse silt loam containing occasional vari- ation to fine sandy loam . The soil profile is well drained .

The Hulcar. Silt Loam is confined to the north side of the valley, where natural grass is dominant . Whereas other soils in the same environment are Black (Armstrong and Grandview series) this soil type has proved to be resistant to change, retaining the morphology of a Dark Brown soil . In undisturbed locations bhe vegetative cover consists chiefly of bunchgrass, a few weeds and saskatoon . A few ponderosa pine occur in drainage channels . An undisturbed profile located near a graveyard in Spallumcheen Indian Reserve No . 1 is described as follows :

Horiz on Le1LL: 11 Description

Ah 0 .- 10.1' Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2 dry), very dark brown (l0YR2./2 moist) coarse silt loam containing much fine sand . Weak medium subangular blocky structure, friable moist, pH 7 .0 Gradual change to :

AB 10 - 20" Pale brown (10YR6/3 dry), brown (i.OYR 5/3 moist) coarse , silt loam ,to fine sandy loam . Very weak medium subangular , blocky structure, soft, friable moist, many fine roots . pH 6 .9 Gradual change to :

B 20 - 29'1 Pale olive (5Y 6/3 dry), light olive brown (2 .5Y 5/4 moist) coarse silt loam, weak medium subangular blocky structure, friable moist, roots . pH 7 .0

C 29" + Light gray (2,5Y 7/2 dry) micaceous loamy fine sand . Single grained, occasional root, no stratification to 441t, calcareous . pH 8 .6

AGRICULTURE :

The greater part of the Hulcar Silt Loam acreage is within Spallumch ;:erl Indian Reserve No . 1, and is not actively cultivated . Some of this acreage appears to have been cultivated, but it has reverted to couch and native grasses . At the time of the soil survey a small area outside of the Indian Reserve was cultivated and under alf.alfa .

This,soil type is too light textured for dry farming, but with irrigation it would be productive . Under irrigation the farm delivery requirement is 20 acre inches, with an interval between irrigations of about 20 days . 2 . BLACK SOILS

The soils of this group developed in the most humid parts of the region of natural grassland. In a few grassland-forest fringe areas, the Black. qo ;.lG ex- tend a shurL distance into Lite trees, signifying recent forest enroachment .

The soils of this group are characterized by an appreciable accumulation of organic matter which imparts a. .dark gray to very.dark brown color in the surface horizons . Leaching is not pronounced, and thus the-reaction may be slightly acid to neutral at the surface . The parent materials are calcareous . The subgroups are Orthic and Degraded Black soils, The Armstrong, Moffat, Grandview, Nahun and Kalamalka series were classified as Orthic Black soils . Bluespring series is in the Degraded Black subgroup .

(a) Orthic Black Soils :

Armstrong Series

The group of soils astigned to the Armstrong series are located chiefly in the southern part of the map-area, from Vernon to Armstrong and in the Coldstream Valley eastward to Lumby . They are restricted to the lower valley sides . A total of 3,702 acres of potentially irrigable land was classified between 1,400 and 2,500 feet elevation .

The topography varies £romuundulating and rollingito very steeply sloping . Stoniness is generally light to moderate but can be heavy in places . Outcroppings of bedrock occur frequently .

The parent material is composed of glacial till containing a moderate amount of gravels, cobbles and stones . It is calcareous, compact, laminated and impervious to the downward movement of water . Owing to its position on slopes, the solum gains or loses thickness by downslope movement of topsoil . The several soil types and their extent is as follows :

Armstrong Gravell.y Sandy Loam - 1,783 acres . Armstrong Sandy Loam - 716 acres . Armstrong Gravelly Loam - 220 Armstrong Loam - 853 Armstrong Clay Loam - 130

The parent material of the Armstrong Clay Loam is composed of a mixture of till and glacio-lacustrine sediments, similar to that of the Saltwell. series . All of the above types are Orthic Black soils which developed under bunchgrasses .

A prmfile of the Armstrong,Gravelly Sandy Loam was examined . This was located on the Star Mountain road, about five miles northeast of Vernon .' The surrounding area sloped ten percent southward, and the elevation was about 1,900 feet. It was used as range but had not been cultivated . This prdfile is described as follows :

Horizon De.ytli Description

Ah 0 - 11I, Very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2 dry), very dark brown to black (IOYR 2/1 .5 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak granular and weak subangular blocky structure, soft, friable moist, many fine roots . pH 7 .3 Gradual change to :

AB 11 - 15" Dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2 dry), very dark brown (IOYR 2/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak subangular blocky structure, .friable moist . pH 7'.3 Gradual change to :

B 15 - 33'1 Olive brown to dark yellowish brown .(2 .5Y 6 .5/2 moist), also dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) laminated gravelly sandy loam weathered till with free carbonates in cleaveges . Hard dry and firm moist, scattered cobbles and roots . pH 7 .4 - 16 -

Horizon Depth Description

Cca 33 - 391' Light gray to light brownish gray (2 .5Y 6 .5/2 dry), dark , gra:vi::,h brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) laminated gravelly sandy loa:<< till containing free carbonates in the laminations . Hard dry and firm moist, scattered cobbles and roots . pH 8 .1

C 3911 + Light olive gray (5Y 6/2 dry), olive gray (5Y 4/2 moist) laminated gravelly sandy loam till . Compact, hard, imper- vious, scattered cobbles . pH 8 .4 ,

AGRICULTURE :

The several soil types in the Armstrong series located at the lower ele- vations in the Vernon Irrigation District are irrigated and planted to orchards . The remaining cultivated land is dry farmed for grain and alfalfa, but since moisture holding capacity is only moderate, the crop yields are comparatively low . Uncultivated areas are used for range .

The soils of the Armstrong series would respond to irrigation where care is taken to prevent erosion onsslopes and in the rolling phase . Under. sprinkler drrigation the farm delivery requirement is 23 inches for the Gravelly Sandy Loam, Sandy Loam and Gravelly Loam, with a 15 day interval, 20 inches for the Loam, with a 20 day interval and 15 inches for the Clay Loam, the interval. between i.rrigations being 30 days .

Moffat Series

The Moffat soils occupy scattered areas from the vicinity of Grandview Flats to Gkenemma and east to Deep Creek . They are a minor group of soils having a total area of 676 acres at from 1,500 to 1,600 feet elevation . The topography varies from gently undulating to rolling and strongly sloping, natural erosion being the cause of the uneven relief .

The soils occur in association with the Grandview series . Both series are derived from glacial outwash material . The distinction separating the Mof£at from the Grandview series is the richer silt and clay content of the M6ffat soils . The fine textured sediments occur as a surface capping, the profile becoming coarser with depth, grading to sand and gravelly sand at from two to four feet from the surface . The soils are comparatively stone-free ; scattered gravels and cobbles occur . Free lime is encountered at depths between 24 and 36 inches .

Two soil types .were-differentiated . Moffat Loam, 77 acres, and Silt Loam, 599 acres . Both types are Orthic Black soils which developed under bunch- grasses .

A cultivated profile of Moffat'Silt Loam was examined on Grandview Flats and given the following description :

Horizon Dh Description

Ahc 0 - 6'1 Very dark gray (l0YR 3/1 dry), black (10YR 2/1 moist) silt loam . Moderate medium granular structure, very friable moist . Many fine roots . pH 7 .40 Abrupt change to :

Ah 6-- 14'1 Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2 dry), very dark brown (l0YR 2/2 moist) loam. Weak medium blocky structure breaking to fine granules, very friable moist, scattered roots . pH 7 ..52 Clear change to :

B 14- 2311 Dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 dry), dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4 moist) silt loam . Moderate medium blocky structure, very friable moist . Scattered roots . pH 7 .65 Clear change to : , - 17 - Horizon De ~pth Description

Cca 23" + Light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2 dry), dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 moist) silt loam. Moderate medium blocky struc- ture plus some modular forms, friable moist . Visible concentration of carbonates, vesicular, an occasional root . pH 8 .02

D Underlain at depths from 30 to 48 inches by sand .

AGRICULTURE :

An area of Moffat soils located in Okanagan Indian Reserve No . 1 is used for range . Another area near Hulcar is irrigated for the production of potatoes and other crops . The remaining acreage is dry farmed and planted to grain, alfalfa and some asparagus . The moisture holding capacity of this soil type is moderate to good ; thus it is one of the most productive of the soils used for dry farming .

Crop growth under dry farming is far~-Jrom maximum, and these soils would respond favorably to irrigation . The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is 20 inches for the Mo..ffat Loam, with a 20 day irrigation interval, and 17 inches for Moffat Silt Loam, the interval between irrigations being about 25 days .

Grandview Series

This series is confined to the natural grasslands in the southern part of the map-area . The larger acreages occur northwest of Armstrong, on Grandview Flats and on Mission Hill . These soils are between 1,200 and 1,800 f eeteelevation, and the area mapped occupies 6,423 acres .

The topography varies from level to rolling and hilly . The rough topo- graphic phases ate due to erosion and in some cases to kettles . The parent material is composed of sandy glacial outwa.sh . The texture of the soil prdfile coarsens with depth . There are scattered gravels and occasional cobbles in the solum, and lenses of gravel in the parent material . A lime layer is present at depths of from 36 to 48 inches ..

Three soil types were differentiated, all of which-are well drained . These are Grandview Loamy Sand, 2,001 acres, Sandy Loam, 4,332 acres, and Fine Sandy Loam, 90 acres . Where erosion has occurred, usually as a result of clean cultivation, patches of the sand subsoil are exposed .

The Grandview series is composed .of Orthic Black soils which developed under bunchgrasses . . A soil pr6file of the loamy sand, typical of the series, was examined in an undisturbed area on Grandview Flats and given the following description :

Horizon Depth llescrl2tion

Ah 0 - 8'1 Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2 dry), very dark brown (10YR 2/2 moist) loamy sand . Weak granular and wehk medium blocky structure . Friable moist, many fine roots . pH 7 .1

AB 8 - 1611 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 moist) loamy sand . Very weak medium subangular blocky structure . Friable moiSt, scattered fine roots . pH 7 .2

B 16 - 28<< Brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3 moist) medium sand . Mostly single grained, loose, scattered fine roots . pH 7 .0

C 28<< + Medium sand having variegated colors . Single grained, loose, a high proportion of. .f.erromagnesium minerals . pH 7 .3 AGRICULTURE :

Most areas of t=he serie~ :are cultivated . A small acreage is irrigated In the vicinity of Vernon and plaiited ta orchard, but the balance is dry farmed for grain, alfalfa, grass' l:zay, and 'a few specialized crops . Early maturing crops, such as ~asparagus, do fairly; well'. Miiisture holding capacity is fair to poor, thus providing droughty growing condition's for the later maturing crops .

These, are.'. fri:abl.e sails axtd;''with irrigation they are excellent for the production of " :potatoes ., Veget~ables'` axzd' `~'ield crops . The farm delivery requirements under sprinkler''1.~:rigation 'are"31 .'`ixiches with a 10 day interval for the Grandview Loamy Sand, and 25 inch`es with a 15 day ` Interval for the Sandy Loam and Fine Sandy Loam .

Nahun Series

The Nahun ser.ies ~occupiias'gravell.y terraces in the natural grassland section of the map-area . ''These snils'are'associated with the Grandvi.ew series . The main areas occur north.uiest`o .f Arm.strong, south of Glenenma and in the vicinity of BX Creek . They lie betweerz 1,2.00 and 1 ;800 feet itlevat:ion, and the total area classified amounts to 5,748 acres .

I'he 'topography vaz'i.es . from level' to roll ing and rough broken . The rough phases of relief are due to natural erosion and in some cases to kettles .

The parent znai:.e.ri.als are composed of, a fine textured surface layer resting upon coarse gravelly and sandy glacial outwash. The thickness of the overlay varies from rzone at all to about 24,.inches . Surface cobbles and stones .are abundant in places where the overlay is thinA Lime,plating on stones is generally encountered in the coarse textured'substratitnz, .just be7.ow the solum . In scattered areas, particularly those to ,tlie''ncirthta.st of` Veinon, the gravelly substratum of the Nahun soils is coinposed'of`keworked till . Till also underlies the gravels, or it is scattered at random through thn .giavelly deposits in the form of lenses . The following soil types aare,diffeientiated :

Nahun Gravelly'Loa.my Sand - ' 860 acres . Nahun Gravelly Sandy Loam a 2,681, acres . Nahun'Sandy Loam - 1,872_ « Nahun Gravelly Loam 94 ~r Nahun hoam , . - 241

All of the soil. types are well. drained Orthic Black soils which developed under bunchgrasses . An undisturbed"Gravelly Sandy Loam profile was examined on the edge of the Coldstream municipal gravel pit . The topography was level and the Vegetation was composed of buncrigrasses, yarrow, pussytoes and balsamroot . This profile is. described as follows : '

Hor izon D,e~t.-~h ' I)e~cri, tiox~.

Ahl 0 - 4« Black (10YR 2/l .m.oist) gravell.y sandy loam . Very weak graniul.ar structure,~fiiable to loose . Many fine roots, about 30%-gtave1's . pH 7 .1

Ah2 4 -- 7'1 Very`darlc 'tiirowzi (10YR 2/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Very weak,granular structure, friable to loose . Many fine'r6oCs,- 30~40% gravels, an occasional cobble . pH 7 .4

BD I - 13r? Dark yellowi.sb brown (l0YR 3 .5/4 moist) gravell.y loamy sarid

BD2 13 - 19" Dark yel,lowi_sh,l:>.rown (l0YR 3/4 moist) gravelly sand . 'Single gi°airiei:I ; loose, some fine roots, 80%gravels and_ 'cobbles . , 'p11,7-6 ' .

D 19" + Roughly -s4'rati:fied gravelly sand containing numerous cobbles lime plated on their undersides . A few fine roots in the upper part . pH. 8 .3 - 19 -

AGRICULTURE :

In the native state the Nahun soils support fairly good range . In Okanagan Indian Reserve No . 1, a large area to the south of Glenemma is used for this purpose . Most of the acreage is under cultivation . In the Vernon Irrigation District the Nahun soils are planted.to orchards, hay and pasture . The soils are productive under irrigation, but poor when dry farming is undertaken .

The farm delivery requirement of Nahun Gravelly Loamy Sand under sprinkler irrigation is 31 inches wihh a 10 day interval, the Gravelly Sandy Loam requires' 30 inches with a 12 day interval, the Sandy Loam should have 29 inches with a 12 day interval ; the Gravelly Loam and Loam require 28 inches with a 13 day interval between irrigations .

Kalamalka Series

The main areas of Kalamalka soils are located in.the Coldstream Valley between Vernon and Lumby . In addition, there are scattered small areas in the Black soil region between Vernon and Enderby . Elevations range between 1,150 and 2,000 feet, the total classified area being 8,796 acres .

The topography consists of a main downward slope toward the valley centre, characteristic of fans, and lateral slopes to right and left . On large fans the slopes are comparatively gentle, but steeper on the smaller ones . Stoniness, common in the area of the fan apex, decreases downslope as the materials become progressively finer in texture . .The lower part of the fan apron is often stone and gravel free .

The parent material is composed of alluvial-colluvial fan materials thatC for the most part have issued from the coulees of temporary streams . The fans are largely of early post-glacial age, with aprons spread over pre-existing glacial outwash . The pattern of deposition consists of coarse, angular detritus near the fan apex, grading to finer materials downslope . Since the fans are stage-built, a stream channel was formed by each outwash and buried by the succeeding one . This process left random lenses of grave], throughout the vertical depth of the fan . The gravel lenses carry natural seepage and excess irrigation water, which some- times swamps the lower fringe of the fan apron . The greater part of the acreage is well drained .

The Orthic Black soil types assigned to the Kalamalka series, which developed under bunchgrasses, are as follows :

Kalamalka Gravelly Sandy Loam - 2,305 acres . Kalamalka Sandy Loam - 801 « Kalanialka Gravelly Loam - 226 « Kalamalka Loam - 4,708 Kalamalka Silt Loam - 313 ICalamalka Gravelly Clay Loam : - 371 11 Kalamalka Clay Loam - 72

A profile of Kalamal.ka Gravelly Loam, typical of the series, was described in the Coldstream Valley about one and one half miles west of Lumby . The topography sloped southward at 8 to 109., and the area was in orchard with a cover crop of alfalfa, sweet clover and miscellaneous grasses .

Horizon Depth Description

Ahc 0 - 6" Very dark gray to black (l0YR 2 .5/1 moist) gravelly loam . Moderate medium granular structure, very friable moist . Many roots, occasional cobble . pH 6 .92 Abrupt change to :

Ah 6 - 1211 Very dark gray to black (l0YR 2 .5/1 moist) gravelly loam . Weak medium subangular blocky which~breaks easily to gran- ular structure, very friable moist . Numerous roots, an occasional cobble . pH 7 .10 Gradual change to : - 20 -

Descri p tion . . . . .,i ...... , . "" , Da~k'?brown-' (lOYIt 3/3`emoi~t) gravelly'""sdndy ;''loam :~" ^'Weak medium"subangtilar blocky tireaki'rig'"~`to~"grariulai''structure';,- 'very-''friable"mo'ist : ~'Mo''i~iat'e'-'rdot''iconteiit'; ' incr6asAng''," numbers of angular gravels and cobbles . pH 7 .48 i , ;: C-D 1911 + Dark gra~

AGRICULTURE :

The bulk of the acreage of Kalamalka soils"ti:iii'°.'the':',Ca;lds'tream,~Val,ley cultivated and irrigated . The loams and clay loams are representatives of the best''irrigatiion~soi'ls in':the"''-North'~~Okai'iagan'"region . ''T:hey`.wi:ll~produce''all crops suitable"to the 'c1imate`:"' -,The' Kalainal'ka4,so'ils'`'a're` "'dbep';'and friable ; " havirlg-moderate slopes and'they'ir'equi`re no-~specia'1'`'~irecauti'o .ns'-to~'p.revent :~ eros"ion when irrigat;" fon is applied .

Areas of Kalamalka soils are dry fatmed'; ti:b :: tlie :-'nortli, of,' the Vernon Irri- gation District. . In these the moisturea holding capacity varies from low to mod- , . .. ' . ,. .. . ' . '. .- ,ai° .. . . . ' . ; d erately high; production_ "be~i'ng'~``lim"ited'~'by~' t'he'~~lota~ summer~ ~airi~al"1: . ~ For sprinkler int'er'val i:ri:igatioii`'the'~retonun`e"rided. lf'arta'". .... del`iver-y'~. *fequ`izetne'nt . 'i:s' 25~Anches :'~with an. of '15 `days for-2the' Gravel"ly'°S'aiidy'r T.oam~, "Sa.ndq hoarim`; htid Gravelly Loemd For the . ' loam, 18 inches with a 21 day interval, while the Silt Loam, Clay Loam aii:d'Gravt- elly Clay Loam require 15 inches and 30 days between irrigati.ons .

(b) Degraded Black Soils :

Bluesprinp Series

he Bluespririg~r seki`es occurs 'oh' the"upand bettaeen Armstrong and ; Lnderby , `and'cs'n;`the"'south''side "sof~'the~'Co'1'ds'tream A, of "3 ;118 ., . ., .. -..," . . ., . and,. - , acracres"' ~'po~ten~'ially`arable'land-wa;s''ma"pdp'ed?betivee,600-'arid~'2~--l ;500= feet elevation . The"topography'var~:"es"''from~titnd'u~lat'ing'°'to~`ri~lliiig .'ai~d'steeply''sl'oping,~'with slopes often facing north . . . ~*. r': ° . . :: ,, . . ,r . , . , " ,

The'° p`arent material` is~ c'ompos'ed ~`o-f"=sandy glac°ial "till" having a moderat e on-tent4 6 er omagtiegium,,-mine"'ria s . nvea'theted ;tll 1~; b'he e''"ath, ~tbe' bolurW is amina~t'ed"And- tA careoug ; - difid 1--iiii g~Ondta'l ,1 :A,irniIar :to ; the t -~offil;'whith`th*e &rmitrongs series is derived . Ston-IneSs", rlghi`~.1. t-0":~,,in6d,~-~~Ate~"'~$ :'Tdith) :atl',~otcii*,§tioiia'~l-lhea,vy. 'stone patch . Bedrock outcroppings are common, and the soils are well drained . s, .ti .r~ a . ,~ .,. - 'flie°' Blue'sp'ring' s~ties' i's' com~ios:eti of ' a'g~oup" of' Degraded B"1ac1~ "soils ; l. " presently.'si'tuated~ in a'`forest.gta ss" ecb`tone -'~'" The '-profilei-or-iginally:~.,deiel:oped' ; , unde~~'buiichg" rasses,~A`but" '''subsequentr fo'fest ~invasi,ori -has' caused the~ Ali hori.~on t.o : ~, degrade ."' The-`' tree,.cover'"cons"i'sts--~`bf"-1'i'~-htF to''"inediutn stands'"of pondeiosa. :p.ine~i ar& Douglas £ir~ ;

The description of the profile is similar to that of the Armstrong series . eViations-'~are' 'the Ati~`h'orizon'~~~'+iti`-"cahi'rCti'~ t-he'`fixed``'`bxganic:lmat~ter~°is' " decomposing, and iri"''a;'thiiii~e~~Ah ;"wltli `eiatier""'br'o"fan-3sh ''tingeg" 8:e~ brow' 'd(l.OYR ~4/2~~ dry). ;~.pl.ote:hesP which become dark brown (l0YR 2/2 moist) .

Three soil i'f:f.i.rentiated as follows :

Bltiespriing GravellYSaildYLoLoam `r `"1';'721a;cres Bluespring, Gravdllyi,oarri F` ''t .3 :` : . ' Bluespring~ Loam 479 .i~

AGRICULTURE :

Cleared -and 'cultivated, areas' are dry' farme& for grain and alfalfa, but much moisture o£ the acreage still~urideveloped arid providing~fairly good range . The holding capacity .ofthe soil types'i.s.'fair', but'crop yields are drastically reduced in dry dummers . , . , . ~ . , The Bluespring soils.respond to irrigation, but care is necessary to pre- vent erosion on slopes . Under sprinkler irrigation .the farm delivery requirement of the Gravelly Sandy Loam ..is 20-inches with a 15 day interval . The Gravelly Loam and the Loam require 18 inches, .and .an interval between irrigations of 20 days .

3 . HALOMORPHIC SOILS

These are soils with .Ah or Ae surface horizons and usually columnar or prismatic B horizons which ar.e .hard to very hard . Generally, the B horizons show organic staining and surface coa.tings: ., ;They may,contain more exchangeable sodium plus magnesium than exchangeable calcium . The parent,material is usually saline and calcareous . Two subgroups of the Halomorphic Order was differentiated in the North Okanagan Valley :

(a) Solonetzic Black Halomorph:

Soils having a dark coloured :Ah,horizon which is underlaid by a columnar or prismatic horizon B . The reaction .is .f rom slightly:acid to neutral, and the parent material is calcareous and slightly saline . In the map-area a representative of this group is the Spallumcheen series .

(b) Solodized Gray Wooded Halomorph :

Soils with a light.colored horizon .Ae,- beneath which is a very hard columnar to prixmatic horizon Bt with. surface coatings and organic staining . The C horizon is calcareous and slightly saline . The,BrQadview series was assigned to this subgroup .

(a) Solonetzic Black Halomorph :

Spallumcheen Series

The Spallumcheen and Broadview series are derived from the same parent material . Extensive areas of Spallumcheen soils occpr in the North Okanagan Valley bottom between Kalamalka Lake and .Enderby . A total~of 10,556 acres were classified, the range of elevation being between 1,150 and,1,500 feet . The topography is chiefly level to undulating, with localized areas in which erosion has produced rolling and steeply sloping phases .

The parent material is .composed .o£ stratified, often varved, glacio- lacustrine clays . With depth the clays :grade into stratified silts and fine sands, often of considerable thickness . Surface stones are encountered near bedrock out- croppings and near boundaries .of adjoining stony soil types .

The Spallumcheen series was differentiated into two soil types . These are Clay Loam, 2,155 acres, and Clay, 8,.401 acres . The soils developed under natural grass vegetation, which is responsible for the dark Ah horizon, the mod- erately well drained profile is regarded as representative of a Solonetzic Black Halomorph, owing to the heavy textured horizon B, which has prismatic structure . The parent material is calcareous ; magnesium and calcium sulphate crystals are present in the upper part .

A profile was examined at a cultivated site about one mile east of Vernon on LaLonde Farm . The surface relief was a five to seven percent north slope . The description is as follows :

Horizon Depth Description .

Ahc 0 - 8" Dark gray (l0YR 4/1 dry), .black to very dark brown (l0YR 2/1 .5 moist) clay . Massive but breaking into large blocks, hard .dry, and firm moist . Numerous fine roots . pH 7 .0 Clear change to :

Bt-1 8 - 1311 Grayish brown (2 .5Y 5/2 dry), dark brown (10YR 3/3 moist) clay . Strong medium prismatic breaking to coarse blocky structure, firm moist, sticky and plastic wet . Some clay flows along cleavages, interior of peds slightly vesicular, . scattered fine roots . pH 6 .8 Clear change to;: - 22 -

Horizon Depth Description

Bt-2 13 - 25" Olive (5Y 5/3 .5 dry), dark.yellowish brown (lOYR 3/4 moist) heavy clay : Coarse prismatic breaking easily to coarse ' blocky structure, very firm moist, sticky and plastic wet,. Slicken sided oblique faces in lower part . Clay flows and' roots in cleavages . pH 7 .3

B-C 25'1 + Light olive gray (5Y 6/2 dry), dark yellowish brown (lOYR 3/4 moist) calcareous heavy clay . Weak blocky struc- ture, ftiable moist . Cracks containing a few alfalfa roots . , pH 8 .2

AGRICULTURE :

Most areas of the Spallumcheen series are cultivated . In the Vernon Irri- gation District the series is irrigated and planted to orchards and field crops . The remaining acreage is dry farmed, chiefly to grain, alfalfa, mixed hay and some peas .

This is the best soil series for dry farming in the North Okanagan Valley . The higher productivity is due to the fine texture, organic matter content and good moisture holding capacity . Irrigation is necessary for maximum crops, but owing to heavy texture and the dense B horizon, the Spallumcheen Clay requires careful irrigation practice . For sprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requirement is 14 inches for the Clay Loam and Clay, with a 30 day interval between i.rrigations .

(b) Solodized Gray Wooded Halomorph :

Br.oadview Series

The main acreage of Broadview'soils is located in the valley between Vernon and Enderby . Scattered~a'reas of the-Broadview soils also flank the Shuswap River Valley to the east of Enderby . The elevations range between 1,200 and 1,400 feet, and a total of ' 13, 963 acres "were classified .

The general topography is level to gently sloping and undulating . In places erosion has trenched areas of these soils, leaving rolling and strongly sloping topographic phases .

The parent material is composed of glacio-lacustrine clays . These clays are stratified, often varved, stone-free and grade at depths to stratified silts and fine sands . In places erosion tias~stripped off the clay capping, exposing the underlying silts . The parent materials are calcareous and the soils are moderately well drained .

Two soil types were differentiated . 'These are Clay Loam, 794 acres, and Clay, 13,169-acres . The profil'e development' is that of a Solodi.zed Gray Wooded Halomorph . A heavy textured, prismatic horizon B restricts downward move- ment of water and roots .

The native vegetation is composed chiefly of a medium stand of Douglas fir, spruce and aspen . The shrub layer includes mock orange, spireae, Douglas Maple, oregon grape, Solomonts seal and salmonberry . A light growth of pinegrass and moss partly cover the thin depo"sit of surface litter .'

A profile on a cultivated site, but representative of the series, was examined at a location about one mile east of Armstrong on the E . Prouty farm . This is described as' follows': ,

Horizon Depth Description

Aec 0 - 41T Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 moist) clay . Strong subangular to angular blocky structure, very firm moist, slightly sticky and plastic wet, scattered fine roots and pieces of charcoal . pH 6 .5 - 23 -

Horizon 262th Description

Bt 4 - 28" Dark brown (l0YR 3/3 moist) heavy clay . Strong coarse prismatic, breaking to coarse blocky structure . Oblique slicken sided cracks prevalent in bottom 8'1 . Clay flows on cleavages, cracks up to ~tt wide . Only a few roots penetrate peds, most roots in cracks . pH 6 .5-7 .4

BC 28 - 34't Dark gr#ish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 ;moist) heavy clay . Medium Iblocky structure with slicken sided faces, peds laminated on inside . pH 7 .5

C 34" -I- Olive gray (5Y 4/2 moist) stratified heavy clay ; calcareous . pH 8 .0

AGRICULTURE :

A large acreage of Broadview soils is under cultivation . The main crops are grain, . alfalfa and grass hay. A limited acreage of specialized crops, chiefly peas, is also produced . These soils have a high moisture holding capacity and for dry farming they are moderately productive, but irrigation is necessary for maximum yields . The heavy and dense horizon B restricts root penetration and the downward movement of water . When irrigated, the water must be applied slowly to prevent puddling . Under sprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requirement is 12 inches for the Broadview Clay Loam and Clay, with a 30 day interval between irrigations .

4 . BROWN WOODED SOILS

This group includes soils only slightly weathered and those showing weak prcafile horizonation . Such soils developed in a fairly dry climate under open forest cover . They are characterized by brownish horizons which have no marked translocation of sesquioxides and clay . There is a thin layer of forest litter on the surface . The solum is neutral in reaction, and parent materials are calcareous . Soils assigned to the Orthic subgroup are Grizzly Hill, OtKeef e, Lumby and Coldstream series . In addition a representative of the degraded subgroup, Glenemma series, was also differentiated .

(a) Orthic Brown Wooded Soils :

Grizzly_Hill Series

The main areas of the Grizzly Hill soils are on the upland between Glen- emma, Eriderby and Armstrong . Small and scattered'areas were also mapped to the south of Lumby . A total of 3,879 acres were classified between 1,600 and 2,500 feet elevations . .

The topography varies from undulating to rolling and steeply sloping, with slopes in all directions . Extensive af'~as of hill and steepland occupied by Grizzly Hill soils also occur, but since such\~reas were not suitable for cultivation, they were not classified . \ The parent material is composed of comp t, laminated, sandy glacial till, having a low to medium content of ferromagnesium mine' Is . Gravels, cobbles and stones are distributed at random in the till and in the~olum . Surface stone is light to moderate, but may be heavy in places ; occasional~bedrock outcroppings are encountered . A horizon of calcium carbonate accumulation is often present at deptl~~ of from 26 to 40 inches from the surface .

The Grizzly Hill series was classified as a group of Orthic Brown Woodetr soils . The tree cover was inly Douglas-fir, with inclusions of cedar, larch spruce and birch . The seri s is composed of three soil types differentiated as f ollows :,

Griz.zly Hill Gra,~elly Loamy Sand - 456 acres . Grizzly Hill Gra,`ielly Sandy Loam -3,.225 ~~ Grizzly Hill Sa,ri~Ly Loam - 198 ~~ -24-

A_profile was'examined on'the upland at 2 ;000 feet elevation . It was located two miles northwest: of Armstrong, and given the following descriptiona

Horizon D ep t.h Description

0 1 - 0 ~~~ A thin layer of forest litter, partly decomposed .

Ae 0 - 2'" Thin, discontinuous dark gray to dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/1 .5 moist) sandy loam . Single-grained, friable .

AB1 '~ - 10" Brown to dark brown (lOYR 4/3 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak medium subaiigular blocky structure, friable, moderate root content, scattered cobbles . pH 6 .7

AB2 10 - 21" Light olive brown (2 .5Y 5/4 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak medium subangular blocky structure, friable, scattered cobbles and roots . pH 6 .9

BC 21 - 28'1 Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam. Fragmental structure, firm moist, scattered cobbles and roots . pH 7 .4

Cca 28 - 31" Partly weathered sandy loam till containing lenses and . pockets of free carbonates . pH 8 .0

C 31'1 -f- Light brownish gray (2 .5Y 6/2 moist) laminated sandy loam to loam till . Occasional root mat at the top, scattered gravels and cobbles . pH 8 .1

AGRICULTURE :

Scattered aress of Grizzly Hill soils have been cleared and dry farmed . Grain ; alfa_l .fa and grass hay are grown, but yields suffer during dry summers owing to the light texture and low moisture holding capacity of the soils . One orchard was observed, which had satisfactory growth, but the trees showed frost damage . These soils would respond to irrigation, with the provision that care should be taken to prevent erosion on steep slopes . For sprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requirement is 18 inches for a11 three soil types in the series, with an interval of 20 days between irrigations .

0 1 Keef e''.' S erie s

Areas of the O'Keefe soils fringe the Black soils in the vicinity of Glenemma, eastward to Enderby and from there southward to Armstrong . The elevations of the O'Keefe series are from 1,400 to 1,800 feet:, and the total area -classified was 2,567 acres . The topography varies from level to strongly rolling . In some places kettles are responsible for rough relief, and in others duning is the cause of steep slopes .

The parent material is composed of sandy glacial outwash . The sand contains more silt and clay at and near the surface than in the subsoil, indicating a loessial source of the fine material . In places scattered gravel and cobbles are found in the solum, but generally the sandy deposits are gravel and stone free .

Three soil types were differentiated . These were Loamy Sand, 1,191 acres, Sandy Loam, 1,102 acres, and Fine Sandy Loam, 283 acres . The Loamy Sand. supported a medium stand of ponderosa pine, whereas the Sandy Loam and Fine Sandy Loam were able to support a mixed growth of Douglas-fir. and ponderosa pine, which requires more moisture .

The O'Keefe soils are well drainedy The Sandy Loam and Fine Sandy Loam have Orthic Brown .-Wooded soil development, but in areas of the Loamy Sand where duning has occurred, the movement of material at the surface has retarded soil development, and such places are inclusions of Mull l.tegosol . . - 25 -

An undisturbed profile of the O1Keefe Loamy Sand was examined about two miles northwest of Armstrong . The topography was gently sloping and the vegetation was ponderosa pine and scattered fir, with shepherdia, Solomon's seal, saskatoon and pinegrass in the lower story . The profile was described as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

0 Off 1 - Forest litter consisting of undecomposed pine needles . pH 5 .4

Ah 0 Very dark brown (l0YR 2/2 moist) loamy sand . Very weak subangular,bloc.ky structure,* friable, numerous fine roots . pH 6 .4 , Abrupt change-to-

AB 1 2 - 611 Dark yellowish brown (lOYR 3/4 moist) loamy sand . Very weak subangular blocky structure, friable, some fine roots . pH 7 .0 Gradual change to :

AB2 6 - 1211 Dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4 moist) fine sand . Very weak subangular blocky structure, friable to loose, scattered roots . . pH 6 .9

C1 12 - 2P Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4 moist) medium sand . Single- grained, loose, scattered roots . pH 7 .1 Gradual change to :

C2 21't + Yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4 moist) medium sand . Sing l e- grained, loose, occasional root . pH 7 .1

AGRICULTURE :

Most of the acreage of the O'Keefe soils was in the native state at the time of the soil survey (1959) . There is sufficient vegetation to provide some grazing and an occasional harvest of timber . Cultivated areas are dry farmed for the production of grain and alfalfa . These soils have low moisture holding capacity, and .thus they are incapable of maintaining good crop yields with the prevailing summer rainfall .

The OtKeefe soils would respond favorably to fertilization and irrigation . For sprinkler_ irrigation the farm delivery requirement for the Loamy sand is 28 inches with a nine day interval . For the Sandy Loam and Fine Sandy Loam the requirement for the irrigation season is 21 inches, with a 15 day interval between irrigations .

Lumby Series

The Lumby soils are scattered throughout most of the classified area, but they are more common in the vicinity of Lumby . A total of 4,611 acres were differentiated between elevations of 1,300 and 1,700 feet . The fan topography is smoothly sloping, the steeper gradients being near the apex, with progressively more gentle slopes situated toward the fan margin . The topography can vary from smooth very gently sloping to irregular steeply sloping .

The parent material is composed of light textured alluvial fan detritu ..a which often covers pre-existing terraces and floodplain deposits of similar comp- sition . Precise boundaries between the fan and the exposed material it overlies often difficult to define, and frequently a distinction cannot be made . The fan- were deposited by small, chiefly temporary, streams tributary to the larger valleys . The deposition occurred in a typical manner, with the coarser textures dominating at the apex, close to the mouth of the coulee, while the finer textures were carried downslope . Sandy loam and coarser textures were mapped as the Lumby series, whereas loam and finer textures were differentiated as the Coldstream series . All of the soils are underlaid by earlier and coarser detritus, such as gravels . - 26 -

Six soil types were differentiated in the Lumby series, and are listed as follows :

Lumby Gravelly Sand - 122 acres . Lumby Gravelly Loamy Sand - 492 Lumby Loamy Sand - 1,444 'c Lumby Gravelly Sandy Loam - 921 Lumby Sandy Loam - 1,324 't Lumby Fine Sandy Loam - 308

The Ltamby soils support a light to medium cover of forest composed chiefly of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine . Although Orthic Brown Wooded soil development is normal for the series, Degraded Brown Wooded profiles were found in small areas . A profile of the Lumhy Sandy Loam was examined about two miles south of Lumby, on the south side of the Coldstream Valley ., This was given the following description :

Horizon Depth Description

0 ? - 0'1 A thin layer of coniferous forest litter .

Ah 0 - 2tt Grayish brown (10YR 5/2 dry), very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2 moist) sandy loam. Very weak medium subangular blocky and weak granular structure, friable moist . pH 5 .8

AB 2 - 10" Light grayish brown (lOYR 6/2 dry), dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 moist) sandy loam . Weak medium subangular blocky struc= ture, friable moist . pH 6 .0

BC 10 - 19!1 Pale brown (l0YR 6/2 dry), dark grayish brown (l0YR 3/2 moist) fine sandy loam . Very weak subangular blocky struc- ture, friable moist, scattered gravels . pH 6 .4

CD . 19'1 + Pale brown (l0YR 6/2 dry) , olive brown (2 .5Y 4/4 moist) gravelly sandy loam, grading to gravelly sand at variable depths, friable, loose . pH 7 .2

AGRICULTURE :

The Lumby soils are located in the most arid sections of the map-area that produce forest, and most of the acreage is devoted to forest range . The low summer rainfall combined with low moisture holding capacity of the soils makes them unsuitable for dry farming . To the north of Vernon attempts have been made to grow gtain and alfalfa on these soils without irrigation, which gave spotty crops with poor yields . A few areas in the Coldstream Valley are under irrigation and produce satisfactory crops .

Under dprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requirement for the Lumby Gravelly Sand and Gravelly Loamy Sand is 24 inches with a 10 day interval . The Loamy Sand and Gravelly Sandy Loam require 22 inches with a 15 day interval, the Sandy Loam needs 20 inches with a 15 day interval, and the Fine Sandy Loam requires 17 inches with~:.a 20 day interval between irrigations .

Coldstream Series

The group of soils that compose the Coldstream series are widely scatterc.'. but most common in the Coldstream Valley, between Lavington and Lumby . The range of elevation is from 1,300 to 1,700 feet and the area mapped totals 1,673 acres . The topography is gently to very gently and smoothly sloping .

The parent material is composed of medium to fine textured alluvial fan deposits . Such deposits are often spread over earlier river alluvium of similar composition, and where .this occurs the boundary between the fan and exposed portions of the underlying sediments is indefinite . The fan deposits grade from coarse mater ials near the apex to fine textured alluvium downslope . Most of the Coldstream soils are in the lower, fine textured portions of the fans, whereas the Lumby series occupies the coarser textured higher parts . In the Coldstream soils, stones and gravels are absent from the upper part of the solum and do not interfere with culti- vation, but all .of them are underlaid- at depths by gravels . Five soil. ;types were differentiated and named as follows : - 27 -

Coldstream Gravelly Loam - 182 acres . Coldstream Loam - 652 << Coldstream Silt Loam - 543 ~ Coldstream Clay Loam - 102~ Coldstream Sandy Clay Loam - 194 "

The Coldstream soils support a tree cover, la,rgely deciduous, of cotton- wood, willow and alder, with scattered Douglas-fir, cedar and spruce ., The vegetation indicates the presence of groundwater, and the soil profiles vary from moderately well drained Orthic Brown Wooded to imperfectly drained, .gleyed Bzown Wooded soil development ; A moderately well di~aiited profile'"of Coldstream,Sandy Clay Loam in the vicinity of :Lumby"was described as follows :

Horizon Dept,h Descript:ion

ABl 0 - 7" Brown sandy clay loam . Medium subangular blocky structure, friable moist .

AB2 7 - 14'1- Strong brown sandy clay loam . Medium subangular blocky structure, fairly compact .

C 14« + Light brownish gray sandy clay loam . Slightly gleyed and faintly mottled . Underlaid at variable depths by Aravel1.y sand .

To the south°~of Lavington, an impeif ectly drained profile of Co].dstream Loam was described as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

Ah 0 - 41, Grayish brown (lO.YR 5/2 dry), very dark brown (l0YR 2/2 moist) loam . Weak granular structure, friable, many fine roots . pH 6 .5 .

AB 4 - 10', Pale brown to~brown (lOYR 5 .5/3 dry), dark brown (lOYR 3/3 moist) silt loam . Weak structure blocky structure, friable, a few faint mottles . pH 6 .6

ABg 10 - .25'1 Dark-grayish brown (lOYR 4/2 moist) silt loam with dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) mottles . Weak subangular blocky structure, friable . pH 7 .1

Cg 25" + Dark gray (1OYR 4/1 moist) gleyed silt loam to silty clay loam, mottled as above . pH 7 .5

AGRICULTURE :

Most of the Coldstream soil acreage is cultivated and devoted to grain, hay and pasture . Fairly good yields are obtained under_ dry farming, a factor which may be attributed to the high moisture holding capacity of the soils and to supple- mental moisture from groundwater . Some areas in the .Coldstream Valley are irrigated . The Coldstream soils have deep, friable solums and gentle slopes . They require no special precautions to prevent erosion when under irrigation, and they are suitable for the production of all climatically tolerant crops .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is, 18 inches with a 20 day interval for the Coldstream.Giavelly Loam . For the Loam, Silt Loam, Clay Loam and Sandy Clay Loam, the requirement is 12 inches, wiLh a 30 day interval between irr_igations .

(b) D egraded Brown Wooded Soils :

Glenemma Series

Small and scattered areas of Glenemma soils were mapped along Equesis Creek, near the north end of Okanagan Lake . Other areas lie,adjacent to BX Creek northeast of Vernon, and along the south side of the Coldstream Valley-between Lavington~and Lumby . These soils occupy a small portion of the mapped area . There are 824 acres, which lie between elevations of 1,700 and 2,200 feet . The topography varies from undulating to rolling and steeply sloping . - 28 -

The parent material consists of a surface capping of loamy sand and sandy loam that overlies sandy and gravelly glacial outwash, often in the form of terraces . The thickness of the overlay varies from none at a11 to about 24 inches . Gravel has been brought into the top layer by the uprooting of trees . Surface stones and cobbles are often abundant where the overlay is thin .

Two soil types were differentiated . These are Glenemma Gravelly Loamy Sand,~516 acres, and Gravelly Sandy Loam, 308 acres . These are Degraded Brown Wooded soils, which developed under a light to medium forest of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir .

An undisturbed profile of Glenemma Gravelly Sandy Loam was examined near Equesis Creek on the west side of Okanagan Lake and given the following descriptions :

Horizon Depth Description

0 k - 0't A thin layer of coniferous litter composed mainly of needles, twigs and cones . Partly humified in the lower part .

Ahe 0 - 6'v Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2 dry), very dark brown (lOYR 2/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak medium subangul.ar blocky breaking to granular structure, friable moist, many roots . pH 6 .4~6

B 6 - 1211 Brown (lOYR 5/3 dry), brown to dark brown (lOYR 4/3 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Moderate medium subangular .blocky structure, slightly hard dry, friable moist . Numerous roots, scattered cobbles . pH 6 .75

Bt-D 12 - 16" Brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3 dry), dark brown (lOYR 3/3 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Moderate medium blocky struc- ture, slightly hard dry, friable moist . Numerous roots . Increasing content of gravels and a concentration of cobbles in this horizon . pH 6 .64

B-D 16 - 211' Brown (lOYR 4 .5/3 dry) , dark brown (lOYR 3/3 moist) grav- e11y loamy sand . Weak fine granular structure in a high content of gravels .and cobbles, loose dry, very friable moist . Scattered roots . pH 6 .64 .

D 21" + Gravelly and cobbly sand of variegated colors, single- grained, loose . Occasional root in upper part . pH 6 .'11

AGRICULTURE :

The greater part of the acreage of Glenemma soils was in the native state at the time of the 1959 survey . In this condition the soils had some value for range and an occasional timber harvest . One small area was cultivated and dry farmed for the production of hay and pasture . The Glenemma soils have low moisture holding capacity and thus are incapable of .good crop yields under the prevailing summer rainfall . .

These soils would respond to fertilization and irrigation . The recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is 29 inches, with a 10 day interval for the Gravelly Loamy Sand, and 28 inches with a 10 day interval between irrigations for the Gravelly Sandy Loam .

5 . GRAY WOODED SOILS

Development of Gray Wooded soils from calcareous parent materials takes place in the cooler parts of the map-area, in which sufficient precipitation occurs to bring about leaching . Beneath a surface layer of forest litter, an horizon of eluviation (Ae) occurs, which in turn is underlain by an illuvial horizon (Bt) of clay accumulation . These are the prominent features of the profile . Any other A or B horizons are transitional, and are named according to'closest relationship with the one above or below . When a Bca horizon is absent, the calcium carbonate has deposited at various depths in the parent material . The following subgroups were differentiated : m 29 _

(a) Orthi.c Gray Wooded Soils : Reiswig, Saltwel.l_, Plaster, Enderby, l-Iilton, Beaverjack, Latewhos, Stepney and Mara series .

(b) Brunisolic Gray Wooded Soils : Cherryville series .

(a) Orthic Gray~Wooded So ils :

Reiswi~ Series

The Reiswig soils occur on the uplands to the north of Lumby and in the Bluesprings Valley . -A total of .2,880 acres suitable for agriculture were mapped between elevations of 1,750 and 2,400 feet . The topography varies from undulating to steeply rolling, with most slopes facing south .

The parent material consists of glacial till of sandy texture, having a moderate to high content of ferromagnesium minerals . The unweathered till is compact, laminated and impervious to the downward movement of water . Gravels, cobbles and stones are distributed at random . Surface stone .:is generally moderate, but may be heavy in places . A horizon of Calcium carbonate accumulation is often present at depths from 36 to 40 inches, and the soils are well drained . Four soil types were differentiated and named~as follows :

Reiswig Loamy Sand ~ 275 acres . Reiswig Gravelly Sandy Loam - 1 , 130~ It Reiswig Sandy:Loam - 293 Reiswig Fine- Sandy Loam - 1,182

The Reiswig series was classified as a group of Orthic Gray Wooded soils, but in places the Gray Wooded development is marginal . The forest cover consists chiefly of Douglas-fir ; with larch and scattered ponderosa pine . The areas in which these soils occur have an annual precipitation o£ 18 inches or more, and a May to September rainfall of about 7 inches .

A Reiswig Gravelly Sandy Loai:n profile was examined in an area with rolling topography about four miles east of Lumby, near the road to Cherryville . It was given the following description :

Horizon De~th~ DescriRtion

0 3 - Off `Dark brown litter, mostly from Douglas-fir, well decomposed in the lower part .

Ahe 0 - 3ft Pale brown to brown. (lOYR 5 .5/3 dry), very dark brown ' (lOYR 3/2 moist) sandy loam . Weak subangular blocky structure, friable-moist, scattered gravels, numerous roots . pH 6 .3

Ae 3 - LO't Light brown to light brownish gray (5Y 6 .5/2 dry), dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist) stony sandy clay loam . Medium blocky .structure , vesicular, firm moist, slightly sticky wet, gravel.ly and stony . pH 5 .9 Abrupt change to :

Bt 10- 2411 Pale olive (5Y 6/2 dry) stony sandy clay loam . Coarse blocky structure with some clay flows, hard dry and firm moist, gravel.ly and stony . pH 6 .4 Clear change to :

C 2411 + Pale olive (5Y 6/3 dry), stony and bouldery loamy sand, moderately compact . pH 7 .8

AGRICULTURE :

The greater part of the acreage of Reiswig soil.s is in the natural.~state, and utilized as forest range and for timber . The moisture holding capacities of the soils are only fair to moderate, and under dry farming the crops would suffer during dry periods . These soils would respond to irrigation, provided that care is taken to prevent erosion on steep slopes . 30

The farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation for the Reiswig Loamy Sand is 18 inches with a 15 day interval . The Gravelly Sandy Loam, Sandy Loam and Fine Sandy Loam a11 require 15 inches, with a 20 day irrigation interval .

Saltwell Loam

This series is limited to one soil type of loam texture . It is confined to the flanks of the Spallumcheen Valley from Grindrod to Armstrong, and for a short distance into the Shuswap River valley east of Enderby . The Saltwell Loam occurs between 1,400 and 1,850 feet elevations, and occupies a total of 1,641 acres, all of which are arable . The topography consists of steeply sloping valley sides .

The parent material of this soil type is composed of_ a mixture of 8tony glacio-lacustrine sediments and glacial till . The upper two to three feet of t1le soil profile has a heavier texture than the till beneath . The variation In the profile is .from loam to clay, under which there is sandy loam to loam till. . Gravels, cobbles and sto~ies are well distributed . The composition of the soil profile a,nd the topography suggest that the sandy loam till originally uAZd.ejmlaid a portion of, the Blaster series which was eroded . During erosion the parent mater- ial of the Plaster series mixed with the weathered till, leaving a mixed prof-ile from. which the Saltwell Loam developed .

The average surface texture is loam, with variation to clay loam, This is an Orthic Gray Wooded soil, with bleached Ae and i.1luvial Bt hori.zoias~ Tlae tree cover was chiefly Douglas-fir of medium density, with some 1arcb and an. occa~~ sional spruce . The slzrub layer was fairly heavy .

A soil. profile was examined at a roadcut about three miles i-iorth of Armstrong . The area had been cleared and the surface litter was missing . 'l.'1.2 :i.t; profile was given the following description :

Horizon 2!T-th Des-c7°iyt ion

Ae Brown (lOVR 5/3 moist) loam . Strong medium blocky so-i.ic~- ture, friable moist: . Peds bleached and vesicular, occa- sional gravels and cobbles, many fine roots . ptJ 6 .,7 Clear change to :

AB ! - 12rt Brown to dark brown (10Y1R. 4/3 moist) loam. Strong medium blocky structure, friable to firm moist . Some bleaching on faces of. peds . Scattered gravels, cobbles and fine roots . pli 7 .2 Clear change to :

Bt 12 -'2011 Dark grayish brown (2_ .5Y 4/2 moist) clay loam. Strong- medium blocky structure, firm moist . Scattered grav~~1s, cobbles and roots . pH 7 .5

BC 20 - 2611 Very dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 3/2 moist) clay loam . Massive to weak medium blocky structure, firm moist, Occasional root, scattered gravels and cobbles . pli 7 ~~3

C 261' -I- Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) loam textured till . Laminated structure, very firm dark coatings or). cleavage planes . p1i 6 .6

AGRICULTURE :

The Sa.1twell. soils provide limited forest range in the na.t:ural. ,t:.atve~, and support a good growth of trees . A small acreage is cultivated on farms which also have other soil types . Grain and some alfalfa are produced without irrigation . The Saltwell Loam has moderate moisture holding capacity . Fairly good yield's of grain are obtained, but alfalfa suffers from insufficient moisture in the middle and late growing season, and would benefit, from irrigation . The farm delivery requirement is 14 inches, with a 30 day i.literval between irrigations . Plaster Series

Most of the acreage of Plaster soils occurs north of Armstrong on the valley sides . There are also some scattered areas having the same position. in tl:xe Shuswap River valley to the east of Enderby . Elevations lie between 1,400 and 1,600 feet . A total of 2,753 acres were mapped, a11 of which is arable . The topography is undulating to rolling ..

The Plaster soils are derived from glacio-lacustrine sediments . These deposits are seldom more than three to four feet thick, and they overlie glacial till, but also there is localized thickening, due to slumping or erosion . The underlying till. is exposed on many o£ the steep slopes, and where of sufficient area, such exposures were differentiated as another soil series .

Since the Plaster soils are at higher elevations than the B'zoadvie'w and ipallumcheen series, the lacustrine deposits from which they are derived are older . They were laid down when the main valley was occupied by ice, and wl.ii-le ice-margin ponds bad floating berg ice in summer . Ice-rafting distributed the gravels and stones scattered in the lacustrine deposits . The thin veneer of lacus~- trine sediments generally conforms to the pre-existing till topography, but in localized areas has modified it to some extent .

'.['here are two soil types . Plaster Loam occupies 151. acres, ai.i.d Pl.a.sE:e:E- C1ay covers 2,602 acres . The profile is that of an Orthic Gray Wooded soil-, moderately weal drained . The native vegetation consists of a medium stand of Douglas fir, spruce. and birch, and an occasioua.l ponderosa pine . A7:1 undisturbed profile of Plaster Clay, typical of the series, was examined on a gentle west. slope, about two,miles northwest of Armstrong . The description is as follows :

Horizon Depth Desc riP tion

0 1 - Oil Coniferous forest litter . The upper ~'," is raw and the balance is well decomposed and contains many fine rfaots,o p'I-1. 6 .8

Ae 311 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist) clay . Coarse pl-at_.y structure, vesicular, firm moist, scattered roots . pIi 6 .9 Abrupt change to :

AB 3 - 10" Dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 moist) clay . Strong fine to medium blocky structure, firm to very firm moist, pedss somewhat vesicular, occasional root . pH. 7 .0 Clear change to :

Bt 10 - 29'r Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist) heavy clay . Coarse prismatic breaking to blocky structure, firm to very ` firm moist, roots restricted to cleavage planes . pl~t 6 .7

C 291l + Dark brown to dark yellowish ba.°o4m. (10YR 4/3 .5 moist) stratified lacustrine clay . pH 6 .7

An underlay of sandy loam to loam textured glacial till at depths generally between 3 and 6 feet .

AGRICULTURE :

Most of the acreage of Plaster soils is cultivated . Under dry farming the main crops are grain, alfalfa and a small acreage of field. peas . The soil :,, have a moisture holding capacity equal to the Broadview series, but:. the ccnrlpa.raa- tively steep slopes and dense Bt horizon, which resists the downward movement of moisture, combine to make this soil vulnerable to erosion .

Irrigation is necessary for maximum yields . The farm delivery rerlt.ii-r.e>>e'i.7.t of Plaster Loam and, Clay for sprinkler irrigation is 12 inches, with. an interval. between irrigations of about 30 days . - r -32- Lhderby_ Series

The soils of this series are mainly found in an east-west valley that ..lies between Glenemma and Enderby, and also in the valley of Deep Creek.: A~total of 2,$62 acres were classified between elevations of 1,500 and 1,750 feet . The topography is level to undulating, with minor rolling acreage due to natural erosion.

The Enderby series is derived from stone-free glacio-lacustrine dediments which vary in texture from silt to very fine sand. The lacustrine deposits occur chiefly in narrow formations flanking the valley sides, but there is a fairly large acreage in the valley bottom to the east of Deep Creek.

Two soil. types were differentiated. These are Enderby Fine Sandy~Loam, 362 acres, and Silt Loam, 2,200 acres . The profile is that of a well drained, Orthic Gray Wooded soil . Accumulated calcium carbonate occurs between 12 and 30 inches depths . Under the natural conditions there is a medium forest cover of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, birch and scattered spruce and cedar . Common shrubs are oregon grape, pachystima and spirea. Solomon's seal, pinegrass and scattered moss constitute the ground cover.

A soil profile of the Silt .Loam type was located about 100 yards north of the Deep Creek-Enderby road and just within the western boundary of Spallumcheen Indian Reserve No . 2. The topography was level and the vegetation similar to that mentioned above . It was given the following description:

Horizon Depth Description

0 ~ -011 A thin layer of forest litter, raw on top and partly de- composed on the underside .

Ae 0 - 8" Very pale brown to pale brown (l0YR 6.5/3 dry), brown (l0YR 5/3 moist) silt loam to silt . Weak medium sub- angular blocky structure, very friable moist, many roots . pH 6.0 _I Bt 8 ... 14" Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4 dry), brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3 moist) silt loam to silt . Medium subangular blocky structure, slightly compact but friable moist . Clay accumulation discontinuous in the form of nodules and pockets . Precipitated-salts in cracks . pH 7" 3

B-Cca 14 - 2411 Light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2 dry), pale olive (5Y 6/3;cmoist) silt loam to silt . Breaks into angular fragments, friable moist, occasional fine .roots . Carbonates in cracks and root channels . pH 8.4 C 2-411+ Light brownish gray (2.5Y 6,2 dry), grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2 moist) silt loam. Remnants of stratification, friable moist, occasional root in the upper part . pH 8.4

AGRICULTURE :

Most of the acreage in Enderby soils outside of the Indian Reserve is dry farmed . The main-crops grown are grain, alfalfa, hay and pasture . The yields are only fair because of insufficient rainfall, but the soil textures are ideal for irrigation. The recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is 15 inches for the Ehderby Fine Sandy Loam, and 14 inches for the Silt Loam, both with about 30 days between irrigations .

Hilton Series

The Hilton Soils are confined to the Hilton, upland two to three miles south of Cherryville. They compose a minor series occupying 1,811 acres between elevations of 2,250 and 2,750 feet . The topography varies from gently undulating to gently rolling, and the landscape is marked by an occasional small kettle . -33-

The parent material consists of ;a_thin layer of glacio-lacustrine clay which overlies stratified silts, sands arid'i~i'some places, glacial till. In localized areas the. ~till inclusions extend, to; the., surface ,,...and ;on, the margins of such exposures the ..clay is . a direct overlay.:, The glacso lacustrine cls,y ::contains scattered, ice- rafted gravels and cobbles, and it is capped' by `about' six.,.,iriches of coarser textured material containing a higher content ,of~,sand , gravels and cobbles . No gravels and cobbles were observed in the silts and sands~that lie between the clay and the till, and underlie most of the . clay deposit ., ; The, ,clay was. deposited in a temporary ice-margin .laket .which in summer was supplied with gravel and stone carrying bergs, . and which on melting,,dropped their loads-at .rsndom. ., ~s :., .. . ..- . . , , . The Hilton series was differentiated'into three soil types based on sur- face texture . These are. Fa.n.e, .Sandy,Loam, ... 1,154 ,acres, Loam, 121 acres, and silt Loam, . 536 ;acres . In addition a mixture~of Hilton' and soils was mapped as Hilton-Beaverjack Complex,, .which occupies 226 acres . "

The .prqfile.is a moderately, well drained Or~thic Grgy Wooded soil . The native vegetation is composed of a heavy growth of Douglas-fir, spruce, lodgepole pine, larch and scattered aspen . A few grassy, open areas of small size are probably old clearings . An undisturbed profile of the Silt Loam was examined in a roughly cleared area, which had been in heavy forest, and given the following description :

Horizon Depth Descri]ption

0 1 - 0" Coniferous forest litter. Well decomposed in the lower part .; : ;

Ae-1 . , 0 - 32" Light gray (7.OYR 7/2 ..dry), dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 moist) silt'loam . Medium platy structure, friable moist, many fine roots . Scattered grit and small gravels, occa- sional cobble . pH 6 .1 , . Abrupt change~to :

Ae-2 2 - 6" Light brownish gray ` (2 ; 5Y 6~2 `dry) , olive gray (5Y 4/2 . moist) clay . Coarse, strong blocky structure, friable . , moist . Concentration of angular grit and small gravels . Fine roots penetrate peds . pH.5 .$ . Abrupt change to : .

Oliv.ergray~ .(5Y 5/2 dry)~;`,dark~olive gray (5Y 3/2 moist) heavy clay . " Fine blocky structure, sticky and plastic wet, firm moist, ; a,,few roots confined to cleavages .. Occasional. vertical crack~containing Ae material dropped from . above . . . pH. 6 .2, " . , . . D 20'"+ , Stratified claSi, silts'-ai~id fine` sands . The fine sandy , . . strata become . more, conunon ; with depth .

The D-Bt horizon is dense, pl:astic 'snd'slotaly permeable to water and roots . This undesirable condition,is the main reason for separation of the Hilton from the Beaverjack soils .

AGRICULTURE:

. A small acreage of Hi1ton soils is' .dry,farnied for mixed hay and pasture, and~the balance is .under a second growth forest havirig limited value for range . High moisture holding capacity and moderate,rainfall.'permit fairly good yields of forage crops with dry farming. For maximum yields, some .irrigation would be beneficial, providing that the water is applied slowly, owing to the dense slowly permeable D-Bt horizon.

The recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is 8 inches, with a 30 day interval, for all .soil types in the Hilton series . The Hilton-Beaverjack Complex should have a 10 inch farm delivery requirement, with 30 days between irrigations . . . ' -34- Beaver ack Series

The soils included in the Beaverjack series occur east of Cherryville along the .south side of Cherry Creek, and also northeast of Lumby in the vicinity of Rawlings Lake . A total of 4,653 acres were classified at elevations which lie between 1,500 and 2,000 feet . While the topography is chiefly undulating, it varies in places from gently undulating to strongly rolling.

The parent material is composed of glacio-lacustrine sediments, the upper portion being medium textured and containing more sand than the lower part, which consists of stratified clay containing some silty strata. Ice-rafted gravels and cobbles are scattered throughout the deposits.

The Beaverjack series.was differentiated into four poil types and two phases as follows :

Beaver3ack .Sandy Loam - . 31089 acres . Beaverjack Fine Sandy Loam - 734 f" Beaverjack Silt Loam - 283 ff Beaverjack Silt Loam, M6ttled Phase - 248 ff Beaverjack Silt Loam, Concretionary Phase - 128 ff Beaverjack Silty Clay Loam - 179 "

In addition to the above, 286 acres were mapped as Beaverjack-Schunter Complex.

The native vegetation was composed' of medium heavy stands of Douglas-fir, spruce, larch and lodgepole pine . The shrubs included sa7.monberry, filbert, spirea.and saskatoon. This series consists chiefly of moderately well drained Orthic Gray Wooded soi.ll. An undisturbed profile of the Silt Loam was examined at a site situated about four miles northeast of Lumby, near the road to Mabe1 Lake . It was described as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

0 1 - Off Coniferous forest litter composed of needles and twigs .

0, - /, ff Light brownish gray to pale brown (l0YR 6/2 .5 dry), .grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2 moist) silt loam . Fine platy structure, friable moist, vesicular, occasional gravel, many fine roots. pH 6 .1,. Abrupt change to :

AeBt 4 -1111 Grayish brown (2 .jY 5/2 dry), dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2 moist) loam . Medium subangular to angular blocky structure . Firm moist, peds bleached and with light gray (2 .5Y 7/2 dry) coatings . Very vesicular, occasional gravel, many fine roots . pH 6 .4 Clear change to :

11 - 19ff Grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2 dry), dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) sandy clay loam . Medium blocky structure, clay flows and pockets of bleached sand are present, occasional gravel . pH 6.7 Abrupt change to :

B3-D 19 - 23" Dark olive gray (5Y 3/2 moist) clay with some sandy strat~ . Laminated to broken laminar structure, occasional gravel . pH 6 .4 ,

D 23'f+ Very dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 3/0 moist) stratified heavy clay containing occasional bands of silt . Plastic wet, occasional gravels and cobbles . pH 6 .6 - 35 - AGRICULTURE:

The Beaverjack~soils support'forest and lamited forest range under the natural conditions . The small` areas which-'are cleared and cultivated are mixed farmed, and produce forage~crops and pasture: . Moderately good yields of crops are obtained with dry farming but irrigation would be beneficial, particularly to support pastures in late summer .

;The recommended~farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation for the differentiated soil types is 10 inches, with a 30 day interval between irrigations . The requirement of the Beaverjack-Schunter Complex is 18 inches, with a 15 day irrigation interval .

`Latewhos Fibe ~ Sandy Loam

The Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam occupies areas between Shuswap Falls and Mabel Lake, and eastward toward Ireland, Squaw and .Latewhos creeks . A total of 2,$74 acres were classified between 1,500 and 2,200 feet elevation . An additional 983 acres-were separated .as the Latewhos-Sicamous Complex. The topography varies from gently undial.ating to rolling .

The parent material. is composed, of somewhat variable sandy and silty glacio-lacustrine deposits, containing scattered gravels and cobbles . The deposits become finer textured with depth, but remain higher in silt and lower in clay than the substrata of the Beaverjack soils . The dominant surface texture is fine sandy loam, with minor inclusions of sil.t loam and loamy fine sand. There are occasional surface stones :and. gravels . .

The Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam was differentiated as a well drained Orthic Gray Wooded soil . The native vegetation is composed of a medium stand of Douglas- fir, spruce, larch and lodgepole pine . Shrubs include salmonberry, filbert, spirea and saskatoon. An undisturbed profile was examined on the east side of Mabel Lake road near Ireland Creek, and given the following description :

Horizon Depth Description

0 1j_- 0!' Coniferous forest litter . Well decomposed in the lower part .

Ae 0 - 5" Pale brown to brown (10YR 5 .5/3 dry) fine sandy loam . Weak medium platy structure, slightly hard dry, friable moist, many fine roots, scattered gravels . pH 7.l

AeBt 5 - 12" Grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2 dry) silt loam . Weak st.ibangular , blocky .structure, vesicular, firm moist . Clay or silt flows and localized bleached areas, many roots . Scattered gravels and cobbles . pH 7 .1

Bt 12 - 28" Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 dry) loam. Weak coarse blocky breaking easily to fine blocky structure, firm moist, scattered roots . pH 6 .9

D 28f'+ Dark olive gray (5Y 3/2 moist) stratified clay containing sandy layers, fairly compact . Scattered gravels and. cobbles . pH 6 .7

AGRICULTURE:

Undeveloped areas support forest and limited forest range. The small acreage cleared and cultivated is devoted to raising forage crops and pasture . . The moisture holding capacity of the soil is moderate, and the crops suffer from drought during the middle and late growing season.

The Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam *ould respond to irrigation . For sprinklers the farm delivery requirement is 15 inches, with a 20 day interval between irrigations . The Latewhos-Sicamous Complex should have 16 inches and a 20 day interval. --36-

Stene,y Sandy Loam

This soil type occupies three small areas on the highland southwest of Enderby. A total of 349 acres were classified, and the elevhtions at which the several areas occur are between 1,600 and 1,700 feet . The topography varies from level to undulating, with slopes that do not exceed five percent .

The parent, material consists of sandy outwash, which probably had its source in :Deep Creek. There is more silt and clay at the surface than is present in the coarse, sandy subsoil . The sandy outwash .deposit is grav el and'stone-free, except near the boundaries of stony soils . The average surface texture is sandy loam, but there are minor variations from light loam to loamy -sand .

The Stepney Sandy Loam was classified as a well drained Orthic Gray Wooded soil, inasmuch as the profile contains a leached horizon Ae, and an accumu- lation of clay in horizon Bt . The native vegetation consists 'Of Douglas-fir, spruce, lodgepole pine and birch. An undisturbed profile about .four miles north of Armstrong, near Deep Creek, was described as follows :

Horizon Depth Descri ption

0 1 - 0" Thin layer of forest litter, the upper-,." being composed of fix, needles and twigs . The lower ~2" is black and well decomposed.

0 - 10" Dark grayish brown (10YR 1~12 moist) sandy loam . Weak medium subanguIar blucky structure, friable moist . Occasional small gravels, scattered roots . pH 6 .3 Clear change to :

AB 10 - 19" Brown to dark brown (l0YR 4/3 moist) sandy loam. Weak medium subangu.l.ar blocky structure, vexy friable moist . Scattered colloid remnants arid roots, occasional fine gravel. pH 6 .2 Gradual change to :

13t1 19 _ 2$'" Brown -to dark brown (10YR IN/3 moist) sandy loam. Very weak subanglzlar blocky structure, friable moist, scattered fine gravel, occasional root . pH 6 .1 Gradual change to :

Bt2 28 - 39" Dark brown to dark yellowish brown (10YR 4j3 .5 moist) sandy loam . Very weak medium subangular blocky structure, friable, occasional roots covered by while nqcelia . pH 6 .2

C 39"+ , Loairry sand',,to sarzdcrof variegated colors, single-grained, loose . Occasional root in the upper part . plI 8.3

AGRICULTURE:

Stepney Sandy Loam is utilized for forest and forest range . No cultivated areas were observed. The moisture holding capacity is only fair, and if farmed the crops would s4,f~er from drought . . This soil type would respond to irrigation and fertilization .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is 21 inches, with a 15 day interval between ir.rigati_ons .

.,Mar...~...a.....~.~Series...,..~..a.

The Mara soils occur on alluvial terraces of the Shuswap River, between Enderby and.Mara Lake . The classified area, which lies between 1,150 and 1,1'70 feet elevation, totals 3,927 acres .

The parent materials, from which the soils were derived, consist of medium to fine textured sediments deposited by the Shuswap River in post-glaca_~.1, time . These sediments are composed of silts and clays of limited thickness, underla~d by micaceous fine sands . The depth of the sandy underlay is reflected by the topogr ,phy, and often by the position of the terrace in relation to the river. Tex"races nearest to the - 37 - river have undulating topography due to braiding, and generally have shallow overlays of silts and clays about a foot thick . Terraces with level to gently inward sloping topography, suggesting old floodplains and often at some distance from the river, have an overlay with an average depth of about three feet . Gravels and cobbles are absent . `

The most common surface textures are silt loam and silty clay lqam, with minor inclusions of silty clay . The series was classified as moderately well drained Orthic Gray Wooded soils . Some imperfect drainage occurs in the hollows of br4ded areas . The tree cover is composed of moderately heavy stands of-Douglas- fir, larch, birch and lodgepole pine, with cedar in the understory . The shrubs include filbert, salmonberry, hawthorn, saskatoon and spirea. Bracken fern also occurs . Pinegrass and twinflower constitute most of the ground cover.

A profile was examined on a terrace . This was located on the east side of the valley about two and one-half miles north of Enderby . The description is as follows :

Horizon Depth Descri-ption

0 1 - 0" Forest litter . Needles, twigs and decaying wood . Peaty and fluffy in the lower part .

Ae 0 - 5" Grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2 moist) silt loam . Fine platy, grading to medium platy structure in the lower part, friable to firm moist, vesicular, scattered roots . pH 6 .3 Clear change to :

AeBt 5 - 10" Dark grayish brown (10YR 1a./2 moist) silt loam. Medium blocky structure, firm moist, vesicular, peds bleached on outer parts, occasional clay flows, scattered roots . pH 6.4 Clear change to :

Bt 10 - 20"' . Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) -silty clay loam. Medium to fine blocky structure, firm moist, continuous clay flows, scattered roots . pH 6 .2 Clear change to :

BC 20 - 3g" Olive (5Y 4 " 5/3 moist) silt loam to silty clay loam. Weak fine sub angular blocky structure, friable moist . Some laminations in peds and clay flows in cleavages, occasional root . pH 6 .2

C 38"+ Stratified silt loam. Faintly mottled and gleyed, occasional , root in the upper part . pH 6 .5

AGRICULTURE:

The Mara soils are excellent for agriculture, and a large acreage has been cleared and cultivhted. They are devoted to mixed farming, with grain, tLUalfa and grass hay as the main crops . Most of the cultivated land was dry farmed at the time of the soil survey, but some sprinkler irrigation had been undertaken . Very little moisture for crop growth is supplied from the water table, particularly after the freshet season in June . The recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is 12 inches, with a 30 day irrigation interval .

(b) Brunisolic Gray Wooded Soils :

Cherr,yville Series

These soils developed in the area between Cherryville and Hilton, and also on the upland west of Enderby in the vicinity of the Deep Creek valley . The elevations at which the Cherryville soils occur are between 2,000 and 3,000 feet, and the total area classified, amounts to 2,895 acres . An additional 255 acres were mapped as the Cherryville-Hilton Complex, in which Cherryville Gravelly Sandy Loam and Hilton Fine Sandy Loam weie grouped . -3g-

The topography varies from almost level to strongly rolling. Hilly and steepland soils also occur, but these were not included because they are non-arable . Surface stoniness is moderate to heavy.

The parent material is composed of light to medium textured glacial till having a moderate content of ferromagnesium minerals . Gravels, cobbles and stones are randomly distributed. The depth at which free carbonates occur is seldom less than five feet .

The Cherryville series was differentiated as follows :

Cherryville Gravelly Loamy Sand - 522 acres. Cherryville Gravelly Sandy Loam - 1,515 " Cherryville Gravelly Clay Loam - 82$ "

The series was classified as a group of Brunisolic Gray wooded soils, with a thin to discontinuous Podzol horizon Ae, a brighter colored Bcr horizon and a degraded, weakly represented Gray Wooded soil horizon Bt . The tree cover was composed of Douglas-fir, spruce and larch. A profile of the gravelly sandy loam was examined and described at 2,720 feet elevation on the Hilton upland, and this is given as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

0 2 - 0" Dark reddish brown fibrous and peaty forest litter.

Ae 0 - 3/4" Light gray (10YR 7/2 dry), dark gray (10YR 3/1 moist) loamy sand. Single-grained, loose . pH 5 .2 Abrupt change to :

Bcr 3/4 - 7" Pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/3 " 5 moist) gravelly sandy loam. Weak subangular blocky structure, friable moist, moderately stony. pH 5 .$ Clear change to : ,

Bt 7 - 16" Very pale brown (10YR 7/3 dry), grayish brown (10YR 5/2 moist) gravelly and stony sandy clay loam . Massive, com- pact, slightly sticky and plastic wet .' pH 5 .4 Gradual change to :

C 16"+ Dark gra a..sh brown (2. 5Y 4/2~ dry), very dark grayish brown (2" 5Y 3 moist) stony sandy clay loam . Compact, hard glacial till . pH 5 .7 AGRICULTURE:

In the native state the Cherryville soils are suitable for the production of forest, and also they provide limited forest range . A few small areas are dry farmed. The principal crops are hay and pasture, both of which suffer from insufficient moisture due to inadequate summer rainfall arid the light soil texture .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler. irrigation for the Cherryville Gravelly Loamy Sand and Gravelly Sandy Loarn is 18 n:nches, with a 20 day irrigation interval . For the Cherryville Gravelly Clay Loam and the Cherryville-Hilton Complex the requirement is 1:4 inches with a 30 day interval between irrigations .

6 . BROWN PODZOLIC SOILS

The Brown Podzolia, soils are characterized by a layer of forest litter overlying brown to yellowish ~,~~own B horizons which do not show significant accumu- lations of sesquioxides or clay, . There is some accumulation of finely divided organic matter . The color of t`he B horizon fades with depth .-

An horizon Ae is generally absent, and when present it does not exceed one-half~tinch in thickness . The profile from top to bottom is from strongly to moderately~,acid, the range being frorn about pH 5 .4 to 6.2, and there is low base saturation :; The Brown Podzolic soils\,~have a well drained solLUn, sometimes with restricted drainage beneath . They are~light to medium textured, and confined to the more humid areas . ` . - 39 -

In the North Okanagan Valley soil map-area, four soil series were differ- entiated. These are the Sicamous, Shuswap, Sauff and Schunter series, all of which are Orthic Brown Podzolic soils .

Sicamous Series

The Sicamous series is distributed on the upland. west of Grindrod and in the Trinity Valley. A total of 5,%.8 acres' were classified between 2,000 and 3,500 geet elevations. In addition, the Sicamous Gravelly Loamy Sand was mapped with the Grindrod Gravelly Sand as the Sicamous-Grindrod Complex, 105 acres, with the Hupel Gravelly Loamy Sand as the Sicamous-Hupel Complex, $54 acres, and with the Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam.as the Sicamous-Latewhos Complex, 542 acres . Some areas of the Sicamous Gravelly Sandy Loam also were,mapped with the Beaverjack soils as the Sicamous-Beaverjack Complex, 2,027 acres .

The topography varies from undulating to strongly rolling. Hilly and steepland also occur, but the Sicamous soils in these areas were not classified inasmuch as they are non-arable . Surface stoniness is moderate to heavy .

The parent material consists of light to medium textured glacial till, containing gravels, cobbles and stones . The unweathered -bill is lamillated, compact and impervious . It contains much serpentine, basalt, basic andesite and some lime-- stone. In the Grandview Bench area, free carbonates are common at the top of the till where it meets the solum .

The Sicamous series was differentiated into four soil types as follows :

Sicamous Gravelly Loamy Sand -- 218M acres . Sicamous Loamy Sand - 229 " Sicamous Gravelly Sandy Loam - 2,333 " Sicamous Gravelly Clay Loam - 112 ""

The series was mapped as a group of well drained Orthic Brown Podzo:Lic soils . A thin Podzol Ae horizon was observed in undisturbed locations . A mixed forest of Douglas--fir, spruce and scattered white pine, cedar, larch and lodgepole pine is supported by the Sicamous soils .

A profile of Sicamous Gravelly Sandy Loam was examined in the Trinity Valley north of Lumby . The area supported vegetation consisting of cedar, hemlock, white pine and spruce with a cedar understory. The description is as follows :

Horizon Delth Descri:-Ption

0 1-0" A thin layer of forest litter.

Ae Diacantlnuous to 4'" in thickness . Sandy loam, single grained . structure, loose . pH 6 .02

Bcr 0 - S" Strong brown (7 .5YR 5/6 dry), reddish brown (5YR 4/4 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak fine granular structure, very friable . Many roots, scattered cobbles . pH 6 .60 Clear change to :

B-C1 £i - 2011 Light browri.ish gray (2.5Y 6f2 dry), light olive brown to olive .brown (2 .5Y 1a. .5/la. moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weal~ medium suban.gular blocky structure, very friable, Mode.r. root content, scattered cobbles . pH 6 .88 Gradual change to :

B-C2 20 - 29" Yellowish brown (10YR 5l6 dry), dark yellowish brown (10YR 1~/4 moist) gravelly sandy loam. Weak fine blocky structure, friable moist . Scattered roots, increasing content of gravels and cobbles . This horizon represents the remnants of a Gray Wooded l3t horizon . pH 6.92 qxadualr change to : C1 29 -- 39" F1ale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), olive brown (2 .5Y 4/4 moist) gi~~r,avel.ly sandy loam. Weak fine blocky structure, friable bultt firm in place . An occasional root, numerous grave:Ls a~i.a' cobbles . Some gleyitg along cleavages, pH 6 .95 -40-

Horizon Depth Description

C2 39"+ Pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), olive brown (2.5Y 4/4 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Laminated till, firm and compact in place . Some gleying along cleavages . Numerous gravels and cobbles . pH 6 .95

AGRICULTURE :

Under forest the S.icamous soils provide scanty forest range, but they are good soils for the production of timber. A limited acreage is under cultivation . This land is dry farmed for the production of grass hay and pasture . However, the soils have low moisture holding capacity, and the crop growth is retarded by drought during the summer season . Irrigation would be beneficial for all crops and particu- larly for pastures, with care to prevent erosion on steep slopes .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation for the Sicamous Gravelly Loamy Sand, Loamy Sand and Gravelly Sandy Loam is 16 inches, tuith a 20 day interval, whereas the Gravelly Clay Loam shoilld have 12 inches with an interval of 30 days between irrigations . The Sicamous-Grindrod Complex and the Sicamous-Hupel Complex require 18 inches, with a 16 day interval . The Sicamous-Beaverjack Complex should have 14 inches and a 30 day interval, and the Sicamous-Latewhos Complex has a requirement of 16 inches with 22 days between irrigations.

Shuswap Series

The Shuswap soils occur in the most humid parts of the map-area, chiefly around Waby Lake and Deep Creek, and along the Shuswap River in the vicinity of Sugar and Mabel Lakes . Areas also are scattered on the Hilton upland. A total of 3,734 acres were mapped between elevations of 1,700 and 2,500 feet . The topography varies from level to strongly rolling . In some places kettles are responsible for rough relief, and in others duning has caused steep slopes .

The parent material is composed of sandy glacial outwash, containing more silt and clay at the surface than the amount present in the coarse, sandy subsoil . The fine textured material at and near the surface was probably added in. the form of loess after the deposition of sand . In some places scattered gravel and an occasional cobble are found in the solum, but generally the sandy deposits are gravel and stone-free .

The series was differentiated as Loamy Sand, 2,189 acres, Sandy Loam, 1,545 acres and also Shuswap-Glenemma Complex, 9$ acres . It was classed as a group of Orthic Brown Podzolic soils, with slight Podzol development (an horizon Ae) in undisturbed locations . The soils are well drained and support a medium heavy forest of Douglas-fir, larch and spruce . A profile in the Waby Lake locality, at 1,7$0 feet elevation, was given the following description :

Horizon Depth I Description

1 - 0'" Coniferous forest litter, matted and peaty . pH 5 .2

Ae 0 - 2" Dark grayish brown (10YR 1,./2 moist) sand . Single-grained, loose, often absent . pH 5 .0

Bcr-1 2-1211 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 moist) loamy sand . Very weak subangular blocky to single-grained structure, loose, m .-- roots . pH 6 .8

Bcr-2 12 - 30'! Brown to yellowish brown (10YR~5/3 - 5/4 moist) sand . Single=grained, loose, scattered roots . pH 6 .8

BC 30"+ Light yellowish brown (l0YR 6/4 moist) sand with occasional thin bands of clay and/or iron to considerable depths . pH 7 .0 -41-

AGRICULTURE: ,

'Under natural conditions the..Shuswap soils support limited forest range . A few small areas are cultivated and dry farmed .for grain, alfalfa and grass hay . These soils have low moisture holding capacity and thus are incapable of maintain- ing good crop yields under the prevailing limited rainfall . They are friable and would respond to irrigation and fertilization.

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is 2L{. inches for -bile Loamy Sand, with a 12 day interval between irrigations . The Sandy Loam should have 15 inches, with a 20 day interval, and the Shuswap-Glenemma Complex requires 28 inches, with a 12 day interval.. . ' `

Sauff Series

This series occupies well drained river terraces in the upper parts of the Shuswap River valley, including Cherry and other tributary creeks . These terraces occur at from 1,700 and 2,200 feet elevation, and a total of 2,233 acres were classified. The topography is generally level .

The parent material is sandy and gr.avelly, with an overlay of finer textured sedimerrts . . In thickness the overlay varies from none at all to 'about 21,. in.cheso There is a moderate to heavy distribution of surface stones, which are most abundant where the overlay is thin, but where it approaches ?Ja. inches in thickness the overlay becomes stone- and gravel-free .

The Sauff series was separated into two texture types, and a small area was grouped with Hupel soils as a complex . Gravelly Loamy Sand occupies 1,279 acres, GraveJ_ly Sandy Loam covers 954 acres and the Sauff--Hupel Complex occupies 96 acres .

The series was classified as .a group of Orthic Brown Podzolic soils . The vegetation is composed of a moderately heavy tree cover of spruce, Douglas-' fir and larch . A soil profile of the Gravelly Sandy Loam was examined in the upper. S.h.uswap River valley, north of Shuswap Falls, and described as follows :

Horizon 2RP-thil Description

0 1 - 0°' Dark brown coniferous forest litter containing some mineral soil material .

Bcr-1 0 - 2" Dark grayish brown to dark brown (10YR 4/2 - 3/3 moist) gravelly and stony sandy loam. Very weak subangular blocky to single-grained structure, loose, many roots . pH 5 .6 Gradual change to :

Bcr--2 2 - 13"~ Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4 dry), dark yellowish brown to strong brown (10YR 4/4 to 7 " 5Y 5/6 moist) gravelly and stony sandy loam to loam,y sand . Very weak coarse subangular blocky to single-grained structure, friable to loose, scattered roots . pH 6 .2 Gradual change to :

D 13w} Grayish brown (10YR 5/2 moist) gravelly and stony coarse sand. Roughly-,stratified . pH 5 .6

AGRICULTURE :

The entire acreage of Sauff sbils was forested. in 1959, and served as a source of timber and limited forest range: . These are limited-use soils, owing -t- stoniness and coarse texture . They have l,,w moisture holding capacity and thus are incapable of good crop yields with the';limited rainfall. Irrigation and fertilization are necessary for maximum pro'd,,ac;tion .

Under sprinkler irrigation the farr:l delivery requirement for the Sauff Gravelly Loamy Sand is 26 inches with a 10 da~ interval . The Sauff-Hupel Complex should have 21~ inches with an 11 day interval between irrigations. tiy -42-

Schunter Series

..The Schunter soils, derived from alluvial-colluvial f.an deposits, are distributed north of Lumby in the Trinity Valley, in the Creighton Valley and in the vicinity of Shuswap Falls . A total of 1,l{.60 acres were differentiated at ele- vations between 1,600 and 2,600 feet . The fan topography varies from smooth, gently sloping to irregular strongly sloping. Slopes steepen near the fan apex and. become more gentle toward the margins . Stone and gravel content is-high b.t the tops of the fans and the concentrations progressively decrease downslope .

The parent material is composed of alluvial-colluvi.al fan detritus brought to the toe of the-valley slope by small tributaries now inactive or intermittent . The coarse detritus is in the upper part of the fan and the fine sediments become prevalent downslope . Most of the fans have a moderate ferromagnesium cixinera:L content, but~some were high in this constituent, and so were distinguished on the soil map by the symbol ST1 .

The Schunter soils were differentiated into five types and a complex as follows :

Schunter Gravelly Sand - 415 acres . Schunter Gravelly Loamy Sand - 3$7 °' Schunter Gravelly Sandy Loam - 374 Schunter Sandy Loam - 105 Schunter Gravelly Loam - 1:79 Schunter-Sicamous Complex - .,.120 I9

The Schunter series was classified as a group of Orthic Brown 1'od.zolic soils . These soils developed under medium stands of spruce, Douglas-fir and larch. An undisturbed profile of the Gravelly Sandy Loam in the Creighton Valley was examined and given the following description .

Horizon De,y,rth Description

0 1 - 0" Dark brown coniferous forest litter.

Bcr-1 0 - 3" Grayish brown to dark grayish brown (10YR L, .5.12 dry), very dark grayish brown (l0YR 3/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam. Fine subangular blocky structure, friable moist, many roots . pH 6 .2 Abrupt change to :

Bcr-2 3 - 10" Brown (l0YR 5/3 dry), dark brown (10YR 4/3 moist) gravelly and stony sandy loam. . Medium blocky structure, friable to firm moist, scattered roots . pH 5 .9 Gradual change to :

Bcr-3 10 - 18" Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 dry), dark yellowish brown (10YR Li./1 moist) gravelly and stony loam. Strong fine blocky structure, moderately compact . pH 5 .8

D 18"-fi Gray brown gravelly and stony sand.

A profile of the Schunter Gravelly Loamy Sand, representative of fan deposits of this series high in ferromagnesium minerals was located four males north of Lumby in the Trinity Valley and described as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

0 1 - 0'r Coniferous forest litter, partly decomposed.

Bcr-1 0 - 2" Grayish brown (2 .5y 5/2 dry), very dark grayish 'brown (2 .5Y 3/2 moist) gravelly and stony loamy sand. Very weak subangular blocky to single-grained structurer loose .

(10YR Bcr--2 2 - 4" Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4. dry), dark yellowish brown 4/4 moist) gravelly and stony loamy sand . Very weak subangul blocky to single-grained structure, loose . grayish CD 4"+ Gray (5Y 5/1 dry), dark grayish brown to very dark brown (2.5Y 3 " 5~2 moist) stony and. gravell.y coarse salldn loose . Single-grained,,; - 43 - , AGR2CULTUR,E!

The Schunter soils were in, the native state at the time of the soil survey (1959), and served for forest range and as a source of timber. These soils have a low rating for agriculture, owing to coarse texture, stone content, and in some cases, rough topography . The low moisture holding capacities render the soils incapable of producing satisfactory crops by dry farming, but good production of hay and pasture is possible under irrigation .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under spr:i:nkler irrigation for. the Schunter Gravelly Sand and Gravelly Loamy Sand is 2.+ inches, with a 10 day irri- gation interval . The Gravelly Sandy Loam requires 20 inches, with a 12 day in~l;erva1 . The Schunter Sandy Loam, Giavelly Loam and the Schunter-Sicamous Complex should have 1$ inches, with a 15 day interval between irrigations .

7 . P_0DZOL SOILS

The Podzol soils vary in their development from minimal 9:,o o.rthic . The Minimal Podzols are characterized by an 0 horizon of forest 1itter, beneath which is a light colored Ae horizon, generally from one half to one inch thick, which may or may not be continuous . One representative of this subgroup was classified. aia.d named Hupe1 series .

The Orthic Podzols have an horizon 0 and an Ae horizon from one to five inches thick . In all Podzols there is an illuvial B horizon in which organic matter and sesquioxides have accumulated., but clay accumulation is absent . The co]-or of horizon B usually is brown to y6llowish brown . These soils have developed o:« coarse parent materials in the most humid parts of the map-area. Soils classified as,Orthic Pdozols consist. of the Reiter, Vance and Sitkum series .

(a) Minimal Podzol Soils :

Hupel Series

The Hupel soils are derived from alluvial-colluvial fans . They are located north of Lumby in the white and Trinity valleys, east of Lumby toward Cheri7vi)1e in Bluesprings Valley and also in Creighton Valley . The soils are also common in the Shuswap River valley west of Ma.bel Lake, and between Enderby and tiara Lake . Potentially arable land occupying a total of 2,02$ acres was mapped 'between 1,300 and 2,500 feet elevation,

The topography varies from smooth, gently- sloping to irregular, strongly sloping . The slopes are steepest near the apex of the fans, and become more gentle toward the margans . Steeply sloping fans are stony throughout and thus were classed as non-arable.

The parent, material is composed of early post-glacial alluvial-colluvia1 . fan detritus, deposited at the toe of main. valley slopes by presently inactive and intermittant streams . The fans were built by a succession .cif outwashesg which left the coarse material near the apex and progressively sorted -the f.*U'ler material downslope . Most of the fans contain moderate amounts of ferromagnesium mine~~als, but a few have a high content and these are identified by the symbol HU1 on th.e soil map .

Two soil types were differentiated. These are Hupe1 Gravel.ly Loamy Sand., 630 acres, and Gravelly Sandy Loam, 1,398 acres . The soils were classified ar Minimal Podzols because of a -thin but fairly continuous horizon Ae . Rermzant,s a Bt horizon were found in some of the fans, but usually fairly deep and not, ~. significance to the movements of roots or moisture .

The Hupel soils support a medium to heavy growth of Do-uglas-rir, larch, spruce, cedar and white pine . An undisturbed profile of the Gravelly Loamy Sand was described as follows : , - 44 - Horizon Depth Description

0 1 - 0" Coniferous forest litter, well decomposed and peaty in the lower part .

Ae 0 - 1" Light gray (2 .5y 7/10 dry) gravel7_y loamy sand . Single- grained, loose . pH 5 " 5

Bhir 1 - 311 Brown (10YR 513 dry), dark brown (10YR 313 moist) grav- elly loamy sand. Very weak subangular bl.ocl.c-,y structure, friable moist, moderate content of stones and roots . pl~l 600

Bir 3 - 10" Pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), dark brown (7 .5YIZ 1_,/4 moist) gravelly loamy sand. Very weak subangu.lar blocky struct-are, friable to loose, moderate content of stones and. roots . pH 6 .2

BC 10 - 19'r Brown (10YR 5/3 dry), dark brown (10YR 3/3 n?.oist) gra:v~~- elly coarse sand. Single-grai.ned, _Loose, very si:;oi.ry, scattered roots . pH 5 .6

CD 19,"+ Grayish brown (l0YR 5/2 dry) mixture of coarse saizd, gravels and cobbles .

A second profile, located on the Trinity Upland, is repY-esevA-.,a-(-,JJ:ve of the fans which contain a high proportion of ferromagnesium minerals . The deserip[A-an is as follows :

Horizon Depth DescrjpLio:q

0 1 - 0"' Coniferous forest litter .

Ae 0 - 2" Gray (10YR 5l1 dry) , dark gray to very dark gx~~~y ( J..0Yla 3 " 5/1 moist) gravelly sand. Single-grained, loose .

Bhir 2 - $" Pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), dark brown (].OYR 313 moist) gravelly and stony,loamy sand . Very weak subangular blocky structure, friable, moderate root r,orrteArt ~

Bir 8 - 16" Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/1a. dry) , bx"owr~a. I;,o dark. yellowish brown (10YR 1,./3 .5 moist) gravelly lcratrq sand. Very weak subangular blocky 'structure, friaba.e . Moderate:l.y stony, scattered roots .

CD 16"+ Gray to grayish brown (10YR 5/1 .5 dry),, ver5r dark gray (l0YR 311 moist) gravell.y and stony coarse sand . Single- grained, loose .

AGRICULTURE :

The Hupel soils were chiefly under forest at the time of t)a,e soil. su:e"vey (1959), and used for limited forest range and as a source of timber. A large part of the classified area is not suitable for irrigation, arid. the r. ema:i.ra.der was givera. a low rating, due to coarse texture, stoniness and some rough topography . `I'1?.ese soils are submarginal for dry farming . With irrigation the better areas wolcLd give good yields of hay and pasture .

Under sprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requa_reme.na is 2CF. ?.nch.~~ . for the Hu.pel Gravelly Loamy Sand, with a 10 day interval, and 20 im.ches for the, elly Sandy Loam, with a 12 day interval between irrigation.s .

(b) Orthic Podzol Soils :

~ Reiter Series,

The Reiter soils occur on high terraces in the upper part of the Shuswap River valley, between Shuswap Falls and Sugar Lake . These soils occupy 2,209 acres between elevations of 1,800 and 2,500 feet . The topography varies from level to locally rolling .

s The parent material. consists of coarse gravelly and sandy outwash. capped by finer textured but gravelly sedimients . The thickness of the fine textured over- lay varies from none at all,to about ?J4, inches . Surface cobbles and stones are abundant where -the overlay is thin .

The Reiter soils were separated ijzto two texture-.:types . These are Grav-- elly Loamy Sand, 1}604 acres9 and Gr.avelly Sandy Loam, 605 acres . The well drained Reiter soils were assigned to the Orthic Podzol group. They developed under a heavy stand of spruce, larch, cedar. and some Douglas-fir and white pine . An undisturbed profile of the Gravelly Sandy Loam was giv~en the following description:

Horizon De h Desci.~i tion

0 1 - 0'° Coniferous forest litter, dusky red, fibrous and peaty.

0 - 2z Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist) gravelly and stony. sandy loam . Single-grained, loose, friable moist . pH 6.5 Clear change -to :

Bir 2-2 -p 13" Light yellowish brown grading to dark brown (10YR 614 - 7 . jYR 4/2 moist) gravell;y and very stony sandy loam to loamy sand . Very weak coarse subaagular blocky to single-grained struc- ture, friable to loose, moderate root con-tent . pH 6 .5 Gradual change to :

1311+ CD Dark grayish brown (1QY'R l.,./2 moist) vexy stony and gravelly coarse sand. Roughly stratified. pH 6 .1

AGRICULTURE :

The greater part of -the acreage of Reiter soils is in. the native state, and used as limited forest range and as a source of timber . All areas mapped. a.re limited-use soils, submarginal for dry farming and. capable of rais:ixzg only one or two crops under irrigation . The limitation is due to coarse texture and heavy stone content .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is 26 inches for the Reiter Gravelly Loamy Sand, with a nine day irrigation interval, and 22 inches for the Gravelly Sandy Loam, with 12 days between irri.gations .

'V'ance Sand

Vance Sand is situated in the most humid part of the map-~area> It occurs on low lying but well drained terraces of the Shuswap River downstream from Sugar Lake . This is a minor soil type, which occupies only 146 acres between 1,900 and 1,950 feet ele~ations . The topography is level with small undulations .

The parent material is composed of mixed gravelly and sandy alluvium laid down by the Shuswap River . The surface soil is sandy and generally gravel-free, but at depths of 12 to 15 inches the soil grades to gravelly sand. In localized places underlying gravel bars approach the surface .

Sand :is the main 'surface texture, but there are minor. variations -to loamy sand and gravelly sandy loam. The profile has a bleached. horizon Ae, and was classi- fied as an Orthic Podzol. . The tree cover is composed of heavy stands of Douglas- fir, spruce, white pine, cedar and larch. A brief profile description from an. undisturbed site is as follows :

Horizon Depth Descripl:,i..~ 0 1 M 0" Coniferous forest litter, fibrous and peaty .

Ae 0 -- 2" Pale gray sand . Single-grained, .'Loose. pH 5 .8

Bir 2 - 6p° Brown, grading to strong brown loamy sand. Locally grave7_ly, very weak subangiu.J_ar blocky to single-grained structure, friable to loose, many roots . pH 6 .2 - 46 - Horizon Depth Description

BC -- 6~-1211 Pale brown coar'se sand. Scattered'gravels, single- grained, loose, scattered roots . pH 6 .2

CD 12"+ pPale ~3ra~rish brown gravelly sand. Single-grained, loose .

AGRICULTURE :

All of -the acreage is in the- native state and in use as forest range and as a source of timber. The coarse soil texture is responsible for low moisture holding capacity, which makes the soil submarginal for dry farming . Water is avail- able from the Shuswap River, and a favorable response could be obtained by irriga- tion and fertilization : The recommended farm delivery requirement is 26 inches, with nine days between irrigations .

Sitkum _G_ravelly__Lo_amy Sand

This soil type occurs in the most humid part of the map-area. It occupies a small acreage,in the Shuswap River valley, south of Sugar Lake . About 279 acres were classified;at elevations that lie between 1,900 and 2,500 feet . The gently sloping fan topography is surfaced by hummocky micro-relief .

The parent mAterial consists of early post-glacial alluvial-colluvial fan detritus deposited by inactive or intermittent streams tributary to the main valley. There was a textural grading. from the apex to the fan apron. The greater abundance of angular gravel and stones was near the apex, and progressively finer sediments were deposited downslope . The material is chiefly granitic, and low in ferromagnesium minerals .

The average surface texture is Gravelly Loamy Sand, with minor inclusion of gravelly sand. This soil has Orthic Podzol development, which took place under heavy stands of cedar, spruce, white pine and Douglas-fir . An undisturbed profile was examined near Sugar Lake and given the following description :

Horizon Depth De~,cription

0 4 - 0" Forest litter, bright reddish brown to dusky red, peaty.

Ae 0 - 2" White (l0YR g/2 dry), very pale brown (10YR 7f3 moist) gravelly sand. Single-grained,-loose . pH 5 " 5

Bir-1 22 - 4" Light yellowish brown (l0YR 6/4 dry), strong brown (7 " 5YR 5/6 moist) gravelly and stony loamy sand . Very weak subangular blocky structure, weakly cemented near stones, friable, scattered roots. pH 5 .6

Bir-2 1+.--9" Yellowish brown grading to light yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4 to 6/4 moist) gravelly and stony sand. Single-grained, loose . pH 6 .1 .

CD 9"+ Light brownish gray gravelly.coarse sand. Cobbly and stony . pH 6 .0

AGRICULTURE :

The Sitkum Gravelly Loamy Sand was all in the native state at the time of the soil survey (1959), and served as limited forest range and as a source of timber. The combination of coarse texture and storiinees is responsible for a low land class rating, and the doubtful value of this soil type for dry farming . Irrigation would be necessary for satisfactory crop production. The fam delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation for the Sa.tkutrl Grave:1.ly Loamy Sand is 20 inches, with an interval of 12 days between irrigatiains . - 47 -

8. MEADOW SOILS

The Meadow.Soils are situated ;Ln depressions and seepage slopes scattered in the area of Black soils . The poorly drained soil. profile is characterized by an .appreciable accumulation of organic matter in the surface horizons, which imparts a dark color . The subsoil is gleyed and mottled .. Calcareous Meadow was the only subgroup observed in the map-area, and this is represented by the Swanson series .

Swanson Series

The Swanson and Spallumcheen soils are found in close association as both developed on the same parent material. Scattered areas of Swanson soils occur near the north end of Okanagan Lake, along the shores of Swan Lake and in the area between 1,150 and 1,500 feet elevations . The topography is depressed level to gently sloping.

The parent material consists of glacio-lacustrine clays which are stratified and calcareous . At depths these clays grade into stratified silts and fine sands of considerable thickness .

The two texture types differentiated were. Clay Loam, 457 acres, and Clay, 774 acres . These soils were assigned to the Calcareous Meadow subgroup, which developed under restricted drainage . Seepage water with calcium and other carbonates in solution drains from higher ground and accumulates in the depressed areas . During the season of runoff the carbonates are deposited and the longer persisting subsurface water table gleys the subsoils . The soil is generally calcareous to the surface .

A,cultivated Clay Loam profile was examined at a site near the main high- way two miles north of Vernon . The topography was a moderate slope toward Swan Lake, and the area was planted to grain. This site was given the following descrip- tion :

Horizon Depth Description

Ahc 0 - 6" Very dark brown (10YR 2/2 moist) clay loam . Weak medium granular structure, friable moist, many fine roots, calcar- eous . pH $.$

AB 6 - 9" Dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4 moist) loam. Coarse granular structure, friable moist, ..calcareous, many fine roots . pH 8.8

Bg 9 - 15" Very dark gray (5Y 311 moist) clay. Medium blocky structure, friable to firm moist, scattered;;roots, gleyed . pH 8.2

Cg 151r+ Olive gray (5Y 4/2 moist) si].t cL'~y to clay . Massive, firm moist, common and distinct mottles . pH $.3

AGRICULTURE :

All of the land is cultivated. Some irrigation is applied to the Swanson soils in the vicinity of Vernon where hay, pasture, grain and a few poorly growing orchards are raised. The suitability of these soils for agriculture depends upon the degree of alkalinity. Swanson soil: areas are not suitable for orchard, owing to high pH and restricted drainage . They are fair to poor for other crops, and only the most alkali tolerant species -should be grown. A few scattered areas north of Vernon are dry farmed for hay and alfalfa. Where irrigation is desired, the farm delivery requirement for the Swanson Clay Loam and Clay is 10 inches, with a 30 day irrigation interval .

9 . DARK GRAY GLEYSOLIC SOILS

These are soils having a dark colored Ah horizon or cultivated surface (Ahc), high in .organic matter . This is underlaid by one or more gleyed horizons that do not have eluvial or illuvial sub-horizons . The gleyed horizons have a grayish cast, sometimes mottled or splotched by brighter colors, from development under restricted to poor drainage. The native vegetation was mainly deciduous, with scattered spruce and cedar . In the North Okanagan Valley, lime can accumu- late as a result of seepage, thus producing a calcareous phase . -4g- I Only the Orthic subgroup was recognized, and the soils assigned to it were the Nisconlith and Bessette series .

Nisconlith Series

The Nisconlith soils are scattered throughout the map-area except in the Shuswap River valley east of Enderby and in the valley bottom north and east. of Lumby. A total of 7,932 acres were classified between elevations of 1,130 and ' 2,200 feet . Two soil complexes occupy an additional ~.38 acres . The topography is level to gently sloping and~ gently undulating .

The parent material is composed of medium to fine textured stream alluvium, generally having a coarser textured underlay at depths which exceed lg inches . In areas of overlapping fan and stream deposition, there are a succession of fine and coarse textured layers . The Nisconlith soils are stable, inasmuch as they do not receive additions of sediments from annual freshets .

These soils developed under the influence of a fluctuating water table, which did nbt approach the surface, to the same height in all areas, but a11 of them have a dark colored Ah horizon and a gleyed and mottled subsoil . They were classi- fied as Dark Gray Gleysolic soils . The vegetative,cover, mainly moderate to heavy stands of deciduous trees such as cottonwood, aspen, willow, birch and alder, plus scattered spruce and cedar, is indicative of a water table .

The Nisconlith series was differentiated as follows :

Nisconlith Loam - 778 acres . Nisconlith Silt Loam - 3 , 028  Nisconlith Silt Loam (Calcareous Phase) - 607 Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam - 1 , 963 u Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam (Calcareous Phase) - 147 re Nisconlith Clay Loam - 726 Nisconlith Silty Clay - 253 Nisconlith Clay - 249 n Nisconlith Clay (Calcareous Phase) - 181 Nisconlith-Duteau Complex - 2+9 NisconlithMara Complex - 1$9

A profile of Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam, typical. of the series, was examined about four ¢miles north of Grindrod on a level terrace of the Shuswap River. The area had been "rough cleared", but not cultivated. ,The profile description is as follows :

Horizon Depth , Description

Ah 0 - 5" Dark gray to very dark gray (l0YR 3 .511 dry), very dark gray to black (l0YR 2 .5~1 moist) silty clay loam. Moderate medium to coarse granular structure, slightly hard dry, friable moist . Many fine roots . pH 6 .50 Clear boundary to :

Bg1 5 - 14" Grayish brown (10YR 5/2 dry),, dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 moist) silty clay loam which is moderatel g]:eyed with many faint brown to dark brown (7 .5YR 4/4 dry~ mottles . Moderate medium blocky structure, hard dry and slightly firm moist . Slightly vesicular, numerous roots . pH 6 .80

Bg2 14 - 19" Light gray to gray (5Y 6/1 dry), olive gray (5Y 4/2 moist) silty clay loam to silty clay with common distinct reddish brown (5YR L,./L{. dry) mottles . Strong coarse blocky structure arranged in weak macro-prismatic structure, hard .dry, firm moist . Scattered roots . pH 6 .95

Cg 19 -24" Light gray to gray (5Y 6/1 dry), olive gray (5Y 4/2. moist) silty clay loam containing a few distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/l+ dry) mottles . Vertical cracks form a coarse pria- matic structure which break horizontally along sand partings . Hard dry, slightly firm moist . A few roots restricted mainly to the vertical cracks . Very micaceous . pH 7 " 13 - 49 -

Horizon, Depth Descrilption . , ,. . . Dg 24'!+ Light gray ( 5Y '`'7/2 'dry') , 61ive gray (5y 5/2 -moist) coarse silt loam to fine sandy loam with many distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6 dry) mottles . Roughly stratified : , an occasional root i:n the upper part . Very micaceous . pH 7.70 AGRICULTURE:

These are fair to good agricultural soils, their quality depending on the height of the water table and the concentration of carbonatesp chiefly calcium carbonate . Underdrainage is often necessary in areas mapped as-a calcareous phase .

Under dry farming the subsoil moisture supplied by the water table in spring and early summer often supports a better crop growth than that observed on well drained soils of the same texture . However, the Nisconlith soils often occupy the lowest elevhtionsy and care shoul.d be taken in connection with the planting of frost sensitive crops, because these soils often get the late frosts..

, Some irrigation is necessary for maximum crop yields after the water table has receded below the reach of roots, generally in the middle or late growing season. The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation for all textures in the series and the Nisconlith-Duteau Complex, is 10 inches with a 30 day interval. The Nisconlith-Mara Complex requires 12 inches, with a 30 day interval between irrigations .

Bessette Series

The soils of the Bessette series are a widespread group derived from low lying stream and river alluvium. The area classified occupies a total of 2,613 acres at elevations that lie between 1,200 and 2,200 feet . A Bessette- Gardom Complex covers an additional 329 acres . The topography is level to gently sloping and gently undulating.

The parent material consists of sandy alluvium and locally inwashed sandy fan materials . Deposits from which the Bessette soils are. derived are above .high water and receive little or no sedimentation in the freshet season . Generally there is an overlay having a higher content of silt and clay than the amount found in the subsoil . Cobbles and stones are rare, but gravels are encountered frequently .

These soils developed under the influence of a fluctuating water table, and they have the characters of Orthic Dark Gray Gleysolic soils . There is a dark colored Ah horizon and gleyed and mottled subsoils . The distinction which separates them from the Nisconlith series is their sandy texture . The native vegetation is composed of moderate to heavy stands of deciduous trees, including . cottonwood,' aspen, birch, willow, alder and also scattered spruce and cedar.

The Bessette series was differentiated into types, a calcareous phase and a complex as follows :

Bessette Gravelly Loamy Sand - 80 acres . Bessette Loamy Sand - 222 " Bessette Sandy Loam - 19872 " Bessette Sandy Loam (Calcareous Phase) - 195 " Bessette Fine Sandy Loam - 21+1i: " Bessette-Gardom Complex - 329,,', "

A cultivated soil profile of the Sandy Loam type, typic,i,of the series was given the following`a~,,.description : and located immediately east-of Armstrong, . : Horizon . Depth Description

Ac 0-9" Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 moist) sandy loam. Medium subangular blocky structure, friable moist, many fine roots . pH 6 .5. Abrupt change to: -50-

Horizon Depth Description

Cgl 9 - 14" Fine sandy loam mottled dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4,2 moist), occasional grayish gleyed spots . Massive, friable moist, a few roots . pH 6 .8

Cg2 14 - 19" Dark gray to dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/1 moist) sandy loam . A few faint mottles, friable moist, scattered roots . pH 6 .9

Dg 1911 Slightly gleyed coarse sand with a few faint mottles . pH 7 .2

AGRICULTURE :

The Bessette soils are fair to poor for agriculture, depending on pro- file texture and the level of the water table . Underdrainage is necessary for water table control, particularly in the calcareous phase .

Under dry farming the extra subsoil moisture supplied by groundwater in spring and early summer supports crop growth, and such growth is greater than on well drained soils of a similar texture . Irrigation is necessary for continued support of the crop in the latter part of the f.rowing season, when the water table has dropped below the reach of roots . Inasmuch as the Bessette soils occupy low lying areas, care should be taken in regard to the planting and harvest of frost- sensitive crops .

The recommended farm del.ivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is 15 inches with a 20 day irrigation interval for the Bessette Gravelly Loamy Sand and Loamy Sand, and for the Sandy Loam, Sandy Loam (Calcareous Phase), Fine Sandy Loam and Bessette-Gardom Complex the requirement is 12 inches with a 30 day interval between irrigations .

10 . GLEYSOL SOILS

.Two subgroups of Gleysol soils were recognized :

(a) Orthic-Gleysol Soils :

The orthic Gleysols have an 0 horizon up to six inches-thick, or they may be .without an 0 horizon . They also may have an Ah horizon up to two inches thick . The mineral soil consists of a strongly gleyed horizon or horizons . The soils developed under'poor drainage . In the map-area th6 orthic Gleysol,subgroup is represented by the Duteau series and Complex .

(b) Peaty Cleysol Soils i

Peaty Gleysols develop in depressed areas under poor to very poor drainage . They have from six to 12 inches of organic accumulation over strongly gleyed mineral soil . The gleyed soil has a grayish background that may be mottled o- splotched with brighter colored mottles . There is no evidence of eluviation or illuviation . In the classified area the Peaty Gleysol is represented by the Gardom series and Complex .

(a) Orthic Gleysol Soils :

Duteau Series and Complex

The Duteau soils cover a minor portion of the soil map . There are a few areas in the vicinity of Waby Lake, and between Lumby and Mabel hake . A total of 2,058 acres were classified, of which 950 acres are Duteau series and 1,108 acres are Duteau Complex . In addition, 240 acres were assigned to the Duteau-Monashee Complex, and 229 acres to the Duteau-Mabel Complex. These soils occur between elevations of.1,400 and 1,700 feet . The topography is level to gently sloping and undulating . The parent material consists of sandy alluvium and locally inwashed fan sediments . Duteau soils are high enough above runoff levels to avoid flooding and addition of sediment in the freshet season . The surface soil contains a higher percentage of fine sediments than the subsoil . The subsoil .is composed of sands and gravels, which are comparatively stone .and cobble free .,

The soils, which were classified as orthic Gleysols, developed under the influence of a fluctuating water table that reaches the surface, and thus are gleyed and mottled . The surface layer of organic litter .is thin, and an Ah horizon is absent . The vegetative cover is composed of a moderately heavy stand of deciduous trees, which include cottonwood, aspen, birch, willow and alder . Scattered spruce and cedar were also observed . '

The most common surface textures are loamy sand, sandy loam and loam. These textures are intimately associated and could not be separated at the scale of mapping used . Some areas, particularly around Lumby, had a complex pattern of deposition with inclusions of recent alluvium (Monashee serie.s) and some Peaty Gleysol (Gardom'series) . Areas having this composition were mapped as Duteau Complex .

A profile of the undifferentiated sandy .loam,~located in the vicinity of Waby Lake, was described as follows :

Horizon ' Depth Description

1 0 - 5" Dark grayish brown (moist) sandy loam . Weakly mottled pale brown and strong brown . pH 6 .4

2 5 - 10" Grayish brown (moist) sandy loam . Distinct and prominent dark brown to strong brown mottles, scattered gravels . pH 6 .7

10 - 20" Light brownish gray (moist) gravelly loamy sand. Distinct to prominent dark brown to reddish yellow mottles . pH 6 .8

4 20" + Light brownish gray to pale olive .(moist) gr.avelly sand.

AGRICULTURE :

These are fair agricultural soils, particularly after under.drainage and control of the water table . They are capable. of better crop .yields without irri- gation than similar textured well drained soils . Since the soils are low lying, care should be tak2n~in regard to the planting and harvest of frost tender crops . Without-drainage the soils may be excessively moist in the spring and early summer, but may dry'off to the stage of crop injury in the late growing season, hence supplemental irrigation is often necessary .

When irrigating the farm delivery requirement should be 10 inches for the Duteau Series, Duteau Complex and Duteau-Mabel Complex, with a 30 day interval . The Duteau-Monashee Complex requires 18 inches, with an interval of 16 days between irr.igations .

(b) Peaty Gle .ysol S oils :

Gardom Se ries and Complex

The Gardom soils occur in the Waby Lake - upper Deep Creek locality and in the vicinity of Lumby. The area mapped .amounts to 1,352 acres, of. which 990 acres are Gardom series and 362 acres is the area of the Gardom Complex . In addition to these areas, the Gardom-Nisconlith Complex occupies 109 acres and the Gardom-Waby Complex cover 19j acres . The elevations at which these .soils occur lie between 1,500 and 2,200 feet, and the topography is level, with hummocky micro- relief". " . . _

.-The parent material is composed of sandy and gravelly post-glacial river alluvium, which is 16cated in drainage positions that permit of a high -water table . 'Me conditions are sufficiently wet to produce an 0 horizon from six to 12 inches thick . This organic material is composed of sedge and wood remains in various stages of decomposition . Beneath the organic layer the subsoil is gleyed and mottled, and the soil was classified as a Peaty Gleysol . -52-

The forest .cover is~composed of moderately heavy stands of birch, alder, willow and balsam, which: in places has been succeeded by cedar . Also in places the Gardom series forms a complex with inwashed fan alluvium containing patches of marl . Areas having these inclusions were mapped as the Gardom Complex.

A profile from the Waby Lake locality was given the following descrip- tion :

Horizon Depth Description

1 0 - 10" Dark reddish brown (moist)loamy peat containing fragments of well decomposed bark and twigs . pH 6 .3

2 10 - 20" Pale brownish gray gravelly loamy sand . Faintly mottled . pH 7 .4

3. 20" + Light gray (moist) gravelly loamy sand to gravelly sand . pH 7 .9

A general description of the profile to be found in areas mapped as Gardom Complex is as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

1 0 - 8" Dark reddish brown peaty muck .

2 8 - 11" Light gray fine sandy loam . Calcareous .

3 11-13" White marly horizon .

4 13-17" Dark gray mucky peat .

5 17" + Gleyed sandy mineral soil .

AGRICULTURE :

These soils .would be moderately productive after drainage and cultiva- tion . The peaty layer-would be difficult to decompose if allowed to dry out . Decomposi tion of the peat can 'be increased by the addition of manure of nitrogenous fertilizers . Care should be taken to preserve the natural organic matter, because it has a favourable influence on the moisture holding capacity of the soil .

Areas of Gardom Complex having marly spots require special management : These should have the calcareous seepage water intercepted by drains, and the crops grown should be lime tolerant . Some irrigation would be of benefit in the middle and late growing season, and for this purpose the recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is 10 inches, with a 30 day interval between irrigations, for all of the Gardom soils .

11 . REGOSOLIC SOILS

This group is composed of mineral soils which lack discernible horizons or have only very weak development of an A horizon ; an 0 horizon less than 12 inches thick may be present . Although Regosols most often are found on recently,depos!ted materials, they may be found also on older soil forming deposits in which profile development was arrested either by the composition of the soil forming material D:~~ by the environment . Regosolic soils, in which the drainage may range from rapid to poor, support a vegetative cover either of forest or of natural grass .

Only the Mor Regosol subgroup was differentiated, to which was assigried the Mabel Complex, the Monashee Series, the Monashee Complex and the Grindrod series%.

Mabel- Complex

The Mabel soils occupy low lying terraces of the Shuswap River north - from Shuswap Falls. to Mabel Lake, and between Mable Lake and Enderby . A total of 5,071 acres were classified between 1,170 and 1,500 feet elevations . -53-

_ The parent material is composed .of sandy and silty alluvium on low terraces and islands . These areas are inundated at the time of the annual freshet, which deposits new sediment each year . The sediments become coarser with depth, and overlie coarse sand and .gravel .

The Mabel soils have level topography, with included areas having a braided surface . Oxbows and-abandoned channels occur . The most common surface textures are loamy sand and sandy loam and occasional variation to loam and silt loam . The soil textures were too variable for .differentation with the scale of mapping used .

The soils are flooded during the freshet, and also they are subject to a high water table until the river drops to average flow . Since the terraces are still in the process of formation, the soils have little development below the layer of forest litter, and are thus defined as Mor .Regosols .

A profile was examined approximately five miles east of Enderby in the Shuswap River valley. The area.had braided topography and supported a deciduous cover composed mainly of cottonwood, aspen and Red-osier Dogwood . The description is as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

AO ,~-~ - 0" A thin litter of recently deposited deciduous leaves . Little decomposition ; Cl 0 - 4" Dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 moist), loamy sand, single grained structure, loose . Many fine roots . A recently deposited horizon . pH 6 .30

C2 4 - 10" Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) variably textured horizon ranging from loamy sand to loam . Contains two buried surfaces . Single grained to massive structure, loose to very friable . Slight mottling, moderate root content . pH 6 .15 , Cg 10" + Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) horizon which is predom- inantly loamy sand to sandy loam, but with lenses of finer texture . Single grained to massive, loose to very friable . Common faint mottling . Scattered roots to 36" + . pH 6 .25

AGRICULTURE :

The Mabel,Complex has a low land class rating, because of annual flooding which prevents.early~cultivation, planting and the growing of.perennial crops . Dyking and drainage are necessary for a permanent agriculture . After dyking and drainage the recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is 10 inches, with .a 30 day interval between irrigations .

Under the classification of soils according to their suitability for irrigation, the Mabel Complex occupies 45 acres of fourth and 5,026 acres of fifth class land .

Monashee Series and Complex

The Monashee soils occupy low terraces in the Shuswap River Valley and islands in the river from Shuswap Falls to Sugar Lake . Areas of these soils occu: " also along Cherry, Creighton, Bluesprings and Bessette creeks . A total of 786 acres of Monashee series and 3,044 acres of the Monashee Complex were mapped at elevations that lie between 1,600 and 2,200 feet . The Monashee series has fairly level topo- graphy., and the areas of Monashee Complex have a braided surface, with stony and gravelly ridges interspaced with peaty depressions .

The parent material consists of sandy and gravelly alluvium. The soils are flooded during the annual freshet, new sediment being deposited with each inundation . Little or no soil horizon development has occurred below the layer of organic litter on the surface,. and thus the soils are defined as Mor Regosols . Gravelly Gleysols and Peaty Gleysols occur in the depressions of areas having braided topography, and these were included in the Monashee Complex . . -54-

The common surface texture of the Monashee series is loamy sand to sand, which grades with depths to stratified gravels and coarse sand . The deciduous tree cover includes alder, birch, willow and cottonwood . A profile was examined near the ,junction of Cherry Creek with the Shuswap River and described as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

- b" Thin layer of recently deposited forest litter .

2 0 - 10" . Very dark grayish brown (l0YR 3/2 moist) coarse sand, single grained, loose, scattered roots . pH 7 .5

10 - 16'1 Speckled dark gray (l0YR 3/1 moist), and pale brown (l0YR 7/4 moist.) gravelly sand . Single grained, loose . pH 7 .2

4 16 - 22" Very dark brown (l0YR 4/2 moist) loamy fine sand . pH 7 .8

5 22" + Roughly stratified coarse sand, gravels and cobbles .

The following are descriptions of profiles-found in areas of the Monashee Complex :

Horizon- Depth Description

(a) 1 0 - 2" . Fine Gravel .

2 2 - 6" Peatyy sandy loam .

3 6 - 9" Gravel and cobbles .

4 9 - 15" Pea-by loamy sand .

5 15" + Aleternate layers of gravel, sand and occasional band of organic matter representing buried leaf mats .

(b) Horizon Depth Description

1 0 - 6" Fine sandy loam, slightly mottled .

2 6 - 12" Mottled gravelly sand .

3 12" + Gravel .

AGRICULTURE :

The Monashee are limited use soils for agriculture . Flooding in the freshet season restricts farming, and dyking would be necessary for a permanent agriculture . With dyking and drainage, irrigation would be necessary. For this purpose the recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is 24 inches, with a 14 day interval between irrigations .

Under the classification of soils according to their suitability for irrigation, the Monashee series occupies 27 acres of-third, 596 acres of fourth and 163 acres of fifth class land . The Monashee Complex covers 62 acres of fourth ;Lnd 2,982 acres of fifth class land .

Grindrod Series

Grindrod soils are derived from alluvial-coluvial fan deposits . Although widely scattered, they are most commonly situated in the Deep Creek;*Waby Lake locality, in Trinity Valley and in the valleys of Cherry and Creighton creeks . The elevations at which the series occurs are between 1,200 and 2,500 feet, and the total area classified was 3,815 acres . -55-

The fan topography varies from gently to strongly sloping . The slopes, steepest. near the apex of the fans, become more gentle as their margins are approached . The higher concentrations of angular and rounded stones and gravels also occur near the apex, and there is a grading to finer material downslope .

The parent material is composed of sandy and gravelly fan detitus . Most fans contain gravels and stones at the surface, the content of which increases with depths and with nearness to the point of origin . Most of the Q.rindrod fans contain moderate ferromagnesium mineral content, but some are high in these minerals, which break down easily, and these have been distinguished on the soil maps by the symbol GD1 .

Six soil .type.s and a calcareous phase were differentiated . These are listed ..as . follows :

Grindrod Gravelly Sand - 252 acres Grindrod Gravelly Loamy Sand - 541 " Grindrod Loamy Sand - 500 " Grindrod Gravelly Sandy Loam - 435 " Grindrod Sandy Loam - 1,764 " Grindrod Sany Loam (Calcareous Phase) - 147 " Grindrod Fine Sandy Loam - 176 "

Inasmuch as little or no soil horizon development has occurred, the Grindrod soils were classified as Mor Regolols . The so~ils are well drained, excepting small seepage areas near some of the fan margins . The fans support a medium forest of Douglas fir, larch, spruce and birch . A profile of the Loamy Sand member of the Grindrod series was given the following description :

Horizon Depth Des cription

0 1 - 0" Coniferous forest litter, well decomposed in the lower part .

1 0 - .4" Grayish brown (moist) loamy sand . Single grained, loose, &cattered roots . pH 6 .7

2 ~ 4 - 12" Brown stony and gravelly sand . Single grained, loose . pH 7 .0

3 12'.' + Gravelly coarse sand containing many cobbles and stones . pH 7 .2 .

AGRICULTURE :

The larger part of the acreage of these soils is of limited-use quality, inasmuch as the full range of crops could not be produced . A combination of.coarse texture and stoniness accounts for. the low ratings . The moisture holding capacity is low and the soils are not capable of good crop yields under dry farming . With irrigation they would be suitable for hay and pasture . The farm delivery require- ment under sprinkler irrigation is 24 inches for. the Grindrod Gravelly Sand, Gravelly Loamy Sand and Loamy Sand, with a 14 day interval . For the Gravelly Sandy Loam, 20 inches with a 12 day interval, and for the Sandy Loam and Sandy Loam (Calcareous Phase) 18 inches with a 16 day interval . The Grindrod Fine Sandy Loam should have 15 inches, with a 20 day interval between irrigations .

12 . . ORGANIC'SOILS

Deposits of Peat and Muck occur in poorly drained depressions in which a high water table is conducive to an environment favourable for the accumulation .: organic residues . Such deposits more than 12 inches deep were classed in the group of Organic soils .

The 'Plant remains,in the various deposits were composed chiefly of the refuse of trees and sedges . The range of decomposition is from raw, fibrous p,eat, in which thetplant remains can be identified, to muck, in which the plant remains cannot be identified and there is some inclusion of mineral soil material . The reaction varies from slightly acid to neutral, excepting where marl has accumulated, and the material is in part calcareous with a reaction of pH 8 .0 or more . The organic residues were underlaid by gleyed mineral soil material . The Organic soils were differentiated as Waby Peat and Okanagan Muck . -56-

Waby Peat

The Waby Peat is a minor soil type, which occupies 279 acres within the range from 1,170 to 1,700 feet elevation . It occurs in the Waby Lake - upper Deep Creek locality, and to the north and east of Enderby in the Shuswap River valley, and also to, the southeast of Lumby . The topography is depressional and flat .

The parent material consists of accumulated organic residues exceeding 12 inches in thickness, which .overlies gleyed mineral soil . The organic deposits are composed largely of rush, sedge, wood and some moss remains, which are relatively undecomposed .

The,native vegetation varies with the locations of the several bogs . Some areas have a cover of scrub willow and birch, and in others the growth consists of a light cedar forest . Some bogs have open sedge vegetation .

The Waby Peat is composed of fibrous organic remains which accumulated in poorly drained areas . These areas consist of depressions, which act as catch- ments for seepage and runoff water . A profile located in the Waby Lake area was described as follows :

Horizon Depth Description

0 - 12" Dark brown. (moist) fibrous peat, only slightly decomposed. pH 6 .5

2 12 - 42" Dark reddish brown (moist) mucky peat, soft and very wet . pH 6 .2

3 42" + Pale brown gelatinous muck, very wet .

AGRICULTURE :

The use of the Waby Peat for agriculture require reclamatiorL in the form of suitable drainage works and careful management to being about decomposition and .:consolidation of the surface . When the surface has decomposed to the status of muck, these soils will produce good crops of hay and vegetables . Their use as pasture depends on development of a firm surface . When drained a little irrigation may become necessary in the latter part of the growing season, and for this purpose the recommended arm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is 10 inches, with a 30 day interval between irrigations . . .

Under the classification of soils according to their suitability for irri- gation,,the Waby Peat occupies 50 acres of fourth and 229 acres of fifth class land .

Okanagan Muck

'Me Okanagan Muck is scattered throughout the map-area. It is most common in the drainage channel that lies between Armstrong and the north arm of Okanagan Lake, and in the .Deep Creek - Waby Lake locality . A total of 2,229 acres were mapped between 1, 170 and 1,700 feet elevations . An additional 384 acres were grouped as the Okanagan Muck - Waby Peat Complex .' The topography is depressional .

The parent material consists of organic matter having a depth that exceeds 12 inches, and which overlies mineral soil, except in the vicinity of springs -n.d s.eepages, where the underlay may be marl . The organic matter is chiefly composed of rush, sedge and wood remains in various stages of decomposition . The surfa~ :e consists of well decomposed black muck, and the reaction varies from neutral to slightly alkaline'.

The native vegetation is deciduous, and composed mainly of willows, cottonwood and alder . The Okanagan Muck developed under poor drainage conditions in depressions which act as catchments for seepage and runoff water . A profile was given the following description : _ 57 -

Horizon Depth Description

1 , 0 - 24" . Black well decomposed muck containing a small proportion of recognizable leaf~and stem remains of rushes, sedges . , . . , and trees . pH 7 .0

2 24 - 48" Dark brown well decomposed muck . Small quantities of well decomposed but recognizable stems and woody remains . . pH 7 .4 .

45 - 60" A layer of marl, with or without small snail shells . This horizon is discontinous . pH 8 .4

'6b" ' + Bluish mineral soil, generally fine-textured .

AGRICULTURE :

Most areas of the Okanagan Muck have been reclaimed for agriculture . In addition to hay and pasture, the soil is capable of producing many kinds of high quality vegetables . Good yields are obtainable with adequate drainage and fertiliza- tion .

When reclaiming muck soils for hay and pasture, care is required to preserve a ..fi .rm and even surface . Livestock should not be permitted to trample the surface soil when saturated with water . After drainage "a little irrigation is necessary to sustain the crop, and for this purpose the recommended farm delivery requirement is 10 inches, with *a 30 day interval between irrigations, for both Okanagan Muck and the Okanagan Muck - Waby Peat Complex .

Under the classification of soils according to their suitability for . irrigation, the Okanagan Muck occupies 1,019 acres of third., 988 of fourth and 222 acres of fifth class land . The Okanagan Muck - Waby Peat Complex cover 384 acres, all fifth class land. -58-

TABLE 7 : RECOMMENDED WATER REQUIREMENTS OF SOIL TYPES USING SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Soil Type and Complex

Hulcar Silt Loam 20 20 6 222 370 Armstrong Grav . Sandy Loam 23 15 7 1,783 3,417 Armstrong Sandy Loam 23 15 7 716 1,372 Armstrong Gravelly Loam 23 15 7 220 422 Armstrong Loam 20 20 6 853 1,421 Armstrong Clay Loam 15 30 5 130 162 Moffat Loam 20 20 6 77 128 Moffat Silt Loam 17 25 6 599 849 Grandview Loamy Sand 31 l0 9 . . 2,001 5,169 Grandview Sandy Loam 25 15 7 4,332 9,025 Grandview Fine Sandy Loam 25 15 7 9o 187 Nahun Gray, Loamy Sand 31 l0 8 86o 2,222 Nahun Gray, Sandy Loam 30 12 8 2,681 6,702 Nahun Sandy Loam 29 12 8 1,872 4,524 Nahun Gravelly Loam 28 13 8 94 219 Nahun Loam 28 13 8 241 562 Kalamalka Gray, Sandy Loam 25 15 7 2,305 4,802 Kalamalka Sandy Loam 25 15 7 8o1 1,669 Kalamalka Gravelly Loam 25 15 7 226 471 Kalamalka Loam 18 2i 6 4,7o8 7,o62 Kalamalka Silt Loam 15 30 5 313 391 Kalamalka Clay Loam 15 30 5 72 9o Ka.lamalka Grav. Clay Loam 15 30 5 371 464 Bluespring Grav . Sandy 20 15 7 1,721 2,896 Bluespring Gravelly Loam 18 20 6 918 1,377 Bluespring Loam 18 20 6 479 718 Spallumcheen Clay Loam 14 30 5 2,155 2,154 Spallumcheen Clay 14 30 5 8,4ol 9,8ol Broadview Blay Loam 12 30 5 794 794 Broadview Clay 12 30 5 13,169 13,169 Grizzly Hill Grav. Loamy Sand 18 20 6 456 684 Grizzly Hill. Grav. Sandy Loam 18 20 6 3,255 4,837 Grizzly Hill Sandy Loam 18 20 6 198 297 0'Keefe Loamy Sand 28 . 9 9 1,191 2,779 0'Keefe Sandy Loam 21 15 7` 1,102 1,928 0'Keefe Fine Sandy Loam 21 15 7 283 495 Glenemma Grav. Loamy Sand 29 l0 8 516 1,247 Glenemma Grav. Saridy Loam 28 10 8 3o8 719 Lumby Gravelly Sand ' 24 10 8 122 244 Lumby Gravelly Loamy Sand 24 10 8 492 984 Lumby Loamy Sand 22 15 7 1,444 2,647 Lumby Gravelly Sandy Loam 22 15 7 921 1,688 Lumby Sandy Loam 20 15 7 1,324 2,207 Lumby Fine Sandy Loam 17 20 6 . 3o8 436 Coldstream Gravelly Loam 18 20 6 182 273 Coldstream Loam 12 30 5 652 652 Coldstream Silt Loam 12 30 5 543 543 Coldstream Clay Loam 12 30 5 l02 102 . Coldstream Sandy Clay Loam 12 30 5 194 194 Reiswig Loamy Sand 18 15 7 275 412 Reiswig Grav. Sa4dy Loam 1-5 20 . 6 1,130 1,412 Reiswig Sandy Loam 15 20 6 293 366 Reiswig Fine Sandy Loam 15 20 6 1,182 1,477 Saltwell Loam 14 30 5 1,641 1,914 Plaster Loam 12 30 5 151 151 Plaster Clay 1.2 30 5 2, 602 2)602

*A - Farm Delivery Requirement in Inches . *B - Interval Between Irrigations in Days . *C - Carrying Capacity of the Irrigation System for the Peak Month in Acre Inches . *D - .Potentially Irrigable and Irrigated Land in acres . *E - Total Water Requirements for each Soil Type in Acre Feet . -59-

TABLE 7 (Continued) :

Soil Type and Complex ~ -- A B . C D E

Enderby Fine Sandy Loam 15 30 5 362 452 Enderby Silt Loam 14 30 5 2,200 2,566 Hilton Fine Sandy.Loam 8 30 4 1,154 769 Hilton Loam 8 30 4 121 81 Hilton .Silt Loam 8 . 3,0 4 536 357 Hilton.-Beaverjack Complex 10 30 5 226 188 Beaverjack Sandy Loam 10 30 5 3,089 2,574 Bea~verjack Fine Sandy Loam 10 30 5 734 612 Beaverjack Silt Loam 10 30 5 283 236 Beaver,jack Silt Loam. (Mottled.)* 10 30 5 240 200 Beaverjack Silt L . (Concretions)* 10 30 5 128 106 Be averjack Silty Clay Loam 10 30 5 179 149 Beaverjack-Schunter.Complex 18 15 7 286 429 Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam 15 20 6 2,674 3,342 Latewhos-Sicamous Complex 16 20 6 983 1,310 Stepney Sandy Loam 21 15 7 349 611 Mara Series 12 30 5 3,927 3,927 Cherryville Grav . Loamy Sand 18 20 6 552 828 Cherryville Grav . Sandy Loam 18 20'~ 6 1,515 2,272 Cherryville Gray Clay Loam 14 30 5 828 966 Cherryville-Hilton Complex 14 30 5 255 297 Sicamous Gra~v . Loamy Sand 16 20 6 2,8'74 3,832 Sicamous Loamy Sand 16 . 20 6 229 305 Sicamous Grav . Sandy Loam 16 20 6 2,333 3,111 Sicamous G.rav . Clay Loam 12 30 5 112 112 SicamousaGrindrod Complex 18 16 7 105 157 Sicamous-Veaverjack Complex 14 30 5 2,027 2,365 Sicamous-Hupe1 Complex 18 16 7 854 1,281 Sicamous-Latewhos Complex 16 22 . 6 542 722 Shuswap ;Loasny Sand 24 12 8 2,189 4078 Shuswap Sandy Loam 15 20 6 1,545 1,931 Shuswap-Glenemma Complex 28 12 8 98 288 SaufF Grav~. Loamy Sand 26 10 9 1,279 2,771 SauFf Grav. Sandy Loam 22 14 8 ' 954 1,749 Sauff-Hupel Complex 24 11 8 96 192 Schunter.Gravelly Sand 24 10 8 415 830 Schunter Grav. Loamy Sand 24 10 8 387 774 Schunter Grav. Sandy Loam 20 12 8 374 623 Schunter Sandy Loam 18 15 7 105 157 Schunter Gravelly Loam 18 15 7 179 268 Schunter-Sicamous Complex 18 15 7 120 180 Hupel Grav. Loamy Sand 24 10 8 630 1,260 Hupel Grav . Sandy Loam 20 12 8 1,398 2,330 Reiter Grav. Loamy Sand 26 9 9 116o4 3,475 Reiter Grav. Sandy Loam 22 12 8 ` 605 1,109 Vance Sand 26 9 9 146 31.6 Sitkum Gra1r . Loamy Sand 20 12 8 279 465 Swanson Clay Loam 10 30 5 4~57 381 Swanson Clay 10 30 5 774 611~5 Nisconlith Loam 10 30 5 778 648 Nisconlith Silt Leaan 10 30 5 3,028 2,523 Nisconlith Silt Loam (Ca1c . )* 10 30 5 607 505 Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam 10 30 5 1,963 1,636 Nisconlith Silty C . L . (Calc .)* 10 30 5 147 122 Nisconlith Clay Loam 10 30 5 726 605 Nisconlith Silty Clay 10 30 5 253 211 Nisconlith Clay 10 30 5 249 207 Nisconlith Clay (Calc .)* 10 30 5 181 151 Nisconlith-Thztea.u Complex 10 30 5 249 207 Niscornlith-Mara Complex 12 30 5 189 189

# Mottled - Mottled Phase . Concretions - Concretionary Phase . '~ Calc . - Calcareous Phase . -6o-

TABLE 7 (Continued) :

Soil Type arid Complex A B C D E

Bessette Grav. Loamy Sand 15 20 6 80 100 Bessette Loamy Sand 15 20 6 222 277 Bessette Sandy Loam 12 30 5 1,872 1,872 Bessette Sandy Loam (Calcareous) 12 30 5 195 195 Bessette Pine Sandy Loam 12 30 5 244 244 Bessette-Gardom Complex 12 30 5 329 329 Duteau Series 10 30 5 950 792 Duteau Complex - 10 30 5 1,108 923 Duteau-Monashee Complex 18 16 7 240 36o Duteau-Mabel Complex 10 30 5 229 191 Gardom Series 10 30 5 990 825 Gardom Complex . 10 30 5 362 301 Gardom-Nisconl-ith Complex 10 30 5 109 91 Gardom-Waby Complex 10 30 5 195 162 Mabel Complex 10 30 5 5,071 4,226 Monashee Series 24 14 8 786 1,572 Monashee Complex 24 14 8 3,o44 6,o88 Grindrod Gravelly Sand 24 14 8 252 504 Grindrod Grav . Loamy Sand 24 14 8 541 1,o82 Grindrod Loamy Sand ~ 24 14 8 500 1,000 Grindrod .Grav. Sandy Loam 20 ' 12 8 435 725 Grindrod Sandy Loam 18 16 7 1,764 2,646 Grindrod Sandy Loam (Calcareous) 18 16 7 147 220 Grindrod Fine Sandy Loam 15 20 6 176 220 Okanagan Muck 10 30 5 2,229 1,857 Okanagan-Waby Complex 10 30 5 384 320 Waby, Peat 10 30 5 279 232

Total Irrigable Acreage and Water Requirements 148,475 2o6,836 - 61 -

SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION

Table No . 8 gives the classification of soils in the North Okanagan map- area according to their suitability for irrigation. The method of classification used for this purpose is outlined in "Proceedings of the Reclamation Committee, Brief No .22, 1953" "

Briefly,, general definitions of the main irrigable soil groups are as follows :

Group 1 Soils :

Group 1 soils include deep, uniform, well drained soils of medium to medium heavy texture, including fine sandy loams, loams, silt loams, and silty clay loams . These soils have desirable structure and other profile features with little or no deduction made necessary because of alkali, salinity, stoniness or adverse topography . This group includes those soils most suited to irrigation practices and are capable of producing all commercial crops which may be grown under the prevailing climatic conditions .

Group 2 Soils :

This Group includes well drained clays and all soils having medium to medium heavy textures but moderate deductions are made for adverse topography, stones, gravels, etc . Most of the Group 2 soils have crop adaptations similar to thosefor Group 1, but are given a lower classification as they are less uni- form.

Group-3-Soils :

Group 3, which includes soils with similar textures to those in Group 1 and 2, has moderate to high deductions for stoniness, adverse topography, impeded drainage, etc . ; these also include moderately well drained heavy clays and compar- atively stone-free gravelly river channels and terraces . Group 3 soils is so classed either by its more limited range of crop adaptation .or by its incompati- bility to irrigation practices .

Group 4 Soils :

Group 4 soils include heavy clays with alkali subsoils and flat topography and associated impeded drainage, and all soils with depressional topography subject to flooding. Soils requiring drainage are classed in Group 4 until the feasibility of drainage is determined . Upon drainage such soils may be placed in a higher group . This group also includes -thin, gravelly river terraces, channel bottoms, and all soils having limited use . Under a detailed soil survey the poorer portion of such soils may be assigned to Group 5 .

Group 5 Soils :

This group is characterized by stony, gravelly and shallow soils, and all other soils of very limited use due to rough topography, high salinity, etc . -Such soils may not be worthy of development under present conditions . -62- TABLE 8 : CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS ACCORDING TO.THEIR .SUZTABILITY. , FOR IRRIGATION '

Irrigable Land Classes in Acres Soil Type and Complex lst . 2nd .3rd ' 4Th 5th 'Total

Hulca.r Silt Loam 130 11 - 81 - 222 Armstrong Grav, Sandy Loam - - 110 1,041 6?2 1,783 Armstrong Sandy Loam - - 248 415 . 5;? 716 Armstrong Gravelly Loam - - - 83 1 .37 220 Armstrong Loam 38 - 441 374 - 853 Armstrong Clay Loam , - - 70 60 - 130 Moffat Loam - 37 - 40 - 77 Moffat Silt Loam 224 138 132 105 - 599 Grandview Loamy Sand - - - 1,364 637 2,001 Grandview Sandy Loam 228 1,068 1,842 1,102 92 4,-~32 Grandview Fine Sandy Loam - 90 - - - 90 Nahun Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - 1q5 705 860 Nanun Gravelly Sandy Loam - - 4,~6 2,17? 72 23681 Nahun Sandy Loam - - 215 1,272 385 1,872 Nahun Gravelly Loam - - - 94 - 94 Nahun Loam - 241 - - - 241 Kalamalka Grav . Sandy Loam - - 397 401 1,507 2,305 Kalamalka Sandy Loam . - 219 524 58 801 Kalamalka Gravelly Loam - 6 123 77 20 226 Kalamalka Loam 1,984 1,077 690 903 54 4,708 Kal:amalka Silt Loam 294 19 - - - 313 Kalamalka Clay Loam - 72 - - - 72 Kalamalka Grav . Clay Loam - - - 371 - 371 Bluespring Grav . Sandy Loam - - - 385 1,336 1,721 Bluespring Gravelly Loam - 106 63 315 434 918 Bluespring Loam - 5S 180 244 - 479 Spallumcheen Clay Loam 555 675 365 560 - 2,155 Spallumcheen Clay - - 6,751 1,621 29 8,401 Broadview Clay Loam 83 85 :321 245 60 794 Broadview Clay - - 9,905 3,030 234 13,169 Grizzly Hill Grav . Loamy Sand - - - 76 380 456 Grizzly Hill Grav . Sandy Loam - - 164 26 3,035 3,225 Grizzly Hill Sandy Loam - - - 112 86 ?,98 0'Keefe Loamy Sand - - 28 816 347 1,191 0'Keefe Sandy Loam 40 - ~,65 25 472 1,102 0'Keefe Fine Sandy Loam - 186 97 - - 283 Glenemma Gra~r . Loamy Sand - - 163 63 290 516 Glenemma Grav . Sandy Loam - - 225 5 78 308 Lumby Gravelly Sand - - - - 122 122 Lumby Grav . Loamy Sand - - - - 492 492 Lumby Loamy Sand 0 . - 64 1,371 9 1,444 Lumby Grav . Sandy Loam - - 153 442 326 921 Lumby Sandy Loam - 93 479 718 34 1,324 Lumby Fine Sandy Loam - 198 96 14 - 308 Coldstream Gravelly Loam - - 38 144 - 182 Coldstream Loam 244 81 48 130 149 652 Coldstream Silt Loam 117- 426 - - - 543 Cold.stream Clay Loam - 91 11 - - 102 Coldstream Sandy Clay Loam - - 194 - - -L94 Reiswig Loamy Sand - - 64 56 155 275 Reiswig Grav . Sandy Loam - - 99 109 922 :1.,).30 Reiswig Sandy Loam - - - - 293 093 Reiswig Fine Sandy Loam - - - 149 1;033 1,182 Saltwell Loam - - 108 960 573 1,641 Plaster Loam - - 151 - - 151 Plaster Clay - - 1, 47_5 875 312 2,602 - 63: -

TABLE 8 (Continued)_: Irrigable Land Classes in Acres Soil Type and Complex ` 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 9th otal

Enderby Fine Sandy Loam - 123 122 117 - 362 Enderby Silt Loam 1,355 575 198 72 - 2,200 Hilton Fine Sandy Loam - - 1 , 000 64 90 1,154 Hilton .Loam - - - 121 - 121 Hilton Silt Loam - - 496 40 - 536 Hilton-Beaverjack Complex - - - - 226 226 Beaverjack Sandy Loam - - 2,234 855 - 3,089 Beaverjack Fine Sandy Loam - - 50 , 684 - 734 Beaverjack Silt Loam - - 283 - - 283 Beaverjack Silt Loam (Mottled Phase) - 106 134 - - 240 Beaverjack Silt Loam (Concretionary) - - 128 - - 128 Beaverjack Silty Clay Loam - - 37 62 80 179 Beaverjack-Schunter Complex - - - - 286 286 Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam - 59 1,299 1,247 69 2,674 Latewhos-Sicamous Complex - - - 13 970 983 Stepney Sandy Loam - - 349 - - 349 Mara Series 2,186 1,677 64 - - 3,927 Cherryville Grav . Loamy Sand - - 18 50 484 552 Cherryville Grav . Sandy Loam - - - 412 1,103 1,915 Cherryvil.le Grav . Clay Loam - - - 229 599 828 Cherryville-Hilton Complex - - -, - 255 255 Sicamous Grav . Loamy Sand - - - 35 2,839 2,874 Sicamous Loamy Sand - - - 229 - 229 Sicamous Grav . Sandy Loam - - - 648 1,685 2,333 Sicamous Grav . Clay Loam - - 35 13 64 112 Sicamous-Grindrod Complex - - - 105 - 105 Sicam.ous-Beaver;'ack Complex - - - 1,076 951 Sicamous-Hu.pel Complex - - ~ - 854 2, 854 Sicamous-Latewhos Complex - - - 86 456 542 Shuswap Loamy Sand - - 81 893 1,215 2,189 Shuswap Sandy Loam - - 2 385 1,158 1,545 Shuswap-Glenemma Complex - - - - 98 98 Sauf.f. Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - 105 1,174 1)279 Sauff Gravelly Sandy Loam - - 45 741 168 954 Sauff-Hupel Complex - 96 96 Schunter Gravelly Sand - - - 235 18o 415 Schunter. Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - 149 238 38 .- Sch.unter Gravelly Sandy Loam - - 157 133 84 374 Schunter Sandy Loa,m - 45 - 22 38 105 Schun.ter Gravelly Loam - - ' - 88 91 179 Schunte.r~-Sicamous Complex - - ~ - 120 120 vIupel Gravelly Loamy Sand - - . - - 630 630 Hupel Gravelly Sandy Loam - - - 431 967 1,398 Reiter Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - - 1,604 1,604 Reiter Gravelly Sandy Loam - - - - 605 605 'Vance Sand - - - 14-6 - 146 Si.tkam Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - - 279 279 Swanson Clay Loam 13 66 . 23 299 56 !+5'7 Swan.son. Clay - - 326 10 438 '74 Nisconlit.h Loam - 190 444 40 104 r'78 Tdisconlith Silt Loam 106 1,272 588 863 199 :> Nisconl.ith Silt Loam ( Ca,~Lca.reou s ) 445 - - 158 4 607 Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam - 1,154 675 38 96 1,963 Nisconl.ith Silty Clay Loam (Calcareous) -- - - 14'7 - 7.47 Nisconlith Clay Loam 38 3 246 272 167 726 Ni s con7.ith Silty- Clay = 7:66 87 - - 253 Nisconlith Clay - 32 ' 14~1 3 23 249 Nisconlith Clay (Calcareous) - - - 181 - 181 NisconlitYi-Ihzteau Complex - 68 181 - 249 Nis conlith-Ivla,rs, Complex - - 189 - - 189 -64-

TAk3.r~~', 8 (Continued ) :

Irrigable Land Classes in Acres Soil Type and Complex la~t 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Total

Bessette Grav . Loamy Sand - - - - 80 80 Bessette Loamy Sand - - 26 58 138 222 Bessette Sandy Loam - 580' 511. 293 488 1,872 Bessette Sandy Loam (.Calcareous) - - - 195 - 195 Bessette Fine Sandy Loam - 136 lb 98 _ 244 Bessette-Gardom Complex - - - 244 85 329 Duteau Series - 173 562 109 106 990 Duteau Complex - - 493 336 279 1,108 Duteau-Monashee Complex - - - 240 - 240 Duteau-Mabel Complex - - - - 229 229 . Gardom Series - - 214 131 645 990 Gardom Complex - - - 60 302 362 Gardom-Xisconlith Complex - - - 109 - 109 Ga.rdom-Waby Complex - - - - 195 195 Mabel Complex - - - 45 5,026 5 , 071 Monashee .Series - - 27 596 7_63 786 Monashee Complex - - - 2~6 2~986 3,04~ Grindrod Gravelly Sand - - - Grindrod. Grav . Loamy Sand - - - - 541 r)41 Grin.drod Loamy Sand - - 123 209 168 500 G.rindrQd Gravelly Sandy Loam - - 53 130 252 4~35 G.rindr.od Sandy Loam. - - 4 -Do 1,.286 4.8 1, 764 Grindrod Sandy Loam (Calcareous) - - - 70 77 147 Grindrod Fine Sandy Loam - 88 - - 88 176 Okanagan Muck. - - 1,0.19 988 222 2,229 Okanagan-Wab,y Complex ------384 384 Waby Peat 50 229 279 m 65 W

CHEMICAL ANALYSES

The following brief discussion of various soil properties is given as an aid in the interpretation of the chemical data given in Tables 9 and 10 .

1 . Soil Reaction :

The .degree of active acidity (hydrogen ion concentration) or alkalinity (hydroxyl ion 'concentration) in the soil is expressed as pH . This value is simply the negative- logarithm of°the hydrogen ion concentration and,is expressed in terms of numerical values from zero to 14 ; a value of seven is considered neutral . Any, value lo~~:~e .r than seven is indicative of acidity and values above seven are indicative of alkalinity . The deg'ree of acidity or .alkalinity is measured by the magnitude of the difference in pH value from seven . For practical purposes the entire range of soil reactions is between three and nine and one-half .

As an aid to classification, soil pH values are important as they give some indication of lime requirement . However, since different soils have .different degrees of buffer capacity, pH values are not reliable for the puTpose of estimating the frequencies or magnitudes of lime applications . The pH value also gives an indication of the probable availability of certain plant nutrients in the soil, since the availability of some elements is closely associated with this value . _ In addition to the influence that the pH value has on the solubility of various soil compounds ; certain fixation processes in the soil are closely associated with soil reaction . The cptimum range of soil .reaction for most plants lies between pH .values of 5 .6 and 7.8 .

2 . Organic Matter :

The content of organic matter in the soil may vary from less than one percent in mineral soils to as high as 99 percent in peat soils . The proper amount of.organic matter is one of the most important requirements in soil fertility and management . Most, if not all the nitrogen and some of the phosphorus and sulphur are held in organic combination . One of its greatest contributions to soil fertility is its effect on soil structure . As organic matter decomposes, organic colloids and acids are formed which have a beneficial influence upon the soil structure . Aggregation, and the formation of granular structures is greatly facilitated by the presence of organic colloids in the soils . Aggregation improves and increases the movement of air, gases and water through the soil which is beneficial to the micro-biological population . In short, the presence of adequate amounts of organic matter in the soil improves the texture of both light and heavy soils, increases the moisture holding capacity, increases the cation exchange capacity and creates a favourable carbon dioxide--oxygen tension in the soil which is beneficial to plant root development and growth . Since there is a tendency for organic matter contents in the soil to decrease with cultivation, any good soil management program should include measures necessary to maintain organic matter at an adequate level .

3 . Available Phosphorus :

Phosphorus is one of the major elements essential for plant growth . It occurs in the soil both in organic and inorganic forms . However, only the mineral form is utlilized by plants . Phosphorus is one of those nutrients occurring in the soil which is strongly influenced by the reaction or pH value . At very low (pH 3-4) and very high (pH 8 .5 "-9) values, phosphorus is relatively unavailable . At such soil reactions and solubility of phosphorus carrying compounds is very low and thus the availability of phosphorus is also very low. With increasing pH values from 4 to 6 .5 the availability of phosphorus increases and. reaches a maximum at pIH 6 .0-6 .5 after which, it begins to decrease . Actually it is impossible to provide fixed rules describing the probable behavior of soil phosphorus without detailed chemical and physical analyses of each specific soil site . The data on phosphorus levels given in Table 10 are on the basis of absorbed phosphorus values and the following levels-may be used as a general guide* :

Very low - 3 .0 PPM Low - 3-7 PPM Medium - 7-20 PPM High - 2.0+ PPM

Jackson, M. L . Soil Chemical Analysis, 1958 " w 66 -

4 . Caaion. Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Cations : i The ca'tion. exchange properties of soils are governed by the clay mineral, and organic matter fractions . This exchange is reversible as between the solid and liquid components . Ability of the soil to hold exchangeable cations is termed the c.ation exchange capacity- . It ranges from practically nil to over 100 milli-equivalents per_'100 grams of soil . One milli-equivalent of calcium per 100 grams of mineral -soil is roughly equivalent to 4-00 pounds of calcium per acre to plow depth or the amount of calcium in 1,000 pounds of pure limestone* .

The cation exchange properties of soils influence plant nutrition . Nutrient cations held as exchangeable bases are in an available state, but not easily leached from soils .. Since the cation exchange capacity of a soil depends on the content of organic matter and clay, there is variation in behavior between soil types, and between soil horizons of the same profile . Total cation exchange capacities below 5 milli-equivalents per 100 grams of soil are regarded as very low, 5 to 20 as low and 20 -to 40 as medium . Over ZEO is considered high .

Depending upon the climate the important exchangeable cations are hydrogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. Others occur in small amounts, and these are included with the hydrogen, as expressed by difference when the quantities of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium are subtracted from the total .

Exchangeable calcium and magnesium are removed by .crops and lost by leach- ing of the soil during the wet season . A gradual development of .soil acidity is caused. by increasing deficiency of these elements. Benefit from liming is greater -than mere reduction of acidity, inasmuch as these two elements are also plant nutrients and essential -to plant growth .

To bring about changes in soil reaction, soils high in clay and organic matter require more lime than sandy soils having the same- pH . In general, where average crops are produced~it is suggested that at least 60° base saturation is required for mineral soils, and at least, 40% for organic soils . Calcium is more readily available at the lower base saturation in peat and muck than in mineral soils .

The availability of any exchangeable cation nutrient to plants depends on several factors, such as aeration, the level of other cations, the nature of the plant, depth of. .rooting and the ability of -the soil minerals and organic matter to supply nutrients . The following may be used as a guide for the interpretation of various potassium levels~HE~ .

Low - Less than 0 .15 milli-equivalents/l00 gms . soil . Medium - Between 0 .15 and 0 .30 " " " High - .Over 0 .30

Exchangeable sodiuia is an important constituent that can profoundly affect the physical_ properties of a. soil . If. -the exchange complex contains appreciable amounts of sodium, dispersion of soil particles will occur . Such .a condition causes the soil to puddle, promotes poor aeration and water availability ; puddling is most detrimental in fine textured soils . If the exchange complex becomes more than 10 to 15`o saturated with sodium, nutitional disorders are likely to occur .

5 . Total Nitrogen :

Nitrogen is another of the essential major elements required by plants . Its presence in the soil is chiefly in the form of ligno-protein or clay-protein complexes . It may be also found in the soil as heterocyclic-nitrogen compounds such .as purine and pyrimidines, amino acids,. and nucleic acids . Inorganic forms of nitrogen found in the soil are chiefly ammonium and nitrates .

The atmosphere is the ultimate source of soil nitrogen . Many agencies are involved in the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to:forms found in the soil . One of the chieftmethods of this transfer is through the agency of micro- organisms inhabiting the soil . The nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria known as Azotoba.cter and the anaerobic bacteria knovrn as Claustridia are responsible for fixing large quantities of atmospheric nitrogen . The bacteria,.Rhizobia, . living in .

*Ryon, T . L ., Buckman, H . 0 . and Brady, N . C . The Nature and Properties of Soils, Fifth Edition, 1952 .

**Rovrles, C . A ., Department of Soil Science, University of B . C,., 1959, personal - 67 - symbiotic relationship with legumes also make a considerable contribution to the total : nitrogen :c`.ontent of soils,. Aside from the-nitrogen attributable to micro-,biological activity -some is washed into the soil each year as a result of electrical storms .

Despite the large amounts of nitrogen released in the soil each year, the reserve of available nitrogen is never very great . This in conjunction with the ~,V~ery .l.arge amounts removed by crop production makes it necessary for an adequate fertilizer program to be undertaken . The addition of green cover crops and crop residues greatly enhances the nitrogen content of the soil . In a general way it can be said that-75-100 pounds of nitrogen per acre should be available for crop growth . Management practices should be such that a moderate level of available nitrogen is always .present in the soil .for,cr.op use . Such a condition may be maintained by a good rotation practice which includes several types of legumes ; the use of legumes facilitate the maintenance .of a narrow CIN ratio . It must be stated that organic sources of nitrogen will~never completely satisfy the crop requirements and thus the proper use of commercial inorganic fertilizers is imperative in any soil management program.

Under .f.a;vourable conditions for nitrogen activity, the following levels may be used. as a general guide .

Very low - .10% Low - .10% - .25% Medium - .25% - . 4o% High . - .4o% '

6 . Conductivity :

Soil is composed of a three phase system, solid, liquid and gas . The interstitial spaces-between solid mineral particles~are called pore spaces and , are usually occupied jointly by liquid. and vapor . Pores are classified into capillaq and non-capillary pore spaces . Non-capillary pore spaces generally are occupied with moisture only temporarily after .irrigation or heavy rainfalls ; however, they are actively used in vapor exchange phenomenon . By far the greater portion of the soil solution is held in-the capillary pores and most of the available moisture in the soil is found in-these pore spaces .

The movement both of. water and gaseous vapors through the soil bring about solution of. various compounds . Depending upon the kind of compound in question and its solubility, the soil solution may.have varying degre~es of soluble salts present . The content of soluble salts in the soil solution is estimated electrically through conductivity measurements . The greater the'conductivity the greater the content of soluble salts present in -the soil solution . The greater the soluble salt concentration the greater the osmotic pressure against which plants must draw their nutrients . Conductivity measurements are-estimated in terms of milli-mhos (resiprocal to resistance- Ohms) per centimetre . Concentrations of soluble salts of four or more milli-mhos/cm are considered harmful to normal plant growth and measures should be taken, if possible, to reduce the . .content=of salt-in the soil solution . This may be accomplished by exces- sive irrigation which, if drainage is adequate, will remove excess soluble salts .

Tabl.e 9 :

The data pertaining to selected profiles representative of most of the soil subgroups which occur .in the north Okanagan Valley area are given in Table 9 . A notable feature of the data given here is the direct relationship between the pH values and the percent base saturation values with increased. depths ; both soil pH. values and percent base~ .saturation values increase .

Some leaching of bases has taken place in all the subgroup profiles represented as seen both in the exchangeable calcium (and some of the exchangeable magnesium -values) and. base, saturation percentages . The least degree of leaching is observed in the . orthic Dark, Brown, Black, and Solone:tzi.c Black Halomorph., while increasing amounts of leaching are seen in the Gray Wooded Brown Podzolic and Podzol soils . The Itegosolic Soilr,, are more or less in a class by themselves as their youth- fulness has not permitted -sufficient time for the environmental forces to give their full expression to the profile . There does not appear to be any immediate danger of the development of excess sodium salts even in the Halomorphic soils . Soil pH values are .generally optimum:for~plant growth . - 68 -

Table 10 :

The, data, ,.given in, ,Table. 10 reveals -the fact that with the exception of -the two Mor Regosolic soils, Monashee Sand and Sandy Loam, the adsorbed phosphorus levels particularly in the surface horizons are adequate for crop demands . With the exception of isol:ated cases the total nitrogen levels are very low (~ .1%) . The-.surface horizons, of-Arms Gravelly Sandy Loam, Spallumcheen Clay, Broadview Clay and Sau:ff' Gravelly Saridy . Laam are; low K . 25%) and the surface horizon of Monashee Sandy .Loam is .high (< . .40°fo) .in total nitrogen contents . This is expected for the forested soils but the Black and Da:rk~Brown soils should have much higher nitrogen value,s . In regard to the percent organic matter, the distribution patterns are similar for all profiles recorded ; organic matter is concentrated at the surface and decreases with depths . There is a positive correlation between the soil organic matter content, .and the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus apparent in all the profiles given.,in Table 10,, This suggest.s,.~that.organic matter in these soils contrib- utes to a considerable extent in bo,th.nitrb:gbzi~and~ .phosphbrus levels present . Undoubtedly a considerable fraction of the adsorbed phosphorus contents given in Table 10 is attributable to the sand, silt and clay fractions of the soil . Very little of a definite nature can be stated concerning-the-C/N ratios although there appears to be ,a tendency for the Dark Brown, Black, Solonetzic Black and Solonetzic Gray Wooded .soils to .have a narrower ration, particularly so in the surface horizons ; such a.-condition is expected . . .J -69-

TARTZ 9 : EXCHANGE CAPACITY, EXCHANGEABLE. CATIONS AND BASK SATURATION .> OF ~REPRESENTATzVE PROFILES_. ...... , . . .

`Exchange Exchangeable Cations °fo Base Capacity _ m . e': /100 g. Satur- Horizon' ° Depth' pH m. e ;~100' g::", Ca Mg K14a ~ ation

HULCAR SILT LOAM - Orthic Dark.'Brown . '- . .- 17 : 52. .. ' 0 - .10" .10:90 ` ° '2 :76- -1-05 0 .42 . ~ 86 .86' lo, 20"- 6. . ,11 .10 ' .C `7 .:28: :'. , -1:70 o :67 0 .33 ~ '89-91 20" 29" 11,6 11 .45 .2,19 0 .25 0 : 29~1. + . 7 .98 .37 99 .48 . 8 :6 4 .40 12~.64~ 2 .51 0 .10 ` 0.53 loo.oo ARMSTRONG .GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM.- Orthic~Black . Ah . .0~ - 11" 7 .1 ' 14 .81 11.58 2.05 0 .72 o .42 99 .73 AB i li ~ = 15,v. . , . , , 15 _ 33" :' Cca' ~ =33 - 39" 8 .1 3 :82 15 . 25 -2 .04 0 .11 0 .58 100 .00 °e < 40~~--'401+ 8 .4 4 .62, 15 .76 3 .78 0 .11 o .66 100 .00 Sl'ALLUMCHEEN CLAY - Solonetzic Black Halomorph 0 811 Ahc - 7.0 37.83 19 .17 12 .25 1.95 o.96 90 .75 Bt-1 8 - 13" 6 .8 34..22 14.53~ . 12 .17 1 .16 1 .13 84 .72 Bt-2 13 - 25" 7 .3 34.6o i2 .38 15 .70 1 .22 1 .48 88 .96 BC 25" + 8 .2 32 .80 19 .75 18 .30 o.80 2 .71 1.00 .00

BROADVIEW_CLAY - Solonetzic Gray Wooded Halomorph Aec 0 - 4" 615 40 .84 15 .69 *. 16 .78 1 .78 .{ 0 .69 85 .55 Bt (4 - 14" 6 .5 57°.62~ 16 .20 28 .18 1 .66 1 .22 82 .02 (18- 28" 7 .4 52 .86 13 .45 34 .33 1 .34 1 .54 95 .84 BC 28- 34" 7 .5 44 .68 ll .o6 31. .86 1 .16 1 .61 100 .00 Cca 34" + 8 .o 29 .34 16 .45 17 .86 o .83 1 .74 loo .oo

LUMBY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Brown Wooded Ah 0 - 2" 5 .8 21 .78 11 .02 2 .73 1 .56 0 .28 71 .60 AB 2 - 10" 6 .o 14 .52 8 .65 1 .55 1 .25 0 .28 80. .00 BC lo - 19" 6 .4 17 .24 12 .36 2 .04 1 .50 0 .32 94 .1o CWD 19" + 7 .2 17 .27 ~~15 .o4 : . . .2 .10 1 .30 0 .37 100 .00

REISWIG SANDY LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ahe 0 --3"~ 6 .3 11 .05 7 .10 1 .24 0 .51 0 .22 81 .6o Ae 3 - 10" 5 .9 6 .59 3 .25 1 .55 0 .33 0 .23 81 .4o Bt 10 - 24" 6 .4 6.o8 4.64 0.58 0.22 0.28 76 .8o C 24" + 7.8 . 5 .01 16 .68 1 .o6 0.21 0.29 100.00

ENDERBY SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded Ae 0 - 8" 6 .o 12 .02 5 .02 3 .44 0.52 0 .26 76 .87 Bt 8 - 14" 7 .3 21 .46 22 .71 8 .27 0 .72 0 .86 100 .00 B-Cca 14 - 24" 8 .4 6 .45 15 .98 3.57 0 .27 0 .62 100 .00 C 24" + 8 .4 6 .o6 15 .25 4 .o4 0.28 0 .59 100 .00 IMtTON SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded Ae-1 o - 32" 6.1 18 .69 6.84 2.96 1.33 0.30 61 .16 Ae-2 32 - 6" 5 .8 27 .07 1o .87 6 .45 1 .03 o .45 69 .45 .ll-Bt (11 - 14" 6 .2 39 .20 20 .71 11 .62 1 .21 0 .88 87.81 (14 - 18" . 6 .2 '41 .6o 22-03 11 .19 1 .11 0 .96 .. 86 .27

BEAVERJACK SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded Ae 0 - 4" 6 .4 9 .29 4 .48 2 .46 0 .52 0 .23 82 .78 AeBt 4 - 11" 6 .4 10 .42 5 .56 2 .35 0 .54 0 .26 83 .59 Bt 11 - 19" 6 .7 13 .32 7 .35 4 .38 0 .59 0 .36 95 .20 B -D 19 - 23" 6 .4 28 .54 14 .86 . 9 .70 0..85, 0 .65 91 .31 D3 23" + 6 .6 34.24 17.57 12 .07 0 .92 0 .76 91 .47 -70-

TA131~~E 9 ~Contin-ued)_ .

Exchange Exchangeable Cations °fo Base Capacity, . ~- m .e ./100 g Satur- Iiorizon Depth pH m .e ./100 g Ca Mg K Na ation

CHERRYVILLE GRAVFLLY SANDY LOAM - Brunisolic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 3/4" 5 .2 22 .05. 9 .2'7 2 .48 0 .54 0 .38 57 .02 Bcr 3/4 - 7'° 5 .8 15<83 7 .72 1 .75 0 .73 0 .33 66 .40 Bt 7 - 161' 5 .4 6 .98 3 .50 2 .o6 o .44 0 .23 89 .30 C 1611 + 5 .7 12 .o8 7 .72 1 .96 o .48 0 .34 86 .92

SAUFF GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Brown Podzolic Bcr-1 0 - 2" 5 .6 38 .20 8 .o8 1 .10 0 .35 0 .36 25 .85 Bcr-2 2 - 13" 6 .2 26 .82 3 .76 0 .37 0 .18 0 :34 13 .70 D 13" + 5 .6 3 .72 1 .30 0 .00 0 .08 0 .20 40 .70

=EL GRAVELLY LOAMY SAND - Minimal. Podzol Ae C - l" 5 .5 1.9 .29 4 .38 2 .40 o .44 0 .39 39 .40 8hir 1 - 3" 6 .o 17 .98 2 .37' 1 .26 0 .30 o .48 24 .50 Bir 3 - 10" 6 .2 17 .25 1 .36 0 .68 0 .23 0 .24 14 .55 B-C 10 - 19" 5 .6 4 .11 1 .42 0 .56 0 .11 0 .25 57 .00

REITER GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Podzol Ae 0 - 22" 6 .5 28 .79 14 .40 1 .36 0 .67 0 .30 6o .0o Bir 2-ff' - 13tt 6 .5 18 .23 3 .29 0 .00 o .14 0 .37 17 .77 C-D 13`4- 6 .1 4 .02 1 .96 0 .00 0 .09 0 .30 58 .50

MONASHEF SAND - Mor Regosol 1 0 - lo" 7 .5 3 .66 5 .05 o .46 o .o6 0 .23 100 .00 2 10 - 16" 7 .2 2 .45 2 .88 0 .00 0 .05 0 .22 100 .00 3 16 - 22" 7 .8 7 .77 11 .95 1 .65 o .o8 0 .43 100 .00

MONASHEE SANDY LOAM - Mor Regosol 1 0 - 3" 7.4 45 .4o 42 .30 4.1o 1.8o 0.55 100.00 2 3 m 511 7 .1 18 .19 14 .1.o 1 .71 1 .05 o .46 89 .8o 3 5 - 17't+ 7 .4 9 .90 9 .58 l .o4 o.88 o .47 100 .00 - 71 °-

TABIE 10o ORGANIC MATTER, CARBON, NITROGEN, CIN RATIOS AND ADSORBED PHOSPHORUS DETERMINATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE PROFILES

Organic Total Ads orbed ,M4tter . . . Carbon Nitrogen CIN Phosphorus Horizon Depth Ratios P. P . M .

HULCAR SILT LOAM - Orthic Dark Brown Al.x 0 d lo" 3 .37 1 .95 .148 13 .2 61 AB l0 - 20" o .88 0 .51 .034 15 .0 46 B 20 - 29" 1.31 0 .76 .025 30 .5 38 C 29" + 0 .17 0 .10 .0o8 12 .5 6

ARMSTRONG GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Black

Ah 0 - ill, 4 .92 2 .85 .210 13 .6 4o AB 11 - 15" B 15 - 33" Cca 33 - 39" 0 .61 0 .35 .030 11 .7 5 C 4o - 4611+ o.44 0.26 .009 29 .0 5

SP.ALLiTMCHEEN CLAY -, Solonetzic Black Halomorph Ahc o - 8" 7 .58 4 .40 .2g4 15 .0 78 Bt-yl 8 -- 13" 3 .64 2 .11 .150 14 .1 47 Bt-2 13 - 25" . , 1 .72 1...0032 . .075 13 .3 . 23 BC 25" + o~. 55...... 0 ...... 049...... 6o5' ...... 3 BROADVTEW CLAY - Solonetzic Gray Wooded Halomorph

Aec 0 - 4" 7 .48 4.33 .275 15 .7 152 Bt (4 - 141t 1. .89 1 .10 .077 14.3 44 (1.8- 28'" 1.50 0.87 .o64 13 .6 13 BC 28- 34" 1.38 0.80 .o45 17 .8 12 . , . . . C ca 34" + 10-72 . . . . , . o .46 ...... _, .039 ...... 11 .8 . 1.2.

LtJMBY" SANDY LOAM - Orthic Brown Wooded Ah 0 - 2" 8 .30 4 .81 .212 22 .7 70 AB 2 - l0" 1 .39 o .81 .052 15 .6 64 BC l0 - 19" 0 .59 0 .34 .o4o 8 .5 52 C --D 1911 + 0 .52 ...... 0 .30 ...... 028 . . .1,0 .7 . 70

REISWLG SANDY LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded Ahe 0 - 3~l 2 .46 1 .43 . o68 21 .0 100 Ae 3 - l0" 0 .59 0.34 .026 13 .1 6o Bt 1.0 - 24" 0 .32 0.19 .o14 13 .6 65 C 24" + . 0 :21 ...... 0 .12 . . .018- . . 6 .7 . . 00 . .

ENDERBY SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 8" 1 .40 0 .81 .062 13 .1 4`; Bt 8 - 14" 0 .98 0 .57 .o4o 14 .3 )*T BwCca 1.4 "- 24" . . .o .44 . . ., 0 .26 . . . .017 . 15®3 C 24" + 0 .35 0 .20 .011 18 .2 . . . . 37 HILTON SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded A.e-1 0 ~- 32" 2 .4o 1 .39 .099 14 .0 19o Ae-2 32 - 6" 1 .34 0 .78 .070 11.1 57 D-Bt (11 - 14" 0 .91 0 .53 .052 10 .2 21 ...... : . . (14 - 18" 0 .92 .0.53~~~ :047 11 .3 23 . .

BEAVERJACY SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded Ae 0 - 4" o .88 110 AeBt 4 - 11" 0 .62 43 Bt i1 - 19" 0 .35 37 B 3-D 19 - 23" 0 .72 16 n . P~-4-" n . 89 - . 20 TABLE 10 (Continued)

Organic Total HORIZON Depth Matter Carbon Nitrogen C/N Adsorbed Ratios Phosphorus

CHFIi.RYVILI.E GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Brunisolic Gray Wooded

A.e 0 - 3/4"' 8.54 4" 95 .198 25 .0 77 Bcr 3/4 - 7" 3 .26 1 .89 .0.98 19 .3 92 Bt 7 - 1611 o .64 0 .37 .037 . 10 .0 28 C 16 "t + 0 .57 0 .33 " 042 7 .9 34

SAUFF GRA.VELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Brown Podzolic

Bcr-1 0 - 2t? 11.23 6 .52 .286 22 .8 55 Bcr-2 2 - 13+1 4 .29 2 .'49 .012 23 .3 58 D 1311 + 0 .48 0 .28 .022 23 .3 58

HUPEL GRAVELLY IpAMY SAND - Minimal Podzol lit 5 4 '~ Bhir 1 - 3"t 3 "30 ~.. 91 .Ogg 21a7 164 Bir 3 - 10tt 2 .17 1.26 ,06.5 19.4 18 B-C 10 - 19+t 0.57 0.33 0021 15 .7 26

RETZER GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Podzol

Ae 0 -22ti 8,86 5 .14 .183 28 .18 103 ?3ir 2'-2 - 13" 2.85 1.65 .083 19.9 16 C-D 13t~~ + 0.50 0.29 0.15 19 .3 66

MONASHEE SAND - Mor Regosol 1 0 - lofe 0.70 0.41 .026 15 .8 5 2 lo - 16"t 0.35 0.20 .012 16 .7 5 3 16 - 2291 1.73 1.oo .- . .o.6.6 ._, , . 15 .2 5

MONASHEE SANDY LOAM - Mor Regosol

1 0 - 311 16 .18 9.39 .555 16 .9 16 2 3 - 5" 1 .33 0.77 .058 12 .4 10 3 5 - 17" + 0 .20 0 .12 .022 5 .5 - 73 --

TABLE 1,1 : PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF~REPRESENTATIVE PROFILES

Sand Silt Clay Horizon Depth % ~-- - % ' % Texture

SPALLUMCHEEN CLAY - Solonetz_ic Black I-Ialomorph

Ahc 0 - 81' 5 .601 38 .285 56 .114 Clay ' Bt-l - 8 - 13" 3 .600 36 .822 59-578 Clay Bt-21 . 13 - 25" 1 .120 24 .882 . 73-998 Heavy Clay B~-C-C 25'° + 2 .066 23 " 267 74 .667 Heavy Clay

CLAY -~Solonetzic Gray Wooded Halor"lnorph

Aec 0 - 47r 8,390 - 36-726 54 .884 Clay Bt ( 4 - 14" 1 .3g.7 .11 :935 86 .668 Heavy Clay (18 - 28rt . . . 0 .740 . 11. .940 87 .320 , Heavy Clay B-C 28 - 344' . - ` '0 :3.01 . , 15 .462 84 .237 Heavy Clay Cca 31,.f4 + 0 .20$ 21 .521 7$ .271 Heavy Clay

ENDERBY SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 891 8 .466 81 .523 10 .011 Silt Loam - Silt Bt $ - J..La.Y' 4 .5`.15 . $1,. .4.04 11 .0$1 Silt Loam - Silt B-Cca 14'- 24vt, . 1.1,..534 $1 .399 4.067 Silt Loam - Silt C . 24"4 + 20 .577 76 .95$ . 2 .465 Silt Loam

HILTON SILT r-QE -- .Orthic,,, Gray Wooded.

Ae-1 ' 0 - 32rr , .1$ :596, .. . ;,; 60 .310 , . 21 . .094 Silt Loam Ae-2 31 - 61e 8 .400 35 .558 - 56 .042 Clay D-Bt (11 - 141!' 3 .308 18 .317 78 " 375 Heavy Clay (11~ - 18°0 2.686 18 .865 78 " 449 Heavy Clay

BEAVERJACK SILT LOAM - CFrthic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 4" 34 .501a- 52 .570 12 .926 Silt Loam AeBt 4 - 11" ` . 37-634, 43-503 18 .863 Loam Bt 11 - 191P 55 " 472 16 .923 27 .605 Sandy Clay Loam B, ~-D '19~- 23+4 ~ 13 .844 - 32-557 53-599 Clay Dj 23'° + 1 .891 32 .314 65 ;795 Heavy Clay -74-

.Aazthropic - A general term meaning man-made . In this report it refers to a soil which has been altered by.man .

Eluvi~ted - Means washed-out and refers to a horizons from which a large part of the weatherable constituents have been removed . A gray Podzol Ae is an example .

Ferromagnesium Minerals - Biotite, hornblende, etc ., which are high in magnesium and iron . Such rocks weather more rapidly than granitic rocks .

Friable - Easily crushed in the.fingers, non-plastic .

Gley - A soil in which the material has been modified by saturation with water for long periods in the presence,of organic matter .

Horizon - A layer in the soil profile approximately parallel to the land surface with more or less well-defined characteristics that have been produced through the operation of soil building processes . The distinctness of horizon boundaries are described as (1) abrupt, if less than 1 inch wide ; (2) clear, if about 1-22 inches wide ; (3) gradual, if 22 - 5 inches wide ; and (4) diffuse, if more than 5 inches wide .

Horizon Nomenclature,- Horizon and lower case letters used in this report are defined as follows-.

0~ -A layer of organic matter on the surface, as in forest soils, originally called horizon AC) .

A. -The surface horizon of a mineral soil having maximum biological activity, or eluviation (.removal of materials dissolved or suspended in water) or both .

B A soil horizon, usually beneath an A horizon, in which clay, iron, or aluminum, with accessory organic matter, have accumulated by receiving suspended material from the A horizon, or by clay development in place . Horizon B has blocky or prismatic structure, or has some combination of these features .

-The unconsolidated geological material in the lower part of the soil profile from which the upper horizons (or at least part of the B horizon) has developed . .

D -Any stratum underlying the soil profile that is unlike the material from which the soil was formed, but which has significance to the soil .

c -Cultivated~ layer .

e -A light colored horizon that is the result of eluviation .

h -A dark mineral horizon dominantly characterized by the presence of humus . The most prominent example is the chernozemic A, written Ah .

t -An illuvial horizon with accumulated clay and indicated by the presence of clay skins . The so.lonetzic B, written Bt, is an example .

g -A gleyed horizon indicated by gray colors and/or red and yellow-mottles .

ir ~-A colored horizon having a high iron content, usually considered as an illuvial horizon .

cr -Indicating chrome, a strongly colored horizon .

ca -Calcareous, an horizon of ,lime accumulation,.

Itn eviour s Material - Materials resistant to penetration by water, air and roots .

Leaching - The removal of soluble constituents from the soil by percolating waters . p Mottled - Irregularly marked with spots of different colors . Mottling in soils usually indicates poor aeration and lack of good drainage . -75-

Muck - Fairly well decomposed organic soil, often containing a relatively high'pro- portion of mineral material . It is dark in color and accumulated under poorly drained conciitions .

Opgyani.c So:il -~ A general term used in reference of' any soil composed , predominantly of organic matter . , .

Orthic - A term specifically used in reference to-a type of soil profile and meaning normal or regional . Thus an Orthic profile is one expected under the combination of soil forming processes involved . '

Parent Material - The unconsolidated mass from which the soil profile develops .

_Peat - Unconsolidated soil material consisting .largely .of undecomposed or slightly decomposed organic-matter accumulated under conditions of excessive moisture . p1j_- A notation used to designate the relative acidity of alkalinity of soils or other materials . A .pH of 7 .0 indicates neutral conditions . Higher values indicate alkalinity arid lower ones acidity . (pH represents intensity of acidity, not total exchangeable hydrogen, or quantity of potential acidity) .

Plastic - Capable of being molded without rupture, not friable .

Podzolization - A general term referring -to that process by which soils are depleted of bases, become acid and develop leached A horizons and illuvial B horizons . Speci- fically, it refers to the process by which a Podzol is developed and in which the iron and alumin.a are removed from the upper part of the profile more rapidly than silica .

Profile - A vertical section of the soil through all its horizons and extending into the parent paterial .

Solum.- The upper part of.the soil profile, above the parent material, in which the processes of soil formation~are taking place . It includes the A and B horizons .

Stratified -...Composed of, or arrangelin, strata or layers, as stratified alluvium . Those layers in soils that are produced by the processes of soil formation are called horizons.,,' while those inherited from the parent materials are called strata .

Structure - The morphological aggregates in which the individual soil particles are arranged. The following structures are mentioned in this report .

Platy - Thin horizontal plates, as -in the Ae horizons of podzol soils .

Prismatic - Large aggregates with a vertical axis longer than the horizontal and with fairly well defined edges and surfaces . Usually the tops of these aggregates are flat .

L oclt~ - Block-like aggregates with vertical and horizontal axis of approxi- mately -the same length . Usually with sharp edges . .

Suban i.i-lar Blocky --Block-like aggregates with vertical and horizontal axis of approximately the same length . Usually with sub-rounded edges .

Granular. - More or less rounded soil aggregates with an absence of smooth face', and edges .

Massive - Large cohesive masses, almost amorphous or structureless, with irregular cleavage faces .

Single grain - Loose, incoherent mass of individual particles, as in sands .

Texture,- Soil texture is based on the percentage of sand, silt and clay that a soil may have .

Water Table - The upper limit of that part of the soil cr underlying material wholly saturated with water . . °: . . . - .