Hyvästit, Potkut Vaiko Lobbauksen Hedelmä? : Yhdysvaltain

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Hyvästit, Potkut Vaiko Lobbauksen Hedelmä? : Yhdysvaltain B 128 OULU 2015 B 128 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O. Box 8000 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA HUMANIORAB Ari Uusitalo Ari Uusitalo Professor Esa Hohtola HYVÄSTIT, POTKUT VAIKO University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen LOBBAUKSEN HEDELMÄ? Postdoctoral research fellow Sanna Taskila YHDYSVALTAIN SUHTAUTUMINEN FILIPPIINIEN ITSENÄISYYSKYSYMYKSEEN JA SEN RATKAISUUN 1929–1934 Professor Olli Vuolteenaho University Lecturer Veli-Matti Ulvinen Director Sinikka Eskelinen Professor Jari Juga University Lecturer Anu Soikkeli Professor Olli Vuolteenaho OULUN YLIOPISTON TUTKIJAKOULU; OULUN YLIOPISTO, HUMANISTINEN TIEDEKUNTA, HISTORIA Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala ISBN 978-952-62-0822-0 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0823-7 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Print) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS B Humaniora 128 ARI UUSITALO HYVÄSTIT, POTKUT VAIKO LOBBAUKSEN HEDELMÄ? Yhdysvaltain suhtautuminen Filippiinien itsenäisyyskysymykseen ja sen ratkaisuun 1929–1934 Esitetään Oulun yliopiston ihmistieteiden tohtorikoulutus- toimikunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Linnanmaan Kuusamonsalissa (YB210) 4. kesäkuuta 2015 klo 12.00 OULUN YLIOPISTO, OULU 2015 Copyright © 2015 Acta Univ. Oul. B 128, 2015 Työn ohjaajat Professori Kari Alenius Professori Olavi K. Fält Esitarkastajat Tohtori Tuula Okkonen Dosentti Markku Ruotsila Vastaväittäjä Tohtori Juhana Aunesluoma ISBN 978-952-62-0822-0 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0823-7 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) Kannen suunnittelu Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2015 Uusitalo, Ari, Goodbye, lay-off of fruit of lobbying? The United States’ attitude towards the question of the independence of the Philippines and its solution in 1929–1934 University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Humanities, History Acta Univ. Oul. B 128, 2015 University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Abstract The research examines the U.S. approach to the independence of the Philippines and its stages at the end of the 1920's and in the early 1930's. The Philippines belonged to the United States from 1898 to 1946. The relationship between the two countries was quite controversial from the very beginning. Many of the different phases and factors resulted in the U.S. Congress passing a law in March 1934, which guaranteed full independence to the Philippines after a ten-year transition period. The birth of the law which led to Philippine independence was a complex political process, with a number of variables influencing the attitudes and the solution. These factors accounting for the formation of the solution changed as time progressed. One of the key variables in terms of the Act of Independence began when the Great Depression began in 1929, which affected especially agricultural producers. As the Philippines was administratively a part of the federal government, in these circles it was seen that only independence could be the solution to close the archipelago outside of the domestic market. In fact, the sugar and coconut imports from the Philippines were not a real competitor to the federal farmers. In addition to the domestic farmers the Cuban sugar producers, who were headed by U.S. investors, felt that Philippine duty-free import was challenging their share of the federal market. They were of the opinion that the independence of the Philippines could guarantee them better market positions in the federal sugar market, and strove to promote the Independence Act as soon as possible. As a result of the worsening unemployment situation Filipino migrant workers started competing for scarce jobs. As a part of the United States Filipinos had free immigration rights. In particular, on the west coast and in the employees' organizations, independence was seen as the easiest way to limit immigration. In addition to the economic cycle other significant factors were the changes in foreign policy, and in particular the rise of Japan as a powerful superpower in the Far East. The federal government and the majority of the Congress represented opposing views of the independence issue. The Congress was able to show strength in this confrontation. The main sources of the material consist of the U.S. government documents, the Congress document collections, foreign relations document collections, memoirs and other documents. Keywords: congress, independence, Japan, Manuel Quezon, Philippines, sugar, United States Uusitalo, Ari, Hyvästit, potkut vaiko lobbauksen hedelmä? Yhdysvaltain suhtau- tuminen Filippiinien itsenäisyyskysymykseen ja sen ratkaisuun 1929–1934 Oulun yliopiston tutkijakoulu; Oulun yliopisto, Humanistinen tiedekunta, Historia Acta Univ. Oul. B 128, 2015 Oulun yliopisto, PL 8000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Yhdysvaltain suhtautumista Filippiinien itsenäistymiseen ja siihen liittyneisiin vaiheisiin 1920 -luvun lopulla ja 1930-luvun alkupuoliskolla. Filippiinit kuuluivat Yhdysvalloille vuosina 1898–1946. Maiden välinen suhde oli hyvin kiistanalainen alusta alka- en. Monien eri vaiheiden ja tekijöiden seurauksena Yhdysvaltain kongressi hyväksyi maalis- kuussa 1934 lain, joka takasi Filippiineille täyden itsenäisyyden kymmenen vuoden siirtymä- ajan jälkeen. Filippiinien itsenäistymiseen johtaneen lain synty oli monimutkainen poliittinen prosessi, jossa oli useita suhtautumiseen ja ratkaisuun vaikuttaneita muuttujia. Näiden tekijöi- den osuus ratkaisun muodostumiseen muuttui ajan edetessä. Yksi keskeisimmistä muuttujista itsenäisyyslain suhteen oli vuonna 1929 Yhdysvalloissa alkanut suuri lamakausi, josta kärsivät erityisesti maataloustuottajat. Koska Filippiinit oli hallinnollisesti osa liittovaltiota, näissä pii- reissä nähtiin, että ainoastaan itsenäisyys voisi saattaa saariston sisämarkkinoiden ulkopuolelle. Filippiineiltä tuotava sokeri ja kookosöljy eivät olleet todelliset kilpailijat liittovaltion viljelijöil- le. Kotimaan viljelijäväestön lisäksi Kuuban sokerintuotantoon investoineet amerikkalaiset sijoittajapiirit kokivat Filippiinien tullivapaan tuonnin vievän heiltä markkinoita. He katsoivat, että Filippiinien itsenäisyys takaisi paremmat markkina-asemat liittovaltion sokerimarkkinoilla ja pyrkivät edistämään itsenäisyyslain mahdollisimman pikaista säätämistä. Alati pahenevan työttömyyden seurauksen filippiiniläiset siirtotyöläiset kilpailivat hupene- vista työpaikoista. Filippiiniläisille oli taattu vapaa maahanmuutto-oikeus. Etenkin länsiranni- kolla ja työntekijäjärjestöissä saarten itsenäistyminen nähtiin olevan helpoin tie maahanmuuton rajoittamiseen. Taloudellisten suhdanteiden ohella muita merkittäviä tekijöitä olivat muutokset ulkopolitiikassa ja etenkin Japanin nousu voimakkaaksi suurvallaksi Kaukoidässä. Liittovaltion hallinto ja kongressin enemmistö edustivat vastakkaisia näkemyssuuntia itsenäisyyskysymykses- sä. Kongressi pystyi osoittamaan voimansa tässä vastakkainasettelussa. Tutkimuksen keskeisin lähdeaineisto koostuu Yhdysvaltain hallinnon asiakirjoista, kongressin asiakirjakokoelmista, ulkoaisainhallinnon asiakirjakokoelmista, muistelmista sekä lähdeteoksista. Asiasanat: Filippiinit, itsenäisyys, Japani, kongressi, Manuel Quezon, sokeri, Yhdysvallat Alkusanat Tämän tutkimuksen juuret johtavat syksyyn 1989, jolloin kuuntelin kiinnostuneena Filippiineillä syntyneen ystäväni kertomuksia entisestä kotimaastaan. Tämän kristinuskoisen saarivaltion erikoinen menneisyys voimakkaine espanjalais- ja amerikkalaisvaikutuksineen teki minuun jo silloin vaikutuksen. Samainen Aasian valtio muistui mieleeni, kun alkuvuodesta 1995 pohdimme professori Olavi K. Fältin kanssa sopivaa pro gradun tutkimusaihetta. Kesällä 1999 valmistunut pro gradu -työni ei tyydyttänyt tiedonjanoani Filippiinien ja Yhdysvaltain suhteesta; parisen vuotta myöhemmin aloitin jatkotutkimuksen samasta aihepiiristä. Tähän vaikuttivat myös Olavi Fältiltä saamani kiitettävä palaute pro gradu -työstäni ja kannustus tutkimuksen jatkamiseen. Kiitos tästä! Perhe-elämän ja opetustyön ohessa tutkimuksen tekeminen oli verraten verkkaista – lähinnä tutkimuskirjallisuuteen syventymistä. Kesällä 2009 pääsin Oulun yliopiston Tukisäätiön apurahan turvin NARA-arkistoon Yhdysvaltoihin tutkimaan liittovaltion ulkoasiainhallinnon asiakirjoja. Seuraavana vuonna pystyin Koulutusrahaston taloudellisella tuella jättäytymään kokoaikaiseksi tutkijaksi, jolloin sain vietyä tutkimusta tehokkaasti eteenpäin. Lähdemateriaalini sai ikään kuin viimeisen silauksen toteuttaessani arkistomatkan Filippiineille vuoden 2012 alussa. Tätä matkaa tukivat taloudellisesti Oulun yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan tutkijakoulu sekä historiatieteiden tohtoriohjelma myöntämillään apurahoillaan. Myös Oulun yliopiston Apteekin säätiö on tukenut tutkimustyötäni apurahalla. Olen kiitollinen näistä kaikista tuista. Haluan kiittää työni ohjaajia Olavi K. Fältiä ja Kari Aleniusta kannustuksesta sekä hyvistä neuvoista työni suhteen. Kiitokset Tuula Okkoselle ja Markku Ruotsilalle suostumuksesta väitöskirjani esitarkistajiksi. Kiitokset Hannelle Isakssonille käsikirjoituksen kielellisestä tarkistamisesta. Olen kiitollinen myös työnantajalleni joustavuudesta virkavapauksien suhteen. Käyttämieni kirjastojen ja arkistojen henkilökunnalle – etenkin Eduskunnan arkiston avuliaalle henkilökunnalle lausun kiitokseni. Tiina Sipola on auttanut minua kansainvälisten tutkimus- ja artikkelihauissa, mistä kiitos hänelle! Ystäviäni kiitän kannustuksesta – ja ainakin osittaisesta ymmärryksestä, kun olen kertonut tutkimusaiheeni. Viimeisimpänä mutta
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