• Take a moment and write down the names of the 7 Dwarves (don’t share answers…) – Take note of the order… • vs. Recognition – Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, Stubby

• Can you name Santa’s 9 Reindeer?

Chimp vs. Human

How the Brain Works • Quick check: – Active Listening Log • Should have at least 4 (5?) entries (!) David G. Myers : Memory 7th edition: ch. 9 pgs. 343-383 8th edition: ch. 9 pgs. 349-393

10 Facts About Memory

Brain Games Memory Fact or Falsehood?

• Memory is never automatic; it always takes effort. – False Fact or Falsehood?

• Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent we can form. – False Fact or Falsehood?

• We store information in memory as libraries store their books, that is, in discrete, precise locations. – False Fact or Falsehood?

• The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory. – True Fact or Falsehood?

• Repeatedly imagining a nonexistent event can lead us to believe it actually happened. – True Memory ( Crash Course 0:45)

. Memory . persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information . . a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event Memory

. Memory as Information Processing . similar to a computer .write to file () .save to disk (storage) .read from disk (retrieval) Memory . Encoding . the processing of information into the memory system . i.e., creating meaning . Storage . the retention of encoded information over time . Retrieval . process of getting information out of memory Memory . Why we forget . A survey

. Meaning and Recall (1.2) Memory . . the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system . . focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information Memory . Short-Term Memory . activated memory that holds a few items briefly . look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten

. Clive Wearing the man who can’t remember (Activity 2.1) . Long-Term Memory . the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system . Jill Price The woman who can’t forget A Simplified Memory Model

Attention to important Sensory input or novel information

Encoding External Sensory Short-term Long-term events memory memory memory Encoding Retrieving

External events…? Encoding: Getting Information In

Encoding

Effortful Automatic Encoding

. Automatic Processing . unconscious encoding of incidental information . space . time . frequency . well-learned information . word meanings . we can learn automatic processing . reading backwards Encoding

. Effortful Processing . requires and conscious effort . Rehearsal . conscious repetition of information . to maintain it in consciousness . to encode it for storage The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning ( ! ) Encoding

. Effortful Processing . Learning to read sentences backward: .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE Encoding

. Effortful Processing . I cnduo't bvleiee taht I culod aulaclty uesdtannrd waht I was rdnaieg. Unisg the icndeblire pweor of the hmuan mnid, aocdcrnig to rseecrah at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mttaer in waht oderr the lterets in a wrod are, the olny irpoamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rhgit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whoutit a pboerlm. Tihs is bucseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey ltteer by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Aaznmig, huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghhuot slelinpg was ipmorantt! See if yuor fdreins can raed tihs too. Encoding

. Effortful Processing . requires attention and conscious effort . Rehearsal . conscious repetition of information . to maintain it in consciousness . to encode it for storage The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning ( ! ) Encoding . Effortful Processing . Being deliberate about getting information into

memory (8-4) Encoding

. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables . TUV ZOF GEK WAV . the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 . Spacing Effect . distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice

Encoding: Some Interesting Phenomena: . Sleep effect . Info presented just before sleep is lost . Info presented in the hour before sleep is well remembered . Next-in-Line effect . Poorest memory is right before our turn . Focus on our own performance Encoding: Some Interesting Phenomena: . Serial Position effect . Immediately remember the first and last items on a list better than items in the middle . Last items still in short term memory (?), then a shift in attention brings the first items to memory . A day later probably remember the items at the beginning of the list What Do We Encode?

. Semantic Encoding . encoding of meaning . including meaning of words . Acoustic Encoding . encoding of sound . especially sound of words (esp. rhyming) . Visual Encoding . encoding of picture images Encoding Encoding

. Imagery . mental pictures . a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding . Method of Loci Encoding

. . memory aids . especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices Encoding: Mnemonics . Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Squashed. . (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)

. All The Good Children Like Visiting Logan, So Some Can Appreciate Peace. . (Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces) Encoding

. Chunking . organizing items into familiar, manageable units . like horizontal organization--1776149218121941 . often occurs automatically

. use of acronyms . HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior . SCUBA– Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Encoding

. Hierarchies . complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

Encoding (automatic or effortful)

Meaning Imagery Organization (semantic (visual Encoding) Encoding)

Chunks Hierarchies Encoding: Organization Hierarchies Peters Renee Young Monaghan • Building Basic Ed • Classroom Assignments • AP • Activities (Budget & Budget • Course Selection • AP Testing Booster Groups) • Building Emergency Planning Guide • Athletics (and Booster • ASB – Budget Team • Daily Announcements Groups) • CE • EEA Liaison • Master Schedule • Athletics – Budget • Curriculum Night/Open • Facility Use • Link Crew • Challenging Options House • Fines & Fees Process • Saul Hass Fund Goals - SIP • Math Goals – SIP • Graduation Ceremony • Schedule Change Policy • Compassionate Schools • Open Campus • Jackson Leadership • Science Goals – SIP • Equity & Diversity • Parking Lot; Student Council (JLC) • Student Handbook Goals – SIP Drivers • PTSA • Student Study Team • New Teacher Training • Staff Handbook • Reading Goals – SIP • Student Schedules • Nurses Room • Success Coordinators • SRO / School Safety • Weekly Scoop • Student Recognition • Summer Registration Plan • 504 Coordinator Process • Writing Goals – SIP • Testing Coordinator • 12th Grade Credit (HSPE, EOC, PSAT) Issues (Senior Admin) • 12th Grade Planning Encoding: Organization Hierarchies Encoding: Organization

Organization: Hierarchies Encoding: Review Organization: Hierarchies Encoding: Review

Automatic Encoding Effortful Encoding Encoding: Review

Automatic Encoding: Space  Place in text Time  Recreate a sequence Frequency  Repetitions Encoding: Review

Effortful Encoding Meaning Imagery Acoustic Organization Encoding: Review

Effortful Encoding Meaning (semantic)  Definitions of words  Connections with prior knowledge (scaffolding) Encoding: Review

 Effortful Encoding Imagery (visual)  Mental pictures   Acronyms  Method of Loci (Memory Palace) Encoding: Review

 Effortful Encoding Organization  Chunking  Phone Numbers  Hierarchies  Systems Analysis Storage: Retaining Information

. Sensory Memory . Short-term Memory . Working Memory . Long-term Memory Sensory Memory

. (icons) . (echoes – sounds) Sensory Memory

. Iconic Memory . a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli . a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second

Sensory Memory

. Echoic Memory . momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli . “What did I just say?” Sensory to Short-term Memory . Vast amounts of information coming in to our senses at all times… . Really just a question of being aware… . Consider each of your 5 senses and what you are perceiving as I list them . Sight . Sound . Smell . Taste . Touch Short-term Memory . Brain necessarily ignores most, but some stays . Unless we meaningfully encode or rehearse that information, it quickly disappears . One reason why taking notes is so important… Short –Term Memory

. Limited in: . Duration (time) . About 18 seconds without rehearsal . Capacity (amount) . 7 ± 2 (5 to 9) . Try it (Activity 2.1) Long–Term Memory

. Serial position . Memory for a list better for items at beginning and end . Primacy effect – recall items from beginning . Recency effect – recall items from end

. Try it (3.1) Storage: Long-Term Memory .How does storage work? .Focus on Synaptic changes Storage: Long-Term Memory .Long-term Potentiation .increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation .Provides a basis for learning and remembering associations Storage: Long-Term Memory . Strong emotions make for stronger memories . some stress hormones boost learning and retention . Too much or prolonged stress corrodes neural connections and shrinks a brain area (the ) that is vital for laying down memories Long-Term Memory

. Types of Long-Term Memory .Explicit .Implicit

. --the loss of memory Storage: Long-Term Memory . . memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare . also called declarative memory . Playing a particular golf course . hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage . . retention independent of conscious recollection . also called . How to tie a shoe (but unable to describe how to do it)

Storage: Long-Term Memory

. MRI scan of hippocampus (in red) . Vid II

Hippocampus Storage Review • Sensory Memory –information first enters the memory system through the senses. • We register and briefly store: – visual images via iconic memory – sounds via echoic memory. Storage Review • Short-Term Memory –Short-term memory span for information just presented is limited • a “seconds-long” retention of up to about seven items, depending on the information and how it is presented. Storage Review • Long-Term Memory –Our capacity for storing information permanently in long-term memory is essentially unlimited. Storage Review • Storing Memories in the Brain –Focus on: • the synapses and their neurotransmitters; • the long-term potentiation of brain circuits, – such as those running through the hippocampus; • the effects of stress hormones on memory. Storage Review • Storing Memories in the Brain – Studies of people with brain damage reveal that we have two types of memory • explicit (declarative) memories processed by the hippocampus, and • implicit (non declarative) memories processed by the cerebellum and the amygdala. Retrieval: Getting Information Out . Recall . measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier . as on a fill-in-the blank test . Recognition . Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned . as on a multiple-choice test Retrieval

. Relearning . memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time . . activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory . Memory is held in storage by a web of associations . To retrieve a specific memory we first need to identify one of the strands that leads to it Retrieval

. Retrieval cues often prime our memories of earlier experiences. . Mnemonic devices provide handy retrieval cues (aid in encoding) . Best Retrieval Cues . Associations formed at the time we encode a memory . Experiences as well as words . Sensory cues

Retrieval Cues

. Deja Vu (French)--already seen . cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience . "I've experienced this before.“ . Consider asking “Why do I feel as if I recognize this situation?” . Could be context cues Retrieval Cues

. Mood-congruent Memory . tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood . memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues . State-dependent Memory . what is learned in one state (while one is happy, excited, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state Retrieval Review • Retrieval – To be remembered, information that is “in there” must be retrieved • Associations (cues) help prime the memory – Context – Mood ENCODING: REVIEW

Automatic Encoding Effortful Encoding ENCODING: REVIEW

Automatic Encoding: Space Time Frequency ENCODING: REVIEW

Effortful Encoding Meaning Imagery Organization ENCODING: REVIEW

Effortful Encoding Meaning (semantic) Definitions of words Connections with prior knowledge (scaffolding) ENCODING: REVIEW

Effortful Encoding Imagery (visual) Mental pictures Mnemonic Acronyms Method of Loci (Memory Palace) Try it… ENCODING: REVIEW

Effortful Encoding Organization Chunking Phone Numbers Hierarchies Systems Analysis STORAGE: REVIEW

Sensory Memory information first enters the memory system through the senses. We register and briefly store: visual images via iconic memory sounds via echoic memory. STORAGE: REVIEW

Short-Term Memory Short-term memory span for information just presented is limited a “seconds-long” retention of up to about seven items, depending on the information and how it is presented. STORAGE: REVIEW

Long-Term Memory Our capacity for storing information permanently in long-term memory is essentially unlimited. STORAGE: REVIEW

Storing Memories in the Brain Focus on: the synapses and their neurotransmitters; the long-term potentiation of brain circuits, such as those running through the hippocampus; the effects of stress hormones on memory. STORAGE: REVIEW

Storing Memories in the Brain Studies of people with brain damage reveal that we have two types of memory

explicit (declarative) memories processed by the hippocampus

implicit (non declarative) memories processed by the cerebellum and the amygdala RETRIEVAL: REVIEW

Retrieval To be remembered, information that is “in there” must be retrieved Associations (cues) help prime the memory Context Mood MEMORY

Encoding Storage Retrieval

 http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/the-memory-pill/

• Three Sins of Forgetting – Absent-mindedness • inattention to details produces encoding failure (our mind is elsewhere as we lay down the car keys). – Transience • storage decay over time (unused information fades). – Blocking • inaccessibility of stored information (it may be on the tip of our tongue, but we experience retrieval failure— we cannot get it out). Forgetting • Three Sins of Distortion: – Misattribution • confusing the source of information (putting words in someone else's mouth or remembering a movie scene as an actual happening). – Suggestibility • the lingering effects of misinformation (a leading question later becomes a ). – Bias • belief-colored recollections (someone's current feelings toward their fiancé may color their recalled initial feelings). Forgetting

• One Sin of Intrusion: – Persistence • Unwanted memories (being haunted by images of tragedy)

• Forgetting – Alzheimer’s – Memory Pill Forgetting: Encoding Failure

Change Blindness: when people fail to detect changes in objects or scenes that occur over time – this is considered an encoding failure 1. 2. 3. Forgetting: Storage Decay Ebbinghaus’ “” Forgetting: Storage Decay Forgetting: Retrieval Failure

Forgetting is often not memories discarded but memories unretrieved Retrieval Failure: Interference

• Learning some items may interfere with retrieving others – Especially when they’re similar items • Proactive (forward-acting) Interference • Retroactive (backward-acting) Interference Retrieval Failure: Interference

• Proactive (forward-acting) Interference – Occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later • Retroactive (backward-acting) Interference – Occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier • Learning new names…

Retrieval Failure: Interference

• Proactive (forward-acting) Interference – Book offers no suggestions for minimizing… • Retroactive (backward-acting) Interference – Can minimize by reducing number of interfering event • Go for a walk or to sleep shortly after learning new information – Experiments have confirmed that the hour before a night’s sleep (but not the minutes before sleep) is a good time to commit information to memory Retrieval Failure: Interference Retrieval Failure: Interference • “Forgetting is not so much a matter of the decay of old impressions and associations as it is a matter of interference, inhibition, or obliteration of the old by the new”

• Sometimes old information can help learn new information – Knowing Latin can help learn French… • Positive Transfer Retrieval Failure:

• People unknowingly revise their own histories – To remember our past is to revise it • Remember tie Sin of Distortion: Bias – belief-colored recollections

• Embarrassment? Repression () – The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories • (some current researchers believe it rarely occurs…)

 Failure to encode information . Need effortful processing  Memories fade after storage . Often rapidly at first and then leveling off (Ebbinghaus’s curve)  Retrieval Failure . Lack of Cues . Proactive or Retroactive Interference . Motivated forgetting (Repression) Memory Construction

Depiction of actual accident . Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned

Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?”

Memory construction Memory Construction . We filter information and fill in missing pieces . . Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event . Susceptible when time allows original memory to fade . Subtle differences hard to spot . Young children particularly susceptible . New info literally changes the memory /merely influences the reporting . Unclear whether people actually believe or just want to be good subjects . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkvOMt34hAo . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmBnLwwQV1E Memory Construction

. Source Amnesia . attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution) . Reagan’s story Memory Construction • T F 1. The presence of a weapon impairs an eyewitness' ability to accurately identify the perpetrator's face. • T F 2. Police instructions can affect an eyewitness' willingness to make an identification. • T F 3. The less time an eyewitness has to observe an event, the less well he or she will remember it. • T F 4. The rate of memory loss for an event is greatest right after the event and then levels off over time. • T F 5. An eyewitness' confidence is not a good predictor of his or her identification accuracy. • T F 6. Eyewitness testimony about an event often reflects not only what they actually saw but information they obtained later on. • T F 7. An eyewitness' testimony about an event can be affected by how the questions put to that witness are worded. • T F 8. Eyewitnesses sometimes identify as a culprit someone they have seen in another situation or context. Memory Construction • T F 9. Hypnosis increases the accuracy of an eyewitness' reported memory. • T F 10. Hypnosis increases suggestibility to leading and misleading questions. • T F 11. An eyewitness' perception and memory for an event may be affected by his or her attitudes and expectations. • T F 12. Eyewitnesses are more accurate when identifying members of their own race than members of other races. • T F 13. An eyewitness' confidence can be influenced by factors that are unrelated to identification accuracy. • T F 14. Alcoholic intoxication impairs an eyewitness' later ability to recall persons and events. • T F 15. Exposure to mug shots of a suspect increases the likelihood that the witness will later choose that suspect in a lineup. • T F 16. Young children are more vulnerable than adults to interviewer suggestion, peer pressures, and other social influences. • T F 17. Witnesses are more likely to misidentify someone by making a relative judgment when presented with a simultaneous (as opposed to sequential) lineup. Memory Construction

. Repressed Memories (8:54 memory debate)

. Creating False Memories (balloon ride) . Eyewitness Accounts . Practice Questions

. Test tomorrow, so spend whatever time we have left reviewing your notes . Practice Vocab, Finish Worksheet, etc.