• Take a moment and write down the names of the 7 Dwarves (don’t share answers…) – Take note of the order… • Recall vs. Recognition – Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, Stubby
• Can you name Santa’s 9 Reindeer?
Chimp vs. Human Memory
How the Brain Works • Quick check: – Active Listening Log • Should have at least 4 (5?) entries (!) David G. Myers Psychology: Memory 7th edition: ch. 9 pgs. 343-383 8th edition: ch. 9 pgs. 349-393
10 Facts About Memory
Brain Games Memory Fact or Falsehood?
• Memory storage is never automatic; it always takes effort. – False Fact or Falsehood?
• Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can form. – False Fact or Falsehood?
• We store information in memory as libraries store their books, that is, in discrete, precise locations. – False Fact or Falsehood?
• The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory. – True Fact or Falsehood?
• Repeatedly imagining a nonexistent event can lead us to believe it actually happened. – True Memory ( Crash Course 0:45)
. Memory . persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information . Flashbulb Memory . a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event Memory
. Memory as Information Processing . similar to a computer .write to file (encoding) .save to disk (storage) .read from disk (retrieval) Memory . Encoding . the processing of information into the memory system . i.e., creating meaning . Storage . the retention of encoded information over time . Retrieval . process of getting information out of memory Memory . Why we forget . A survey
. Meaning and Recall (1.2) Memory . Sensory Memory . the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system . Working Memory . focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information Memory . Short-Term Memory . activated memory that holds a few items briefly . look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
. Clive Wearing the man who can’t remember (Activity 2.1) . Long-Term Memory . the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system . Jill Price The woman who can’t forget A Simplified Memory Model
Attention to important Sensory input or novel information
Encoding External Sensory Short-term Long-term events memory memory memory Encoding Retrieving
External events…? Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
Effortful Automatic Encoding
. Automatic Processing . unconscious encoding of incidental information . space . time . frequency . well-learned information . word meanings . we can learn automatic processing . reading backwards Encoding
. Effortful Processing . requires attention and conscious effort . Rehearsal . conscious repetition of information . to maintain it in consciousness . to encode it for storage The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning ( ! ) Encoding
. Effortful Processing . Learning to read sentences backward: .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE Encoding
. Effortful Processing . I cnduo't bvleiee taht I culod aulaclty uesdtannrd waht I was rdnaieg. Unisg the icndeblire pweor of the hmuan mnid, aocdcrnig to rseecrah at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mttaer in waht oderr the lterets in a wrod are, the olny irpoamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rhgit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whoutit a pboerlm. Tihs is bucseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey ltteer by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Aaznmig, huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghhuot slelinpg was ipmorantt! See if yuor fdreins can raed tihs too. Encoding
. Effortful Processing . requires attention and conscious effort . Rehearsal . conscious repetition of information . to maintain it in consciousness . to encode it for storage The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning ( ! ) Encoding . Effortful Processing . Being deliberate about getting information into
memory (8-4) Encoding
. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables . TUV ZOF GEK WAV . the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 . Spacing Effect . distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice
Encoding: Some Interesting Phenomena: . Sleep effect . Info presented just before sleep is lost . Info presented in the hour before sleep is well remembered . Next-in-Line effect . Poorest memory is right before our turn . Focus on our own performance Encoding: Some Interesting Phenomena: . Serial Position effect . Immediately remember the first and last items on a list better than items in the middle . Last items still in short term memory (?), then a shift in attention brings the first items to memory . A day later probably remember the items at the beginning of the list What Do We Encode?
. Semantic Encoding . encoding of meaning . including meaning of words . Acoustic Encoding . encoding of sound . especially sound of words (esp. rhyming) . Visual Encoding . encoding of picture images Encoding Encoding
. Imagery . mental pictures . a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding . Method of Loci Encoding
. Mnemonics . memory aids . especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices Encoding: Mnemonics . Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Squashed. . (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
. All The Good Children Like Visiting Logan, So Some Can Appreciate Peace. . (Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces) Encoding
. Chunking . organizing items into familiar, manageable units . like horizontal organization--1776149218121941 . often occurs automatically
. use of acronyms . HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior . SCUBA– Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Encoding
. Hierarchies . complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Encoding (automatic or effortful)
Meaning Imagery Organization (semantic (visual Encoding) Encoding)
Chunks Hierarchies Encoding: Organization Hierarchies Peters Renee Young Monaghan • Building Basic Ed • Classroom Assignments • AP • Activities (Budget & Budget • Course Selection • AP Testing Booster Groups) • Building Emergency Planning Guide • Athletics (and Booster • ASB – Budget Team • Daily Announcements Groups) • CE • EEA Liaison • Master Schedule • Athletics – Budget • Curriculum Night/Open • Facility Use • Link Crew • Challenging Options House • Fines & Fees Process • Saul Hass Fund Goals - SIP • Math Goals – SIP • Graduation Ceremony • Schedule Change Policy • Compassionate Schools • Open Campus • Jackson Leadership • Science Goals – SIP • Equity & Diversity • Parking Lot; Student Council (JLC) • Student Handbook Goals – SIP Drivers • PTSA • Student Study Team • New Teacher Training • Staff Handbook • Reading Goals – SIP • Student Schedules • Nurses Room • Success Coordinators • SRO / School Safety • Weekly Scoop • Student Recognition • Summer Registration Plan • 504 Coordinator Process • Writing Goals – SIP • Testing Coordinator • 12th Grade Credit (HSPE, EOC, PSAT) Issues (Senior Admin) • 12th Grade Planning Encoding: Organization Hierarchies Encoding: Organization
Organization: Hierarchies Encoding: Review Organization: Hierarchies Encoding: Review
Automatic Encoding Effortful Encoding Encoding: Review
Automatic Encoding: Space Place in text Time Recreate a sequence Frequency Repetitions Encoding: Review
Effortful Encoding Meaning Imagery Acoustic Organization Encoding: Review
Effortful Encoding Meaning (semantic) Definitions of words Connections with prior knowledge (scaffolding) Encoding: Review
Effortful Encoding Imagery (visual) Mental pictures Mnemonic Acronyms Method of Loci (Memory Palace) Encoding: Review
Effortful Encoding Organization Chunking Phone Numbers Hierarchies Systems Analysis Storage: Retaining Information
. Sensory Memory . Short-term Memory . Working Memory . Long-term Memory Sensory Memory
. Iconic Memory (icons) . Echoic Memory (echoes – sounds) Sensory Memory
. Iconic Memory . a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli . a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
Sensory Memory
. Echoic Memory . momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli . “What did I just say?” Sensory to Short-term Memory . Vast amounts of information coming in to our senses at all times… . Really just a question of being aware… . Consider each of your 5 senses and what you are perceiving as I list them . Sight . Sound . Smell . Taste . Touch Short-term Memory . Brain necessarily ignores most, but some stays . Unless we meaningfully encode or rehearse that information, it quickly disappears . One reason why taking notes is so important… Short –Term Memory
. Limited in: . Duration (time) . About 18 seconds without rehearsal . Capacity (amount) . 7 ± 2 (5 to 9) . Try it (Activity 2.1) Long–Term Memory
. Serial position . Memory for a list better for items at beginning and end . Primacy effect – recall items from beginning . Recency effect – recall items from end
. Try it (3.1) Storage: Long-Term Memory .How does storage work? .Focus on Synaptic changes Storage: Long-Term Memory .Long-term Potentiation .increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation .Provides a basis for learning and remembering associations Storage: Long-Term Memory . Strong emotions make for stronger memories . some stress hormones boost learning and retention . Too much or prolonged stress corrodes neural connections and shrinks a brain area (the hippocampus) that is vital for laying down memories Long-Term Memory
. Types of Long-Term Memory .Explicit .Implicit
. Amnesia--the loss of memory Storage: Long-Term Memory . Explicit Memory . memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare . also called declarative memory . Playing a particular golf course . hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage . Implicit Memory . retention independent of conscious recollection . also called procedural memory . How to tie a shoe (but unable to describe how to do it)
Storage: Long-Term Memory
. MRI scan of hippocampus (in red) . Vid II
Hippocampus Storage Review • Sensory Memory –information first enters the memory system through the senses. • We register and briefly store: – visual images via iconic memory – sounds via echoic memory. Storage Review • Short-Term Memory –Short-term memory span for information just presented is limited • a “seconds-long” retention of up to about seven items, depending on the information and how it is presented. Storage Review • Long-Term Memory –Our capacity for storing information permanently in long-term memory is essentially unlimited. Storage Review • Storing Memories in the Brain –Focus on: • the synapses and their neurotransmitters; • the long-term potentiation of brain circuits, – such as those running through the hippocampus; • the effects of stress hormones on memory. Storage Review • Storing Memories in the Brain – Studies of people with brain damage reveal that we have two types of memory • explicit (declarative) memories processed by the hippocampus, and • implicit (non declarative) memories processed by the cerebellum and the amygdala. Retrieval: Getting Information Out . Recall . measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier . as on a fill-in-the blank test . Recognition . Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned . as on a multiple-choice test Retrieval
. Relearning . memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time . Priming . activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory . Memory is held in storage by a web of associations . To retrieve a specific memory we first need to identify one of the strands that leads to it Retrieval
. Retrieval cues often prime our memories of earlier experiences. . Mnemonic devices provide handy retrieval cues (aid in encoding) . Best Retrieval Cues . Associations formed at the time we encode a memory . Experiences as well as words . Sensory cues
Retrieval Cues
. Deja Vu (French)--already seen . cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience . "I've experienced this before.“ . Consider asking “Why do I feel as if I recognize this situation?” . Could be context cues Retrieval Cues
. Mood-congruent Memory . tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood . memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues . State-dependent Memory . what is learned in one state (while one is happy, excited, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state Retrieval Review • Retrieval – To be remembered, information that is “in there” must be retrieved • Associations (cues) help prime the memory – Context – Mood ENCODING: REVIEW
Automatic Encoding Effortful Encoding ENCODING: REVIEW
Automatic Encoding: Space Time Frequency ENCODING: REVIEW
Effortful Encoding Meaning Imagery Organization ENCODING: REVIEW
Effortful Encoding Meaning (semantic) Definitions of words Connections with prior knowledge (scaffolding) ENCODING: REVIEW
Effortful Encoding Imagery (visual) Mental pictures Mnemonic Acronyms Method of Loci (Memory Palace) Try it… ENCODING: REVIEW
Effortful Encoding Organization Chunking Phone Numbers Hierarchies Systems Analysis STORAGE: REVIEW
Sensory Memory information first enters the memory system through the senses. We register and briefly store: visual images via iconic memory sounds via echoic memory. STORAGE: REVIEW
Short-Term Memory Short-term memory span for information just presented is limited a “seconds-long” retention of up to about seven items, depending on the information and how it is presented. STORAGE: REVIEW
Long-Term Memory Our capacity for storing information permanently in long-term memory is essentially unlimited. STORAGE: REVIEW
Storing Memories in the Brain Focus on: the synapses and their neurotransmitters; the long-term potentiation of brain circuits, such as those running through the hippocampus; the effects of stress hormones on memory. STORAGE: REVIEW
Storing Memories in the Brain Studies of people with brain damage reveal that we have two types of memory
explicit (declarative) memories processed by the hippocampus
implicit (non declarative) memories processed by the cerebellum and the amygdala RETRIEVAL: REVIEW
Retrieval To be remembered, information that is “in there” must be retrieved Associations (cues) help prime the memory Context Mood MEMORY
Encoding Storage Retrieval
http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/the-memory-pill/ Forgetting
• Three Sins of Forgetting – Absent-mindedness • inattention to details produces encoding failure (our mind is elsewhere as we lay down the car keys). – Transience • storage decay over time (unused information fades). – Blocking • inaccessibility of stored information (it may be on the tip of our tongue, but we experience retrieval failure— we cannot get it out). Forgetting • Three Sins of Distortion: – Misattribution • confusing the source of information (putting words in someone else's mouth or remembering a movie scene as an actual happening). – Suggestibility • the lingering effects of misinformation (a leading question later becomes a false memory). – Bias • belief-colored recollections (someone's current feelings toward their fiancé may color their recalled initial feelings). Forgetting
• One Sin of Intrusion: – Persistence • Unwanted memories (being haunted by images of tragedy)
• Forgetting – Alzheimer’s – Memory Pill Forgetting: Encoding Failure
Change Blindness: when people fail to detect changes in objects or scenes that occur over time – this is considered an encoding failure 1. 2. 3. Forgetting: Storage Decay Ebbinghaus’ “Forgetting Curve” Forgetting: Storage Decay Forgetting: Retrieval Failure
Forgetting is often not memories discarded but memories unretrieved Retrieval Failure: Interference
• Learning some items may interfere with retrieving others – Especially when they’re similar items • Proactive (forward-acting) Interference • Retroactive (backward-acting) Interference Retrieval Failure: Interference
• Proactive (forward-acting) Interference – Occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later • Retroactive (backward-acting) Interference – Occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier • Learning new names…
Retrieval Failure: Interference
• Proactive (forward-acting) Interference – Book offers no suggestions for minimizing… • Retroactive (backward-acting) Interference – Can minimize by reducing number of interfering event • Go for a walk or to sleep shortly after learning new information – Experiments have confirmed that the hour before a night’s sleep (but not the minutes before sleep) is a good time to commit information to memory Retrieval Failure: Interference Retrieval Failure: Interference • “Forgetting is not so much a matter of the decay of old impressions and associations as it is a matter of interference, inhibition, or obliteration of the old by the new”
• Sometimes old information can help learn new information – Knowing Latin can help learn French… • Positive Transfer Retrieval Failure: Motivated Forgetting
• People unknowingly revise their own histories – To remember our past is to revise it • Remember tie Sin of Distortion: Bias – belief-colored recollections
• Embarrassment? Repression (Sigmund Freud) – The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories • (some current researchers believe it rarely occurs…)
Failure to encode information . Need effortful processing Memories fade after storage . Often rapidly at first and then leveling off (Ebbinghaus’s curve) Retrieval Failure . Lack of Cues . Proactive or Retroactive Interference . Motivated forgetting (Repression) Memory Construction
Depiction of actual accident . Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned
Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?”
Memory construction Memory Construction . We filter information and fill in missing pieces . Misinformation Effect . Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event . Susceptible when time allows original memory to fade . Subtle differences hard to spot . Young children particularly susceptible . New info literally changes the memory /merely influences the reporting . Unclear whether people actually believe or just want to be good subjects . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkvOMt34hAo . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmBnLwwQV1E Memory Construction
. Source Amnesia . attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution) . Reagan’s story Memory Construction • T F 1. The presence of a weapon impairs an eyewitness' ability to accurately identify the perpetrator's face. • T F 2. Police instructions can affect an eyewitness' willingness to make an identification. • T F 3. The less time an eyewitness has to observe an event, the less well he or she will remember it. • T F 4. The rate of memory loss for an event is greatest right after the event and then levels off over time. • T F 5. An eyewitness' confidence is not a good predictor of his or her identification accuracy. • T F 6. Eyewitness testimony about an event often reflects not only what they actually saw but information they obtained later on. • T F 7. An eyewitness' testimony about an event can be affected by how the questions put to that witness are worded. • T F 8. Eyewitnesses sometimes identify as a culprit someone they have seen in another situation or context. Memory Construction • T F 9. Hypnosis increases the accuracy of an eyewitness' reported memory. • T F 10. Hypnosis increases suggestibility to leading and misleading questions. • T F 11. An eyewitness' perception and memory for an event may be affected by his or her attitudes and expectations. • T F 12. Eyewitnesses are more accurate when identifying members of their own race than members of other races. • T F 13. An eyewitness' confidence can be influenced by factors that are unrelated to identification accuracy. • T F 14. Alcoholic intoxication impairs an eyewitness' later ability to recall persons and events. • T F 15. Exposure to mug shots of a suspect increases the likelihood that the witness will later choose that suspect in a lineup. • T F 16. Young children are more vulnerable than adults to interviewer suggestion, peer pressures, and other social influences. • T F 17. Witnesses are more likely to misidentify someone by making a relative judgment when presented with a simultaneous (as opposed to sequential) lineup. Memory Construction
. Repressed Memories (8:54 memory debate)
. Creating False Memories (balloon ride) . Eyewitness Accounts . Practice Questions
. Test tomorrow, so spend whatever time we have left reviewing your notes . Practice Vocab, Finish Worksheet, etc.