• Take a moment and write down the names of the 7 Dwarves (don’t share answers…) – Take note of the order… • Recall vs. Recognition – Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, Stubby • Can you name Santa’s 9 Reindeer? Chimp vs. Human Memory How the Brain Works • Quick check: – Active Listening Log • Should have at least 4 (5?) entries (!) David G. Myers Psychology: Memory 7th edition: ch. 9 pgs. 343-383 8th edition: ch. 9 pgs. 349-393 10 Facts About Memory Brain Games Memory Fact or Falsehood? • Memory storage is never automatic; it always takes effort. – False Fact or Falsehood? • Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can form. – False Fact or Falsehood? • We store information in memory as libraries store their books, that is, in discrete, precise locations. – False Fact or Falsehood? • The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory. – True Fact or Falsehood? • Repeatedly imagining a nonexistent event can lead us to believe it actually happened. – True Memory ( Crash Course 0:45) . Memory . persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information . Flashbulb Memory . a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event Memory . Memory as Information Processing . similar to a computer .write to file (encoding) .save to disk (storage) .read from disk (retrieval) Memory . Encoding . the processing of information into the memory system . i.e., creating meaning . Storage . the retention of encoded information over time . Retrieval . process of getting information out of memory Memory . Why we forget . A survey . Meaning and Recall (1.2) Memory . Sensory Memory . the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system . Working Memory . focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information Memory . Short-Term Memory . activated memory that holds a few items briefly . look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten . Clive Wearing the man who can’t remember (Activity 2.1) . Long-Term Memory . the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system . Jill Price The woman who can’t forget A Simplified Memory Model Attention to important Sensory input or novel information Encoding External Sensory Short-term Long-term events memory memory memory Encoding Retrieving External events…? Encoding: Getting Information In Encoding Effortful Automatic Encoding . Automatic Processing . unconscious encoding of incidental information . space . time . frequency . well-learned information . word meanings . we can learn automatic processing . reading backwards Encoding . Effortful Processing . requires attention and conscious effort . Rehearsal . conscious repetition of information . to maintain it in consciousness . to encode it for storage The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning ( ! ) Encoding . Effortful Processing . Learning to read sentences backward: .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE Encoding . Effortful Processing . I cnduo't bvleiee taht I culod aulaclty uesdtannrd waht I was rdnaieg. Unisg the icndeblire pweor of the hmuan mnid, aocdcrnig to rseecrah at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mttaer in waht oderr the lterets in a wrod are, the olny irpoamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rhgit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whoutit a pboerlm. Tihs is bucseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey ltteer by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Aaznmig, huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghhuot slelinpg was ipmorantt! See if yuor fdreins can raed tihs too. Encoding . Effortful Processing . requires attention and conscious effort . Rehearsal . conscious repetition of information . to maintain it in consciousness . to encode it for storage The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning ( ! ) Encoding . Effortful Processing . Being deliberate about getting information into memory (8-4) Encoding . Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables . TUV ZOF GEK WAV . the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 . Spacing Effect . distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice Encoding: Some Interesting Phenomena: . Sleep effect . Info presented just before sleep is lost . Info presented in the hour before sleep is well remembered . Next-in-Line effect . Poorest memory is right before our turn . Focus on our own performance Encoding: Some Interesting Phenomena: . Serial Position effect . Immediately remember the first and last items on a list better than items in the middle . Last items still in short term memory (?), then a shift in attention brings the first items to memory . A day later probably remember the items at the beginning of the list What Do We Encode? . Semantic Encoding . encoding of meaning . including meaning of words . Acoustic Encoding . encoding of sound . especially sound of words (esp. rhyming) . Visual Encoding . encoding of picture images Encoding Encoding . Imagery . mental pictures . a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding . Method of Loci Encoding . Mnemonics . memory aids . especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices Encoding: Mnemonics . Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Squashed. (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) . All The Good Children Like Visiting Logan, So Some Can Appreciate Peace. (Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces) Encoding . Chunking . organizing items into familiar, manageable units . like horizontal organization--1776149218121941 . often occurs automatically . use of acronyms . HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior . SCUBA– Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Encoding . Hierarchies . complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding (automatic or effortful) Meaning Imagery Organization (semantic (visual Encoding) Encoding) Chunks Hierarchies Encoding: Organization Hierarchies Peters Renee Young Monaghan • Building Basic Ed • Classroom Assignments • AP • Activities (Budget & Budget • Course Selection • AP Testing Booster Groups) • Building Emergency Planning Guide • Athletics (and Booster • ASB – Budget Team • Daily Announcements Groups) • CE • EEA Liaison • Master Schedule • Athletics – Budget • Curriculum Night/Open • Facility Use • Link Crew • Challenging Options House • Fines & Fees Process • Saul Hass Fund Goals - SIP • Math Goals – SIP • Graduation Ceremony • Schedule Change Policy • Compassionate Schools • Open Campus • Jackson Leadership • Science Goals – SIP • Equity & Diversity • Parking Lot; Student Council (JLC) • Student Handbook Goals – SIP Drivers • PTSA • Student Study Team • New Teacher Training • Staff Handbook • Reading Goals – SIP • Student Schedules • Nurses Room • Success Coordinators • SRO / School Safety • Weekly Scoop • Student Recognition • Summer Registration Plan • 504 Coordinator Process • Writing Goals – SIP • Testing Coordinator • 12th Grade Credit (HSPE, EOC, PSAT) Issues (Senior Admin) • 12th Grade Planning Encoding: Organization Hierarchies Encoding: Organization Organization: Hierarchies Encoding: Review Organization: Hierarchies Encoding: Review Automatic Encoding Effortful Encoding Encoding: Review Automatic Encoding: Space Place in text Time Recreate a sequence Frequency Repetitions Encoding: Review Effortful Encoding Meaning Imagery Acoustic Organization Encoding: Review Effortful Encoding Meaning (semantic) Definitions of words Connections with prior knowledge (scaffolding) Encoding: Review Effortful Encoding Imagery (visual) Mental pictures Mnemonic Acronyms Method of Loci (Memory Palace) Encoding: Review Effortful Encoding Organization Chunking Phone Numbers Hierarchies Systems Analysis Storage: Retaining Information . Sensory Memory . Short-term Memory . Working Memory . Long-term Memory Sensory Memory . Iconic Memory (icons) . Echoic Memory (echoes – sounds) Sensory Memory . Iconic Memory . a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli . a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second Sensory Memory . Echoic Memory . momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli . “What did I just say?” Sensory to Short-term Memory . Vast amounts of information coming in to our senses at all times… . Really just a question of being aware… . Consider each of your 5 senses and what you are perceiving as I list them . Sight . Sound . Smell . Taste . Touch Short-term Memory . Brain necessarily ignores most, but some stays . Unless we meaningfully encode or rehearse that information, it quickly disappears . One reason why taking notes is so important… Short –Term Memory . Limited in: . Duration (time) . About 18 seconds without rehearsal . Capacity (amount) . 7 ± 2 (5 to 9) . Try it (Activity 2.1) Long–Term Memory . Serial position . Memory for a list better for items at beginning and end . Primacy effect – recall items from beginning . Recency effect – recall items from end . Try it (3.1) Storage: Long-Term Memory .How does storage work? .Focus on Synaptic changes Storage: Long-Term Memory .Long-term Potentiation .increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation .Provides a basis for learning