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How to Improve Your Memory: Mnemonic Devices

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How to Improve Your Memory: Mnemonic Devices Types of Memory pp 247-255, 266, 271-273 Information processing model Sensory memory Sensory Sensory memory Senses Vision: iconic memory Auditory: echoic memory Purpose? Persistence: beyond physical duration Record until further processing Provides stability for senses Photography: shutter speed 1/30 1/500 Sensory memory Task: You will see a grid of 12 letters very quickly. I will ask you to write down as many of the letters as you can after they are flashed. T B W C P K S H D M R L Iconic memory: Sperling (1960) Presentation time: 50ms Whole report: 4 out of 12 (37%) Auditory cue AFTER display Partial report: 3 out of 4 (75%) Rapidly decaying image! T B W C P K S H D M R L Short-term memory and Long-term memory STM & LTM Memory performance depends on three stages Encoding Storage Retrieval Form of information Verbal (acoustic) Visual (picture) Storage: What is capacity of STM? STM -> LTM Rehearsal: use “inner voice” or“inner eye” Examine how we RETRIEVE information Recall Recognition Working Memory (WM) WM: Short-term processing and storage of information Phonological loop: verbal rehearsal Visuospatial sketch pad: visuo-spatial rehearsal Central executive: controls processing and allocates resources Logie, Zucco, & Baddeley, 1990 Episodic vs. Semantic memory Semantic memory Memory for knowledge What do people eat for breakfast? Recall facts and knowledge Episodic memory Memory of events What did you have for breakfast? Recall a list of words Distinguishes type of info learned, not when learned Explicit vs. Implicit memory Type of retrieval question Explicit memory Effortful, conscious recollection Recall or recognition Implicit memory Remembering without awareness Word fragment or identification Procedural memory Distinguishes how info is retrieved Implicit memory tests Picture: What do you see? Word: Fill in the fragment. Memory & Amnesia Implicit vs Explicit memory 20 15 Control Amnesia 10 5 Free recall Recog PID Frag-Compl Warrington & Weiskrantz (1970) Implicit vs explicit memory tests (fig above) Jacoby & Witherspoon (1982) (text: pp 287) Anterograde amnesia & homophones Study: Hear “book-read” or “saxophone-reed” Test: Asked to spell 2nd word in pair Amnesia & Movies Memento (2000) Regarding Henry (1991) Fifty First Dates (2004) The Bourne Identity (2002) Case study approach to study memory: Amnesia Retrograde amnesia Can’t remember events prior to point of injury “Soap opera amnesia” Rare – and most can recover memory loss Anterograde amnesia Memory loss after point of damage Cannot form new memories E.g. H.M.; Korsakoff’s syndrome; viral encephalitis Clive Wearing Dense retrograde and anterograde amnesia patient Born in 1938, contracted viral encephalitis in 1985 Previously a very successful musician Husband to 2nd wife; has children from 1st marriage BBC 2005 – “Man with the 7s memory” 20 yrs post injury – 67 yrs old http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDNDRDJy-vo&feature=related 1998 documentary 13 yrs post injury – 60 years old http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu9UY8Zqg-Q&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCyvzI2aVUo&fea http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BrCBq2FY_U&feature=related Thought paper What is Clive Wearing capable of and not capable of doing? Provide examples for the below vocabulary in your answer Short-term memory vs. long-term memory Explicit vs. implicit memory Episodic vs. semantic memory .
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