Further reading

The literature on the Macedonian Question is vast and complex, and is written in many different languages. Views of ancient Macedonia are dominated by Classicists, whose opinions have proved influential in recent political controversy. The standard volume in English is by N. G. A. Hammond (with G. Griffith and F. Walbank), in three volumes, the History of Macedonia (Cambridge, 1979–88). The mainstream modern Greek view available in English is to be found in C. Daskalis, The Hellenism of the ancient Macedonians (Thessaloniki, 1981). The current mainstream Skopje view is in History of the Macedonian People (Skopje, 1988), the standard FYROM school textbook. See also Macedonia – Its People and History, by Stoyan Pribechevich (Pennsylvania, 1982) and The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, ed. Apostonski and Polenakovic (Skopje, 1974). There are many descriptions of Macedonia and its geography, history and pol- itics in the works of ancient historians and geographers such as Strabo, and the territory is frequently mentioned in accounts of the Roman and Byzantine periods. After the Ottoman conquest, geographic Macedonia became part of ‘Turkey-in-Europe’, and remained so for five hundred years. But during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the many conflicts that arose in the Balkans over the Macedonian territory produced numerous polemical and historical works. See History of Macedonia 1354–1833, by A. Vacalopoulos (Thessaloniki, 1973), and A Modern History of Macedonia 1830–1912 by K. Vakalopoulos (Thessaloniki, 1988). In English, a clear general survey of the nineteenth-century origins of the Macedonian Question is Macedonia – Its Place in Balkan Power Politics, by Elizabeth Barker (RIIA, London, 1950). See also The Congress of Berlin and After, by W. N. Medlicott (London, 1938). The social and economic conditions of Ottoman Macedonia are finely depicted in Researches in the Highlands of Turkey, by H. F. Tozer (London, 1869), and other works by Victorian travellers. Standard works on late Ottoman history are The Greek Struggle in Macedonia 1897–1913, by Douglas Dakin (Thessaloniki, 1966) and The Macedonian Question, 1893–1908 by Nadine Lange-Akhund, New York, 1998. For the nineteenth century origins of IMRO, see For Freedom and Perfection – The Life of Yané Sandanski by Mercia MacDermott (London, 1988). Macedonia was widely reported by Victorian and Edwardian war correspon- dents in the various uprisings against the Ottoman government, culminating in the Balkan wars of 1912–13. Balkan Cockpit, by W. H. Crawfurd Price (London, 1914) is excellent. Another seminal work was H. N. Brailsford’s Macedonia – Its Races and Their Future (London, 1906), see also The Eastern Question by J. A. R. Marriot (Oxford, 1951) and Austro-Hungarian documents relating to the Macedonian Struggle, 1896–1912, ed. F. R. Bridge, Thessaloniki, 1976. The most authoritative journalistic accounts are by Sir Reginald Rankin and James Bourchier in The Times. The former wrote a large book, Inner History of the Balkan Wars (London, 1926). Bourchier’s important dispatches are collected in The Times Correspondent Reporting from Sofia (Sofia, 1978). The best picture of

303 304 Further reading

fighting on the Macedonian front in the First World War is in The Story of the Salonika Army by G. Ward Price (London, 1918). Wanderings in Yugoslavia by Nora Alexander (London, 1936) and Rebecca West’s Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (London, 1938) are essential reading for the pre-Second World War period of Royalist Yugoslavia. For IMRO pre-Second World War, see Terror in the Balkans, by Albert Londres (London, 1935) and J. Swire, Bulgarian Conspiracy (London, 1939). See the references provided with E. Kofos’s chapter in this volume for further reading on Greek issues. There is much less in English on the inter-war period, but a large literature connected with the re-emergence of the Macedonian Question in the Greek civil war between 1944 and 1949. A useful standard work on the Titoist period in Yugoslavia is Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question by Stephen E. Palmer and Robert King (Connecticut, 1971). A good picture of social conditions in 1950s’ Yugoslav Macedonia is in Tito’s Yugoslavia, by Bernard Newman (London, 1953). Also, see Nationalism and Communism in Macedonia by E. Kofos (Thessaloniki, 1964) and Modern and Contemporary Macedonia, ed. I. Kolispoulos and I. Masiotis (Athens, 1993). Hugh Poulton’s Who Are the Macedonians? (London, 1995), and the Minority Rights Group report The Southern Balkans, by Poulton and Pettifer, and MRG Greece (London, 1994), provide essential basic information on the post- communist period. See also Albania – from Anarchy to a Balkan Identity, by Miranda Vickers and James Pettifer (London, 1997) for information on the Albanian question in Macedonia. A recent English-language production from FYROM on the key border issues, reflecting the current FYROM government’s views is ‘The Borders of the Republic of Macedonia’ (2 vols), by Jove Dimitrija Talevski (Bitola, 1998). It also has some very useful maps. See also ‘Macedonia –Yesterday and Today’, by Jovan and Mischel Pavlouski (Skopje, 1996), and Atlas of the Inhabited Places of Aegean Macedonia, by Todor Simovski (Skopje, 1998). Works in the cultural studies field, and in anthropology, have been important in recent controversies. See Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912, edited by P. Mackeridge and E. Yannakakis (Oxford, 1997), and the highly con- troversial Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood – Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia 1870–1990 by Anastasia N. Karakasidou (Chicago, 1997), and The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a transnational world by Loring Danforth (Princeton, 1995). A pioneering work in this field was G. F. Abbot’s Macedonian Folklore (London, 1903, and Thessaloniki, 1969). On the Church, see Church and State in Yugoslavia since 1945 by Stella Alexander (Cambridge, 1979), The Macedonian Orthodox Church by Doné Ilievski (Skopje, 1973), and Our Holy Orthodoxy: A Short History of the Macedonian Orthodox Church by Archbishop Mihail (Skopje, 1996). On Islam, see Islam in the Balkans by H. T. Norris (London, 1993), and The Bektashi Order of Dervishes by J. K. Birge (London, 1994). A recent reference publication is Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia by Sasha Konechni and Valentina Georgieva (Skopje, 1998) Publications from Bulgaria are available from the International Institute for Macedonia, Pirotska street 5, Sofia 1301, and from the Macedonian Scientific Institute (VMRO-UMS). See Macedonia: Documents and Material (Sofia, 1974) and also, 90 Years of Greek ethnic cleansing of Bulgarians in Aegean Macedonia by Stoyan G. Bojadjiev (Sofia, 1996). Index

Ajanovski, G. 213 Balkans Albania45, 221, 290 alliance 11–12 army 209 conditions for stability 294–8 British military mission 184–98 conflict prevention 289–94, 299 and Greece 227, 229–30, 248 democratisation 277 and Macedonia 21–2, 255 economic issues 299–300 minorities 275, 278 ethnic tensions 275–9 nationalism 21, 115, 118 mutual cooperation 279–81 and Serbia 21, 82 nationalism 274–5, 276–7 Albanian National Liberation Army new balance in 210–11 (ANLA)185, 187, 190–3, 195 regional cooperation 294 Albanians 285, 295–6 Soviet model 271 culture and education37, 131, Barker, E. xxxii, 3–14 142 Barth, F. 70 diaspora138 Barthou30 flag 143 Begamov 170 Gligorov on 98–101 Berisha, Sali 142 in Macedonia 35–8, 44, 93–4, Bernarth, Mathias 72 137–47, 293, 297 Bessmertnyh, A. 265 and Muslim Slavs 115–16 Bogoev, K. 204 refugees 146 Boris, Tsar8 secessionism138, 140, 142 Bosnia 107, 285–6, 289 and Turks 117–18 Bosnia-Herzegovina 86–7, 275 uprising 142–3 Boutros Ghali, Boutros38, 102, 215 Aleksandrov, Ivan 177 Boyadzhiev, Stoyan 179 Aleksandrov, Todor 177 Bozhovic, Lieut.-Col. Ivan 171 Alexander the Great 18, 30, 48, 50, Britain 139–40, 168 63, 79, 102, 129, 132, 133, 232, military mission 184–98 256 Brown, J. F. 284 Aliu, Estref37 Brzezinski, Zbigniew81 Alliance of Reformist Forces32 Bucharest Treaty 220 Andov, Stojan33, 97 Bulgaria 62–3, 98 Aroumanians see Vlachs ethnic breakdown 112 Australia 214 Fatherland Front 169 Austro-Hungary 269 and Greece 3–4, 26, 229

IMRO 59, 167–83 Baccˆvic,´ L. 203 independence 11 Badinter Commission34, 40–1, 201, and Macedonia25–6, 28, 45, 208 50–2, 209, 221, 255 Bajraktar, M. 190 minorities 275, 278 Balkan Entente 270 regional cooperation 281 Balkan Wars (1912–13) 12, 16, 29, and Serbia 3–4 68, 86, 109–10 UMCES 175–6

305 306 Index

Bulgaria(cont.) Dascalakis, C. 18 unification 68 Davies, Brig. ‘Trotsky’186, 188–90, WWI 12–13 195 young men 173, 178 Dayton Agreement 80, 91–92, 254, and Yugoslavia65 283, 286, 301 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) de Mikelis, G. 211, 213 167, 171–2, 175, 176–7 Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Bulgarian Exarchate 3–4, 6, 8–9 Republic 206 Bulgarian Macedonia 51–2, 110–14 Delchev, Gotse 10, 55, 132 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP)113 demilitarisation 299 Burov, Kamen 113 Demiri, Adem 143 Bush, George 211, 290 Democratic Party of Albanians 97 Byzantium 8 Democratic Party of Labour 113 Democratic Party of Turks in Caca, G. xxxii, 148–64 Macedonia (DPTM) 116 Canada 214 Denishev, Georgi 174 China 214, 273 Dimitrov, Georgi 171, 272 Christians 108 Dinë, Fiqri 187–90 Churkin, V. 266 Dinev, Angel 174 Clément, S. xxxii, 285–301 Djaferi 101 Coalition Alliance for Macedonia Dobrkovic,´ N. xxxii, 79–95 97 Drangov, Kiril 171

cold war 270 Drangova, Raina 179 Communist Party of Albania (CPA) Drasˆkovic´ 204 184–6, 196 Drezov, K. xxxiii, 47–57 Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) Dukakis, Senator 128 30, 70, 184–7, 196 Dumas 213 Communists 111, 113, 228 Durham, Edith 184 Conference on Security and Dushan, Stephan8 Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 71, 116, 139, 141, 265, 278 Congress of Berlin 228–9 EC/EU 141, 145, 226, 297 constitution32–4, 41, 52, 138 Association Agreement 290–1 debate 207 Balkan associations 281–2 Gligorov on 96–7, 100, 102, enlargement288 104 financial assistance 20, 40 minority rights 150–53, 163–4 and former Yugoslavia 207–8, Constitutional Court 99–101 238 Council of the Court99 and Greek interests 23–4, 44, 218, Council of Europe93, 220, 299 227–8, 243, 281 Council for Inter-Ethnic Relations humanitarian assistance 213 160–1 Maastricht Treaty 42 Court of European Communities as mediator 298–9 246 PHARE 290 Crampton, R. and B. 126 recognition of Macedonia 26–7, crime 145 28, 84, 88, 211–12, 245 Croatia 82, 103, 275 Egyptians 121 Crvenkovski, Branko 34, 39, 96 Ekov, Evgenii 179 Cvijic, Jovan52–3 election laws 104 Index 307 elections 115 Civil War31, 168, 228, 229, 230, local 141 233 parliamentary 96–8, 205 cultural heritage 22, 24 presidential 104 and EC23–4, 227–8, 243, 281 Elezi, Cen 189–91 ELAS 22, 169 Elezi, Esat 190 embargo lifted 246–7 Ellemann-Jensen, Uffe42 foreign policy perspective253 European Bank for Reconstruction internal politics 249–56 and Development40 and Macedonia18–19, 22–4, Evert, Miltiadis 243, 245 41–3, 63, 79–80, 102, 221, 255, 291 Ferdinand, King 11 minorities 275, 278 flags 98–102, 143, 219–20, 240 Moslem encirclement42 foreign policy 201–225 the name issue28, 48, 79, 103, diplomatic relations 218–19 208, 215–16, 235–6, 239 equidistance 210–11, 215, 287, 294 nationalism234–6 principles of peace 210, 215 in NATO 281 France 168 regional cooperation 280 Frowick, Robert H. 139 and Serbia23 FYROM (Former Yugoslavian Republic threat from the North 229 of Macedonia) 60, 72, 79, 216 and Turkey 285 foreign influence 141 visas31 Muslims 114–21 xenophobia233 political parties 139 and Yugoslavia63, 85–6, 88, 92, recognition 139, 238–40, 245, 287 229, 232 and Turkey 116 Greek Communist Party (KKE)185, UN membership 240 231 Greek Macedonia 109–10 Gaelic128–9, 130 Gruev, Damian 10 Gendzhev, Nedim113 Guli, Pitu 132 Georgievski, Ljupcˇo 33, 103 Germany 168–9, 282 Hadzhikonstantinov-Dzhinot, Yordan Glenny, M. 203 50 Gligorov, Kiro xxxiii, 26, 33–4, 38, Halili, Nevzat 35–7 70, 86, 90, 93, 96–104, 139–40, Haliti, Abdurman 141 145, 154, 206–7, 210–12, 216–17, Hands, Flt-Lt Andy 186–7, 190 239, 244–5, 248–9, 255, 290 Hare, Cap. Alan 188 Goati, V. 203 Haskaj, Hisen 140 Gorans 117 Hasluck, Margaret (Fanny)184 Gostivari, Xhem 188–9, 192, 195 Helsinki Final Act 230, 278 Gotsev, Dimitar 177, 179 Hibbert, Sir Reginald xxxiii, 184–98 Great Migration of the Peoples 63 Hobsbawm, E. J. 60, 72 Greater Albania185, 286 Hoxha, Enver 187, 189–91, 195, Greater Bulgaria 29, 88, 103, 237–8 227 Greece 48–50, 226–62, 266 Hoxha, Fadil 185–6, 190 against recognition 211–12 Hoxha, Mehmet 190 and Albania 227, 229–30, 248 Hristozov, Rusi 170, 172 blockade 209 Hroch, M. 66 and Bulgaria 3–4, 26, 229 Hungary 103 308 Index

Hunter, B. 126 Kourtev, Vladimir 169–71 Hurd, Douglas 140, 213 Kozyrev, A. 265–6 IMRO (Internal Macedonian Kupi, Abas 194 Revolutionary Organisation) 12–13, 19–20, 25, 141 language156–7 after WWII 167–83 Macedonia18, 36–7, 158–9 Central Committee 169–70 Serbian53 disbanded 168 Vlachs 127–9 founded 9–10 Latin 133 illegal 167 LCY, 14th Congress 203 members killed 169, 171–72 Liberal Party34, 97 national perspectives on 61 Lis, Lt Michael 188 origins 60, 63, 67, 73 Lisbon Declaration 212–13 refounded 174 Lleshi, Aqif 191, 195 United 69 Lleshi, Haxhi 185–90, 191, 194–5 see also VMRO Lory, B. 70 IMRO-UMS 61, 178–80 Inonu, Ismet 272 MAAK (Movement for Pan- inter-ethnic relations 160–1 Macedonian Action)237 Interim Accord 219, 221, 247–9, 254 Macdonald, Cap. Donald 193 International Conference on Macedones 250 Yugoslavia 207–8 Macedonia international organisations 217–19 Aegean 49 Islam 107–8, 144, 228 and Albania 21–2, 255 Italy 280, 282 Albanians 93–4, 293, 297 Ivanov, Borislav 173 area of 4 Izetbegoviÿ, Alija 86, 206 army 22 autonomy 68–9 Jews 108 and Bulgaria25–6, 209, 255 Judzel 117 deBulgarisation51–2 definition 67–8, 70 Kalaidzhiev, Hristo 174–6 economic blockade 38–40, 71 Kalloshi, Ramadan 189 economy 4–5, 19–10, 38–40, 44, Karadjic, Vuk 53 84, 204, 208 Karakachanov, Krasimir 179 ethnic tensions 131 Karamanlis, C. 23, 229, 233, 239, foreign debts 40 242, 251 Great Powers intervention 10–11 Kardelj, E. 272 and Greece 18–19, 102, 221, 255,

Katardûiev, Ivan 65 291 Katardzˆiev, Ivan 209 independence 10, 19, 33, 47, 69, Kaytchev, N. xxxiv, 167–83 87–8, 103; anniversary 131; Kemp, Major Peter 186, 188–90 referendum 102, 206 Khrushchev, N. 273 independent statelet 25 Kljusev, Nikola 33–4 language18, 36–7, 158–9 Kofos, E. xxxiv, 226–62 minorities 275 Kosovo138, 184–6, 210, 226, 238, naive historiography 61–4 276, 286–90, 294–5 the name 28, 41, 48, 49–50, 79, Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA/UCK) 103, 215–16, 235–6 146 nationalism 30–1, 72, 177, 221 Index 309

non-secessionist 202–3 Mihailov, Ivan 168–9, 171, 173, partitioned 11, 13, 25, 109, 220 177–8 political parties32–4, 71, 97–100, Mihailov, Vancho 170 204–5 Millet system 107–9

political polarisation 285 Milosavlevski, S. 201, 209 population 16–17, 28, 35 Milosˆeviç, Slobodan 25, 72, 89, 238, recognition 23, 28, 31, 34, 36, 252 40–3, 52, 84, 88, 207–8, minorities 275

211–14, 220 rights 148–64, 277–8 Republic of30, 47 Mircˆev, D. xxxiv, 201–225 self-demilitarisation 90 Mitsotakis, Constantine23–4, 103, self-identification54 237, 239, 241–44, 251–52 and Serbs 93, 255 Mitsotakis, K. 266 state bodies 157–8 Mladenov, Pando173 towns 5 Mojanoski, C. 205 unification31 Molotov, V. 272 Vilayets 29, 67–8 Montenegro275 Yugoslavian army 208–9 Muslims 107–25, 275 see also FYROM (Former Yugoslav in Bulgarian Macedonia 110–14 Republic of Macedonia) emigration to Turkey 109–10, ‘Macedonia is Greek’234–5 113–14 Macedonian Citizenship Law35, 38, 44 Nastev, Georgi 169–70 Macedonian Orthodox Church30 national identity 70, 155–7, 161 Macedonian Patriotic Organisation National Liberation Movement (LNC) (MPO) 173 187, 190–91 Macedonian People’s Movement69 national mobilisation model 66 Macedonian salute 41–2 National Agitation 66–71 Macedonian–Thracian duality 67–8 NATO 280–1, 282–3, 294–5 Macedonians enlargement288 ancient48, 54 Partnership for Peace (PfP) 91, Bulgarian 231 220, 296–300 Diaspora68, 102, 138, 232, 233, Ndreu, Dali 189, 191, 194 235 Ndreu, Esat 189, 191, 195 ethnic origins 5–7, 16–17 Nedeva, I. xxxv, 167–83 expatriate 161–63 Nimetz, Matthew 291 Greek5, 6–7, 231 Slavs 5–6, 7, 50, 54–5, 64, 114–17, OESC Final Act 83 233 O’Neal, Robin 213 Macedonism231, 236 organisational history 64–5 Maclean, Brig. Fitzroy 192–3 OSCE 72, 207, 218, 220, 298 Magginas, Vassilis 43 Spillover Monitoring Mission 71, Makedonci 231–33, 250 290 Makedonia 174 Osmani, Rufi143 Malinesky, D. 266 Ottoman regime 16, 68, 107–8, 110, Markovic,´ Ante 32, 203 228, 263 media and press 89, 91 Owen, Lord 240, 243–4, 246–7, Memedovski, Riza 115 291 Meyer 203 Ozal, Turgut228 310 Index

Palmer, Lt-Col. Alan 194 Samuel, Tsar8, 63 Pangalos, Theodoros 248, 255 Sandanski, Yané 177 Panic,´ M. 211 Sarik-Todorovska, Rosana71 Papaconstantinou, Michalis 243 Scheirup, C.-U. 203 Papandreou, Andreas 229, 233, self-determination 279 240–42, 244–9, 252–4 Semerdziev, Peter 170 Papoulias, Karolos 247 Serbia28, 44, 52–3, 80, 83, 103 Paris Charter 207 and Albania 21, 82 Paris Peace Conference 270, 272 and Bulgaria 3–4 Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP) and Croatia 82 32, 34, 35, 37, 115, 139–42, 144, and Greece 23 205 and Macedonia 24–5, 88–9, 255 Party for Democratic Transformation minorities 275 32, 205 Serbian Orthodox church 204 Party for Rights and Freedom (DPS) Serbo-Bulgarian Agreement (1912) 112 11

Parvanov, Georgi 177 Serbo-Croats 116

ˆ Pavelich, Ante 168 Sesˆelj, Vojislav 25, 28, 44, 89, 204 Peichinovich, Kiril 50 Shehu, Faik 190–1 People’s Republic of Macedonia Shehu, Mehmet 191–94 (PRM)168 Simcox, Capt. Anthony 186, Petkov, Nikola 172 189–90 Pettifer, J. xxxv, 15–27, 137–47 Simeon, Tsar8 Philip II 48, 50, 63, 102, 219, 234 Simitis, Kostas 248, 254–5 Pineiro239 Slaveikov, Petko 50 Pomaks 107, 110–14 Slavic unity 271 Poulton, H. xxxv, 107–25, 126 Slovenia275 Pribiceviç, Svetozar 6 Smirnova, N. D. xxxvi, 263–7, privatisation35 268–84 Protogerov 13 Smith, Major Victor 194 smuggling 89 Rehn, Elizabeth 143 Social-Democratic Alliance 96 Reuter, J. xxxv, 28–46, 204 Social-Democratic Union34 Riddell, Major Richard 186–9, 191, Socialist Alliance 34 192, 195 Socialist Republic of Macedonia rights, minority 148–64, 277–8 (SRM) 227 Ristovksi, Blaûe 65 South Serbia18 Rizov, Kosta 170, 172 Soviet Union ROM 114–19 break-up 269, 274 Roma (Gypsies) 119–21 formation 269 Romania275, 278, 281 and Yugoslavia273 Russia 214 see also Russia Balkan policy 268–84 Staikov, Encho175 foreign policy 263–7 Stalin 171, 271, 273 influence on Balkans 3–4, 8 states see also Soviet Union boundaries 277, 299 creation of 160 Samaras, Adonis 23, 237, 239, Stoyanov, Petar 179 241–43, 251 Sublime Porte 16, 29 Index 311

Thaci, Menduh 141 numbers of 126–7, 128 Thompson 127 scattered 129–30 Tito 6, 13, 19, 21, 25, 80, 114, 168, Vlahov, Dimiter 13 184–5, 195, 202, 233, 273 VMRO 29–31, 33, 55, 97–8, Todorova, Sofija 40 101–102, 103–4, 145, 236–7, 297 Torbeˇsi 114–17 see also IMRO Treaty of Berlin 4, 9, 18, 29 VMRO-DPMNE 25, 31–2, 38, 41–2, Treaty of Bucharest12 60, 71, 138, 205 Treaty of San Stefano 4, 9, 18, 29, Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar 62–3 184–7, 195

Troebst, S. xxxvi, 30, 60–78, 203 Trpeski, Ljupcˆo40 Wace 127 Turkey WEU 291, 296, 298 decree of 1870 9 Willemsen, H. 70 and FYROM 116 Wilson, Woodrow 160 and Greece 285 Winn, Rowland 195 minorities 278 Winnifrith, T. xxxvi, 126–36 Muslim immigrants 109–10, World War I 12–13 113–14 World War II 68–9, 184–98, 263–4, regional cooperation 280–1 270, 271–72 Turks 108, 116–18 Xhaferi, Arben 141–2, 144 United Nations 38, 207, 220 economic sanctions 89, 139, 209, Yashkova, A. Y. xxxvi, 268–84 212 Yeltsin 264, 266 membership 43, 60, 103, 240, 256 Yugoslav People’s Army 90 minority rights 148–50 Yugoslavia15, 19 Peace Implementation Council Albanians 93–4 290 army in Macedonia208–9 UNPREDEP 143, 290–97 break-up 264 UNPROFOR 72, 213, 214 and Bulgaria65 United States 145, 211–12, 214, crisis 80–83, 86–7

226, 243, 245, 264, 282 dissolution 202–3

ˆ Urbancˆic, I. 202 formation of 69 and Greece 65, 85–6, 88, 92, 229, van den Broek, Hans 291 232 Vance, Cyrus 103, 217, 219, 240, and Macedonia 79–95 243–4, 246–7, 249, 291 Roma 119–21 Vardar estuary 25 sanctions against 89 Vardar Macedonia 51, 66, 68–9, 72 and Soviet Union 273 Velichkov, Anatoli 179 Yugoslavia–Macedonia agreement Venezelos, Prime Minister 11 91–2 Vergina Star 132, 236 Yugov, Anton 170

Vickers, M. 146, 304 Vlachs 126–36 Zelev, Zˆelju 45 associations 129–30 Zhekev, Zh. 266 congress 133–4 Zhivkov, Todor 111–13, 174, 176–7, history 131–303 227, 229, 264 language18, 127–9 Zog, King 184, 187