Further reading The literature on the Macedonian Question is vast and complex, and is written in many different languages. Views of ancient Macedonia are dominated by Classicists, whose opinions have proved influential in recent political controversy. The standard volume in English is by N. G. A. Hammond (with G. Griffith and F. Walbank), in three volumes, the History of Macedonia (Cambridge, 1979–88). The mainstream modern Greek view available in English is to be found in C. Daskalis, The Hellenism of the ancient Macedonians (Thessaloniki, 1981). The current mainstream Skopje view is in History of the Macedonian People (Skopje, 1988), the standard FYROM school textbook. See also Macedonia – Its People and History, by Stoyan Pribechevich (Pennsylvania, 1982) and The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, ed. Apostonski and Polenakovic (Skopje, 1974). There are many descriptions of Macedonia and its geography, history and pol- itics in the works of ancient historians and geographers such as Strabo, and the territory is frequently mentioned in accounts of the Roman and Byzantine periods. After the Ottoman conquest, geographic Macedonia became part of ‘Turkey-in-Europe’, and remained so for five hundred years. But during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the many conflicts that arose in the Balkans over the Macedonian territory produced numerous polemical and historical works. See History of Macedonia 1354–1833, by A. Vacalopoulos (Thessaloniki, 1973), and A Modern History of Macedonia 1830–1912 by K. Vakalopoulos (Thessaloniki, 1988). In English, a clear general survey of the nineteenth-century origins of the Macedonian Question is Macedonia – Its Place in Balkan Power Politics, by Elizabeth Barker (RIIA, London, 1950). See also The Congress of Berlin and After, by W. N. Medlicott (London, 1938). The social and economic conditions of Ottoman Macedonia are finely depicted in Researches in the Highlands of Turkey, by H. F. Tozer (London, 1869), and other works by Victorian travellers. Standard works on late Ottoman history are The Greek Struggle in Macedonia 1897–1913, by Douglas Dakin (Thessaloniki, 1966) and The Macedonian Question, 1893–1908 by Nadine Lange-Akhund, New York, 1998. For the nineteenth century origins of IMRO, see For Freedom and Perfection – The Life of Yané Sandanski by Mercia MacDermott (London, 1988). Macedonia was widely reported by Victorian and Edwardian war correspon- dents in the various uprisings against the Ottoman government, culminating in the Balkan wars of 1912–13. Balkan Cockpit, by W. H. Crawfurd Price (London, 1914) is excellent. Another seminal work was H. N. Brailsford’s Macedonia – Its Races and Their Future (London, 1906), see also The Eastern Question by J. A. R. Marriot (Oxford, 1951) and Austro-Hungarian documents relating to the Macedonian Struggle, 1896–1912, ed. F. R. Bridge, Thessaloniki, 1976. The most authoritative journalistic accounts are by Sir Reginald Rankin and James Bourchier in The Times. The former wrote a large book, Inner History of the Balkan Wars (London, 1926). Bourchier’s important dispatches are collected in The Times Correspondent Reporting from Sofia (Sofia, 1978). The best picture of 303 304 Further reading fighting on the Macedonian front in the First World War is in The Story of the Salonika Army by G. Ward Price (London, 1918). Wanderings in Yugoslavia by Nora Alexander (London, 1936) and Rebecca West’s Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (London, 1938) are essential reading for the pre-Second World War period of Royalist Yugoslavia. For IMRO pre-Second World War, see Terror in the Balkans, by Albert Londres (London, 1935) and J. Swire, Bulgarian Conspiracy (London, 1939). See the references provided with E. Kofos’s chapter in this volume for further reading on Greek issues. There is much less in English on the inter-war period, but a large literature connected with the re-emergence of the Macedonian Question in the Greek civil war between 1944 and 1949. A useful standard work on the Titoist period in Yugoslavia is Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question by Stephen E. Palmer and Robert King (Connecticut, 1971). A good picture of social conditions in 1950s’ Yugoslav Macedonia is in Tito’s Yugoslavia, by Bernard Newman (London, 1953). Also, see Nationalism and Communism in Macedonia by E. Kofos (Thessaloniki, 1964) and Modern and Contemporary Macedonia, ed. I. Kolispoulos and I. Masiotis (Athens, 1993). Hugh Poulton’s Who Are the Macedonians? (London, 1995), and the Minority Rights Group report The Southern Balkans, by Poulton and Pettifer, and MRG Greece (London, 1994), provide essential basic information on the post- communist period. See also Albania – from Anarchy to a Balkan Identity, by Miranda Vickers and James Pettifer (London, 1997) for information on the Albanian question in Macedonia. A recent English-language production from FYROM on the key border issues, reflecting the current FYROM government’s views is ‘The Borders of the Republic of Macedonia’ (2 vols), by Jove Dimitrija Talevski (Bitola, 1998). It also has some very useful maps. See also ‘Macedonia –Yesterday and Today’, by Jovan and Mischel Pavlouski (Skopje, 1996), and Atlas of the Inhabited Places of Aegean Macedonia, by Todor Simovski (Skopje, 1998). Works in the cultural studies field, and in anthropology, have been important in recent controversies. See Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912, edited by P. Mackeridge and E. Yannakakis (Oxford, 1997), and the highly con- troversial Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood – Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia 1870–1990 by Anastasia N. Karakasidou (Chicago, 1997), and The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a transnational world by Loring Danforth (Princeton, 1995). A pioneering work in this field was G. F. Abbot’s Macedonian Folklore (London, 1903, and Thessaloniki, 1969). On the Church, see Church and State in Yugoslavia since 1945 by Stella Alexander (Cambridge, 1979), The Macedonian Orthodox Church by Doné Ilievski (Skopje, 1973), and Our Holy Orthodoxy: A Short History of the Macedonian Orthodox Church by Archbishop Mihail (Skopje, 1996). On Islam, see Islam in the Balkans by H. T. Norris (London, 1993), and The Bektashi Order of Dervishes by J. K. Birge (London, 1994). A recent reference publication is Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia by Sasha Konechni and Valentina Georgieva (Skopje, 1998) Publications from Bulgaria are available from the International Institute for Macedonia, Pirotska street 5, Sofia 1301, and from the Macedonian Scientific Institute (VMRO-UMS). See Macedonia: Documents and Material (Sofia, 1974) and also, 90 Years of Greek ethnic cleansing of Bulgarians in Aegean Macedonia by Stoyan G. Bojadjiev (Sofia, 1996). Index Ajanovski, G. 213 Balkans Albania45, 221, 290 alliance 11–12 army 209 conditions for stability 294–8 British military mission 184–98 conflict prevention 289–94, 299 and Greece 227, 229–30, 248 democratisation 277 and Macedonia 21–2, 255 economic issues 299–300 minorities 275, 278 ethnic tensions 275–9 nationalism 21, 115, 118 mutual cooperation 279–81 and Serbia 21, 82 nationalism 274–5, 276–7 Albanian National Liberation Army new balance in 210–11 (ANLA)185, 187, 190–3, 195 regional cooperation 294 Albanians 285, 295–6 Soviet model 271 culture and education37, 131, Barker, E. xxxii, 3–14 142 Barth, F. 70 diaspora138 Barthou30 flag 143 Begamov 170 Gligorov on 98–101 Berisha, Sali 142 in Macedonia 35–8, 44, 93–4, Bernarth, Mathias 72 137–47, 293, 297 Bessmertnyh, A. 265 and Muslim Slavs 115–16 Bogoev, K. 204 refugees 146 Boris, Tsar8 secessionism138, 140, 142 Bosnia 107, 285–6, 289 and Turks 117–18 Bosnia-Herzegovina 86–7, 275 uprising 142–3 Boutros Ghali, Boutros38, 102, 215 Aleksandrov, Ivan 177 Boyadzhiev, Stoyan 179 Aleksandrov, Todor 177 Bozhovic, Lieut.-Col. Ivan 171 Alexander the Great 18, 30, 48, 50, Britain 139–40, 168 63, 79, 102, 129, 132, 133, 232, military mission 184–98 256 Brown, J. F. 284 Aliu, Estref37 Brzezinski, Zbigniew81 Alliance of Reformist Forces32 Bucharest Treaty 220 Andov, Stojan33, 97 Bulgaria 62–3, 98 Aroumanians see Vlachs ethnic breakdown 112 Australia 214 Fatherland Front 169 Austro-Hungary 269 and Greece 3–4, 26, 229 IMRO 59, 167–83 Baccˆvic,´ L. 203 independence 11 Badinter Commission34, 40–1, 201, and Macedonia25–6, 28, 45, 208 50–2, 209, 221, 255 Bajraktar, M. 190 minorities 275, 278 Balkan Entente 270 regional cooperation 281 Balkan Wars (1912–13) 12, 16, 29, and Serbia 3–4 68, 86, 109–10 UMCES 175–6 305 306 Index Bulgaria(cont.) Dascalakis, C. 18 unification 68 Davies, Brig. ‘Trotsky’186, 188–90, WWI 12–13 195 young men 173, 178 Dayton Agreement 80, 91–92, 254, and Yugoslavia65 283, 286, 301 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) de Mikelis, G. 211, 213 167, 171–2, 175, 176–7 Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Bulgarian Exarchate 3–4, 6, 8–9 Republic 206 Bulgarian Macedonia 51–2, 110–14 Delchev, Gotse 10, 55, 132 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP)113 demilitarisation 299 Burov, Kamen 113 Demiri, Adem 143 Bush, George 211, 290 Democratic Party of Albanians 97 Byzantium 8 Democratic Party of Labour 113 Democratic Party of Turks in Caca, G. xxxii, 148–64 Macedonia (DPTM) 116 Canada 214 Denishev, Georgi 174 China 214, 273 Dimitrov, Georgi 171, 272 Christians 108 Dinë, Fiqri 187–90 Churkin, V. 266 Dinev, Angel 174 Clément, S. xxxii, 285–301 Djaferi 101 Coalition Alliance for Macedonia Dobrkovic,´ N. xxxii, 79–95 97 Drangov, Kiril 171 cold war 270 Drangova, Raina 179 Communist Party of Albania (CPA) Drasˆkovic´ 204 184–6, 196