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Downloads/Docs Basicos/Ejecutivos/18- SFSLM.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS SUBDIRECCIÓN DE POSTGRADO SISTEMÁTICA, ZOOGEOGRAFÍA Y EVOLUCIÓN DEL GÉNERO HERICHTHYS (PISCES: CICHLIDAE), EN EL NORESTE DE MÉXICO TESIS COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS CON ACENTUACIÓN EN MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE Y DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE POR MAURICIO DE LA MAZA BENIGNOS SAN NICOLAS DE LOS GARZA, N.L. MARZO 2014 1 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS SUBDIRECCIÓN DE POSTGRADO SISTEMÁTICA, ZOOGEOGRAFÍA Y EVOLUCIÓN DEL GÉNERO HERICHTHYS (PISCES: CICHLIDAE), EN EL NORESTE DE MÉXICO TESIS COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS CON ACENTUACIÓN EN MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE Y DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE POR MAURICIO DE LA MAZA BENIGNOS APROBADA: COMISION DE TESIS: PRESIDENTE: _____________________________________ DRA. MARIA DE LOURDES LOZANO VILANO SECRETARIO: _____________________________________ DR. JUAN ANTONIO GARCIA SALAS VOCAL 1: _____________________________________ DRA. MARIA ELENA GARCÍA RAMÍREZ VOCAL 2 _____________________________________ DR. ARMANDO JESUS CONTRERAS BALDERAS VOCAL 3: _____________________________________ DR. ROBERTO MERCADO HERNÁNDEZ SAN NICOLÁS DE LOS GARZA, NUEVO LEÓN, MÉXICO DICIEMBRE 2013 2 DEDICATORIA A Sylvia Elena con todo mi amor por su paciencia, confianza y apoyo durante estos años de arduo trabajo. Gracias por estar a mi lado 3 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento a la Dra. María de Lourdes Lozano Vilano por su asesoría, consejos y apoyo, y sobre todo por su paciencia y amistad. A la Dra. María Elena García Ramírez por sus atinados consejos, por sus pláticas, enseñanzas y revisiones durante el desarrollo de este trabajo, y sobre todo por su amistad. Al Dr. Armando Jesús Contreras Balderas por su ayuda, consejos y revisiones durante el desarrollo de este trabajo por sus agradables pláticas y por su amistad. Al Dr. Roberto Mercado Hernández por sus enseñanzas y ayuda en los aspectos estadísticos del presente trabajo. Al Dr. Juan Antonio García Salas, Dr. Ignacio Doadrio, Dra. Claudia Patricia Ornelas, Dr. Anthony A. Echelle, Dr. Michael E. Douglas, y Dr. Juan Jacobo Schmitter-Soto por sus consejos y apoyo en las revisiones de los escritos tanto de la tesis como de los artículos enviados a publicación. A Marco Arroyo, Hazzaed Ochoa, Alejandro Espinosa, Emanuel Pimentel, Jesús María Leza Hernández, y Anarbol Leal por su apoyo y ayuda entusiasta durante los viajes de colecta. A Lilia Vela Valladares por su ayuda en la disección de los ejemplares analizados; a Alejandro Garza por la elaboración de los mapas, y a Martha Valdéz y a Aslam Narváez-Parra por los dibujos de las placas faríngeas y dientes. Finalmente a todas aquellas personas que de alguna forma colaboraron en la culminación de este trabajo a todos ellos mi más sincero agradecimiento. 5 INDICE CAPITULOS ÍNDICE………………………………………………………………………… 6 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS…………………………………………………………. 10 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS………………………………………………………… 15 RESUMEN…………………………………………………………………….. 22 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………. 23 I. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………… 24 2. ANTECEDENTES……………………………………………………... 27 2.1. Taxonomía y Sistemática……………………………………… 27 2.2. Paleohidrografía……………………………………………….. 28 2.2.1. Corredor Palma Sola-Tampico………………………... 29 2.2.2. Corredor Tampico-Cuatro Ciénegas…………………... 32 2.2.3. Barras y lagunas costeras……………………………… 36 2.3. Paleoclima……………………………………………………... 37 3. AREA DE ESTUDIO…………………………………………………. 38 3.1. Localización……………………………………………………. 38 3.2. Fisiografia……………………………………………………… 39 3.2.1. Cuenca del río Nautla………………………………….. 39 3.2.2. Cuenca río Tecolutla…………………………………… 41 3.2.3. Cuenca del río Cazones………………………………… 42 3.2.4. Cuenca del río Tuxpam………………………………… 43 3.2.5. Cuencas del río Pánuco y del río Tamesí………………. 44 3.2.6. Cuenca del río Soto la Marina…………………………. 45 3.2.7. Cuenca del río San Fernando…………………………… 46 3.2.8. Cuenca del río Bravo…………………………………… 47 3.2.8.1. Subcuenca del río San Juan…………….. 47 3.2.8.2. Subcuenca del río Álamo……………….. 48 3.2.8.3. Subcuenca de los ríos Salado-Nadadores. 48 4. HIPÓTESIS………………………………………………………………… 50 6 5. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………. 51 5.1. General………………………………………………………….. 51 5.2. Particulares……………………………………………………… 51 6. MATERIAL Y METODOS……………………………………………… 52 6.1. Método de Campo………………………………………………. 52 6.2. Análisis Morfométrico y Merístico…………………………….. 53 6.3. Filogenia Molecular…………………………………………….. 56 6.3.1. Extracción del ADN, amplificación del PCR y Secuenciación…………………………………………… 57 6.3.2. Análisis de los datos…………………………………….. 57 6.3.3. Terminología empleada…………………………………. 60 7. RESULTADOS……………………………………………………………… 63 7.1. Zoogeografía y Distribución Actual………………………………. 63 7.2. Análisis Morfológico…………………………………………….... 75 7.3. Análisis de Componentes Principales (PC) y Discriminante (DA) de la morfometría para Herichthys vs. Nosferatu género nuevo… 76 7.3.1. CP de la morfometría para Herichthys vs Nosferatu nuevo género…………………………………………… 76 7.3.2. DA de la morfometría para Herichthys vs Nosferatu nuevo género…………………………………………… 78 7.3.3. DA de la morfometría entre linajes específicos pertenecientes a los géneros Herichthys y Nosferatu… 80 7.4. Clustering Jerárquico en base a distancias/similitud de Correlación de Pearson………………………………………… 83 7.5. Analisis Discriminante (DA) de la morfometría entre linajes específicos pertenecientes al género Herichthys……… 85 7.6. Análisis Discriminante Clasificatorio (CDA) de la morfometría entre las supraespecies H. [cyanoguttatus] y H. [deppii]………………………………………………………….. 88 7.7. Análisis Discriminante (DA) de la morfometría entre linajes específicos de H. [cyanoguttatus]…………………….. 90 7.8 Análisis discriminante clasificatorio (CDA) de la morfometría entre H. [cyanoguttatus] cyanoguttatus, H. [cyanoguttatus] teporatus y H. [cyanoguttatus] carpintis.. 93 7.9. Análisis Discriminante Clasificatorio (CDA) de la morfometría entre linajes específicos de H. [deppii]………… 95 7.10. Análisis Discriminante (DA) de la morfomtería entre linaje 7 (formas) de H. [deppii tepehua n. sp. que habita las cuencas de los ríos Pantepec, (Cazones, Tecolutla, Solteros = Turquesa) y Tenixtepec…........ 97 7.11. Analisis Discriminante (DA) de la morfomtetría entre linajes específicos pertenecientes al género nuevo Nosferatu… 100 7.12. CDA de la morfometría para linajes específicos dentro del género nuevo Nosferatu……………………………………….. 103 7.13. DA de la morfometría entre N. pratinus n. sp., N. pame n. sp. y N. pantostictus………………………………. 105 7.14. Relaciones filogenéticas………………………………………. 110 7.15. Divergencia genética (p=distancias sin corregir) Cox1………… 112 7.16. Nuevo género Nosferatu……………………………....................... 114 7.16.1. Nosferatu Nuevo Género..................................... 114 7.16.2. Nosferatu labridens (Pellegrin 1903)................. 118 7.16.3. Nosferatu pantostictus (Taylor y Miller 1983)... 124 7.16.4. Nosferatu pratinus n. sp....................................... 131 7.16.5. Nosferatu pame n. sp........................................... 136 7.16.6. Nosferatu molango n. sp...................................... 142 7.16.7. Nosferatu steindachneri (Jordan y Snyder 1900). 147 7.16.8. Nosferatu bartoni (Bean 1892)………………… 153 7.17. Género Herichthys Baird y Girard, 1854………………………. 155 7.17.1. Linajes del sur de la Sierra Tantima...................... 157 7.17.1.1. Herichthys [supraespecie: deppii] Nov…. 157 7.17.1.2. Herichthys [deppii] deppii (Heckel, 1840)………………………….. 158 7.17.1.3. Herichthys [deppii] deppii: Zanjas de Arena ....................................... 166 7.17.1.4. Herichtys tepehua, n. sp........................... 169 7.17.1.4.1. Formas alopátricas de H. tepehua.................................... 176 7.17.1.4.1.1. H. tepehua Turquesa........ 176 7.17.1.4.1.2. H. tepehua Tenixtepec..... 183 7.17.2. Linajes del norte de la Sierra Tantima................. 187 7.17.2.1. Herichthys [supraespecie: cyanoguttatus] Nov……………………………………… 187 7.17.2.1.1. Herichthys [cyanoguttatus cyanoguttatus Baird y Girard, 1854……………………………... 188 7.17.2.1.2. Linajes alopátricos de H. cyanoguttatus: río San Fernando... 193 7.17.2.2. Herichthys teporatus (Fowler, 1903)…… 194 8 7.17.2.3. Herichthys carpintis (Jordan y Snyder, 1899)………………………………….... 198 7.17.2.4. Herichthys [cyanoguttatus] Tamasopoensis Artigas-Azas, 1993........ 204 7.17.3. Herichthys minckleyi Kornfield y Taylor, 1983. 208 8. DISCUSIÓN........................................................................................... 213 8.1. Implicaciones taxonómicas........................................................ 213 8.2. Patrones biogeográficos............................................................. 215 8.3. Evidencias de dispersión reciente al norte del río Soto la Marina.................................................................................... 218 9. CONCLUSIONES.................................................................................. 220 10. LITERATURA CITADA....................................................................... 223 ANEXOS................................................................................................ 238 9 INDICE DE TABLAS Tabla I. Lista de caracteres morfométricos en inglés/español……………......... 54 II. Distribución actual de la familia Cichlidae al norte de la PDM………………………………………………………...…...… 64 III. Cargas para los primeros siete componentes principales de los datos morfométricos agrupados para Herichthys (n= 279) y Nosferatu (n= 95)….……………………..………......…...
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