of the of' S'ri Lanka

Sri Lanka, becausc of its geograpfucal position and Vcry fcw of the iocsi Jegnmes are edible 2nd evcll its physical features, llss a relatively wide range thsw are of li~leimportnr~ce except as gene reservoirs

of climatic regions and ' a corrcspocdingly rich and for breeding purposes. Over 8G species prcducc varied flora. This flora remair.ed more or less u~ldisturbed fruils or seeds that coulcl b- ealen in the fresh coilditioii by itIan up to about 500 B.C. From then onwards or afLerroasting. A !kx of lilcm, c.g. .Fcroruiz li:r:oi~ia various crdp plants e.g. rice, millets, slrgar-cam and (Divl;l), F'EacourhIa iizrilca (Ug~xf~ssn),Etaeocnrpur; sesarnuzn, along with mango, tamarind, jak and ceriaiu sewifus (Verdn), Cariur~cararrGss (Kara11&.), other trees, and settled agricu1tul.e wew introdliccd to the Zi~yplii~~rnzarltia~aa (hilaha-debar-,), alld A.bcria gqrdr:-;-i island from the India11 sub-continent. (Keta~l:bil!a, Ceylon Gooseberry) are somdioic:: Further, from very early Limes Sri ladm served as a cui~ivntedin borne giirdel~s. Tn most spc,cies, trading centre between the East an$ the West and liowcver, thc: fruits are collcclcd from wild or senIi..\v:!d traders from different countries sea to' have brong:lt plants. Soille of the f~:.lirs are suilable Lot prcparatioi~ here a number of plants. More recently, during the last of fruit-d~jnks,jams mil jellies. It is nlso said three or four centllries, several I~undredplant species-- that good qualiiy \~,:incs could be proiluccd many of them from the New World - have been fsoln some of' thcnz. introdltced to the island. A large number of these alien plants have now become na~uralisedin and Tlie starch - proiluci:?g pia!lts aumbx about 30, are a!nong the commonest plants seen along roadsides, Thsy sre ma.i;~lygr?.sses, pi;li>l:q,aroids aild Dioscorea yams. waste ground and as weeds of cultivated land. Flour could also bc esl~.nctedfro111 some of [lie In this papzr, I shall no? deal with the latter group of larger secds like t!~osoof Cyear ai:d Vnteria efipeliifcra and plants shall confine attelltion to the ii~digenous (Hal). Our s~arch-procluwng-, 9ii\nls are of relat-ively species and some of the very early introductions. little importance. l ubers of mai)y wild aroids, sol-lli: of which are pleniiful idong watcrwzys, are never u;ed locally 'because of the lrritan'i ection of thc Even though our \~ege:etalion11as been rll~tcll nphides prescnl- in iilein. If siz!isfactary ~lletl~odsto disturbed for almost 2503 yeafs and the original forests remove tllenl are devised it should be possible to are now restricted to a very few snlall area.s, we still use tlzese tubers at least: as anirnsl feed, have a rich flora with nearly 3000 indigenous species of which about 850 are e~~demicto the isl3nd. The local sug"~producing piants are Madhnce No complete survey has yet ken made of' the longifolia (Mi) arid certai!~pabil~. lMadillica : useful products that co11Jd be obtained from these plants. arc said to conu~in50 to 70 per cent of their dry weigi~t What we now know about them, comes mainly frorn the as sugars. Thesk do not seem to bc used now iin accumulaled traditional knowledge which again is based Sri Lanka, but ia Jndia lilany thousands or toils are I obscrvaiio~~s.Accordu~g to the used saniuliy i11 Lile rcr~ne:lt:at~oilii;dt!siry, available, about 780 of the indigcnoiis Locally s~ig2ris ex rra2i.d froin Borassns EisbeLiifcr ants and rzearly 70 of the early int~.o.ri~~ctions (Palmyrah), Car yotii urwr (K lLu!), anti Cocos u::cifera d as sources of food or of phytocbe~nicl?!~of (Coconut). A few years ago same a:icinpts were made ~IClniportance. A list of these plants are to tal) Nypa buticans (Ci~n-pol)in Sci Llnlts. Nypa is n at the end of this . considered to bt: one of the cheapcst sources of sugar -- one acre pl-oduci~lgup to 1-112 tons sugar without ally cultivation (MacMillan, 1943). Nou-drying oils could be obtairled from over '20 'i %e number of indlgeoous plants that could be local species but very few of tlleln are suitable for use various ways as sources of food is about 200. as food. Oil Irom coconut and fi.oin Scsanlum (Gingelly) Over hahalf of tliem al-e used as vegelzbles or pot-herbs are the only ones now used ao food in the country. me puts used range from roofs and tender shoots to Mddkelca (Mi) oil was used in the past. This is still l1'~and young friuts Tiley are n~ostlycollected an importan1 item of food ill ludia. . fr6m wild or semi-wild $. A very Tow are cultivated Owa I ale Among these are Alternantl~era Befort: the introductioli of tea to tiw island, !*b (Mukunuwenna) Basella robra (Niv~ti), infusions of the dried flowers of Cassia nmjei~lata asiatica (GO~~I~OI~),$ornoen nguatira (Ranawara), and Aegie rnarmdos (Beli) were much used lMBn-hn), and Larir spiuora (Kohila). as beverages and are still used to solsre extent. %FOf these local vegetables arc said Lo According to Btov~~i(i950), hfusio:is of the leavzs of QOurcesof nitrogen, minerals and vitamins. (MolAacciie)and t!wsc of Ca~aoua Iliwdl% to Pirle (1971), leaves oT lpomoea aquatic. microphyIla (30rnginacc~~.e.e)are used as tea in some t'v'4s6 to 5.8 per cent nifr~ge~~in the dry nratter and countries. Sap from pal21 infi~res~cnces,eilher [resir kannualyield could be as high as 80,000 k$/he. or after ferlzientatjon, is also much used as a ba-gerage, SPICES and F1,AVOURINGS (Citroilclias and Lernon grass), Cinilainonluln aeylanicu~n(Cinnamon), and Eleftaria (Cardamo~ns) Sri Lanka !us been well Icnow~~for its splces from are citltivated for coin~nercial purposes. Many oi the t~lneimnernorjal and a conslde~ablenumber of local pia~~tsproducing esseillial oils are the snlue ns plants are used as splces. The most Important of Lhese are those hsed as ~1>ices. cardamom alld cinnamon. In additloll to thesc and the other better known ones, leaves of Premna serratifolia, DYES ant1 TANNINS P. latifofolia, and P. procu~nbens (Veibenaceae) are sornetlmes used as flavourings Ucfore the syothellc dyes became fieely ava~lable,vegetable dyes were much rn use IR the country, Some of these were conslde~edto be "softer" and more permanent than the synthettcs, bul thls 1ndnst1~ The most widely used masticatories, Piper betle d~eddown as it could not compele w~ththe cl~caper (Betel) and heca catcchu (Asecauut) are both very ei~rly Imp01is. Wrlh the present expansion of varlous introduct~onsto the island. Among others used locally ludustues, local vegetable dycs should have a rzady are the seeds of the endemic palr~~s,Areca conctnna ~llarlcetlf a. regular supply of quality pioducts (Lenatcri) and Loxococcus repicola (Dotalu) and the seeds could be nlade ava~lable T~ilnulexlrzct~oll still of the Zingiberaceous piant Amornum rnasticatorium continues but w~thIhz def~rest~~llonthat ~c now which js also endemic to Sri Lanka. In some parts golng on the ilumbers of the Lanuln produc~ng of the island, Catlicarpa tomentosa is said to be trees a1 e ~apldly dwmdling. used for cbewing. GUMS, RESINS, etc. MEDICLNAL PLANTS Good grade gums, reslns etc., ale produced Nearly 700 indigenous plant species are used in by many of our local trees espec~ally the D~pterocarps. nledicille either here or in sornc of our neigl-tbxxing Donna zeylanica (Dun), for example, p~oducesa good countries. Out of our native plauts which are conzlnon grade gum resin, Shorea oblongifolla (Dumalh) to Sri Lanka and , about 30 per cent arc glves a clear resln surtable fo~varnrsh; and considered to be of medicinal use. As against this, Vatexia copallifera (I-Pal) gives J, clcar yelJow~sh resln ollly about 3 or 4 per cent of the endemics said to be equal to the best danlrnars All three of these are so considered. We slill seem to be using the same aIc endemic to the ~slaud plants as in India with only a very few additions f~-omthe 1cca.l flora even though the ayurvedic syslem GENERAL OUSERVA'TIONS of medicinz Ilss been used here for wel.1 over 2000 years. Out of the several hundred indigenous plants listed, Some of our local drug plants are reputed to have coconut is the only major crop plant and this is rlow bactericidal properties. In studies carried out in grown over au area of about a million acres. India, many of these have been found to be ineffective Cinna~non,citrouella and carda~nolnare rninoc export or only partially effective but Glycosmis pentaphylla crops and tl~eycover about 36,009 acres, 15,000 acres, .: (Rutaceae), Hiptage benghaknsis (Malphigiaceae), and and 9,500 acres respectively. None of Lhe others are Phyla (Lippia) nodil'lora (Verbenaceae) are reported grown on any large scale. A few of Lhe food plants and to have inhibited co~npleielythe growth of nine some of the medicinal plants are grown in sniall different typcs of bacteria for which tests were carried out. plots or in home gardens. htte~nptsare now beiug lnade to grow certain inedici~lalplants on a larger scale. POITSONS, INSECTICIDES and INSECT REPELLAiiTS Froin tbe vast majority of the species listed however the various products are collecicd from wild or About 47 specics are recorded as being poisonous; semi-wild plants growing on waste ground 01- in forests, nearly 30 species are used as fish poisons and 19 and with the progressive clearing up of the forests are reputed to be active as insecticides or ~nsec.trepellants, these plants are becoming less and less available for exploitation. NETTLES and SKIN IRRITANTS Gxcept for the ieseatch orl ~ocoi~utand, Of the plants listcd under this group those belonging perhaps, also on citronella, Ilttle or no work has to the Urticaceae and Txagia involucrata (Euphorbiacei!e) been done on the selecbon and the nnplovement of any are true nettles with stinging hairs. One of them, ol the lndlgenous econonllc plants In fact as far as Laportea crenlalata (AJaussa, devil nettle or fever nettle) soinc of them are concerued, seIectlon may be stings sevcrely prodilcing distressing effects which may Iast work~ngagainst lmproveinent due io the fact Lbat piaots for several days. The ripe fruits of Caryota urens (KjtuI) or parts of plants w~thany desirable chardcterlsfiCSare add the tissues of certain aroids, if rubbed against the often uprooted or removed for use by man leaving skin, cause irritations due to the presence of raphides only those w~ehthe less desirable characleristlcs in them. to mature and reproduce. ESSENTlAL OILS and PERFUMES Cultivation and selection would uadoubtedl~ improve many of our economic piants in SOI~~ofthen 'Kc species producing essential oils and perfrunes Vdrlous strains are recogn~sed and some are *cgard@+ nuinber about 30, but of them only Cymbopogon spp. as superior to others ID these ~e~ect~0llfor 4~all'Y and high yields IS desirable. In cinnamon, for example, And that the second is an indigenous plant used as a ~plcc sucli selection and vegetative propagation of clonal or flavouring (A8), and provides a medicinal drug (B1) material could ensure unifor~nand high quality products. and an essential oil (B6). Untapped phptochemical produc[s may st111 remain 5 w~shto record here my sincere thanks to hrdden in some of our local specics, especially the Professor R.N. de Fonseka and to Miss L. H. Chang endemc ones. A f~lland cornprehens~vesurvey ol' these for assistance in checking references. 1s urgently needed but at the rate exploitat~onof forests and deforestatloll 1s now going on, many endemics may becorne extlnct long before any such survey is co~uplete. Early act~onshould therefore be taken Lycopodiaceae to protect aud even cultivate any enda~lgeredspecics Lycopodium plllegrnaria L. and to preserve representative samples of vegetation Pteridaceae types as Strlct Natural Reserves so as to protect Acroslichum aureum L. the flora for stud~esand use even at a lalater date. Parkeriaceae Ceratioteris thalictroidcs (L) Brongn LIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF SRI LANKA Asyidiaceae WHICH Am OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE DipIazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. AS FOOD, DRUGS, ETC. Polypodaceae Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. This l~sthas bsen prepared after a p~el~minary G~~rnoosperm survey of the literature on the useFul plants of Sn Cycadaceae Lanka and some of the nsighbouring countries. Cycas circinalis L. A full hst of ihe l~teratureconsulted is give11 at the end. Only plants indigenous to the Island and those R'Tonocolyleduw considered to have been ~lltroducedto Sri Lanka at a very Typhaceae early date are glven in tllis list. 'The names of those Typha atlgustifolia L 1 ;. introduced are unde~lined. Names of plants Pandanaceae P brought here during the last few cetlturles fro111 the New Pandanus lectorius Soland. ex Park. 6 16 ,,World and elsew!lerc have not been included. Aponogetonaceae ;Further o~llyplants used as food, drugs, etc. Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl, & Krause 1 4 :or as sources of useful chemical products are listed. A. cr~spusThumb. 14 'Those providing timber, fibres, etc, are not included. Hydrocharitaceae Enhalas acoroides (L.f.) Rich. ex Steud. 6 ant narries are arranged under families in the Otteha alismoides (L.) Pers. 4 6 I as in the author's Check List of the Granllneae Plants of Ceylon (Abeywickrama 1959). Lophatherum gracile Brongn, 1, es to descriptions of the plants may bs Phalaris arundinacea L. 2 m this work. Against each name the Eleusine ind~ca(L.) Gaertn. 12 ure of the use or tlze product is indicated by a figure. E, coracana (L.) Gaertn. 1 1 figures are arranged in two columns. Tliose Dactyloctenillm aegyptium (L.) Beauv. 12 colu~nnA rcfer to uses as food, etc, and those Cynodoii dactylon (L.) Pers. 12 colurn~lB to drugs, etc. as foi1ows:- Oryza saliva L. 1 1 Hygroryza arlstata (Kelz.) Nees 1 Clolumll B Patucum repens L. 1 P. miliaceunl L. 1 1 1 Medici~zaldrugs P. psllopo&nm Tnu. 1 2 Polsolls P. oliliare Lam. 1 1 3 F~shpoisons P. antidotale Retz. 12 ot lzerbs 4 Nettles and sktn irritants Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link 14 5 Pestrc~desand Insect re- E. fruinentacea Ltnk 1 12 pellailts E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. 14 1 0 Perfumes and essential E, sragnina (Retz.) Beauv. 1 oiIs Paspalurn scrobic~~latumL, 1 12 7 Dyes and tannins Setaria Plicata (Lam.) Cooke 1 3 Gums and mucilages S. ital~ca(L.) Beauv. 1 1 9 Ce~nerrtsand Res~ns Pennisetum glaucunl (L.) R.Ur. 1 1 Impesata cylindnca var. major (Necs) C. E. Hubb 1 A B Saccharum spontaneuin L. 1 jaw Cateebu L 9 17 S. officitlarum L 2 1 w! Cinnaniomum zeylanicuill Bl. 8 16 Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze 1 Sorghun~halepense (L.) Pers. 12 that tile first named piant is an introduced one, S. bicolor (L.) Moanch. 1 -"Qe?s underlined, and that it provides a masticatory Vetiveria zlzanioides (L.) Nash 16 --*aclnal drug (B1) and also a dye or tannin (B7), Chrysopgon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. 1 ' - Cymbopbgon wlnteranus Jowitt C. axillaris (L.)3.A.d~ ~.H.~chult. 1 C. nardus (L.) Rendle Murdannia spirata (L.) Brueckn. 4 C. dtratus (DC) Stapf M. nrldiflora (L.) Brenan 4 1 I Themeda triandra Forsk. Floscopa scandens Lour. 1 Meteropogon contortus (L.) Beau'cl. Commelina hnghalensis 1;. 4 1 Clyonachne koenrgll (Spreng.) Thw. C. c.lavata C.B.Clarke 4 Coix gigantea Koen Polztederaceae C. Lachrvma-jobi L. Mo~iochoriahastata (L.) Solms 4 1 Bambusa barnbos (L.) Druce M. vaginalls (Purm.f.) ICunth 4 1 B, vulghris Schrad. Liliaceae Gloxiosa superba L. 12 Qperaceae Aloe barbadensis Mill. 18 Cypems iria L. Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd. 1 C, diff~~susVahl Asparagus recernosus Wil Id. 1 C. rotundus L. A. falcatus L. 4 C. stoloniferus Retz., A. gonoclados Paker 1 C. platyphyllus Roem. & Schult. Smilacaceae C. triceps (Rottb.) Endl. Smilax aspara L. 1 C. brevifolius (Rottb.) Endl. Amaryllidaceae Scirpus articufatus L. Allium cepa L 4 8 1 S. grossus L, f. Crinum asiaticum L. 1 Remirecz maritilna Aubi. C. defixum Ker-Cawl. 1 : Sclerja pergracilis (Nees) Kunth C. latifoliunl L. I I C, zeylaniucuru L. 1 Palmae Hypoxidaceae ' Areca catecbu L. Curculigo orchioides Gaer tn, 1 A. concinna Thw. Dioscoreaceae Loxococcus rupicola (Thw.) Wend. & Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill 1 1 Drude D. pentaphylla L. 14 1 Caryola urens L. D. bul bifera L. 14 12 I Nypa frutrcans Wurmb. D. oppositifolia L. i 1 ' Phoenix zeylan~caTrinr. D. alata L. 14 1 , P. pusilla Gaertn. Musaceae urnbraculifera L. Musa acunlinata Colla 4 6 1 Calamus rotang L. M,balbisiana Colla 4 6 1 flabell~ferI,. M. x paradisiacw L. cvs 4 6 1 Cocos nucifcra L. Zingiberaceae Kaempferia rotunda L 1 Arac&e K. galanga L. 8 9 1 Potl-~osscandens L. Boesenbergia paudurata (Roxb.)Schlecht 1 Acorus calumus L. Curcuma aromatics Salisb. 16 Rhaphidophora laciniald(Burm.f.)Merr C. zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe 18 167 Lasia syiizosa (L ) T11w. C. domesticn Valeton S 157 Alnorpllophallus campanularns (Koxb.) Z. zerulnbet (L.) Sm. \ B1. Z. officinalc Roscoe 18 16 A, sylvaticus (Roxb.) Schott Kunth. Amomnm masticatorium Thw. 9 Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott Elettaria repens (Sonner.) Baili. 89 16 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott E.ensal (Gaertn .) Abeywick. 89 16 Alocasia cucullata (1-our.) Schott Languas chinensis Koen. 1 A. rnacrorrhiza (L.) Schort L. galanga (L.) Stuntz 17 A. indicn (Roxb.) Schott Costus specicsus (Koen.) Sm. 14 1 Typhoniuin triolbatu~n(L.) Schott Cannaceae Afisaenia leschenaultii B1. Canna indiw L. 1. 17 Lageilandra lancifolia (Schott) Thw. Orchrdaceae L. ovatcr (L.) Thw. Dendro biu~nmacraei Lindl. 1 Cryptoco~-ynespiralis (Retz.) Fischer D. crumenatum Sw. 1 Pistia stratioies L. EuIophia epidendraea (Retz.) C.E.C.Fischer 1 E. nnda I,indl. I Flagellariaceae Cymbidium aloifolium &,)SW. I Flagellaria indica L. Rlrynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl. 1 Xyridaceae Luisia tenuifolia (L.) B1. 1 Xyris indlca L. Vauda tessellata (Koxb.) Lod. 1 Eriocaulaceae V. spathulata (L.) Spreng. 1 Eriocaulon sexangnlare L. Acampe praemorsa Blatter & McCann 1 Commel~naceae Anoectochilus regalis B1. 1 Cyanotis tuberosa Schultes f. Zeuxine strateunlatica (L.) Schlecht. . , I' Atriplex repens ~0th 4 Piper longunl k. Arthrocnemum indicum (Willd.) Moq. P. betle L. Sallcornia brachiata Roxb. Suaeda monoica Forsk. ex J.F. Gmel. P. thwaitesii C.DC 89 Amaranthaceae- - P. ~ligrumL. Uelosia argentea L, P. un~bellatun~L. 8 Allmania nodiflora (L.) K.Br. Chloranthaceae Amaranthus spines, L. Chloranthus glaber (Thunb.) Makin0 Adtricolor L. Jlmaceae A. viridis L. Holoptelea iniegrifolia (Roxb.) planchm Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Cellis cinnanlollea Lindl. Cyathula prostrata (L.) BI. Trema orientale (L.) B1. Aena lanata (L.) JUSS. Achyranthes aspera I,. Moraceae A. bidentata 81. Streblus asper (Retz.) Lour. Altmauthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. Artocarpus nobilis Thw. 167 Nyctaginaceae- A. lakoocha Roxb. Boerhaavia diffusa L. 4 A. Imeterophyllus Lam. 616 PiSonia acuIeata L. Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Leschen. P. grandis R. Br. 4 Ficus parasitica Koen. F. benghalens~sL. Aizoaceae F, niysorensis Heyme ex Roth ~i~egipharnacioidesL. F. altissima Var. fergusonii King Cllnus lotoides L. F. trintenii King G. oppositifolius (L.) A.DC. F, nervesa Heyne ex Roth Mollugo pentaphylla L. F, arnottiana (Miq.) Miq, M. cerviana (L.) Ser. P. religiosa L. M. nudicadis Lam. F. tsjakela Burm. f. SesuviUm portulacastrum (L.) L. F. tsiela Roxb. manthema portulacastrum L. F. virens Ait, T. triquetra Rottl. F. callosa Willd. T. decandra L. f F. heterophylla L. f. Portulacaceae , asperrilna Roxb. Portulaca cleracea L. i F. hispida L.f. P. quadrifida L. %F.racemosa L. P. tuberosa Roxb. i : 6 Basellacme IUticaceae Basella a1 ba L. .laportea lermi~lalisWight Caryophyllaceae 'I,Cren~lata (Roxb.) Gaudich. ex We&. Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) hm. Nymphaeaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nymphaea lotus L. N. stellaya Willd.

Ceratophyllaceae- G CeratophyUnm de~llersumL. Ranunculaceae 4 Clematis smilacifolia Wall. C. gouriana Roxb. Berberidaceae Berberis tinctoria Leschen. B. wightiana Schneider B. ceylanica Schneider Menispermaceae -. . I'lllacora acuminata (Lam.) Miers Anamirta cocculus (L) Wight & Annr. CosciniU fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. Tlnospora malabarica (Lam.) Miers T. glabra (Burm. f.) Merr. T. cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Hyserpa nitida Miers DipIoclisia glaucescens (Bl.) Diels CoccuIus birsutns (L,) Diels Pachygone ovata (Poir.) Miers Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers 1 1'. villosa (L.) Pers. : Cissampelos pareira L. 1 Sesbslnia sesban (E.) Merr, Cyclea burmanni (DC) Miers 1 S. gasrzdiflora (L.) Pers. Magnoliaceae Zornia diyhylla (L.) Pers. Michella champaca L. 167 Slnitilia seilsitiva Ait. Annonaceae S. conferta Sra. Uvaria narum (Dunal.) Wall. 1 Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight & Am. Polyallhia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw. 1 Uraria picta (3acq.) DG. Lauraceae Alyssicaropus vaginalis (L.) DC. Cinnamonlum zeylanicum B1. 8 b 6 A. longifolius (Rottl.) Wright & Arn, C. iners Reinw. 8 1 Desmodiuln pulchellu~n(L.) Benth. Machilus rnacrantha Nees 1 D. triquetriun (L.) DC. Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. 8 D. heterocarpum (L.) DC. Lltsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob 18 D. triflorum (E.) DC. Cryptocarya wightiana Thw. 1 D. helerophyllurn (Willd.) DC. Cassytha frloformis L. 15 D. gyroides DC. Hernandiaceae Abrus precatorius L. Hernandia ovigera L. 1 Glycine javanica L. Capparidaceae Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. Crataeva rel~giosaForst. P. 1 Mucuila monospertna DC. Capparis zeylanica L. 6 1 M. gigantea (Willd.) DC. C. horrida L.P. 6 1 M, prurita Hook. Cadaba trifoliata (Roxb.) Wight & Am. 1 Erythrina variegata L. Maerua arenaria (DC) Hook.f.& Thomas. 1 Butea monosperma Taub. Cleome monophylla L. 1 C, chelidonii L. f. 1 Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. C. viscosa L. 1 Phaseolus adenanthus C.F.W.Mey. Gynandropsis gpnandra (L.) Briq. 4 1 P. trilobus L. Cruciferae P. aconitif'olius Jacq, Brassica junacea (L.) Coss 3 8 1 P. aureus Roxb. Moringaceae P. mungo I. Moringa oleifera Lam. 348 1 P. radiatus L. Nepenthaceae P. calcaratus Roxb. Nepenthes distillatoria L. 1 Clitoria ternatea L. Droseraceae Lablab niger Medic. Drosera burmannl Vahl 1 Dolichos biflor~lsL. D. indica L. 1 D. uniflorus Lain. ' D. peltata J. E. Sm. 1 D. falcatus Klein. Crassulaceae Nlynchosia minima (L.) DC. Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) Pers. 1 Moghania strobilifera (L.) J .St.Hil. Rosaceae M. macrophylla (Willd.) Kuntze Rubus ellipticus Sm. DaIbergia lanceolaria L.f. R. niveus Thunb. Pterocarpus xnarsupiuln Roxb. Connaraceae Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Connarus moncarpos L. 1 Derris scandells (Roxb.) Benth. Legurninosae D. uliginosa (Willd.) Benth. Crotalaria prostrata Rottl. ex Willd. 1 D. benthamii (Thw.) Tl~w. C. albida Heyne ex Rot11 1 Sophora tonientosa L. C. retusa L. 1 Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. C. verrucosa L. 1 C. crista L. C. juncea L. 12 C, digyna Rottl. C. medicaginea Laill 1 C. sappan L. C, mucronata Desv. 2 Cassia fistula L. C. laburnifolia L. 1 C. occidentalis L. Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. 1 C. sophera L. I. enneaphylla L. 1 C. tora L. 1. aspalathoides Val11 1 C. arrriculata %. 6. glabra L. 1 C. italica (Mill.) Lam. I. trita L. f. 1 C. sianlea Lam. I. oblongifolia Fol-sk. 1 C, absus L. I, tinctoria L. 17 C. mimosoides L. 1. galegoides DC. 2 Cynometra ramiflora L. Psoralea corylifolia L. 1 Dialium ovoideuin Thw. Mu~idulessericea (Willd.) A. Chev. 123 Saraca indica L. Tephrosia spinosa (L.) Pers. 1 Tamarindus i~dicaL, T. purpurea. (L.) Pers. 137 Bauhinia tomentosa L, B, racernosa Lab. h,alex~teria L. Neptunia cleracea Lour. A. buoii~s(t.) Spreng. . 4 6 Enkda phasaoioides {l.)Miierr. Gl~~hid~onzeylani~u~n (Gaertn.) A.Jus~. Adenantl~crapi~vouina L. Putranjiva roxburghi Wali. Dichrost:~cllysciuercu (L.) Wight & Arll.. Seiuriilcga Itucopyros (Wind.) ~uell.Arg.. Acaci~inilotlca vu. adansonii I'hyllanLhus retin~:atusPoir, (Gui11. 13L Pel'r.) Kurrtxe. p. cn~blim1,. 6 A, leucophloca (Rosb.) Wiild. I). ~~inarinL. A. fcrruginea DC. P. ~ua(?eraspatenzis1. . A. co~~inna(Willd.) 1)C:. P, debilis Klzin cx Willd. A, pennata [L.) Willd. Drype!cs sepiaria [Wight 22. Arm.) Albizia lebbzck (L.) Bcnth. Pax Bi HoCful. 6 A. odoratissirna ('L.T.)Bcl~rn. Cleisianthlis coli~ns(Roxb.) H0ok.f. . A. chinensis (Osb.) Merr~ Bridelra relusa (L.) Spreng. A.,aruara (Roxb.) Boiv. Crotoli oblongiiolius Roxb. Gerauiaceiic C. aroma:icua L. Geranium r~cpalenseSwzet Chl.omcrpho:a roiileri (Geisd.)A.Juss. Oxalidaceae hleuriics moluceana (L.).Vy'illd. 3 Oxalis ~ornicitlataL. 4 Trcwia n\~difIor:t1,. Linac.eae Mal!otus phtlippensis jl,ktn.)Muelt.Arg. Hugonia myslax I,. Macaranga indica Wight ~rythroxylaceae M, pellacs (Roxh.1 Mue11,Avg. Bythroxylum rnonogynurn Roxb. Acalypha fruticosa Forsk. ~~go~l~yllaceae '4, iiidica L, .. 4 Tr~bulusterrestl?s L. Trag~aillvolncrata L. ukceae Homo~~iariparia Lour. REuodia lunu-an kellda (Gaerlil.) Merr. Ruta graveoleus L. Hicinus crlmmunis L. Cl~loroxylonswjetenia DC.. Dal~hampia.indicaWight Toddalis asiatica (L.)Lam, 8 Jatropha giandui;fera Rsxb. Acronychia pedunculara (L.) Miq. 4 J, cmcss L, G!ycosrnis penla yhylla (Retz.) Corr. Seb~stianachamezlsa (L.)MucU;Arg. Murrava pauiculara (L.) Jacq. 8 Excotcriria sgaI\ocha 1,. M,koenigii (L.)Spreng. 8 Sapium itldicrim Wilid. Clausel~adanrara (Willd.) M. Roem. 6 S. icsipne (Pdyle) Trim. Aralxntia n~onophylla.DC. 6 Euphorbia antiquorum L. Pararn~go~amonopivlla Wight. E, tirucalli 1,L. Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle 6 8 E. atoto Forest. i. C:sinensis (L.) Dsb. 6 E. rosea Retz. C. reticulafa Blntlco 6 E.Iur& L. Aegle rnsrtnclos (L.) Corr. 6 E. rhymjfolia L. Feronia lllxnnia (L.)Swingle 6 E, rothiann Sprzog. Simarou baceae Anacardizczae Samadera indica Gaertlin Ma rigifera zeylanlc?. (a\.) H0ok.f. b.el.aceae M. indica L. Lani!ca coroma~;delrw(Houtt.) Men-. Semeiarpus niargloata Thw. Chukrassia tabularis A, 3usa. S, gardneri 'ln\v. .XyJocarpusgrsntum Koen. Spolid~aspili~lata (L) Kurz X. moluccol~siz(I-am) M. Roem. C&!astraceac 'Melia dubia Calf. Celcastrus p.:.nicu!a~usM'illd.

, Azadirncta iildica A. JLISS. 3 Surrimia ceylania Am* .Falsura piscidia Xloxb. 6 Kokoona zeylania Thw. Elaeoiendron glaucum (Rott'3.) Pess. Mippox;ateaceac . . f-Tippocratea indlca Willd. Sa!acia pilnoides (Wilid.) DC. S. ieliculal~Wigkt S. oblongs Wall. Salvador;lce;~e Azioia tctracanti~aL.am. Salv8do:a persjcil L. Sapindama Card~ospe;.~~iucnhali~~cabum L. Allophyllus cobbe (L.)Bl. Sapindus trifoliatus L. S. emarginatus Vahl 3 lJcntapetes phoenima L. Schleichera cleosa (Lour.) Okcn. . 3 6 1 Melochz corchorifolia L, Euphoria longalia Lam. 6 1 Walthwia indica L. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. 13 Dilleiliaceae Warpullia arborea Blauco. hdlk. 13 DiIleuia i~tdicaL. 5 l3alsminaceae Ochnaceae Impatiens balsamifla L. 1 Ocllna squarrosa L. Rhamnaceae Thmceae Rhamnus wightii Wight & Am. 1 Ternstroemia japenicn ('Thunb.) Thtinb. 9 Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. 13 Guttiferae Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. 6 17 Hypericum japoliicrrm Thunb. 2, oenoplia (L.) Mill. 1 Mesua fetrea L. 6 A 2. rugosa Lam. 1 Calophyllum inophyllum L, -1 Vcntilago ~naderaspatanaGaertn. 17 C. tomenlosum Wight 3 Vif aceae Garciuia mmbogia (Gaertn .) Desr. 6 Cissus selosa Roxbi. 1 G, morella Desri. 3 C. quadrangularis L. I G. echinocarpa Thw. 3 C. pallida (Wight & Arn.) Planch. 1 G. spicata (Wight & Arn.) H0ok.f. Cayra.tia trifolia (L.) Domin. 1 Di pterocarpaccae C. pedata (Lam.) Juss. 1 Dipcerocaspus hispidus Thw. Leeaceae D. zeylanicus Tl~w. Lea indica (B11rrn.f.) Merr. 1, D. glandulosus Thw. Elaeocarpaceae Doo~lazeylanica Thw. Elaeocarpus serratus L. 6 I D. lrapezifolia Thw. 1 'Tiliaceae D. cordifolia Thw. 6 Grewia asiatica L. 6 1 D.ovalifolia Tllw. G, tiliifolia Vahl 6 1 TI. macropl~yllaT1147, G. hirsuta Vahl 1 Yatica obscura Trim. G. microcos L. 6 1 Vateria copallifera (Retz.) Alst. I G, tenaz (Forsk.) Fiori 6 1 Shorea oblongifolia Thw. Triumfet ta rhomboidea 3acq. 1 'Tamaricaceae Corchorus capsularis L. 1 Tamarix gallica L. C: oljtorius L. 4 1 Cocl~lospermaceae C. fascicularjs Lam. 1 Cocblospermum reiigiosutu (L,.)Alst, C. aestuans L. 1 Violaasaegens Hall. Malvaceae Hybanthus ennewpennus (L.)F. hl~lell. Sida veronicifolia Lam. .. I Viola serpens Wall. S. acuta Burm. f. 1 Flacourtiaceae S, rholnbifolia L. 1 Hydnocarpus veneuata Gaert~z. S. cordifolia L. I H.octandra Tllw. Abutilon asiaticnm (L.) G. Ddn 1 Trjchadenia zeylauica Thw , A. indicum (L.) G. Don 1 .Flacburtia indrca (Durm.f.) Mels. 6 A. hrturn (Lam.) Sweett 1 Dovylis hebecarpa (G:rrdu.) Warb. 6 Urena lobata L. 1 Passifloraccae Pavonia zeylanica Cay. 1 Adenia Wightiana (\Y;LLI .) Engl. P. odorah Willd. 1 A. palmata (Latn.) Engl. Hibisclls surattensis L.. 8 I l'hymelaeaceae H. furcatus Willd. 1 Gnida criocepllaIa Heisa, H. micranthus L.f. 1 Lythraceae H. vitifolius L. 1 Am~naniabaccifera L. H. abelmoschus L. 16 Woodfordia fruiticosa (L.) Kurz H. tjliaceus L. 1 Lawsonia inermis I,. H. esculentus L. 4 I Lagerstroe~nisspeciosa (I,.) Pecs. B. rosa-sinensis L. 17 Sonneratiaceac Thespesia lampas JCav.) Dalz. & Gibbs. 17 Sonne~atincas~olaris (L.) Engl, 6 T. popuInea (L.) Soland, 1 Lecythidaceae Gossyplum arboreurn L. 3 1 Barrign~oniaasiatica (L.) Kurz Bombacaceae B. racemosa (L.) B1. Adansonia digitata L. 4678 15 B.ceylaaica (Miers) Gardn. Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & EndJ. 3 1 7 8 B. acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Ceiba pentaadra (L.) Gaertn. 3 1. Careya arborea Roxb. Sterculiaceae W~izophoraceae Sterculia foetida L. 6 1 Rll~zophoramucronata Lam. S, urens Roxb. I K. apicuIata B1. S. balanghas L. 1 Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. 0. Rob, Helicteres isora L. 1 Bruguiera gymnorhiza. (L.) Lam, B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Loganiaceae B, cylindrica (L.) RI. Strychnos colubrina L. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. S. cinnalxomifolia Thw. S. nux-vomica L. Alanglaceae S. potatorum L.f. Alsn.~iumsalviiColium (L.f.) Wangerin ~ornbretaceae Gentiauaceae Terminalis be!lirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 6 Exaculn pedunculatuln L. . . T. chebula Retz. Ca~zscoradiffusa (Val~l)R.Br. T. asjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Am. Enicosiema verticillare.(Retz.) Baill. Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Wall. Nymp:~.oidsindicum (L.)Kuntze Lumnitzera racelnosa Willd. Apocyua.ceae kIyrtaceae Carissa carandas L. 6 Syzygium ayueum (Bur~n.f.)Alst. C. spii~aruin1,. 6 S. jambos (,L.) Alston Mauvoli'ia serpeiltina (i.)Benth. S. llemisphericum (Wlght) Alst. Yerchia ceylanica (Wight) Livera S. zeylanicum (L,) DC. Cerbera n~anghasL. S. operculatum (Roxb.) N ied Catha~anihuspusill~ls (Musr.) GDon S. cumirlla (L.)Skeels C. roseus (L.) G. Don - S. makul '~aertn. Holarrheaa milis (Vahl) R.Br. Melastomalaceae Rejouva dichotoma (Roxb.) Gamble 0sbec;kia cupularis D. Don Ervratamia divaricats (I,,) Burlull Melastoma malabatllrica L. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Melnecylon grande Re t-r. Valiarls solancea (Vahl) Kuntze M, umbellal~~mB~1rrn.f. Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schult. M. capitellaturn L. W. antidysenterica (L.) R.Br. M. an~ustifoliun~Wight lchnocarpus frutescens (L.) Ait.F. Trapaceae Nerium oleauiler L. Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Aselep~adaceae Urn belliferae Hemidestnus indicw (L.) Ait.f. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. Cryptolepis buchanailii Roem. & Schult. H. sibthorpicides Lam. Secamone emetica (ltelz.) R.Br. Centelia asiatica (I,.)Urb. Oxysteli~laesculentunl (L.f.) R.Br. Pimpinella heyneana Wall. Ctlotropis gigantea (L.) Aft.f. CornGeae Peutatropis microphylla (Heyne) Wight & Am. Mastizia tetrandra (Wight) C.M.Clarke Pergularia daemia (Fersk.) Choiv. Ericaceae Wolostemma annulare (Rotli) K.Schum. Gaultheri:~I ~ld~sS tapf Sarcostenuna brunonianum Wight & Am. Myrslnaceae Gymnemma sylvestse (Retz.) R.Br. Aegiceras corn!culatum (L.) T3lanco Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon Ardis~allumills Vahl. Tylophora Fdsciculata Buch-Hanx. Ernbelia ribes I3urm.f T. indica (L.) Mcrr. Plumbag~naceae Cosuzostigma racernosun Wight Plumbsge Zeylanica L. Dregea vol~lbilis(L..T.) H0ok.f. 4 '8apotaczae Leptadenia reticuIata (Retz.) \VigI~'i& Arm. Chrysoplzyllunl roxburghlri G.Don Coilvolv~llaceae Madhuca long~foha(L .) J F.NcBr. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Palaqu~ulngrande (Thw ) Ellgl. C. chi~lensisLam. Mimusops eleng L. Cressa cretica L. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubarcl. Evolvulus alsiuoides (L.) L. Penaceae Ericy be paniculata Rexb. Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers. Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy 4 ,Diospyros montana Roxb. Merremia tridentata (Ll) Hallier f. 0.malabarica (Lam.) Kostel. M. ernarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f. M. umbellata (L.) Hallier f. b. albiflora Alst. M. vitifolia (Burn1.f.) Hallier f. .b, ebenun~Koen. Operculina turpethuni (L.) Mansoc D. melanaxylor~Roxb. Xpomoea lnauritiana Jacq. Qm~locaceae 1. mwisata (L.) Jacq, 4 ' F~m~locosloha Buch-Ham. I. pes-tigridis L. VlkCeae I. eriocarpa R.Br. I. obscura (L.) Ker. Gawl. i, 3wnu~angust~folium (L) WIU~. f suric~latumVahl I. pes-caprae (L.)R.Br. f:' J*h~mileL. I, aguatica Forsk. 4 glandulifera T>esf. Argyreia populifolia Choisy 4 Eioriordrca ckarantia L. M. dio~caRoxb. Boi, x, :,, i!9&1 .; Glasse; of Indiin, Cey!on, Eus. and Pakisan, I'trgam~ori Press. Lolldon. Cucumis mcto vai-. agrestis Naud, 46 I C. safivlis L. A I h3Tfa aepyptiaca Mill 4 Urot\q, W, ff, :19 j9) : Gscfa! Plfints oi Ulle Pliiiliptnc L. sculaugula (L.) Roxb. 4 Vols. { - lil. B~re;~~lScience, h?ian:la. TtXhiui Colecynthis vulgaris ScImd. 4 Bulletill No, 10. C. citrallras (L.) icuntze 6 Rryonopsis laciniosa (L.)Naud. burkiil, 1.. H, (1953) : VegCtabies eaten with Riel Meiothria lnaderaspaterla (L.)Cogn. The Gardcrls Bulletin, Si::igapor.e XIV. i : 17 -- 29. M. perpllsilla (31.) Cogn. M. hetcrdphylIa (Lour) Cogn. Chi!dr;l.sma, J. p. C. (1925) : The Ckmistry an( Kedr~stisrostrata (Koltl.j Coga, Pl~~rn?scologol Ceylon and hdia; ?vicdicinal Plants Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottl.) C.B,Clarke Finrrison 2nd Croafield Press, Colombo. Ctenolepis garcini (L.) C.B.Clarke Benincasa hisgin R (Tkunb.) Cog11. 4 Cllopa, R. N.,hayar S.L1 and Chopra, 1.C ((956) Zanonia indica L. Giossary oi" ladran hfcdiiiilal Planis. C>S.J.R. Neb Ca~npanulaceae nelhi. Lobeh nicotianilblia Heyne Godeniaceae Dastx, 1. F. ( - ; (Jseful Plalb.ts of lndia and Scaevola sericea Vahl Pakishn. :rar.apol.awaila, Soils and Co. Boz:)a~% Composi tae Vernonia cinefea (L.) Less. 4 Uuthie! 1, p, (1893) : t.jeit{ and ~acdenCrops of the V. aothelruintica (L.)WilId. N. W. Provj,Tces and ~udh.Vols, I - 111. Koorkee. V. zeylanica (L.) Less. Elephantopus scabsr L. 'Lewis, F. (1934) : Tile \fegefablc Prodlrcis of Ceylou. Adenosternma 1ave11ia (L.) Kulltze Lake House, Colo!nbo. Grangea 'maderaspaPcua (L.) Y oil-. Erigero~lasteroides Roxb. Ma~bfil!~~,.H, F, ((943) : .Trop;ca\ Planting and Laggera alata (D.Don) Schultz-Bip. Gardening I\.lncmillan. L,ondoo, Epaltes divarienta (L.) Cass, Sphaeranthus indicus L. Neil. A ( - j : i)yo Piau in for Ceylon. .MSS S. afticanus I. copy in Bofaily Libi:lcy,Cj\iversity of Ceylon, Colombo. Xanthium strumarinln L. 1,. Siegesbeckia orientalis Ochsc, 3. J. 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A. H G (1931) : A Handbook to the Floi-a of - P31i VT Drllau and Co. I,ondoo.