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Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation: Marine and Coastal

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Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation: Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation: Marine & Coastal Situational Analysis Appendix 3 South East Asia Regional Assessment and Institutional Analysis submitted by: The WorldFish Center PREPARATION OF DOCUMENT AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document has been prepared by the following researchers from the WorldFish Centre: Robert Pomeroy Usha Kanagaratnam A number of individuals and organizations were involved in contributing to this regional assessment. Valuable inputs were cited from the Country Assessment Reports prepared by: Philippines Country Team - University of the Philippines-Visayas (UPV) : Ida Siason, Professor, Division of Social Sciences Rodelio Subade, Associate Professor, Economics Vietnam Country Team - Centre for Marinelife Conservation and Community Development (MCD) and partners: Nguyen Thu Hue, Director Than Thi Hien, Head, Research and Development Ho Thi Yen Thu, Vice Director Phan Thi Anh Dao, IMHE Nguyen Van Quan, IMER We sincerely thank the following WorldFish researchers for providing their reviews and/or feedback: Allison Perry, Post-Doctoral Fellow David Mills, Research Scientist Martin Van Brakel, Post-Doctoral Fellow Edward Allison, Director, PESSD 2 Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................4 List of Figures.................................................................................................................................4 List of Boxes ...................................................................................................................................4 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................5 1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................5 1.2 Methodology.........................................................................................................................5 1.3 Structure of the report .........................................................................................................6 Chapter 2: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND POVERTY IN THE REGION .....................................8 2.1 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems in the Region ................................................................7 2.2 Ecosystem Services (ES) ..................................................................................................11 2.3 Population...........................................................................................................................12 2.4 Poverty ................................................................................................................................14 Chapter 3: KEY ISSUES AND DRIVERS OF CHANGE TO ES...................................................17 3.1 Habitat Loss and Degradation ..........................................................................................17 3.2 Destructive and Overfished Fisheries .............................................................................20 3.3 Pollution..............................................................................................................................24 3.4 Climate Change ..................................................................................................................26 Chapter 4: A REGIONAL SUMMARY OF ES-POVERTY LINKAGES ........................................29 4.1 State of current knowledge...............................................................................................29 4.2 Knowledge Gaps ................................................................................................................32 4.3 Policy Options ....................................................................................................................34 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...............................................................34 5.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................................34 5.2 Priorities for Regional Research and Capacity Building ...............................................35 Annex 1: Summary of ES and poverty linkage in SEA region Annex 2: Philippines Country Report Annex 3: Vietnam Country Report Annex 4: East Malaysia Report Annex 5: Philippines Institutional Analysis Annex 6: Vietnam Institutional Analysis 3 List of Tables Table 1: Global importance of selected ecosystems by country Southeast Asia (SEA) 9 Table 2: Diversity of fish species on the coral reefs in Southeast Asia 10 Table 3: Coastal and marine ES in Southeast Asia 13 Table 4: Population growth and human settlement in the Low Elevation Coastal Zones 14 (LECZ) of Southeast Asia region Table 5: Per capita poverty lines by country in Southeast Asia region for selected years 16 Table 6: Estimating degree of poverty of the poor using poverty gap index (PGI) and 18 square poverty gap index (SPG) by country in Southeast Asia region for selected years List of Figures Figure 1: Southeast Asia nations surrounding South China Sea, Sulu Sea and Celebes 8 Sea Figure 2: Coral reef distribution in Southeast Asia region 10 Figure 3: Mangrove distribution in Southeast Asia region 11 Figure 4: Seagrass distribution in Southeast Asia region 11 Figure 5: Countries with highest population density within and outside the Low Elevation 15 Coastal Figure 6: Incidence of poverty and poverty density (concentration of the poor) in 18 Vietnam List of Boxes Box 1: Philippines National Stakeholder Workshop and Focus Group Meetings 37 Box 2: Vietnam National Stakeholder Workshop and Focus Group Meetings 37 4 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background This Regional Assessment report is one of two regional assessments that form part of a situational analysis that aims to assess the dynamics of change in ecosystem services (ES) associated with marine and coastal systems, and to identify how they support the livelihoods and well-being of the coastal poor. It will identify the key challenges for research and current gaps in knowledge and capacity in order to inform the development of a research strategy to support the maintenance of ecosystem services explicitly for poverty alleviation. The two regions are Southeast Asia (SEA) and the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). This report fulfills the assessment for the SEA region. 1.1.1 Defining coastal and marine ecosystems For the purpose of this SEA assessment, the definition of coastal and marine ecosystems was adopted from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment work (see Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends, Chapter 19, page 516). The coastal and marine ecosystems constitute terrestrial ecosystems - areas where fresh water and salt water mix, nearshore coastal areas and open ocean marine areas. The coastal systems are where people live and where a spate of human activity affects the delivery of ecosystem services derived from marine habitats. The marine fisheries systems are places that human relate to and affect mainly through fisheries extraction. 1.1.2 Purpose of the assessment The purpose of this SEA regional situation analysis is to: 1. Identify the status and condition of the coastal and marine ecosystem services within SEA region 2. Identify the status and condition of poverty within the SEA region 3. Identify the linkages between coastal and marine ecosystem services and poverty alleviation within the SEA region 4. Identify knowledge management issues and make recommendations on key researchable issues. 1.2 Methodology 1.2.1 Country focus This regional assessment report has adopted the Southeast Asia regional characterization set by the Asian Development Bank. Southeast Asia is a sub-region of Asia consisting of two geographical regions: the Asian mainland and maritime area consisting of island arcs and archipelagoes. The mainland section comprises Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. The maritime section consists of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and the latest addition is East Timor (which formerly was under the sovereignty of Indonesia). All 10 countries (with the exception of the newly independent East Timor) are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) which was established since 1967. Going by their popular slogan of ‘ten nations, one community’, ASEAN members have active development relationships that relate to macro-economy, trade, investment, transport and communication, tourism, manufacturing industry, agriculture, health, education and other sectors of development. For the purpose of this Regional Assessment, a regional review of coastal systems and a detailed review on the marine fisheries systems encompassing South China Sea and Sulu-Celebes Sea were undertaken 1. Case studies focused on the Philippines, East Malaysia of Malaysia and Vietnam, for three 1 It should be noted that East Timor was not assessed as an independent country in this Regional Assessment report. Most secondary data collected dated back to 2005 and earlier. Hence, the data compiled and synthesized in this Regional Assessment report did cover East Timor, but these are aggregated under the country heading of Indonesia. 5 main reasons: (1) all three countries/states contain the highest and most diverse coastal and marine ecosystems; (2) the coastal stretches of these countries/states are highly populated; and (3)
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