Europe Rising (Again): a Comparative Study of the Dynamics and Types of Modern European Nationalisms, 1989-2018
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The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Summer 2019 Europe Rising (Again): A Comparative Study of the Dynamics and Types of Modern European Nationalisms, 1989-2018 Timea Varga University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Comparative Politics Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Varga, Timea, "Europe Rising (Again): A Comparative Study of the Dynamics and Types of Modern European Nationalisms, 1989-2018" (2019). Dissertations. 1674. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1674 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EUROPE RISING (AGAIN): A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS AND TYPES OF MODERN EUROPEAN NATIONALISMS, 1989-2018 by Tímea Varga A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School, the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Social Science and Global Studies at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved by: Dr. Joseph J. St. Marie, Committee Chair Dr. Robert J. Pauly, Jr. Dr. Tom Lansford Dr. Iliyan Iliev ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Dr. Joseph J. St. Marie Dr. Edward Sayre Dr. Karen S. Coats Committee Chair Director of School Dean of the Graduate School August 2019 COPYRIGHT BY Tímea Varga 2019 Published by the Graduate School ABSTRACT Nationalism is nothing new to Europe. While theoretical explanations of the catalysts of post-1989 European nationalist phenomena remain contested along material and non-material lines, this dissertation posits that it is the interaction of economic insecurities, societal fears, and populism over time that have shaped the rise and types of post-1989 European nationalisms. Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is combined with a collective case study design to examine: 1) how forces – political, economic, societal, or other – have dominated the formation and latest surge of European nationalisms since the end of European Communism in 1989; and 2) whether different, context-dependent types of European nationalisms exist as a result. The five cases examined – Germany, Italy, Hungary, Ireland, and Sweden – extend the scope of earlier methodological efforts by: 1) recognizing the intersectionality of economic, societal, and political variables; and 2) are geographically, economically, culturally and politically representative of all Europe. Findings indicate that while modest generalizations across the cases can be drawn, there is no universal trend or type of post-1989 European nationalism. This is because national identities and their expressions depend critically on the claims people attach to them in different economic, cultural, and political contexts and times. Thus, nationalism – its origins, dynamics, and types – are unique, evolutionary, and context-dependent. With some historic and symbolic features that are continuous, they adapt to transforming landscapes to guarantee a sense or perception of belonging, national self-determination, and economic, cultural, and political autonomy. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This doctoral journey and dissertation would not have been possible without the love and support of several influential people. First and foremost, Dr. Joseph J. St. Marie – the Committee Chair Extraordinaire. Your wisdom, insight, guidance, and friendship along the way have been a true source of inspiration throughout this process, and will remain so long after. Your engagement with the topic and invaluable recommendations have made this journey truly enjoyable. My dissertation committee - Dr. Robert J. Pauly, Jr., Dr. Tom Lansford, and Dr. Iliyan R. Iliev: Thank you very much for your guidance and support. I sincerely appreciate your time and insightful comments. Dr. Shadad Naghshpour: Thank you for teaching me and making me grow. Ms. Annette Copeland: I appreciate your kindness, responsiveness, and all your help during my doctoral experience. My USM International Development program, especially the best roommate, research, study, and workout partner, Jennifer Kuklenski. I could not have imagined this journey without you. Thank you for everything. You sealed a special place in my heart and life. My dearest friends and my former professors, colleagues, and friends at Lynn University: Thank you for your words of encouragement that served as much needed motivation at times. Thank you for continuing to impact my life in amazing ways. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mom, dr. Vargané Csík Márta, who always believed in me and raised me with endless care and support so that I could pursue all my dreams since childhood; my dad, dr. Varga László, who gave me the gift of positivity to believe in myself and my abilities to accomplish anything I set my mind to. You both raised me with discipline to work hard, to always persevere, and to be kind - three of the most invaluable characteristics I have learnt from you. Thank you for exposing me to, and help appreciate a world that is greater than me. My brother, Varga Balázs, who remains an inspiration, and whose love and support is irreplaceable to me. Köszönök nektek mindent! Nagyon szeretlek benneteket! To Dallas: I know that I have often disappeared for days at a time and missed a lot of quality time with you as I set by my desk studying or writing away. Your love, care, and support through this entire process has made everything possible and served as a reminder of how much I love you. Thank you for being you. To Scott Carlee: Rest in peace and power, Scott. This dissertation is dedicated to your life and loving memory. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Dissertation Structure.................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE ................................... 15 Nations and Nationalism ............................................................................................... 16 The Nation ................................................................................................................ 16 Neither A State Nor An Ethnic Community. ........................................................ 16 Nationalism Ideology, Political Project, Sociopolitical Movement, or Daily Practice? ................................................................................................................ 27 Types of Nationalisms .......................................................................................... 38 The Rise of Nationalism ............................................................................................... 43 Filling the Void ......................................................................................................... 43 Economic Insecurities ........................................................................................... 44 Effects of Globalization .................................................................................... 47 v National Unemployment and Income Inequality .............................................. 51 Emigration, Immigration, and Euroscepticism ................................................. 53 Societal Fears ........................................................................................................ 59 Fear of the Loss of National Identity ................................................................ 64 Press and Civil Freedoms ................................................................................. 66 Fear of Migration and Terrorism ..................................................................... 67 Ethnic Homogeneity ......................................................................................... 68 Religious Grievances ........................................................................................ 70 Political Motivations and Sociopolitical Cleavages . ........................................... 74 Rise of the Populist Radical Right Wing (PRR) ............................................... 77 Historical and Symbolic Reliance on Ethnic Identity ....................................... 78 Contributions to the Literature ..................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER III - RESEARCH DESIGN, METHODOLOGY, AND DATA COMPLICATION ..........................................................................................................