Authors: Lucas Steven Moore, Cooper Lee Bennett, Elizabeth

Home , Getty Fire, Kincade Fire, The Press Democrat

Authors: Lucas Steven Moore, Cooper Lee Bennett, Elizabeth Robyn Nubla Ogan, Kota Cody Enokida, Yi Man, Fernando Kevin Gonzalez, Christopher Carpio, Heather Michaela Gee

ANTHRO 25A: Environmental Injustice Instructor: Prof. Dr. Kim Fortun Department of Cultural Anthropology

Graduate Teaching Associates: Kaitlyn Rabach Tim Schütz

Undergraduate Teaching Associates Nina Parshekofteh Lafayette Pierre White

University of California Irvine, Fall 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS What is the setting of this case? [KOTA CODY ENOKIDA] 3

How does climate change produce environmental vulnerabilities and harms in this setting? [Lucas Moore] 6

What factors -- social, cultural, political, technological, ecological -- contribute to environmental health vulnerability and injustice in this setting? [ELIZABETH ROBYN NUBLA OGAN] 11

Who are the stakeholders, what are their characteristics, and what are their perceptions of the problems? [FERNANDO KEVIN GONZALEZ] 15

What have different stakeholder groups done (or not done) in response to the problems in this case? [Christopher Carpio] 18

How have big media outlets and environmental organizations covered environmental problems related to worse case scenarios in this setting? [COOPER LEE BENNETT] 20

What local actions would reduce environmental vulnerability and injustice related to fast disaster in this setting? [YI MAN] 23

What extra-local actions (at state, national or international levels) would reduce environmental vulnerability and injustice related to fast disaster in this setting and similar settings? [GROUP] 27

What kinds of data and research would be useful in efforts to characterize and address environmental threats (related to fast disaster, pollution and climate change) in this setting and similar settings? [HEATHER MICHAELA GEE] 32

What, in your view, is ethically wrong or unjust in this case? [GROUP] 35

BIBLIOGRAPHY 36

APPENDIX 45

Cover Image: Location in Sonoma County and the state of California.Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY 3.0. Retrieved November 22, 2019, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonoma_County_California_Incorporated_a nd_Unincorporated_areas_Santa_Rosa_Highlighted.svg#/media/File:Sonoma_County_ California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Santa_Rosa_Highlighted.svg

1. What is the setting of this case? [KOTA CODY ENOKIDA]

Santa Rosa is a city located roughly 55 miles north of San Francisco, CA. Santa Rosa can be categorized as both coastal and mountainous, due to its proximity near coastal regions and mountain ranges surrounding it. Santa Rosa is part of the Sonoma County, as it sits at the foot of the Sonoma Mountains (Britannica 2016). Santa Rosa has a population of approximately 174,244 people, spreading over the area of 41.5 mi². The population in Santa Rosa has a majority white population, with 55.3% of the population being Caucasian, 31.8% Hispanic, and 5.34% Asian. Within the Santa Rosa community, the city employs about 85.8k citizens. Jobs that are popular amongst the community are occupations such as Health Care and Social Assistance, retail trade, and manufacturing. The average household income in Santa Rosa is $67,144, compared to the state average of $71,805 (Data 2019). Nearly 53.1% of the population of Santa Rosa owns a home, with the average property value being $458,500. The community of Santa Rosa is moderately liberal (BestPlaces 2018). Around 68.8% voted Democrat, 22.0% voted Republican, and 9.2% voted independent in the Sonoma County region. People living within this community are mostly covered with healthcare, as 90.6% of Santa Rosa residents are covered by healthcare. Overall the city of Santa Rosa is safe and well-kept community, filled with much to explore and indulge in.

According to the CalEnviroScreen 3.0 results, the highest census tract 6097153002 has a score of 79%. A majority of the score comes from diesel pollution that is prominent there. Most importantly, hazardous waste, solid waste, and groundwater threats all have scores that are higher than 85, which is an indication of poor health that can lead to combo disaster in this community. Fig. 1: Selected area for the City of Santa Rosa. EJ Screen Report. City of Santa Rosa, Retrieved 23 November 2019. Screenshot taken by Kota Cody Enokida

Fig 2: Demographic Indicators for Santa Rosa, California. EJ Screen Report, City of Santa Rosa. Retrieved 23 November 2019. Screenshot taken by Kota Cody Enokida

Fig 3: Census tracts of Santa Rosa, California from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. Retrieved 22 November 2019. Screenshot taken by Kota Cody Enokida

2. How does climate change produce environmental vulnerabilities and harms in this setting? [Lucas Moore]

Higher rainfall is a notable source of environmental threat in and around Santa Rosa and Sonoma County. Figure 4 shows two models of potential effects of climate change on rainfall in the San Francisco Bay Area (Sonoma County is in the top left corner) from the San Francisco Bay Area Climate Change Assessment report. The RCP8.5 model suggests a 25-35% increase in rainfall on wettest days in Sonoma County by the late 21st century (Ackerly et. al. 2018). “Precipitation in the Bay Area will continue to exhibit high year-to-year variability - ‘booms and busts’ - with very wet and very dry years” (Ackerly et. al. 2018). This unpredictability is a huge threat for residents of Sonoma County.

Flooding is a major impact of this threat. There is little civic data on flooding in Sonoma County, but this may change after this year. In February, massive floods in the Russian River valley caused $155 million in property damages with 1,900 homes and 578 businesses affected (CBS SF 2019). Figure 6 shows flooding in Guerneville, Sonoma County, CA. At its worst, the river reached a crest of 45.4 feet (CBS SF 2019). Although climate change is not the immediate cause of this specific floods, the “booms and busts” of precipitation will make events like this more likely and more severe in the future.

Another source of threat in Santa Rosa and Sonoma County is rising temperatures. Figure 5 shows the change in average highs and lows in the North Bay between the beginning and end of the 20th century. Despite some small areas that have cooled, the overall pictures are clearly orange (increasing temperature). These high temperatures exacerbate dry summers and make disaster all the more likely.

Perhaps the most well known impact of environmental vulnerability in Santa Rosa/Sonoma County is the 2017 Tubbs Fire, at the time the most destructive wildfire in state history (CalFire 2019). The effects of this were massive: 36,807 acres were burned, over 5,000 structures were destroyed, and 22 people died (CalFire 2019). The effect is best seen in Figure 7; each red dot represents a damaged or burned structure. Similar to the effects of the rainfall unpredictability, climate change has made fires in California more frequent (Baron and Gajanan 2018). The fires of 2017 and 2018 were preceded by some of the hottest average temperatures on record in California (Baron and Gajanan 2018).

Fig. 4: Top row: Average wettest day of the year in the historical (1976-2005) period and in the late-21st century (2070-2100) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, two models for future effects of climate change. Unit is inches. Bottom row: Change (late-21st century minus historical) in the wettest day of the year under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Unit is percent. All data are derived from LOCA.

Figure 5: Recent Climate Trends of the North Bay

Figure 6: Effects of flooding in Guerneville, Sonoma County, CA.

Fig 7: Damage done by the Tubbs Fire. Its extent is in blue, and each red dot represents property damaged by the fire.

3. What factors -- social, cultural, political, technological, ecological -- contribute to environmental health vulnerability and injustice in this setting? [ELIZABETH ROBYN NUBLA OGAN]

According to the CalEnviroScreen 3.0, census tracts 6097153200, 6097153104, and 6097153002 all tie for the highest scores in Santa Rosa and each place within the 81st to 90th percentile of its rankings (CalEnviroScreen 2018). By looking at the screenshot of the CalEnviroScreen 3.0, it is apparent that Santa Rosa as a whole is not at a very high risk for poor environmental health. However, it can be seen that in comparison to the rest of Santa Rosa, central Santa Rosa residents are increasingly more vulnerable to poor environmental health that any other region in the city.

Social determinants of health that may have resulted in this reading include poverty, education, and crime rates, as well as racial status. These social determinants of health basically determine the extent to which a community experiences environmental health vulnerability and injustice. Upon interacting with each other, these social determinants of health compound and ultimately result in making the overall environmental health of Santa Rosa worse.

Figure 8 shows the racial breakdown of Santa Rosa. Although Santa Rosa is around 50% white, the other half of the city is made up of mainly minorities, in which a large portion (32.5%) is Hispanic (Citydata.com 2019). The racial breakdown of Santa Rosa indicates that racial injustice contributes largely to environmental vulnerability in in this community. In communities that are primarily white, the government and its residents may not care as much about their pollution contribution and about complaints being made by minorities and their living conditions. Issues such as these will be labelled as low concern topics. Figure 9 shows crime rates in Santa Rosa. Since 2012, crime rates have slowly been growing steadily and in the past year (2018), they have exceeded the U.S. average (Citydata.com 2019). Thus, the attention and resources that should be given to issues such as reduction of environmental vulnerability, is taken away and placed on matters believed by the government to be of higher importance (i.e. violent crime).

Figure 10 shows the school dropout rates in Santa Rosa. A dropout rate average of 20% was reached in the past year, and it is steadily increasing. This is 20% higher than the national average (“Dropout rates” 2019). Environmental vulnerability is increased with dropout rates such as this, as the youth are not made aware of the issues such as environmental vulnerability. Without an education, the importance and severity of such issues will never be highlighted, and it is as if the issue doesn’t exist to the general public. Figure 11 shows the school poverty rates in one of Santa Rosa’s neighborhoods. A majority of the neighborhood is categorized as a minority (i.e. Black, Hispanic, American Indian, and Asian), with an unemployment rate of 3.8% and a poverty level of almost 20% (Citydata.com 2019). This leaves the residents at a large disadvantage. They are left with not enough resources to provide for themselves, and in addition to this, not enough resources to learn about issues such as environmental injustice and pollution. Under these conditions, residents would not put environmental health vulnerability and injustice at the top of their list of concerns.

Fig. 8: Racial breakdown of Santa Rosa.

Fig. 9: Crime rates in Santa Rosa.

Fig. 10: School dropout rate in Santa Rosa.

Fig. 11: Poverty rates in a Santa Rosa neighborhood.

4. Who are the stakeholders, what are their characteristics, and what are their perceptions of the problems? [FERNANDO KEVIN GONZALEZ]

Santa Rosa is a community that has many different groups that are affected by combo disasters. One of these is Pacific Gas & Electric Company. In 2017, they were accused of having started the Tubbs fire but they were found to be innocent (Brinklow). Later in 2019, there was photographic evidence found that may have been the cause and the case was reopened (Brinklow). They are also suspected of causing the Kincade fire because some of their power lines broke and soon after the fire began (Thebault). All these issues cause PG&E to have a negative view of the issue. Every time there is a fire, the company has to stop working which is a loss of work for the workers and a loss of money for the company. These problems are not good for the business. PG&E are not the only ones affected by these events.

Another group that is affected by these combo disasters is medical practitioners. The fire caused all of the hospitals to close except for Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital (Baig). The workers had to work extra hard to make sure that they could take care of the people coming in (Baig). Having hospitals close down is a major problem especially during a crisis. If the hospital gets full, this could lead to many deaths. Major issues like this can really hurt the community and cause them to have a negative view of their problems. It is a good thing the workers of this hospital were dedicated and willing to put in the extra effort to help those who needed it (Baig). Hospitals were not the only services affected by the fire.

The Sonoma County Fire Departments were another service that has been affected. The Kincade fire caused a lot of people to not be able to work or their food to go bad since they had no power. The firefighters saw it as another chance to do something right for the community to avoid the same disaster that had happened two years before (Silvy). Their passion for wanting to save the community does not mean they view these problems in a positive light. However, it does bring forward how the fire departments are aware of the dangers of these fires. The Santa Rosa Fire Department has pages on their website that are dedicated to informing on what to do if there are disaster events happening in the community. If this information is advertised to their community it can help save time and people.

The people of these communities are the biggest group that are affected by these disasters. They have to endure a lot every time these situations occur. Approximately 90,000 Sonoma County residents had to evacuate their homes do to the Kincade fire as can be seen in Figure 12 (Silvy). It is never easy to have to leave home behind so it must be difficult for these people. Also, they had to deal with having no food or power due to PG&E shutting of power to assist in preventing wildfires from spreading (Staff). Having no power leads to food being spoiled and people being unable to work. Though the community is strong. One of the Santa Rosa Fire Department training facilities allowed people to go donate supplies and food for people who were in need (Thomas). This really shows how tight the community is and how they are willing to work together to thrive through the flames. People are more likely to have negative views on these situations because it affects their ways of life and put them in tough situations. These people work hard to keep each others heads up on a local level but there are other people working hard at a governmental level.

One person who is affected by these fires is California Governor Gavin Newsom. During the Kincade fire, he went down to Sonoma County to meet with emergency responders and other officials to survey the land that had been affected (TODAY: Governor Newsom to Survey Kincade Fire Impacts, Meet with State and Local Officials and Emergency Responders in Sonoma County.). After the meetings, he announced that he acquired Fire Management Assistance Grants from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to assist with the damages that had been caused by the fire and he also said that he believes utility companies should be held accountable for their actions (TODAY: Governor Newsom to Survey Kincade Fire Impacts, Meet with State and Local Officials and Emergency Responders in Sonoma County.). This is very important because the damages done on the properties cost a lot of money so having these funds can help with the reparations. Also, holding companies accountable for their actions is important because they always try to get away with everything. Governor Newsom wants to speed up PG&E’s bankruptcy case so that they may make changes to prevent these disasters from happening (Gonzales). If they do not meet an agreement, the state will step in to take control (Gonzales). Clearly, Governor Newsom is aware of the issue at hand is is doing his best to assist the community. Having a government official be aware of these problems can really help not only Santa Rosa but also Sonoma County and maybe even more.

As can be seen, the city of Santa Rosa has many people who are affected by the possibility of combo disasters. Each group has a different view of the problems for different reasons. None of them seem to have a positive view of the issue. These are only some of the groups that are affected in this area. There are many more and being aware of who they are and how they are affected can help plan accordingly to prevent any further destruction.

Fig 12: The 101 freeway is experiencing a lot of traffic due to the evacuation caused by the fire (Silvy)

5. What have different stakeholder groups done (or not done) in response to the problems in this case? [Christopher Carpio] There are many stakeholders within the Santa Rosa that have either done something in response to combo disasters that occur within the community, such as the repeated fires. One of these stakeholders that has not taken action in order to address the fire situation occurring within Santa Rosa would be Pacific Gas and Electric, as they have yet to address how they will satisfy the victims of the wildfires and creditors, due to not having a plan that will not leave them bankrupt. Such as in an article in the New York Times, where they state “That plan needs to satisfy fire victims and state officials who are threatening to take over PG&E, California’s largest utility, unless executives improve its safety record.”(Hepler 2019). This means that this will prolong the process for people being able to rebuild their homes and affect their living arrangements for the time being. This also affects the power supply as they are scheduling black outs, in order to reduce more trouble for them in the meantime they figure their situation out. Such as in fig.13, We can see the aftermath that was left of the fires and shows how important it is for people to get back what they lost.

Another stakeholder would be the Santa Rosa fire department. As the fire department have been able to react to the fire in a timely manner. As they have been on top of these fires and being able to contain them. Such as with recent fire in Santa Rosa as explained by CBSN, “Firefighters were able to contain a vegetation fire in Trione-Annadel State Park in Santa Rosa at three acres burned Thursday, the Santa Rosa Fire Department said.”(CBSN 2019). This shows that the fire department are doing their job well in regards to keeping everyone in the area safe and containing the fire. Staying aware of what is going on in case of another fire.

Another stakeholder would be assembly member Marc Levine, who is part of the state assembly who represents the marin and southern sonoma county. Who in response to the fires that have not only been occuring in the city of Santa Rosa, but in the surrounding area. Marc Levine signed a bill in order to respond to the blackouts and fire threats such as the ones that have been occuring. It is called the AB 747 which will as stated “which will require cities and counties to include evacuation routes in their general plan, in order to save lives and improve first responder access during an emergency.”(Levine 2019). This will take into effect in January 1, 2020, after the recent fires it has become more apparent that change is needed and will improve the reaction time, when help is needed.

Another stakeholder that has responded to the problem would the American Red Cross, as they are an organization that helps in disaster relief. Such as when it comes to the recent fires they have been able to provide people with relief supplies and help people get back on their feet (American Red Cross 2019). As they also provide information to the people on the situation keeping them updated, such as if the area is prone, keeping people up to speed on what is happening. Which is a good thing as it helps the community recover.

Finally, another stakeholder would be the Santa Rosa residents particularly those who own farms or who own animals have gathered in order to help protect their animals when in disaster, such as the fires. As after the 2017 fires in Sonoma County, there was a situation where they had to evacuate over 50 horses from nearby ranches (Press Democrat2019). This proved to be a hard task to pull of as they had no plan, nor a way to ensure the safety of all these animals. Thus, the resident and public safety officials in order to develop rescue plans and the implementation of training programs in order to better protect their farm animals, and of course their horses. Thus, the residents are taking it upon themselves in order to insure the safety of their animals.

Fig 13: Showing a firefighter containing the fire, showing the aftermath. Taken by Max Whittake from The New York Times

6. How have big media outlets and environmental organizations covered environmental problems related to worse case scenarios in this setting? [COOPER LEE BENNETT]

Santa Rosa and, in general, the Sonoma County area has been fortunate in the representation given by multiple outlets and media sources. Both the LA Times and the Press Democrat (Santa Rosa’s local newspaper) have published multiple extensive articles on the disasters occurring here, as well as the compounding consequences local businesses and populations face. Hugo Martin from the LA Times tells us that the winemakers, shopkeepers and restaurateurs’ efforts to bring tourists back into the area “has been hampered lately by a wildfire that broke out in northern Sonoma County last week and by the decision by Pacific Gas & Electric to shut off power in the region intermittently during high-wind days to help prevent another fire disaster” (Martin 2019). Martin not only represents the population directly affected by the Kincade Fire, but acknowledges the reverberations affecting the economic backbone of this region: vino-tourism.

The Press Democrat, the local newspaper for Santa Rosa, has a bountiful archive of articles reporting on the destruction from the Tubbs and Kincade wildfires, yet they are lacking in analysis of the situation. It seems as though much of the population wants to put the sole blame on PG&E, and while it might be true, most of these articles do not address how climate change is causing areas in California, like Santa Rosa, to become essentially a giant bundle of tinder. Although, fortunately, Tyler Silvy from the Press Democrat does address this problem, saying that Sonoma County supervisors have declared itself as in a state of climate emergency. Although much of the community feel as though simply declaring a state of climate emergency is not enough, due to no actual or specific ‘call-to-arms’ (Silvy 2019).

On the opposite side of the same coin, national environmental groups talk of California and its wildfires as a whole. The NRDC provides information on where local news sources, like the Press Democrat, are lacking. In November of 2018, the NRDC discussed the relation of climate change to the ever-increasing occurrences of devastating wildfires in California. “Climate change, though, can make [wildfires] more dangerous. In the western United States in particular, warming temperatures can mean longer summers, earlier springtime snowmelt in some areas, drier conditions, and extended drought,” (Suh 2018). While the NRDC does not specify or reference Santa Rosa within the article, it is at least partial media coverage in the specific conditions California residents have been subjugated by, but not giving them the outlet to connect to the rest of the world.

Local environmental groups seem to be lacking in Santa Rosa, primarily in presence and existence. There are two primary environmental groups within Santa Rosa: the Sierra Club and the Sonoma County Conservation Council (SCCC), and both have covered the wildfires and their connection to climate change. Shoshana Hebshi from the Sierra Club writes “This fire event, which was massive, had all the perfect ingredients: a hot, dry summer (normal for the area, but hotter than normal), increased dried-out vegetation from excessive winter and spring rains (not normal), incredible gusts of hot, dry winds that were clocked up to 96 miles per hour (normal enough to be dubbed El Diablo winds but still not ordinary),” (Hebshi 2017) which Heather Smith, also of the Sierra Club, attributes to the changing climate (Smith 2017).

As we can see, much of the media coverage and outlets in which Sonoma County can go through, are primarily centered around the wildfires that destroyed much of the area, and rightfully so. These wildfires are a mass indication of climate change causing faster and stronger “El Diablo” winds, drought, and in general, increased environmental vulnerability for the region. Although, what we need to see more of is the effects that are causing and are caused (by) these wildfires. It is fortunate that extra-local coverage of these events is even occurring, yet they are simply coverage of the destruction, and not many have analyzed the situation in which this area was under that caused this destruction, or the economic consequences to the vino-tourism industry (which is a huge contributor to Sonoma County’s income). The image below is an example of this lack of analysis and focus on merely the destruction (Fig 14). This was all that was found surrounding the Tubbs Fire from Greenpeace, a single image. I do have to postface, and say this in no way is a representation of the organization, but evidence that there is a problem with coverage in that the analysis of destructive event is not the forefront of the media, but images and articles that are meant to evoke emotion from the viewer. Now, this may not be the primary intent, but again, this has resulted in a focus on the destruction rather than the analysis of cause and effect. I do have to acknowledge that although there is lacking, it is not to say that there is none at all. Matt Weiser and Tyler Silvy both write articles on the compounding problems in Sonoma County that make this area a combination disaster (water contamination and flooding, respectively). There is an extensive conversation to be had about the contributing factors to these disasters as well as how the wildfires contribute to compounding problems. Rather than only talk about the disaster and how they directly impact the population of the affected area, we need to talk more of the compounding disasters that either cause or are caused (by) the California wildfires; this is the way in which we can successfully affect climate change and its effects on our populations.

Fig 14: Image of a cul-de-sac in Santa Rosa after the Tubbs Fire. Image taken from Greenpeace at https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/california-can-forge-brighter-future/aerial-view-of-san ta-rosa-fire-devastation/.

7. What local actions would reduce environmental vulnerability and injustice related to fast disaster in this setting? [YI MAN]

Since open electricity wires are one of the biggest of the majority cause of a wildfire, the states can have regulation on how to set up those high-voltage electricity wire that they will be keeping away from trees. For example, San Diego Gas & Electric reports that 60 percent of its lines are now underground(as seen on Fig.15 ), including rural lines running through areas that are prone to wildfires. And, the utility just announced plans to begin converting another 20 miles of overhead lines to underground in a rural area with a high fire risk in its service territory (Atkinson 2018).

Fig 15: Underground Electrical Wires

Besides ignited by electricity wires, another significant cause of the wildfire is campfires. It is tough to ban people from getting outside and camp in the woods, but for everyone’s safety, it is extremely dangerous to have any kind of fire source in the woods during a dry and windy day, such as in Fig. 16. So one effective way of preventing wildfire is to advocate people stop camping during certain weather and spread the potential threat of doing that.

Fig 16: Dry and windy weather are more likely to start a wildfire

Even cigarettes(Fig. 17) are small, but they can still stay ignited for a long time. Because of the lightweight, it will also start rolling when it gets windy. The biggest issue with cigarettes is that many people like to extinguish them by tossing them on the ground first and step on it, but it won’t work on a layer of soft and dry grass. The same thing applies to the drivers because every cigarette butt can roll off the road and start a fire. One way of reducing the possibility of these things happen is to advocate people using portable ashtray when camping and driving instead of tossing those little igniters around.

Fig 17: Cigarettes can easily start a wildfire

Besides fire damage itself, the side effects also need people’s attention. For example, in the case of Santa Rosa, there was very serious water pollution after the fire. So it is important to have backup water sources(such as in Fig.18) or plan to provide people with life supplies even after the disasters.

Fig 18: Water storage tanks

8. What extra-local actions (at state, national or international levels) would reduce environmental vulnerability and injustice related to fast disaster in this setting and similar settings? [GROUP] With wildfires being a common place in California, extra-local action can be a difficult thing to address. Across the Sonoma County and the Bay Area, it is widely believed and agreed upon that a major step in reducing the environmental vulnerability of these areas is major reform of Pacific Gas & Electric(See Fig.19), likely the responsible party for the Kincade Fire (PG&E). PG&E is an investor-owned utility, meaning investors are the primary stakeholders in the business. Recently, several mayors of California have petitioned the State into reflecting the citizens of California being the primary stakeholders to PG&E. Blackouts, often at unannounced times, have affected millions of Californians, many in Sonoma County and Santa Rosa (Penn 2019). A group of California mayors, led by mayor Sam Liccardo of San Jose, believe that a customer-owned cooperative would result in better policy and company structure. For instance, the city of Sacramento’s utilities are provided through the city-owned Sacramento Municipal Utility District, and Sacramento mayor Darell Steinberg says that they do not have the same issues as PG&E (Penn 2019). Says Steinberg: “There’s a singular mission to provide safe, reliable and cost-effective electricity services. We’re not fighting between shareholders and ratepayers” (Penn 2019). Governor Newsom is considering this amongst other options such as transitioning to a state-owned company or getting Berkshire Hathaway to buy PG&E.

Although simple, the education of the masses around climate change and prevention of denialists would drastically reduce environmentally vulnerable areas. Providing much more in depth educational curriculum on these topics would result in high-up politicians advocating for climate control. If the President of the United States was to believe in climate change and notice the changes in the environment, many more would be inclined to advocate and take action against climate change. Rather, he spreads faulty information (Fig. 21), without full analysis of the event. Instead of promoting environmental protection, President Donald Trump advocates for personal business and industries, such as fossil fuels, lobbying to block preventative legislation. Corporations such as ExxonMobil or Chevron spew air pollutants into the atmosphere causing the temperature to rise affecting everyone and thus makes places like Santa Rosa dry and more prone to fires to occur. The New York Times stated that, “The Trump administration moved this summer to eliminate California’s authority under the Clean Air Act to set standards on planet-warming tailpipe pollution that are stricter than those set by the federal government.”(The New York Times 2019). As we can see that he has the authority in order to make these big changes. If he were to use that authority to do the opposite, he would enforce many of the companies within California that emit pollutants, protecting those who live near these factories such as minorities and poor communities, improving their way of living. This would pave the way to reduce pollution all over the country benefitting not only Santa Rosa by preventing future fires (such as depicted by Fig. 20), but benefit the entire world as we speak.

In a similar settings, by both instating legislature that prevents companies and homes from being built in areas at high risk of combo disaster, as well as creating action plans that would be implemented in the event of a combo disaster would aid in the reduction of even national environmental vulnerability. In June 2019, Congress passed a bill that provided $19 billion in supplemental aid for states most heavily affected by natural disasters in the years 2017, 2018, and 2019 ("Natural Disasters | Resource Planning" 2019). A bill similar to this should be implemented worldwide in order to recover from the damage caused in the event of a combo disaster. For example, Congress could pass the same bill, with the exception of disbursing the money in the event of a combo disaster. The money could then be distributed to the local government of the city of Santa Rosa and a public meeting could be held to further determine what to do with said money. By doing so, the government would provide the residents with the resources to help themselves in the event that a disaster such as this happens. In addition to this, Congress could also pass legislation that prevents any more homes or companies from being built in areas at high risk for combo disaster. In doing so, Congress would minimize the amount of individuals affected in the event of a combo disaster.

While the wildfires in Santa Rosa were a huge part of the destruction, many of the factors that contributed or were caused (by) the wildfires go largely unnoticed to many parts of the world, even to those a part of the community, like myself. One major issue that has recently come to light is water contamination caused by the Tubbs Fire. In November of 2017, after the fires had subsided, Santa Rosa city officials detected high levels of benzene within the local water system that lingered for months (Wilson 2018) due to being absorbed into the plastic pipes during the Tubbs Fire. According to the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, some of the ill-effects of high-level benzene ingestion are: “vomiting, irritation of the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, rapid heart rate, coma, and death.” (ATSDR 2007). While the city of Santa Rosa will still restore “up to 500 service lines at a cost of $3.4 million and supplying activated-charcoal filters to affected residents to ensure benzene levels fall below California’s limit of 1 ppb for drinking water.” (Wilson 2018), it is still to be said that with rising occurrences of wildfires within California, preventative measures must be taken as to not have this kind of water contamination in the first place. Due to the benzene coming from melted water pipes, it would be wise to implement a new material for new and old water systems across fire vulnerable urban environments.

Fig 19: The infamous company of PG&E.

Fig 20: Smoke hovers over the city, from the fires. Taken by Kyle Grillot from The New York Times.

Fig 21: Image of Tweet from President Donald Trump showing the lack of education on climate change, and analysis of disaster causation and effect. Taken from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/us/politics/fact-check-trump-california-fire-twe et.html

Fig 22: A city worker testing the water system. Taken from https://cen.acs.org/environment/water/California-wildfires-caused-unexpected-benzen e/96/i26.

9. What kinds of data and research would be useful in efforts to characterize and address environmental threats (related to fast disaster, pollution and climate change) in this setting and similar settings? [HEATHER MICHAELA GEE]

There is already a lot of information out there that could be found useful in efforts to characterize and address environmental threats in Santa Rosa and the greater Sonoma County. The Santa Rosa Fire Department has a webpage dedicated to how to make an emergency plan. First, taking a data sample of how many people know about this page and how many people have a disaster plan could help the city determine the preparation of its citizens. More interventions could be put into placed after obtaining that information in efforts to inform as many residents as possible, especially demographic who may be at greater risk such as lower socio- economic residents. News reports give the general public some information on what to do in the case of a fire, such as staying indoors and investing in an air purifier (Fixler and Baig 2019).

However, a second form of data collection could be having a historical account of what environmental threats have happened in the past. This is more useful information to know so Santa Rosa can prepare and take preventative measures rather than trying to cope with a situation when it is already too late, and the fires are burning. I have also spent some time researching for evacuation plans in the case of a disaster and Santa Rosa has none. In the case of the recent Kincade Fire, a large geographic region of Sonoma County was impacted and required to evacuate (Figure 23).

So, as a third data resource, information of the safest places to be during any disaster can help people be safe during these events which could help save many lives and reduce many issues. These safe spaces could also be advocated for by local government throughout the city considering that not all residents will be aware the information is on a website.

And lastly, data should be collected on how many people recover fully from a fire disaster. A specific example would be the tracking the 350 buildings and 167 homes lost from the Kincade Fire (McGough 2019), and how those building owners rebuilt, relocated, or overall handled the situation. Seeing how the city bounces back can help determine what kind of programs should be put to assist the community. COPE is an organization started by the resident of Santa Rosa to better deal with these situations (“Citizens Organized to Prepare for Emergencies (COPE) | Santa Rosa, CA.”). If this organization can collect some of this data, then they can also see how they can better assist their community moving forward.

Fig 23: caption an evacuation map shows areas impacted by the Kincade Fire, as of Tuesday, October th 29 , 2019. Image courtesy of Sonoma County for Newsweek.

10. What, in your view, is ethically wrong or unjust in this case? [GROUP] Santa Rosa and similar Californian communities feel climate change in a dramatic way through wildfires, and they experience a type of injustice that straddles procedural and epistemic injustice, not quite fitting in either. The current White House and the president are skeptical of climate change, and instead place blame for these fires unjustly on the State of California. As president Trump has made his position on climate change and tends to be in favor of business, such as mining and burning of fossil fuels, which affects climate change and will continue to if these businesses are not kept in check. Showing how the president is not doing his job of putting the people first and protecting them. As there is a mutual feeling that is being shared in california such as according to the New York Time “the brutal reality of a changing climate and cemented the feeling that politicians far away in Washington are not just ignoring it but actively working to undermine their efforts to address it”(Fuller 2019). Also, another injustice would be helping out financially those who lost their homes to the fires as to whom do they look towards in order to get financial help in order to rebuild their homes. Which is the responsibility of the Company PG&E as they have yet to take action or said anything in response on how they help out those who have been affected by the fires. Which is affecting those who have been affected financially as they have to move to somewhere else in the meantime, which could range from motels, apartment, or close family. So as we can see the four types of injustices portrayed here are procedural, epistemic, neglectfulness, and corporate greed at play here.

Fig 24: Here are two women who stare at the mass destruction and what they have lost in fire, their homes. Taken by Kyle Grillot from New York Times.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerly, David, Andrew Jones, Mark Stacey, Bruce Riordan. 2018. “San Francisco Bay Area Summary Report.” California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: CCCA4-SUM-2018-005. https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-07/Reg%20Report-%20SU M-CCCA4-2018-005%20SanFranciscoBayArea.pdf

Atkinson, William, and Claire Swedberg. “The Link Between Power Lines and Wildfires.” Electrical Contractor Magazine, https://www.ecmag.com/section/systems/link-between-power-lines-and-wildfir es. “ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Benzene.” 2007. August 2007. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=37&tid=14.

Barron, Laignee and Mahita Gajanan. 2018. “California's Wildfires Have Become Bigger, Deadlier, and More Costly. Here's Why.” Time. https://time.com/4985252/california-wildfires-fires-climate-change/. Brinklow, Adam. 2019a. “PG&E Not to Blame for 2017 Santa Rosa Fire, Says State ------Report.” Curbed SF. January 24, 2019. ------https://sf.curbed.com/2019/1/24/18196467/tubbs-fire-final-report-pge-blame- cal-fire. Brinklow, Adam. 2019b. “PG&E on the Hook Again for Santa Rosa Fires, Faces $18Billion in Damages.” Curbed SF. August 19, 2019.https://sf.curbed.com/2019/8/19/20812362/pge-tubbs-fire-lawsuit-ruling -wildfire-santa-rosa. Brinklow, Adam. “Photos Suggest PG&E May Be behind Santa Rosa Fires after All.” Curbed SF, Curbed SF, 1 Oct. 2019, https://sf.curbed.com/2019/10/1/20893048/photos-santa-rosa-tubbs-fire-blam e-cal-fire.

CalEnviroScreen 3.0. 2018. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. 2018. “CalEnviroScreen 3.0 Results.” n.d. Accessed November 23, 2019. https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-30.

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFire). 2019. “Top 20 Destructive California Wildfires.” https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5511/top20_destruction.pdf

Campopiano, Stephanie. “5 Ways To Prevent Wildfires.” Gantry 5, https://smdynamic.com/blog/600-5-ways-to-prevent-wildfires.

CBS. 2019. “Russian River Flooding Wreaks $155 Million of Damage across Sonoma County.” CBS San Francisco Bay Area. https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/03/02/russian-river-flood-damage-sono ma-county/

“Citizens Organized to Prepare for Emergencies (COPE) | Santa Rosa, CA.” n.d. Accessed November 19, 2019. https://srcity.org/461/Citizens-Organized-to-Prepare-for-Emerge (Links to an external site.).

Citydata.com. 2019. “Races in Santa Rosa, CA.” n.d. Accessed November 23, 2019. http://pics4.city-data.com/sgraphs/races/races-Long-Beach-CA.png.

Citydata.com. 2019. “Santa Rosa Poverty Rate Data”. N.d. Accessed November 23, 2019. http://www.city-data.com/poverty/poverty-Santa-Rosa-California.html.

Citydata.com. 2019. “Santa Rosa Crime Index.” n.d. Accessed November 23, 2019. http://pics4.city-data.com/sgraphs/races/races-Long-Beach-CA.png.

“Dropout rates”. 2019. Accessed November 23, 2019. https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=16.

“EJSCREEN.” n.d. Accessed October 26, 2019. https://ejscreen.epa.gov/mapper/.

Fixler, Kevin, and Yousef Baig. 2019. “Smoky Air from Kincade Fire Blankets Sonoma County.” Santa Rosa Press Democrat. October 29, 2019. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/10233425-181/smoke-from-kincade-fir e-fouls.

Fuller, Thomas and Coral Davenport. 2019. “Trump Stymies California Climate Efforts Even as State Burns.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/us/climate-change-california-fires-trump .html?searchResultPosition=1

Gonzales, Richard. n.d. “Calif. Governor Seeks To ‘Jumpstart’ PG&E Bankruptcy Talks; ------Threatens State Takeover.” NPR.Org. Accessed November 23, 2019. ------https://www.npr.org/2019/11/01/775621356/calif-governor-seeks-to-jumpstart -pg-e-bankruptcy-talks-threatens-state-takeover. Hebshi, Shoshana. 2017. “Wildfires Spark Attention on Housing and Climate.” Sierra Club. November 22, 2017. https://www.sierraclub.org/redwood/blog/2017/11/wildfires-spark-attention-ho using-and-climate. Hepler, Lauren, Peter Eavis, and Ivan Penn. 2019. “PG&E Struggles to Find a Way Out of Bankruptcy.” The New York Times, November 19, 2019, sec. Business. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/business/energy-environment/pge-bank ruptcy-blackout.html. Martin, Hugo. 2019. “Power Outages and Fires Hurt Napa and Sonoma Tourism - Los Angeles Times.” LA Times. October 27, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-10-27/californias-wine-country-f ires-blackouts-sonoma-napa-tourism. McCallum, Kevin. 2018. “Santa Rosa Estimates Fix of Contaminated Fountaingrove Water System Could Take 2 Years.” Santa Rosa Press Democrat. March 28, 2018. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8157399-181/santa-rosa-estimates-fix- of. McGough, Michael. 2019. “Kincade Fire: Northern California Wildfire 68% Contained | The Sacramento Bee.” The Sacramento Bee, November 1, 2019. https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/fires/article236899808.html. Penn, Ivan. 2019. "California Mayors Back Plan to make PG&E a Cooperative." The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/05/business/energy-environment/pge-califo rnia-mayors.html?searchResultPosition=1

Silvy, Tyler. 2019a “‘It’s Very Personal’: All-Local Fire Crew Volunteers to Defend Santa Rosa.” 2019. Santa Rosa Press Democrat. October 30, 2019. ------https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/10236951-181/kincade-fire-offers-firefi ghters-second. Silvy, Tyler. 2019b “Latest: 90,000 Sonoma County Residents Evacuated Ahead of ------Kincade Fire.” Santa Rosa Press Democrat. October 26, 2019. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/10223201-181/kincade-fire-grows-to-m ore Silvy, Tyler. 2019c. “Flood Damage Estimates for Infrastructure More than Double to $56 Million.” Santa Rosa Press Democrat. September 12, 2019. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/10035659-181/sonoma-county-flooding -in-2019. Silvy, Tyler. 2019d. “Sonoma County Supervisors Declare Climate Emergency, Pledge to Make Climate Change Priority.” September 17, 2019. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/10057981-181/sonoma-county-supervis ors-declare-climate. Smith, Heather. 2017. “California in Flames, Again.” Sierra Club. October 11, 2017. https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/california-flames-again. Staff, KCRA. 2019. “PG&E to Shut off Power to at Least 150,000 Customers Wednesday.” KCRA. November 20, 2019. https://www.kcra.com/article/pgande-power-shutoffs-announced-northern-calif ornia/29851329. Suh, Rhea. 2018. “The Climate Warning in California’s Catastrophic Fires.” NRDC. November 16, 2018. https://www.nrdc.org/experts/rhea-suh/climate-warning-californias-catastrophi c-fires. Thebault, Reis, Kim Bellware, and Andrew Freedman. 2019. “High-Voltage PG&E Power Line Broke near Origin of Massive Fire in California Wine Country.” Washington Post. October 25, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/10/24/fast-moving-wildfire-ignit es-northern-california-wine-country-prompting-evacuations/. Thomas, Eric. 2019. “Santa Rosa Residents Team up to Help Victims of the Kincade ------Fire, PG&E Power Shutoff.” ABC7 San Francisco. November 2, 2019. https://abc7news.com/5665275/. “TODAY: Governor Newsom to Survey Kincade Fire Impacts, Meet with State and Local ------Officials and Emergency Responders in Sonoma County.” 2019. California Governor. October 25, 2019. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/10/25/12316/. “Wildfires: Threat Continues Through This Week.” n.d. Accessed November 21, 2019. https://www.redcross.org/about-us/news-and-events/news/2019/red-cross-res ponds-to-wildfires-in-california.html. Wilson, Elizabeth. 2018. “California Wildfires Caused Unexpected Benzene Contamination of Drinking Water.” Chemical & Engineering News. June 19, 2018. https://cen.acs.org/environment/water/California-wildfires-caused-unexpected- benzene/96/i26. “‘A Duty to Protect Them’’: 2017 Fires Inspire New Plans of Action for Large Animals in Disaster.’” 2019. Santa Rosa Press Democrat. August 23, 2019. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/specialsections/rebuildnorthbay/9900059-18 1/rebuilding-sonoma-county-residents-groups.

“As Millions Face Blackouts & Fire Threats, Levine Bill to Require Emergency Evacuation Routes Signed Into Law.” 2019. Official Website - Assemblymember Marc Levine Representing the 10th California Assembly District. October 10, 2019. https://a10.asmdc.org/press-releases/20191010-millions-face-blackouts-fire-th reats-levine-bill-require-emergency. “Fire In Santa Rosas Trione-Annadel State Park Contained.” 2019. October 24, 2019. https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/10/24/brush-fire-burns-at-annadel-stat e-park-in-santa-rosa/.

“Santa Rosa, CA | Data USA.” n.d. Accessed November 14, 2019. https://datausa.io/profile/geo/santa-rosa-ca/ “Santa Rosa | California, United States.” n.d. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed November 14, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Santa-Rosa-California -“Santa Rosa, California Politics & Voting.” n.d. Https://Www.Bestplaces.Net. Accessed November 14, 2019. -- https://www.bestplaces.net/voting/city/california/santa_rosa

FIGURES Cover Image: “Santa Rosa, California.” 2019. Wikipedia. ------https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Rosa,_California&oldid=925951 54.

Fig. 1:

“EJSCREEN.” n.d. Accessed October 26, 2019. https://ejscreen.epa.gov/mapper/.

Fig. 2:

“EJSCREEN.” n.d. Accessed October 26, 2019. https://ejscreen.epa.gov/mapper/.

Fig. 3:

Fig.4:

Ackerly, David, Andrew Jones, Mark Stacey, Bruce Riordan. 2018. “San Francisco Bay Area Summary Report.” California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: CCCA4-SUM-2018-005. https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-07/Reg%20Report-%20SU M-CCCA4-2018-005%20SanFranciscoBayArea.pdf

Fig.5:

North Bay Climate Adaptation Initiative. 2013. “Climate Change in the North Bay.” Climate Ready North Bay Fact Sheet Series. http://www.lagunafoundation.org/pdfs/Climate%20Smart%20North%20Bay%2 0-%20Science.pdf

Fig.6:

Jane Tyska, Bay Area News Group. 2019. “Russian River flooding swamps two dozen towns.” Mercury News. https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/02/27/this-sonoma-county-town-got-20-i nches-of-rain-in-48-hours-san-jose-averages-about-15-a-year/

Fig.7:

Esri. n.d. “Tubbs Fire’s Scale of Destruction.” https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=cd71b2d738e0481 a9b6a764f802d27d2

Fig.8:

Citydata.com. 2019. “Races in Santa Rosa, CA.” n.d. Accessed November 23, 2019. http://www.city-data.com/city/Santa-Rosa-California.html.

Fig.9:

Citydata.com. 2019. “Santa Rosa Crime Index.” n.d. Accessed November 23, 2019. http://www.city-data.com/city/Santa-Rosa-California.html.

“A Challenging Formula–Customized Solution Blends 3 Water Sources Together.” ------Jacobs,https://www.jacobs.com/newsroom/news/challenging-formula-customized- so------ution-blends-3-water-sources-together.

Fig.10:

“Dropout rates”. 2019. Accessed November 23, 2019. https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=16.

Fig.11:

Citydata.com. 2019. “Santa Rosa Poverty Rate Data”. N.d. Accessed November 23, 2019. http://www.city-data.com/poverty/poverty-Santa-Rosa-California.html.

Fig. 12: Silvy, Tyler. 2019. “Latest: 90,000 Sonoma County Residents Evacuated Ahead of Kincade Fire.” Santa Rosa Press Democrat. October 26, 2019. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/10223201-181/kincade-fire-grows-to-mor e

Fig.13: Hepler, Lauren, Peter Eavis, and Ivan Penn. 2019. “PG&E Struggles to Find a Way Out of ------Bankruptcy.” The New York Times, November 19, 2019, sec. Business. ------https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/business/energy-environment/pge-bankr uptcy------blackout.html.

Fig. 14: Ferguson,Livia-https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/california-can-forge-brighter-future/a erial------view-of-santa-rosa-fire-devastation/.

Fig. 15: Atkinson, William, and Claire Swedberg. “The Link Between Power Lines and Wildfires.” Electrical Contractor Magazine, https://www.ecmag.com/section/systems/link-between-power-lines-and-wildfir es.

Fig. 16: “Path in the Woods | Susan J Photography | Fall Colors.” n.d. Accessed November ------24,2019.https://www.susanjphotography.com/shop-art/art_print_products/pa------ th-in-the-woods-juldlzmuny.

Fig. 17: Campopiano, Stephanie. “5 Ways To Prevent Wildfires.” Gantry 5, https://smdynamic.com/blog/600-5-ways-to-prevent-wildfires.

Fig. 18: “Water Agency | Water Agency | County of Sonoma.” n.d. Accessed November 24, 2019. https://sonomacounty.ca.gov/Water-Agency/.

Fig. 19: A, Joe. 2019. “PG&E Woes Continue As Top Executive Retires.” Warrior Trading News. ------January 9, 2019. ------https://warriortradingnews.com/2019/01/08/pge-woes-continue-as-top-executive -retir------es/.

Fig. 20: The New York Times. 2019. “Trump Stymies California Climate Efforts Even as State Burns,” November 1, 2019, sec. U.S. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/us/climate-change-california-fires-trump. html. Fig. 21: Pierre-louis, Kendra. “Trump’s Misleading Claims About California’s Fire ‘Mismanagement’.” The New York Times. The New York Times, November 12, 2018. Accessed November 23, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/12/us/politics/fact-check-trump-california-fir e-tweet.html. Fig. 22: Wilson, Elizabeth. 2018. “California Wildfires Caused Unexpected Benzene Contamination of Drinking Water.” Chemical & Engineering News. June 19, 2018. https://cen.acs.org/environment/water/California-wildfires-caused-unexpected- benzene/96/i26. Fig. 23: Fink, Jenni. 2019. “California Wildfire Evacuation Map: Kincade, Getty Fires Force More than 150,000 Residents from Homes.” Newsweek. October 30, 2019. https://www.newsweek.com/kincade-getty-fire-map-evacuation-wildfire-california -1468713.

Fig. 24: The New York Times. 2019. “Trump Stymies California Climate Efforts Even as State Burns,” ------November 1, 2019, sec. U.S. ------https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/us/climate-change-california-fires-trump. html.

APPENDIX SKETCHES

Question 1: Choosing a Slow Disaster Community Sketch

CHOOSING A COMBO DISASTER COMMUNITY SKETCH

Resources: ● Search community name and “climate change” or “pollution” “disparities” or “environmental injustice” or “just transition” or “racism” ● US EPA My Environment ● CalEnviroScreen 3.0 ● World's Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index (Worldwide) ● U.S. Government Accountability Office (USA) – Disposal of High-Level Nuclear Waste ● California Open Data Portal (California) ● EdSource: Chronic School Absenteeism (California) ● California Healthy Places Index (California) ● Lung.org Most Polluted Cities (USA) ● Mapping LA (Los Angeles) – Crime, Education, Income by neighborhood) ● RWJ Resources for Cultures of Health ● California Poverty Facts

Questions to Consider: Community 1: Santa Rosa Community 2: San Francisco

Does the community’s Yes, the wikipedia page No, nothing on the wikipedia Wikipedia page give any gives us information page references climate clues to climate change surrounding temperature and change harms or harms or environmental rainfall, and fire disasters environmental harms. harms? occurring in Santa Rosa.

Are there local The Santa Rosa Yes, A group known as SF environmental groups in this Conservation Action and Environment community? (Possible Environmental Center of search term: environmental Sonoma justice)

What is the RMP potential in 12 59 EPA EJ Scree n?

Is the community listed in Yes, Who’s in Danger lists Yes it is, such as it is close either of these resources? Sonoma County. It includes to a refinery and other Who’s in Danger? (starting 7 wastewater treatment factories on page 59) /// California plants. Fact Sheet

According to the American B rating ! for High Ozone San Francisco has an A Lung Association, is the C rating for particle pollution rating for High Ozone and D community’s state of air for particle pollution. rating?

Question 1: Community Fast Facts Sketch COMMUNITY FAST FACTS SKETCH

Combo Disaster Community:

Conduct a “quick” Google search for fast facts about your community: What is the landscape? How densely populated? Main industries? Overall wealth of the region? Brief history? Find quick resources/articles about the community: Recent news? What are the environmental groups? Environmental News? Community vulnerabilities?

Google Search News Resources Santa Rosa is found within two hills/mountains. As the landscape is mostly https://www.srcity.org/ plane.

The population is roughly about 147,244 https://datausa.io/profile/geo/santa-rosa-ca/ With its main industries focusing on healthcare and social assistance. https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/69273 In the last two years Santa Rosa, and 06-181/demonstrators-march-in-santa-rosa Sonoma County in general, has been hit by two enormous wildfires. The Tubbs Fire and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubbs_Fire the Kincade Fire. The Tubbs Fire (2017) wiped out over 5 thousand structures lost https://www.sfgate.com/california-wildfires/ar and 22 fatalities. The recent Kincade Fire ticle/kincade-fire-size-acres-damage-sonoma (2019) was larger than San Francisco. -north-bay-14569036.php#item-85307-tbla-5

Question 2: Disaster Capitalism Sketch

Question 4: Stakeholders Sketch

Question 8: Extra Local Actions

BIOGRAPHICAL STATEMENT PHOTO Lucas Steven Moore is an undergraduate at the University of California, Irvine. As a second year physics major, he looks forward to taking advantage of research opportunities at the university. Far from having a singular focus, he is also interested in philosophy, politics, and environmental justice, especially in his home state of California. He does not have any specific post-undergraduate or plans, but he is considering pursuing graduate study in physics. Lucas grew up in Georgia and North Carolina, but San Francisco has been his home since 2011.

Christopher Carpio is an undergraduate at the University of California, Irvine. He was born in Los Angeles and is a second year undeclared engineering major, yet he is working towards declaring as a mechanical engineering major by the end of the year. His goal is to be a well rounded engineer who is knowledgeable outside of his field. He plans to help out in research by his third year or an internship and land a job within the Los Angeles area once he graduates. At this moment he has no plans to pursue a graduate degree, although he is interested in getting a minor in business management. Cooper Bennett is a third year undergraduate student at UC Irvine. Born in Santa Rosa, Cooper came to Irvine to pursue an education in Anthropology and Mathematics. He strives to climb and explore the far reaches of the world, from Yosemite to Antarctica. Once graduated he plans to attend graduate school in a yet-to-be-determined discipline, but will be pursuing the betterment of the world.

Heather Michaela Gee is a third year undergraduate student at the University of California, Irvine. As a Public Health Sciences major and Medical Anthropology minor, she strives to learn about medicine holistically and how internal and external factors affect our health. Born and raised in Sacramento, California, Heather has always been driven to explore and see what the world has to offer outside her hometown, and plans to study public health in The Netherlands this coming spring. After finishing her time at UC Irvine, she hopes to pursue a master’s degree in Physician Assistant studies. Fernando Kevin Gonzalez is a fifth year Aerospace Engineering undergraduate at the University of California, Irvine. He was born and raised in Torrance, California. He has many hobbies which include hiking, listening to music, and going to the beach. While he is in his last year of undergraduate, he wants to learn more about electric propulsion so that he can design his own propulsion system. After graduating, he plans on working on propulsion system design on commercial aircraft to make them better for the environment.

Yi Man is an undergraduate at the University of California, Irvine. He was born in Beijing and was studying in high school in Florida. Now he is a third-year computer engineering major. Although lots of the class he took was about computer architect, he also wants to learn to code on his own, so there will be more job opportunities after he graduates. During the summer breaks, he was doing an internship at Tsing Hua University in Beijing on a mechanical arm project. His job was mainly on creating the models for the 3-D printer and manage the printing machine while programming the board with sensors and motors. Elizabeth Robyn Ogan is an undergraduate student at the University of California, Irvine. She was born in Torrance, California and raised in Carson, California. As a second year Pharmaceutical Sciences major, she is looking forward to pursuing internship opportunities at the university. So far she has no plans with regards to post graduate studies, but she is considering going to graduate school for Neuropharmacology or Psychopharmacology. In the future, she also hopes to start her own research lab.

Kota Cody Enokida is a second year undergraduate at the University of California, Irvine. He was born in Southern California and has lived around the Irvine area his entire life. Cody currently studies computer science and wants to pursue a career in UI/UX and app design. During the summer, he worked as a Software Engineer Intern at Kudan working on Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Software.