The History of British Women's Writing, 1880–1920

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The History of British Women’s Writing, 1880–1920 The History of British Women’s Writing General Editors: Jennie Batchelor and Cora Kaplan Advisory Board: Isobel Armstrong, Rachel Bowlby, Helen Carr, Carolyn Dinshaw, Margaret Ezell, Margaret Ferguson, Isobel Grundy, and Felicity Nussbaum

The History of British Women’s Writing is an innovative and ambitious monograph series that seeks both to synthesise the work of several generations of feminist scholars, and to advance new directions for the study of women’s writing. Volume editors and contributors are leading scholars whose work collectively reflects the global excellence in this expanding field of study. It is envisaged that this series will be a key resource for specialist and non-specialist scholars and students alike.

Titles include: Elizabeth Herbert McAvoy and Diane Watt (editors) THE HISTORY OF BRITISH WOMEN’S WRITING, 700–1500 Volume One Caroline Bicks and Jennifer Summit (editors) THE HISTORY OF BRITISH WOMEN’S WRITING, 1500–1610 Volume Two Mihoko Suzuki (editor) THE HISTORY OF BRITISH WOMEN’S WRITING, 1610–1690 Volume Three Ros Ballaster (editor) THE HISTORY OF BRITISH WOMEN’S WRITING, 1690–1750 Volume Four Jacqueline M. Labbe (editor) THE HISTORY OF BRITISH WOMEN’S WRITING, 1750–1830 Volume Five Mary Joannou (editor) THE HISTORY OF BRITISH WOMEN’S WRITING, 1920–1945 Volume Eight Mary Eagleton and Emma Parker (editors) THE HISTORY OF BRITISH WOMEN’S WRITING, 1970–Present Volume Ten

History of British Women’s Writing Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–20079–1 (hardback) (outside North America only)

You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Springer Nature, Cromwell Place, Hampshire International Business Park, Lime Tree Way, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG24 8YJ, UK The History of British Women’s Writing, 1880–1920 Volume Seven

Edited by Holly A. Laird Holly A. Laird Co-Director of Women’s and Gender Studies Program Frances W. O’Hornett Chair of Literature Henry Kendall College of Arts & Sciences Department of English University of Tulsa USA

ISBN 978–1–137–39379–1 ISBN 978–1–137–39380–7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978–1–137–39380–7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2010026127 Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht © Holly A. Laird 2016 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identifi ed as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by SpringerNature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London. Contents

List of Figures vii Series Editors’ Preface viii Acknowledgements ix Notes on the Contributors x Chronology xv

Introduction: A revolutionary moment 1 Holly A. Laird Part I Modern Women From the New Woman to the Suffragette 1 The (Irish) New Woman: Political, literary, and sexual experiments 25 Tina O’Toole 2 Fin-de-Siècle Ouida: A New Woman writing against the New Woman? 35 Lyn Pykett 3 The New Woman in Wales: Welsh women’s writing, 1880–1920 47 Jane Aaron 4 British Women Writers, Technology, and the Sciences, 1880–1920 59 Lisa Hager 5 Mediating Women: Evelyn Sharp and the modern media fictions of Suffrage 72 Barbara Green From the Decadent to the Queer 6 Female Decadence 85 Joseph Bristow 7 Re-writing Myths of Creativity: Pygmalionism, Galatea figures, and the revenge of the Muse in late Victorian literature by women 97 Catherine Delyfer 8 Venus in the Museum: Women’s representations and the rise of public art institutions 111 Ruth Hoberman

v vi Contents

9 Women’s Nature and the Neo-Pagan Movement 125 Dennis Denisoff From the Nation to the Globe 10 This Nation Which Is Not One: Olive Schreiner’s The Story of an African Farm 139 Holly A. Laird 11 Geographies of Self: Scottish women writing Scotland 150 Glenda Norquay 12 Modern Travel on the Fringes of Empire 162 Judy Suh 13 Women Writing Japan 174 Edward Marx Part II Modern Genres From the Story to the Lyric 14 New Women Writing Beyond the Novel: Short stories 189 Margaret D. Stetz 15 Material Negotiations: Women writing the short story 203 Kate Krueger 16 Women’s Lyric, 1880–1920 213 Emily Harrington 17 Vigo Street Sapphos: The Bodley Head Press and women’s poetry of the 1890s 225 Linda H. Peterson From Journalism to the War Memoir 18 Women’s Slum Journalism, 1885–1910 245 S. Brooke Cameron 19 Turn-of-the-Century Women Writing about Art, 1880–1920 258 Meaghan Clarke 20 The British Female Detective Written by Women, 1890–1920 273 Joseph Kestner 21 Writing Modern Deaths: Women, war, and the view from the Home Front 284 Bette London

Select Bibliography 298 Index 303 List of Figures

17.1 Dollie Radford, Songs and Other Verses (London: John Lane, 1895), title page. Courtesy of Yale University Library 233 17.2 Katharine Tynan Hinkson, Cuckoo Songs (London: Elkin Mathews and John Lane, 1894), title page. Courtesy of Yale University Library 234 17.3 Rosamund Marriott Watson, A Summer Night and Other Poems (London: John Lane, 1895), title page. Courtesy of Yale University Library 237 17.4 E. Nesbit, A Pomander of Verse (London: John Lane, 1895), title page. Courtesy of Yale University Library 239 19.1 ‘Press Day at the Royal Academy’, in ‘Art Critics of Today’, Art Journal 1892, p. 195 259 19.2 Alice Meynell, ‘Brighton Treasure House’, Magazine of Art 1882, p. 2 263 19.3 James McNeill Whistler, The Savoy Pigeons 1896, lithograph, Studio 1896, p. 25 264

vii Series Editors’ Preface

One of the most significant developments in literary studies in the last quar- ter of a century has been the remarkable growth of scholarship on women’s writing. This was inspired by, and in turn provided inspiration for, a post-war women’s movement, which saw women’s cultural expression as key to their emancipation. The retrieval, republication and reappraisal of women’s writing, beginning in the mid 1960s have radically affected the literary curriculum in schools and universities. A revised canon now includes many more women writers. Literature courses that focus on what women thought and wrote from antiquity onwards have become popular undergraduate and postgraduate options. These new initiatives have meant that gender – in language, authors, texts, audience and in the history of print culture more generally – are cen- tral questions for literary criticism and literary history. A mass of fascinating research and analysis extending over several decades now stands as testimony to a lively and diverse set of debates, in an area of work that is still expanding. Indeed so rapid has this expansion been, that it has become increasingly difficult for students and academics to have a comprehensive view of the wider field of women’s writing outside their own period or specialism. As the research on women has moved from the margins to the confident centre of literary studies it has become rich in essays and monographs dealing with smaller groups of authors, with particular genres and with defined periods of literary production, reflecting the divisions of intellectual labour and development of expertise that are typical of the discipline of literary studies. Collections of essays that provide overviews within particular periods and genres do exist, but no published series has taken on the mapping of the field even within one language group or national culture. A History of British Women’s Writing is intended as just such a cartographic standard work. Its ambition is to provide, in ten volumes edited by leading experts in the field, and comprised of newly commissioned essays by specialist scholars, a clear and integrated picture of women’s contribution to the world of letters within Great Britain from medieval times to the present. In taking on such a wide ranging project we were inspired by the founding, in 2003, of Chawton House Library, a UK registered charity with a unique collection of books focusing on women’s writing in English from 1600 to 1830, set in the home and working estate of Jane Austen’s brother.

Jennie Batchelor University of Kent Cora Kaplan Queen Mary, University of London

viii Acknowledgements

My deepest thanks go to Cora Kaplan and Jennie Batchelor, general editors of The History of British Women’s Writing. Were it not for Cora Kaplan’s own pioneering work in the past few decades in recovering British women writers, I might not have discovered the vast and exciting field of late-Victorian and Edwardian British women’s writing myself, as a reader, teacher, and scholar. Her squireship, wisdom, and encouragement have been crucial to this volume at every stage of its development. Jennie Batchelor’s excel- lent editorship and support proved no less essential, particularly dur- ing the months when it began to move through Palgrave’s publication offices. Joseph Bristow, Diana Maltz, Barbara Green, and Margaret Stetz all provided enormously helpful suggestions in the development of the contributors’ list. For the generous support that they so kindly offer, not only me, but many scholars in their fields, I particularly want to thank Joe, Barbara, and Margaret – your kindnesses at every stage of this project’s growth made it seem, continually, again possible. Ruth Hoberman and Emily Harrington generously aided with editing the essays of Joseph Kestner and Linda Peterson. This volume’s faults and gaps remain entirely my own. The external reader provided both inspiration and detailed advice necessary for the volume’s revision. To Barbara Woodfin Waxman, I owe thanks for the great help she gave in drafting and checking this volume’s Chronology. To Lily Coleman, I am indebted for help with proof- ing and fact-checking the final book version of the front matter, bibliography, and index, and I thank Joseph Willis for comparable help with the late Joseph Kestner’s essay. Eliza Killey compiled the index’s first draft. As always, beyond words, I am indebted to Lars Engle for his wise support and loving encouragement. Above all, I thank the volume’s many contributors, for their extraordinary responsiveness to each and every email message, as well as for building on their own and others’ prior crucial work in the study of turn-of-the-twentieth- century English women writers, to generate the fresh, fascinating chapters of this volume. Each chapter represents another landmark in the history of women writers. It is with great sadness that we acknowledge the loss of two – both scholars paid quick attention to every request amazingly until the end: Linda Peterson and Joseph Kestner passed away in summer 2015.

ix Notes on the Contributors

Jane Aaron is Professor Emeritus at the University of South Wales. Her publications include a Welsh-language monograph on nineteenth-century women’s writing in Wales, which won the Ellis Griffith prize in 1999, and the English-language Nineteenth-Century Women’s Writing in Wales (2007), winner of the 2009 Roland Mathias Award; as well as the critical book Welsh Gothic (2013). She co-edited the essay collections Our Sisters’ Land: The Changing Identities of Women in Wales (1994), Postcolonial Wales (2005) and Gendering Border Studies (2010), and is also co-editor of the series Gender Studies in Wales (University of Wales Press), and Welsh Women’s Classics, a reprint series published by the feminist press Honno, for which she has edited five volumes. Joseph Bristow is Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Los Angeles. His most recent book is (with Rebecca N. Mitchell) Oscar Wilde’s Chatterton: Literary History, Romanticism, and the Art of Forgery (Yale University Press, 2015), and he is co-editor (with Josephine McDonagh) of a volume titled Nineteenth-Century Radical Traditions (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016). S. Brooke Cameron is an Assistant Professor of English at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. She has published and has forthcoming articles in journals such as Victorian Review, Victorian Literature and Culture, Victorian Poetry, English Literature in Transition, and Studies in the Novel. Her book, Radical Alliances: Economics and Feminism in English Women’s Writing, 1880–1938, is forthcoming from the University of Toronto Press. This essay on ‘Women’s Slum Journalism’ is part of her second and ongoing research project on women and urban economic reform in late-Victorian and modernist English fiction. Meaghan Clarke is Director of Doctoral Studies in the School of History, Art History and Philosophy at the University of Sussex. She is the author of Critical Voices: Women and Art Criticism in Britain 1880–1905(2005). She has also published essays in Art History, The Camden Town Group in Context, Visual Resources, RACAR, Henry James Review, and Visual Culture in Britain and essays in edited volumes including Critical Exchange: Art Criticism of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries in Russia and Western Europe, ed. C. Adlam and J. Simpson (2009). Catherine Delyfer is Professor of English at the University of Toulouse, France. Her publications focus on fin-de-siècle culture and on neglected

x Notes on the Contributors xi late-Victorian female writers whose work bridges the gap between Aestheticism and Modernism. She is the authorof a monograph on Lucas Malet’s pictorial poetics, Art and Womanhood in Fin-de-Siècle Writing: the Fiction of Lucas Malet, 1880–1931 (2011); the editor of a special October 2011 issue of Cahiers victoriens et édouardiens on British female aestheticism, which looks at the influence of non-canonical women painters and writers on proto-Modernist, turn-of-the-century art and literature; and a co-editor of Aesthetic Lives (2013) and Reconnecting Aestheticism and Modernism (forthcoming with Routledge, 2017). Dennis Denisoff is McFarlin Professor of Victorian Literature and Culture at the University of Tulsa. He is Editor of the Among the Victorians and Modernists series for Routledge Press and co-editor of the ongoing online digital publication, The Yellow Nineties Online. His publications include the monographs Aestheticism and Sexual Parody (2006) and Sexual Visuality from Literature to Film (2004), as well as the essay collection The Nineteenth-Century Child and Consumer Culture (2008) and the special issue of Victorian Review on ‘Natural Environments’ (2010). He is currently completing a monograph tentatively titled ‘Pagan Ecology in British Literature and Culture: 1860–1920’. Barbara Green is Associate Professor of English and a Senior Fellow in Gender Studies at the University of Notre Dame. She is the author of Spectacular Confessions: Autobiography, Performative Activism, and the Sites of Suffrage, 1905–1938 and is at work on a study of the ‘feminist everyday’ in periodicals from the Edwardian to interwar period. Lisa Hager is Associate Professor of English and Women’s Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Waukesha. Her current book project looks at the relationship between the New Woman and the Victorian family, and she has published articles on Victorian sexology, the New Woman, aesthetics, steampunk, queer studies, and digital humanities. Emily Harrington is Assistant Professor of English at the University of Colorado at Boulder, where she teaches courses on Victorian literature, poetry, aestheticism, and women’s writing. She is the author of Second Person Singular: Late Victorian Women Poets and the Bonds of Verse (Virginia, 2014). Her articles on Victorian poetry and women’s poetry have appeared in Nineteenth Century Literature, Victorian Studies, Victorian Poetry, and Literature Compass. Ruth Hoberman, Professor Emeritus of English at Eastern Illinois University, is the author of Museum Trouble: Edwardian Fiction and the Emergence of Modernism (2011). Among her other publications are Modernizing Lives: Experiments in English Biography 1918–1939 (1987), Gendering Classicism: The Ancient World in Twentieth-Century Women’s Historical Fiction (1997), and, co- edited with Kathryn N. Benzel, Trespassing Boundaries: Virginia Woolf’s Short xii Notes on the Contributors

Fiction (2005). Her essays have appeared in such journals as Feminist Studies, Woolf Studies Annual, Victorian Literature and Culture, and Victorian Periodicals Review. Joseph Kestner (1943–2015) was McFarlin Professor of English at the University of Tulsa. His publications included The Spatiality of the Novel (1978); Protest and Reform: The British Social Narrative by Women (1985); Mythology and Misogyny: The Social Discourse of Nineteenth-century British Classical-Subject Painting (1989); Masculinities in Victorian Painting (1995); Sherlock’s Men: Masculinity, Conan Doyle, and Cultural History (1997); The Edwardian Detective 1901–1915 (2000); Sherlock’s Sisters: The British Female Detective, 1864–1913 (2003); and Masculinities in British Adventure Fiction, 1880–1915 (2010). Kate Krueger is an Associate Professor of English and Coordinator of Women and Gender Studies at Arkansas State University. She is the author of British Women Writers and the Short Story, 1850–1930: Reclaiming Social Space (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). Her articles on the short fiction of George Egerton, Charlotte Mew, Evelyn Sharp, and Virginia Woolf have appeared in English Literature in Transition 1880–1920, Women’s Writing, and the Journal of the Short Story in English. Holly A. Laird is Frances W. O’Hornett Chair of Literature and co-director of Women’s and Gender Studies at the University of Tulsa. Her publications include Women Coauthors (a study of collaborative women writers in England and the United States from the Victorian period to 2000) as well numerous essays on Victorian and modern literature and culture. From 1988 to 2008, she served as editor, then executive editor of Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature. Bette London is a Professor of English at the University of Rochester. She is the author of The Appropriated Voice: Narrative Authority in Conrad, Forster and Woolf (1990) and Writing Double: Women’s Literary Partnerships (1999). Her articles on nineteenth- and twentieth-century British literature and culture have appeared in such places as PMLA, ELH, and diacritics. She is currently completing a manuscript entitled Posthumous Lives: World War I and the Culture of Memory. An essay drawn from this project, ‘Posthumous Was a Woman: World War I Memorials and Woolf’s Dead Poet’s Society’ appeared in Woolf Studies Annual (2010). Edward Marx is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law and Letters at Ehime University in Matsuyama, Japan. He is the author of Leonie Gilmour: When East Weds West (2013) and The Idea of a Colony: Cross-Culturalism in Modern Poetry (2004), as well as co-editor, with Laura Franey, of Yone Noguchi’s The American Diary of a Japanese Girl (2007). He has contributed Notes on the Contributors xiii essays to Women’s Poetry, Late Romantic to Late Victorian: Gender and Genre and to Women and British Aestheticism. Glenda Norquay is Chair of Scottish Literature Studies at Liverpool John Moores University and head of their Research Centre for Literature and Cultural History. She has published widely on Scottish women’s fiction, is editor of Voices and Votes: A literary anthology of the women’s suffrage cam- paign (1995) and (with K. Cockin and S.S. Park), Women’s Suffrage Literature (2007). She edited Edinburgh University Press’s Companion to Scottish Women’s Writing (2012) and contributed the chapter on ‘Genre Fiction’. A Stevenson scholar, her monograph Robert Louis Stevenson and Theories of Reading was published in 2007, and she is currently editing Stevenson’s late and neglected novel St Ives for Edinburgh University Press’s edition of his complete works. Tina O’Toole is a lecturer in English at the University of Limerick, Ireland. Her work focuses on women’s agency, dissident sexualities, and diasporic and transnational representations. She has published Irish Literature: Feminist Perspectives (2008; with Patricia Coughlan); a study of the second- wave Irish Women’s Movement, Documenting Irish Feminisms (2005; with Linda Connolly); and The Dictionary of Munster Women Writers (2005). Her journal publications include Modernism/Modernity, Irish University Review, and New Hibernia Review, and she has edited journal special issues including Éire-Ireland (47) on ‘New Approaches to Irish Migration’ (2012; with Piaras Mac Éinrí). Her monograph, The Irish New Woman (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) explores the textual and ideological connections between feminist, nationalist, and anti-imperialist writing and political activism at the fin de siècle. Linda H. Peterson (1948–2015) was Niel Gray Jr. Professor of English at Yale University. Her books included Victorian Autobiography (1986), Traditions of Victorian Women’s Autobiography (1999), and Becoming a Woman of Letters: Myths of Authorship and Facts of the Victorian Market (2009). Lyn Pykett, Professor Emeritus at Aberystwyth University, has published widely on nineteenth- and early twentieth-century literature and culture. Margaret D. Stetz is the Mae and Robert Carter Professor of Women’s Studies and Professor of Humanities at the University of Delaware. Her books include monographs (British Women’s Comic Fiction, 1890–1990), exhibition catalogues (Gender and the London Theatre, 1880–1920; and Facing the Late Victorians), co-edited essay collections (Michael Field and Their World; and Legacies of the Comfort Women of WWII), and co-authored exhibition catalogues (The Yellow Book; England in the 1890s; and England in the 1880s). She has curated numerous exhibitions related to Victorian art, literature, and publishing history at venues such as the Henry B. Plant Museum (Tampa, xiv Notes on the Contributors

FL); the National Gallery of Art Library (Washington, DC); the Grolier Club (NYC); Houghton Library (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA); and, in 2015, the Rosenbach Museum and Library (Philadelphia). Judy Suh is an associate professor at Duquesne University. Her book on twentieth-century extremist politics and British literature is entitled Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Twentieth-Century British Fiction (2009), and she has written articles on Christopher Isherwood, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, Jean Rhys, and others. She is currently working on a book manuscript on British travel literature in the Middle East. Chronology

Year Events Works

1880 Greenwich Mean becomes legal Isabella Bird, Unbeaten standard; University of London Tracks in Japan; Ouida, awards 1st Degrees to Women; Moths Conservative Party (Disraeli) succeeded by Liberal (Gladstone); First Boer War; Death of George Eliot 1881 End of First Boer War; Census: two- Arran and Isla Leigh thirds in England urbanized and (Michael Field), one-seventh live in London; National Bellerophôn; Vernon Lee, History Museum opens; Cecil succeeds Belcaro: Being Essays to Gladstone in House of Lords; Savoy on Sundry Aesthetical Theatre opens in London and is the Questions; Christina world’s first public building lit entirely Rossetti, A Pageant and by electricity; Charles Stewart Parnell Other Poems imprisoned in Ireland; Henry James, The Portrait of a Lady; Revised Version of New Testament 1882 Parnell is released; Phoenix Park Emily Pfeiffer, Under Murders; Anglo-Egyptian War; the Aspens: Lyrical and Married Women’s Property Act Dramatic 1883 Co-operative Women’s Guild; Boys’ Isabella Bird, The Golden Brigade founded in Glasgow; The Chersonese and the Way first Orient Express Thither; Amy Dillwyn, A Burglary: or, Unconscious Influence; Olive Schreiner, The Story of an African Farm; Annie S. Swan, Aldersyde 1884 Fabian Society Founded; Colchester Amy Dillwyn, Jill; Vernon earthquake, or the Great English Lee, Miss Brown; Annie S. Earthquake; Greenwich Meridian Swan, Carlowrie set as world’s prime meridian; Matrimonial Causes Act of 1884; Third Reform Act (gives farm workers the vote); first linotype machine

(Continued)

xv xvi Chronology

Year Events Works

1885 Men and Women’s Club founded; Annie Besant, Berlin Conference (securing parts Autobiographical Sketches of Africa); First legal cremation: Mrs. Jeanette Pickersgill, London; Women permitted to take Oxford University entrance exam; Cecil and Conservatives succeed to Gladstone; W.T. Stead exposes girls’ prostitution in London; Criminal Law Amendment Act with Labouchere Amendment; arrest of William Morris; DNB begins; Old Testament in Revised Version 1886 Gladstone succeeds to Cecil, then Frances Hodgson Burnett, vice versa; Contagious Diseases Little Lord Fauntleroy; Acts repealed; Royal Holloway Marie Corelli, A Romance College for women; Edinburgh of Two Worlds; Vernon Lee, School of Medicine for women Baldwin: Being Dialogues founded; Association for Promoting on Views and Aspirations; the Education of Girls in Wales; Eleanor Marx, The Woman Guardianship of Infants Act Question; L.T. Meade, A World of Girls 1887 Women’s Liberal Federation; Royal Constance C.W. Naden, Jubilee Exhibition, Manchester; A Modern Apostle, The Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee; Elixir of Life, The Story of Bloody Sunday Clarice, and Other Poems; Annie S. Swan, The Gates of Eden 1888 Lawn Tennis Association; Bryant & Mona Caird, ‘Marriage’; May match girls’ strike; Whitechapel Amy Levy, The Romance Murders; first film recorded; of a Shop; Mrs. Humphry Founding of the Isis-Urania Temple Ward, Robert Elsmere in London, the first temple of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 1889 Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Mona Caird, The Wing of performed in England; Eiffel Tower Azrael; Michael Field, Long opens; Welsh Intermediate Education Ago; Elizabeth Burgoyne Act; London Dock Strike; Children’s Corbett, New Amazonia: A Foretaste of the Future; (Continued) Chronology xvii

Year Events Works

Charter, first act of Parliament for Margaret Harkness, In the prevention of cruelty to children; Darkest London; L.T. opening of Morley Memorial College Meade, Polly: A New- for working men and women Fashioned Girl 1890 Women’s Trade Union League; Sir Lucas Malet, The Wages of Arthur Conan Doyle, The Sign of Four; Sin; Margaret Oliphant, William James, Principles of Psychology Kirsteen; Mabel E. Wotton, A Pretty Radical and Other Stories; Annie S. Swan, Maitland of Laurieston 1891 First publication of The Strand Isabella Bird, Journeys Magazine; the Great Blizzard; Factory in Persia and Kurdistan; and Workshop Act raised minimum Hannah Lynch, The age to 11 and prohibited employing Prince of the Glades; Dollie a women within four weeks of giving Radford, A Light Load birth 1892 Ellis Island opens to accommodate Annie Besant, The Seven immigrants to the United States; Sir Principles of Man; Michael Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventures Field, Sight and Song; of Sherlock Holmes Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ‘The Yellow Wall-Paper’; Effie Johnson, In the Fire and Other Fancies; Vernon Lee, Vanitas; Alice Meynell, The Rhythm of Life 1893 First meeting of the Independent George Egerton, Keynotes; Labour Party; St. Hilda’s College, Sarah Grand, The Heavenly Oxford founded; New Zealand Twins Women’s Suffrage Act 1894 Women’s Provident and Protective Clementina Black, League; Women’s Industrial Council; An Agitator; Kathleen First publication of the literary Mannington Caffyn journal The Yellow Book; ‘New (‘Iota’), A Yellow Aster; Woman’ and ‘feminism’ enter the Mona Caird, The Daughters English language; founding of of Danaus; Elizabeth the Society of Women Journalists; Burgoyne Corbett, When Dreyfus affair begins the Sea Gives Up Its Dead; (Continued) xviii Chronology

Year Events Works

Ella Hepworth Dixon, The Story of a Modern Woman; George Egerton, Discords; Sarah Grand, ‘The New Aspect of the Woman Question’; Florence Henniker, Outlines; Ella MacMahon, A New Note; Catherine Louisa Pirkis, The Experiences of Loveday Brooke, Lady Detective; Edith Somerville and Martin Ross, The Real Charlotte; Katharine Tynan, Cuckoo Songs 1895 London premiere of Oscar Victoria Cross, The Woman Wilde’s The Importance of Being Who Didn’t; Ménie Earnest, followed by his arrest and Muriel Dowie, Gallia; Ella imprisonment; National Union of MacMahon, A Modern Women Workers; Scottish Council Man; Dollie Radford, Songs for Women’s Trades; Sigmund Freud and Other Verses; Graham and Josef Breuer, Studies in Hysteria; R. Tomson, Vespertilia and Wilhelm Röntgen produces first X-ray Other Verses 1896 Jameson Raid ends with Jameson’s Jane Findlater, The Green surrender to the Boers; first London Graves of Balgowrie; showing of Lumière Brothers’ films; Florence Henniker, In The Geisha, a musical comedy, opens Scarlet and Grey: Stories of in London to great success Soldiers and Others; Mabel Nembhard, Fantasies 1897 National Union of Women’s Suffrage Mona Caird, The Morality Societies; Wilde released from of Marriage and Other Essays Reading Gaol; Queen Victoria’s on the Status and Destiny of Diamond Jubilee; the Tate Gallery Women; Marie Corelli, Ziska; opens (founded as National Gallery George Egerton, Symphonies; of British Art); first volume of Sarah Grand, The Beth Book; Studies in the Psychology of Sex (Sexual Mary Kingsley, Travels in Inversion), by Havelock Ellis with West Africa; Ouida, The J.A. Symonds Massarenes; May Sinclair, Audrey Craven; E.L. Voynich, The Gadfly; John Strange Winter, Princess Sarah and Other Stories (Continued) Chronology xix

Year Events Works

1898 Vagrancy Act; Émile Zola found Annie Besant, The Ancient guilty of libel for ‘J'accuse...!’ and Wisdom; George Egerton, flees to London; British Antarctic Fantasias and The Wheel Expedition (or Southern Cross of God; George Paston, Expedition) A Writer of Books; Netta Syrett, The Garden of Delight: Fairy Tales 1899 Poor Law Act; Hertha Marks Ayrton Mary Cholmondeley, Red becomes first woman member in Pottage; Kate Chopin, Institution of Electrical Engineers; The Awakening; Vernon Second Boer War begins; Joseph Lee, Genius Loci: Notes Conrad, Heart of Darkness on Places; Allen Raine, By Berwen Banks; Edith Somerville and Martin Ross, Some Experiences of an Irish R.M.; Margaret Oliphant, Autobiography 1900 Labour Party forms; Maud Gonne L.T. Meade, A Sister of forms Inghinidhe na hÉireann the Red Cross: A Story of (Daughters of Ireland), a radical Irish Ladysmith nationalist women's organization 1901 Formation of the Commonwealth of George Egerton, Rosa Australia; Death of Queen Victoria Amorosa: The Love-Letters on Jan. 22; Edward VII becomes King of a Woman; Y Ddau Wynne, A Maid of Cymru: A Patriotic Romance 1902 Signing of Anglo-Japanese Alliance; Lady Augusta Gregory, End of Second Boer War; Arthur Cuchulain of Muirthemne; Balfour succeeds Cecil as Prime L.T. Meade, The Rebel of Minister; Education Act the School 1903 Women’s Social and Political Union; Victoria Cross, Six Chapters Marie Curie becomes first woman of a Man’s Life; Mary to win Nobel Prize; National Art Findlater, The Rose of Joy Collections Fund established 1904 80,000 gather in Hyde Park, Eva Gore-Booth, Unseen protesting importation of Chinese Kings; Lady Augusta labourers to South Africa; British Gregory, Gods and expedition to Tibet Fighting Men; Vernon Lee, Pope Jacynth and Other Fantastic Tales; Katherine Cecil Thurston, John Chilcote M.P. (Continued) xx Chronology

Year Events Works

1905 London premier of The Scarlet George Egerton, Flies in Pimpernel, followed by publication Amber; Eva Gore-Booth, of Baroness Orczy’s novel; Emmeline The Three Resurrections and Pankhurst leads first public protest the Triumph of Maeve by suffragettes at Westminster; Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman succeeds Balfour as Prime Minister; Einstein’s Theory of Relativity 1906 National Federation of Women Mary Cholmondeley, Workers; Caxton Hall meeting; Prisoners; Elinor Glyn, Women’s Labour League Beyond the Rocks; Emmuska Orczy, I Will Repay and A Son of the People; Mrs. Humphry Ward, Fenwick’s Career 1907 ‘Mud March’ by National Union of Ada Leverson, The Twelfth Women Suffrage Societies; Women’s Hour; Anna Parnell, The Freedom League; New Zealand granted Tale of a Great Sham; dominion status; Camden Town Elizabeth Robins, The Murder; Florence Nightingale first Convert woman to receive the Order of Merit; Matrimonial Causes Act of 1907 1908 Fabian Women’s Group; Herbert Mary and Jane Findlater, Henry Asquith succeeds Campbell- Crossriggs; Sarah Grand, Bannerman as Prime Minister; Emotional Moments; Summer Olympics in London; Elizabeth Robins Pennell, Women Writers’ Suffrage League; The Life of James McNeill Irish Women’s Franchise League; Whistler; Allen Raine, Neither Cardiff and District Women’s Storehouse nor Barn; Edith Suffrage Society in Wales; Ford Somerville and Martin Ross, Madox Ford launches The English Further Experiences of an Review Irish R.M.; Katherine Cecil Thurston, The Fly on the Wheel; Gwyneth Vaughan, Plant y Gorthrwm 1909 Selfridges opens in London; Hunger Clementina Black and Strikes Adele Meyer, Makers of our Clothes; Emmuska Orczy, The Old Man in the Corner

(Continued) Chronology xxi

Year Events Works

1910 Edward VII dies, succeeded by Frances Cornford, Poems; George V; the Boer republics become Marie Connor Leighton, the Union of South Africa; Caxton Joan Mar, Detective; Hall meeting and ‘Black Friday’ on Emmuska Orczy, Lady Nov. 18; art critic Roger Fry organizes Molly of Scotland Yard; the exhibition Manet and the Evelyn Sharp, Rebel Post-Impressionists Women; Katherine Cecil Thurston, Max 1911 Singer Manufacturing Co. strike in Gertrude Colmore, Scotland; Festival of Empire at The Suffragette Sally; Katherine Crystal Palace; Liverpool General Mansfield, In a German Transport Strike; National Insurance Pension; Moelona, ‘Alys Act Morgan’, DwyRamanto'r De; Olive Schreiner, Woman and Labour 1912 Window smashing by suffragettes; Bertha Thomas, Picture RMS Titanic sinks Tales from Welsh Hills 1913 British House of Lords rejects Third Vernon Lee, The Beautiful: Home Rule Bill; Stravinsky’s The Rite An Introduction to of Spring premieres in Paris; Treaty of Psychological Aesthetics; London signed, ending First Balkan Katherine Tynan, Twenty- War; Emily Davison, suffragette, is five Years: Reminiscences trampled by the King’s horse at Epsom Derby; Northern Men’s Federation for Women’s Suffrage in Scotland 1914 James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist Marie Corelli, Innocent: Her as a Young Man is serialized in The Fancy and His Fact; Elinor Egoist; Home Rule Act; Assassination Glyn, Letters to Caroline; of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Mrs. Humphry Ward, Delia Austria on June 28; World War I Blanchflower begins on July 28; British suffragettes enact a series of attacks on art 1915 Death of English war poet Rupert Dorothy Richardson, Brooke; Sinking of the RMS Lusitania; Pointed Roofs; Evelyn first Zeppelin raid in London; British Sharp, The War of All the Women’s Institute founded Ages; Edith Somerville and Martin Ross, In Mr. Knox’s Country; Virginia Woolf, The Voyage Out (Continued) xxii Chronology

Year Events Works

1916 The Military Service Act passes, Marie Leighton, Boy of My introducing conscription; the Easter Heart Rising begins April 24 and lasts six days; the Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet fights in the Battle of Jutland; David Lloyd George succeeds Asquith as Prime Minister 1917 Women’s Land Army, Women’s Viola Meynell, Julian Army Auxiliary Corps, and Women’s Grenfell Royal Navy Service established; Irish Convention held in Dublin to address the Irish Question; Leonard and Virginia Woolf found the Hogarth Press 1918 Representation of the People Act Marie Stopes, Married Love; extends the vote to property-owning Rebecca West, The Return women over age 30; World War I of the Soldier ends; women granted full police status; Irish general election leads to defeat of the nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party and victory of radical Sinn Féin party 1919 Housing Act; Irish War of Rosita Forbes, Unconducted Independence begins; Treaty of Wanderers; E.M. Hull, The Versailles; T.S. Eliot’s publication of Sheik; Storm Jameson, The ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’ Pot Boils; Marie Connor in The Egoist Leighton, Lucile Dare, Detective; May Sinclair, Mary Olivier: A Life; Pamela Wyndham Tennant, Edward Wyndham Tennant; Virginia Woolf, Night and Day 1920 League of Nations founded; Rose Macaulay, Potterism; Prohibition in the United States; Katherine Mansfield, Bliss: Imperial War Museum opens; and Other Stories Communist Party of Great Britain founded; first women receive degrees at Oxford, including Dorothy Sayers; Bloody Sunday; Government of Ireland Act