DOCSLIB.ORG

Philipp Simon Massimo Iorizzo Dariusz Grzebelus Rafal Baranski Editors the Carrot Genome Philipp Simon • Massimo Iorizzo •

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Philipp Simon Massimo Iorizzo Dariusz Grzebelus Rafal Baranski Editors the Carrot Genome Philipp Simon • Massimo Iorizzo • Compendium of Plant Genomes Philipp Simon Massimo Iorizzo Dariusz Grzebelus Rafal Baranski Editors The Carrot Genome Philipp Simon • Massimo Iorizzo • Dariusz Grzebelus • Rafal Baranski Editors The Carrot Genome 123 [email protected] Editors Philipp Simon Massimo Iorizzo Vegetable Crops Research Unit Plants for Human Health Institute USDA-ARS North Carolina State University Madison, WI, USA Kannapolis, NC, USA Dariusz Grzebelus Rafal Baranski University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Biotechnology and Kraków, Poland Horticulture University of Agriculture in Krakow Kraków, Poland ISSN 2199-4781 ISSN 2199-479X (electronic) Compendium of Plant Genomes ISBN 978-3-030-03388-0 ISBN 978-3-030-03389-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019934354 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland [email protected] Daucus: Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Distribution 2 David M. Spooner Abstract 2.1 Taxonomy of the Apiaceae Cultivated carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) (Umbelliferae) is the most important member in the Apiaceae family in terms of economy and nutrition and is The Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family contains considered the second most popular vegetable in 466 genera and 3820 species (Plunkett et al. in the world after potato. Despite its global impor- press) and is one of the largest families of seed Daucus tance, the systematics of remains under plants. It is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, active revision at the species, genus, and but most diverse in temperate regions of the subtribal levels. The phylogenetic relationships northern hemisphere (Downie et al. 2000a, b, c; Daucus among the species of and close relatives Heywood 1983). It is well supported as a fi in the Apioideae have been clari ed recently monophyletic family, closely related to the fam- by a series of molecular studies using DNA ilies Araliaceae, Pittosporaceae, and Myo- rbcL matK sequences of the plastid genes and ; docarpaceae, and these, along with three smaller plastid introns rpl16, rps16, rpoC1; nuclear families, constitute the order Apiales, containing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer about 5400 species (Judd et al. 2016; Plunkett (ITS) sequences; and plastid DNA restriction et al. 1996b). sites. Of these DNA markers, the ITS region The Apiaceae is well defined morphologically consisting of ITS1, the intervening spacer, and by a suite of characters, typically including herbs ITS2 has served as the main marker used. with compound leaves, stems usually hollow in Recently, next-generation DNA sequencing the internodes and with secretory canals con- methodologies have been used. We review these taining ethereal oils, resins, and other com- techniques and how they are impacting the pounds; alternate compound leaves or simple and Daucus taxonomy of the genus . deeply divided or lobed leaves with sheathing petioles; determinate inflorescences containing simple to compound umbels often subtended by involucral bracts; small flowers with 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 2 connate carpels with an inferior ovary; 2 small stigmas; with the fruit a D. M. Spooner (&) schizocarp (dry fruits breaking into one-seeded USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable segments) with each of the two mericarps Crops Research Unit, Department of Horticulture, attached to an entire and deeply divided forked University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1575 Linden Dr, 53706-1590 Madison, WI, USA central stalk (carpophone) (Judd et al. 2016). e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 9 P. Simon et al. (eds.), The Carrot Genome, Compendium of Plant Genomes, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_2 [email protected] 10 D. M. Spooner [email protected] 2 Daucus: Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Distribution 11 b Fig. 2.1 Reproduction of the upper part of the Daucus numbers above the branches representing bootstrap maximum likelihood phylogeny of Banasiak et al. (2016), support and posterior probability values. The arrows using combined nuclear internal transcribed spacer region show hard incongruence between Banasiak et al. (2016) of ribosomal DNA (ITS) and plastid (rps16 intron, rpoC1 and the nuclear ortholog phylogenies of Arbizu et al. intron, and rpoB-trnC intergenic spacer) data, with (2014b, 2016b) This large suite of distinctive characters 2000a, b, c, 2001, 2010; Katz-Downie et al. makes the Apiaceae and its constituent species 1999; Lee 2002; Lee and Downie 1999, 2000, easily recognized to family, but divisions within 2006; Plunkett et al. 1996a; Spalik and Downie the family have been the subject of long dispute 2007; Spalik et al. 2001a, b; Weitzel et al. 2014). including circumscription and relationships of Of these DNA markers, the ITS region consisting the genus Daucus (Constance 1971; Plunkett and of ITS1, the intervening spacer, and ITS2 has Downie 1999) Traditionally, the Apiaceae has served as the main marker. A recent study of ITS, been divided into three subfamilies, the Sanicu- and other DNA regions proposed as standard loideae, Hydrocotyloideae, and Apioideae, with barcodes (psbA-trnH, matK, and rbcL) in 1957 the Apioideae, containing the genus Daucus,by species in 385 diverse genera in the Apiaceae far the largest of these three traditional subfam- have shown ITS to serve to identify species ilies. Drude (1898) recognized 8 tribes and 10 73.3% of the time, higher than any of the other subtribes within the Apioideae. Molecular phy- individual markers tested (Liu et al. 2014). logenetic studies have confirmed the monophyly A study by Banasiak et al. (2016) using DNA of the subfamily Apioideae but not many of its sequences from nuclear ribosomal ITS and three tribes and subtribes (Downie et al. 2001). plastid markers (rps16 intron, rpoC1 intron, and Downie et al. (2001) recognized nine tribes in the rpoB-trnC intergenic spacer) is the latest of a Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, and placed series of studies to investigate ingroup and out- Daucus, and 12 other genera, in tribe Scan- group relationships of Daucus (Fig. 2.1). This diceae Spreng., subtribe Daucinae Dumort. (the study redefined and expanded the genus Daucus other 12 genera being Agrocharis Hochst., to include the following genera and species into Ammodaucus Coss. and Durieu, Cuminum L., its synonymy: Agrocharis Hochst. (4 species), Laser Borkh. ex P. Gaertn., B. Mey. and Schreb., Melanoselinum Hoffm. (1 species), Monizia Laserpitium L., Melanoselinum Hoffm., Monizia Lowe (1 species), Pachyctenium Maire and Lowe, Orlaya Hoffm., Pachyctenium Maire and Pamp. (1 species), Pseudorlaya (Murb.) Murb. Maire and Polemannia Eckl. and Zeyh., Poly- (2 species), Rouya Coincy (1 species), Torn- lophium Boiss., Pseudorlaya (Murb.) Murb., and abenea Parl. (6 species), Athamanta dellacellae Thapsia L.). E. A. Durand and Barratte, and Cryptotaenia A genus-level treatment of Daucus by Sáenz elegans Webb ex Bolle (these latter two genera Laín(1981) used morphological and anatomical with only some of its members transferred to data and recognized 20 species. Rubatzky et al. Daucus). (1999) later estimated 25 species of Daucus. The Banasiak et al. (2016) made the relevant phylogenetic relationships among the species of nomenclatural transfers into Daucus (Table 2.1) genus Daucus and close relatives in the Api- and following this classification, the genus oideae have been clarified by a series of molec- Daucus contains ca. 40 species and now includes ular studies using DNA sequences of the plastid winged and completely unadorned (“obsolete”) genes rbcL and matK; plastid introns rpl16, fruits in addition to its traditionally recognized rps16, rpoC1; nuclear ribosomal DNA internal spiny fruits. As summarized in Banasiak et al. transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences; and plastid (2016) and presented in graphic form in Fig. 5 DNA restriction sites (e.g., Arbizu et al. 2014b, of this paper, winged versus spiny versus obso- 2016a, b; Banasiak et al. 2016; Downie and lete fruits presented major traditional taxonomic Katz-Downie 1996; Downie et al. 1996, 1998, characters at higher levels in the Apiaceae (e.g., [email protected] 12 Table 2.1 Taxonomic circumscription of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of Commercialized Medicinal Plants in Southern Morocco
    Molecular Identification of Commercialized Medicinal Plants in Southern Morocco Anneleen Kool1*., Hugo J. de Boer1.,A˚ sa Kru¨ ger2, Anders Rydberg1, Abdelaziz Abbad3, Lars Bjo¨ rk1, Gary Martin4 1 Department of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2 Department of Botany, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 3 Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco, 4 Global Diversity Foundation, Dar Ylane, Marrakech, Morocco Abstract Background: Medicinal plant trade is important for local livelihoods. However, many medicinal plants are difficult to identify when they are sold as roots, powders or bark. DNA barcoding involves using a short, agreed-upon region of a genome as a unique identifier for species– ideally, as a global standard. Research Question: What is the functionality, efficacy and accuracy of the use of barcoding for identifying root material, using medicinal plant roots sold by herbalists in Marrakech, Morocco, as a test dataset. Methodology: In total, 111 root samples were sequenced for four proposed barcode regions rpoC1, psbA-trnH, matK and ITS. Sequences were searched against a tailored reference database of Moroccan medicinal plants and their closest relatives using BLAST and Blastclust, and through inference of RAxML phylograms of the aligned market and reference samples. Principal Findings: Sequencing success was high for rpoC1, psbA-trnH, and ITS, but low for matK. Searches using rpoC1 alone resulted in a number of ambiguous identifications, indicating insufficient DNA variation for accurate species-level identification. Combining rpoC1, psbA-trnH and ITS allowed the majority of the market samples to be identified to genus level.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)
    Edited by K. Kubitzki Volume XV Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.) THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki For further volumes see list at the end of the book and: http://www.springer.com/series/1306 The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Á Eudicots XV Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Volume Editors: Joachim W. Kadereit • Volker Bittrich With 85 Figures Editors Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich Johannes Gutenberg Campinas Universita¨t Mainz Brazil Mainz Germany Series Editor Prof. Dr. Klaus Kubitzki Universita¨t Hamburg Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten 22609 Hamburg Germany The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ISBN 978-3-319-93604-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93605-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961008 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings Amurga Co
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMURGA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES ON ISLAND BIODIVERSITY 2011 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMURGA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES ON ISLAND BIODIVERSITY 2011 Coordination: Juli Caujapé-Castells Funded and edited by: Fundación Canaria Amurga Maspalomas Colaboration: Faro Media Cover design & layout: Estudio Creativo Javier Ojeda © Fundación Canaria Amurga Maspalomas Gran Canaria, December 2013 ISBN: 978-84-616-7394-0 How to cite this volume: Caujapé-Castells J, Nieto Feliner G, Fernández Palacios JM (eds.) (2013) Proceedings of the Amurga international conferences on island biodiversity 2011. Fundación Canaria Amurga-Maspalomas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is prohibited. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the author / publisher. SCIENTIFIC EDITORS Juli Caujapé-Castells Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo” - Unidad Asociada CSIC Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Emergencias, Cabildo de Gran Canaria Gonzalo Nieto Feliner Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid-CSIC José María Fernández Palacios Universidad de La Laguna SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Juli Caujapé-Castells, Gonzalo Nieto Feliner, David Bramwell, Águedo Marrero Rodríguez, Julia Pérez de Paz, Bernardo Navarro-Valdivielso, Ruth Jaén-Molina, Rosa Febles Hernández, Pablo Vargas. Isabel Sanmartín. ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Pedro
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Europe's Threatened Plants
    Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation By Suzanne Sharrock and Meirion Jones May 2009 Recommended citation: Sharrock, S. and Jones, M., 2009. Conserving Europe’s threatened plants: Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK ISBN 978-1-905164-30-1 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK Design: John Morgan, [email protected] Acknowledgements The work of establishing a consolidated list of threatened Photo credits European plants was first initiated by Hugh Synge who developed the original database on which this report is based. All images are credited to BGCI with the exceptions of: We are most grateful to Hugh for providing this database to page 5, Nikos Krigas; page 8. Christophe Libert; page 10, BGCI and advising on further development of the list. The Pawel Kos; page 12 (upper), Nikos Krigas; page 14: James exacting task of inputting data from national Red Lists was Hitchmough; page 16 (lower), Jože Bavcon; page 17 (upper), carried out by Chris Cockel and without his dedicated work, the Nkos Krigas; page 20 (upper), Anca Sarbu; page 21, Nikos list would not have been completed. Thank you for your efforts Krigas; page 22 (upper) Simon Williams; page 22 (lower), RBG Chris. We are grateful to all the members of the European Kew; page 23 (upper), Jo Packet; page 23 (lower), Sandrine Botanic Gardens Consortium and other colleagues from Europe Godefroid; page 24 (upper) Jože Bavcon; page 24 (lower), Frank who provided essential advice, guidance and supplementary Scumacher; page 25 (upper) Michael Burkart; page 25, (lower) information on the species included in the database.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Properties of Daucus Carota in Traditional Persian Medicine and Modern Phytotherapy
    J Biochem Tech (2018) Special Issue (2): 107-114 ISSN: 0974-2328 Medicinal Properties of Daucus carota in Traditional Persian Medicine and Modern Phytotherapy Rosita Bahrami, Ali Ghobadi , Nasim Behnoud, Elham Akhtari* Received: 23 March 2018 / Received in revised form: 06 July 2018, Accepted: 13 July 2018, Published online: 05 September 2018 © Biochemical Technology Society 2014-2018 © Sevas Educational Society 2008 Abstract Daucus carota, commonly known as carrot, is a popular medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities mentioned in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) and modern phytotherapy including antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, diuretic, lithontripic, emmenagogue, intra occular hypotensive, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, aphrodistic, nephroprotective, antispasmodic, anticancer, antiestrogenic, cardioprotective, and wound healing activities. No serious adverse events have been recorded after ingestion of carrot except for some cases of photosensitivity. Because of its emmenagogic, abortifacient and uterus stimulation properties, it should be avoided in pregnancy. A significant interaction between carrot and lithium has also been demonstrated. Based on a pharmacokinetic study, ingestion of Daucus carota may increase plasma levels of vitamin C, zinc and in lactating women vitamin A, serum ferritin, and serum iron levels. The aim of this paper is to review pharmacological properties, toxicity, adverse effects and dug interaction of Daucus carota in TPM and modern phytotherapy. Keywords: Daucus Carota, Carrot, Traditional Persian Medicine, Pharmacological Activity, Modern Phytotherapy. Introduction Daucus carota commonly known as wild carrot is a very commonly used nutritional and medicinal plant from the family of Umbelliferac. The names used in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) for this plant are Zardak and Gazar. The Wild Carrot is a biennial, 30 cm to 1 m high cultivated plant with a fusiform, usually red root and numerous pinnate, segmented, hairy leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrocotyle Sibthorpioides and H. Batrachium (Araliaceae) New for New York State
    Atha, D. 2017. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides and H. batrachium (Araliaceae) new for New York State. Phytoneuron 2017-56: 1– 6. Published 21 August 2017. ISSN 2153 733X HYDROCOTYLE SIBTHORPIOIDES AND H. BATRACHIUM (ARALIACEAE) NEW FOR NEW YORK STATE DANIEL ATHA Center for Conservation Strategy New York Botanical Garden Bronx, New York 10458 [email protected] ABSTRACT Spontaneous populations of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (lawn marsh pennywort) and H. batrachium (Araliaceae) are documented for New York state for the first time. Hydrocotyle batrachium is also new to North America. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides was first found in 2013 in Queens county; H. batrachium was first found in 2016 in Westchester county. Both species are native to eastern Asia and show potential to be aggressive invaders in southeastern New York, particularly in wetlands. A key to the species of Hydrocotyle in New York State is provided. Prior to this report four species of Hydrocotyle were known from New York state, all of them native and all but one state-listed rarities: H. umbellata – Rare; H. verticillata var. verticillata – Endangered; and H. ranunculoides – Endangered (Young 2010). Among the native New York species, only H. americana occurs in abundance in the state. It is the only species historically reported for New York City and has not been documented for New York City since 1901. The present report documents two additional species for the New York flora, both native to Asia and naturalized in southeastern New York. Fertile herbarium specimens and DNA samples were obtained for all cited specimens and are available for analysis. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Spontaneous populations of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides in New York were first detected and identified in Queens County by Nick Wagerik in the summer of 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Seedling Establishment, Bud Movement, and Subterranean Diversity of Geophilous Systems in Apiaceae
    Flora (2002) 197, 385–393 http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/flora Seedling establishment, bud movement, and subterranean diversity of geophilous systems in Apiaceae Norbert Pütz1* & Ina Sukkau2 1 Institute of Nature Conservation and Environmental Education, University of Vechta, Driverstr. 22, D-49377 Vechta, Germany 2 Institute of Botany, RWTH Aachen, Germany * author for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected] Received: Nov 29, 2001 · Accepted: Jun 10, 2002 Summary Geophilous systems of plants are not only regarded as organs of underground storage. Such systems also undergo a large range of modifications in order to fulfill other ‚cryptical‘ functions, e.g. positioning of innovation buds, vegetative cloning, and vege- tative dispersal. Seedlings should always be the point of departure for any investigation into the structure of geophilous systems. This is because in the ability to survive of geophilous plants it is of primary importance that innovation buds can reach a safe position in the soil by the time the first period hostile to vegetation commences. Our analysis of such systems thus focused on examining the development of 34 species of the Apiaceae, beginning with their germination. Independent of life-form and life-span, all species exhibit noticeable terminal bud movement with the aid of contractile organs. Movement was found to be at least 5 mm, reaching a maximum of 45 mm. All species exhibit a noticeable contraction of the primary root. In most cases the contraction phenomenon also occurs in the hypocotyl, and some species show contraction of their lateral and / or adventitious roots. Analysis of movement shows the functional importance of pulling the inno- vation buds down into the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Extract Here
    John Stolarczyk and Jules Janick erratic growth. The purple/red pigment based Carrot is one of the most important root vegetable plants in the world. In its wild state it is a tiny, on anthocyanins turns brown upon cooking, bitter root with little appeal as a food, but years of human cultivation and domestication, with and stains hands and cookware. a helping hand from nature, has made it an extremely versatile vegetable, appearing in several The Western group evolved later and has un- colors, shapes, and sizes. Although cultivated for over 2000 years, and originally used only as a branched, carotenoid-pigmented roots that medicinal plant, the domestic carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus, Apiaceae or Umbelliferae) re- are yellow, orange or red, and occasionally mains an important world crop with production expanding rapidly in Asia. Current world annual white. The strongly dissected leaves are bright production is 27 million tonnes; the leading producing countries, China, Russia, and USA, pro- yellowish green and slightly hairy. Plants re- duce 45% of World output (FAO, 2008). The swollen taproots are eaten both raw and cooked, in quire extended exposure to low temperatures sweet and savoury dishes and it is known for its high beta-carotene content, which the body con- before bolting. The centre of diversity for the verts to Vitamin A. It also forms a major ingredient in the food processing industry, a signifi cant western carrot is the Anatolian region of Asia constituent of cosmetic products and its image has long been used to symbolize healthy eating. Minor (Turkey) and Iran (Vavilov, 1926, 1951).
    [Show full text]
  • Parallel Evolution of Arborescent Carrots (Daucus) in Macaronesia
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Parallel evolution of arborescent carrots (Daucus) in Macaronesia Kamil E. Frankiewicz1,7 , Alexei Oskolski2,3, Łukasz Banasiak1, Francisco Fernandes4, Jean-Pierre Reduron5, Jorge-Alfredo Reyes-Betancort6, Liliana Szczeparska1, Mohammed Alsarraf1, Jakub Baczyński1, and Krzysztof Spalik1 Manuscript received 16 September 2019; revision accepted 2 January PREMISE: Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution 2020. of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises 1 Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Institute mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Biological and endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland To elucidate the evolutionary pathways to derived woodiness, we examined phylogenetic 2 Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of relationships and the habit and secondary xylem evolution in Daucus and related taxa. Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, METHODS: Sixty taxa were surveyed for molecular markers, life history, and habit traits. South Africa Twenty-one species were considered for wood anatomical characters. A dated phylogeny 3 Botanical Museum, Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia was estimated using Bayesian methods. The evolution of selected traits was reconstructed 4 Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, Quinta Vila using parsimony and maximum likelihood. Passos, R. Alferes Veiga Pestana 15, 9054-505 Funchal, Madeira, RESULTS: Daucus dispersed independently to the Canary Islands (and subsequently to Portugal Madeira), Cape Verde, and the Azores in the late Miocene and Pleistocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue3.7 MB
    Volume Eleven Conservation Science 2016 Western Australia Review and synthesis of knowledge of insular ecology, with emphasis on the islands of Western Australia IAN ABBOTT and ALLAN WILLS i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODS 17 Data sources 17 Personal knowledge 17 Assumptions 17 Nomenclatural conventions 17 PRELIMINARY 18 Concepts and definitions 18 Island nomenclature 18 Scope 20 INSULAR FEATURES AND THE ISLAND SYNDROME 20 Physical description 20 Biological description 23 Reduced species richness 23 Occurrence of endemic species or subspecies 23 Occurrence of unique ecosystems 27 Species characteristic of WA islands 27 Hyperabundance 30 Habitat changes 31 Behavioural changes 32 Morphological changes 33 Changes in niches 35 Genetic changes 35 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 36 Degree of exposure to wave action and salt spray 36 Normal exposure 36 Extreme exposure and tidal surge 40 Substrate 41 Topographic variation 42 Maximum elevation 43 Climate 44 Number and extent of vegetation and other types of habitat present 45 Degree of isolation from the nearest source area 49 History: Time since separation (or formation) 52 Planar area 54 Presence of breeding seals, seabirds, and turtles 59 Presence of Indigenous people 60 Activities of Europeans 63 Sampling completeness and comparability 81 Ecological interactions 83 Coups de foudres 94 LINKAGES BETWEEN THE 15 FACTORS 94 ii THE TRANSITION FROM MAINLAND TO ISLAND: KNOWNS; KNOWN UNKNOWNS; AND UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS 96 SPECIES TURNOVER 99 Landbird species 100 Seabird species 108 Waterbird
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Shifts in Fruit Dispersal Syndromes in Apiaceae Tribe Scandiceae
    Plant Systematics and Evolution (2019) 305:401–414 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-019-01579-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evolutionary shifts in fruit dispersal syndromes in Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae Aneta Wojewódzka1,2 · Jakub Baczyński1 · Łukasz Banasiak1 · Stephen R. Downie3 · Agnieszka Czarnocka‑Cieciura1 · Michał Gierek1 · Kamil Frankiewicz1 · Krzysztof Spalik1 Received: 17 November 2018 / Accepted: 2 April 2019 / Published online: 2 May 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae includes species with diverse fruits that depending upon their morphology are dispersed by gravity, carried away by wind, or transported attached to animal fur or feathers. This diversity is particularly evident in Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae, a group encompassing species with wings or spines developing on fruit secondary ribs. In this paper, we explore fruit evolution in 86 representatives of Scandiceae and outgroups to assess adaptive shifts related to the evolutionary switch between anemochory and epizoochory and to identify possible dispersal syndromes, i.e., patterns of covariation of morphological and life-history traits that are associated with a particular vector. We also assess the phylogenetic signal in fruit traits. Principal component analysis of 16 quantitative fruit characters and of plant height did not clearly separate spe- cies having diferent dispersal strategies as estimated based on fruit appendages. Only presumed anemochory was weakly associated with plant height and the fattening of mericarps with their accompanying anatomical changes. We conclude that in Scandiceae, there are no distinct dispersal syndromes, but a continuum of fruit morphologies relying on diferent dispersal vectors. Phylogenetic mapping of ten discrete fruit characters on trees inferred by nrDNA ITS and cpDNA sequence data revealed that all are homoplastic and of limited use for the delimitation of genera.
    [Show full text]