Cit 211 Course Title: Introduction to Operating Systems
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A Microkernel API for Fine-Grained Decomposition
A Microkernel API for Fine-Grained Decomposition Sebastian Reichelt Jan Stoess Frank Bellosa System Architecture Group, University of Karlsruhe, Germany freichelt,stoess,[email protected] ABSTRACT from the microkernel APIs in existence. The need, for in- Microkernel-based operating systems typically require spe- stance, to explicitly pass messages between servers, or the cial attention to issues that otherwise arise only in dis- need to set up threads and address spaces in every server for tributed systems. The resulting extra code degrades per- parallelism or protection require OS developers to adopt the formance and increases development effort, severely limiting mindset of a distributed-system programmer rather than to decomposition granularity. take advantage of their knowledge on traditional OS design. We present a new microkernel design that enables OS devel- Distributed-system paradigms, though well-understood and opers to decompose systems into very fine-grained servers. suited for physically (and, thus, coarsely) partitioned sys- We avoid the typical obstacles by defining servers as light- tems, present obstacles to the fine-grained decomposition weight, passive objects. We replace complex IPC mecha- required to exploit the benefits of microkernels: First, a nisms by a simple function-call approach, and our passive, lot of development effort must be spent into matching the module-like server model obviates the need to create threads OS structure to the architecture of the selected microkernel, in every server. Server code is compiled into small self- which also hinders porting existing code from monolithic sys- contained files, which can be loaded into the same address tems. Second, the more servers exist | a desired property space (for speed) or different address spaces (for safety). -
Interface IDE No MSX1 O Melhor Dos Msxdev's Symbos
N Ú M E R O 9 N O V E M B R O 2 0 0 6 R $ 4 , 0 0 IInntteerrffaaccee IIDDEE nnoo MMSSXX11 OO mmeellhhoorr ddooss MMSSXXDDeevv''ss SSyymmbbOOSS NOVO MSX PARTE V½ | MSX RIO 2006 | SVI-738 XPRESS | AMSTRAD CPC | SEXO! M S X F o r c e 9 fudebatorial: ““LLoouuccuurraa”” éé aa úúnniiccaa ppaallaavvrraa ppoossssíívveell ppaarraa eexxpplliiccaarr!! Em 2005, um solitário programador alemão foi convencido a portar o seu trabalho, feito inicialmente para o seu micro favorito (um Amstrad CPC), para outra plataforma baseada em Z80. E qual foi a escolhida? Sim, o MSX2. E assim foi feito. Qual era o trabalho dele? O SymbOS. Em maio de 2006, saiu o primeiro beta e... O resto vocês lêem na matéria que temos sobre esse fantástico e revolucionário ambiente operacional para MSX. E, em breve, deveremos ter surpresas quanto ao SymbOS, aqui no nosso zine. Curioso? Pois saiba que o nosso articulista, “especializado” no MSX-em-um- chip, resolveu escrever um artigo derradeiro, sobre as últimas novidades realmente interessantes que ele ficou sabendo. Será que compensa comprar um? E como não basta ler o MSX.org, mas também comentar, saiba a opinião dele a respeito. Usar IDE num MSX1? Você é doido? Sim, se você se guiar pelo nosso tutorial, você irá conseguir usar uma IDE num MSX1. E você será rotulado como doido. Fudeba (claro!) e doido. Mas todos nós somos doidos... Doidos pelo MSX! Citamos o concurso MSXDev no fudebatorial passado (número 8). E resolvemos então: Por que não falarmos sobre o MSXDev? Então, mandamos o Dr. -
Run-Time Reconfigurable RTOS for Reconfigurable Systems-On-Chip
Run-time Reconfigurable RTOS for Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip Dissertation A thesis submited to the Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics of the University of Paderborn and to the Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering (PPGEE) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Dr. rer. nat. and Dr. in Electrical Engineering Marcelo G¨otz November, 2007 Supervisors: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Franz J. Rammig, University of Paderborn, Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Carlos E. Pereira, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Public examination in Paderborn, Germany Additional members of examination committee: Prof. Dr. Marco Platzner Prof. Dr. Urlich R¨uckert Dr. Mario Porrmann Date: April 23, 2007 Public examination in Porto Alegre, Brazil Additional members of examination committee: Prof. Dr. Fl´avioRech Wagner Prof. Dr. Luigi Carro Prof. Dr. Altamiro Amadeu Susin Prof. Dr. Leandro Buss Becker Prof. Dr. Fernando Gehm Moraes Date: October 11, 2007 Acknowledgements This PhD thesis was carried out, in his great majority, at the Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics of the University of Paderborn, during my time as a fellow of the working group of Prof. Dr. Franz J. Rammig. Due to a formal agreement between Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and University of Paderborn, I had the opportunity to receive a bi-national doctoral degree. Therefore, I had to accomplished, in addition, the PhD Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering of UFRGS. So, I hereby acknowledge, without mention everyone personally, all persons involved in making this agreement possible. -
Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION A modern computer consists of one or more processors, some main memory, disks, printers, a keyboard, a mouse, a display, network interfaces, and various other input/output devices. All in all, a complex system.oo If every application pro- grammer had to understand how all these things work in detail, no code would ever get written. Furthermore, managing all these components and using them optimally is an exceedingly challenging job. For this reason, computers are equipped with a layer of software called the operating system, whose job is to provide user pro- grams with a better, simpler, cleaner, model of the computer and to handle manag- ing all the resources just mentioned. Operating systems are the subject of this book. Most readers will have had some experience with an operating system such as Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, or OS X, but appearances can be deceiving. The pro- gram that users interact with, usually called the shell when it is text based and the GUI (Graphical User Interface)—which is pronounced ‘‘gooey’’—when it uses icons, is actually not part of the operating system, although it uses the operating system to get its work done. A simple overview of the main components under discussion here is given in Fig. 1-1. Here we see the hardware at the bottom. The hardware consists of chips, boards, disks, a keyboard, a monitor, and similar physical objects. On top of the hardware is the software. Most computers have two modes of operation: kernel mode and user mode. The operating system, the most fundamental piece of soft- ware, runs in kernel mode (also called supervisor mode). -
Microkernel Construction Introduction
Microkernel Construction Introduction Nils Asmussen 04/06/2017 1 / 28 Outline Introduction Goals Administration Monolithic vs. Microkernel Overview About L4/NOVA 2 / 28 Goals 1 Provide deeper understanding of OS mechanisms 2 Look at the implementation details of microkernels 3 Make you become enthusiastic microkernel hackers 4 Propaganda for OS research at TU Dresden 3 / 28 Administration Thursday, 4th DS, 2 SWS Slides: www.tudos.org ! Teaching ! Microkernel Construction Subscribe to our mailing list: www.tudos.org/mailman/listinfo/mkc2017 In winter term: Microkernel-based operating systems (MOS) Various labs 4 / 28 Outline Introduction Monolithic vs. Microkernel Kernel design comparison Examples for microkernel-based systems Vision vs. Reality Challenges Overview About L4/NOVA 5 / 28 Monolithic Kernel System Design u s Application Application Application e r k Kernel e r File Network n e Systems Stacks l m Memory Process o Drivers Management Management d e Hardware 6 / 28 Monolithic Kernel OS (Propaganda) System components run in privileged mode No protection between system components Faulty driver can crash the whole system Malicious app could exploit bug in faulty driver More than 2=3 of today's OS code are drivers No need for good system design Direct access to data structures Undocumented and frequently changing interfaces Big and inflexible Difficult to replace system components Difficult to understand and maintain Why something different? ! Increasingly difficult to manage growing OS complexity 7 / 28 Microkernel System Design Application -
MTS on Wikipedia Snapshot Taken 9 January 2011
MTS on Wikipedia Snapshot taken 9 January 2011 PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sun, 09 Jan 2011 13:08:01 UTC Contents Articles Michigan Terminal System 1 MTS system architecture 17 IBM System/360 Model 67 40 MAD programming language 46 UBC PLUS 55 Micro DBMS 57 Bruce Arden 58 Bernard Galler 59 TSS/360 60 References Article Sources and Contributors 64 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 65 Article Licenses License 66 Michigan Terminal System 1 Michigan Terminal System The MTS welcome screen as seen through a 3270 terminal emulator. Company / developer University of Michigan and 7 other universities in the U.S., Canada, and the UK Programmed in various languages, mostly 360/370 Assembler Working state Historic Initial release 1967 Latest stable release 6.0 / 1988 (final) Available language(s) English Available programming Assembler, FORTRAN, PL/I, PLUS, ALGOL W, Pascal, C, LISP, SNOBOL4, COBOL, PL360, languages(s) MAD/I, GOM (Good Old Mad), APL, and many more Supported platforms IBM S/360-67, IBM S/370 and successors History of IBM mainframe operating systems On early mainframe computers: • GM OS & GM-NAA I/O 1955 • BESYS 1957 • UMES 1958 • SOS 1959 • IBSYS 1960 • CTSS 1961 On S/360 and successors: • BOS/360 1965 • TOS/360 1965 • TSS/360 1967 • MTS 1967 • ORVYL 1967 • MUSIC 1972 • MUSIC/SP 1985 • DOS/360 and successors 1966 • DOS/VS 1972 • DOS/VSE 1980s • VSE/SP late 1980s • VSE/ESA 1991 • z/VSE 2005 Michigan Terminal System 2 • OS/360 and successors -
Magaztnfüralleamstrad CPC Und PC
Februar'89 2 5. Jahrgang MagaztnfüralleAMsTRAD CPC und PC I O Der Diskette aufs Bit geschaut O Mit Pul :l,t-l-.;.t.1,' -+ ftirlhrcn PC Nummer 1 Hummer 2 Nummer 3 Nummer 4 Zeitanzeige: Käsekästchonr Das bekannte Spiel 3-D-Animator3 Ermöglicht die Mastgrmind: Mit diesem Basic2- Maschinensprache-Utility in Basic2 (8/87) Betrachtung 3-dim€nsionaler Listing können Sie gegen lhren PC zur p€rmanent€n Zeitanzeige FunKionsflächen aus verschiedenen spielen. Nur mit Faömonitor (7/88) (3/87) Lotto: Spielen und Auswerten Perspektiven (Basic2, 1/88) (Basic2,8/87) List: Programm in Turbo-Pascal, mit Diagramm: Balken- und Turtlo-Grafi k: Die verblüff enden dem Sie Listings mit 240 Zeilen auf Liniendiagramm€ (Basic2, 4/87) Kontoführung: Haushaltsbuch im Möglichkeiten der Turtle-Befehle von einer Seite unterbringent (7/88) PC (Basic2,9/87) Basic2 demonstriert dies€s Programm Analoguhr: Analoge Zeitanzeige (1/88) Gassettenlab€l: Kurzes, aber sehr in Basic2 (4/87) lcon-Edltor: Zugritf auf die GEM- komfortables Basic2-Programm zum lcons. Tuöo-Pascal-Sourcecode Worte-Raton: Das beliebte klassische Beschrift en von Audio-Cassetten Apfelplantage: Simulation und ausführbare Datei' (10/87) Computer-Spiel "Hang-Man" in einer (8/88) (5/87) in Basic2 Basic2-Version für lhren Schneider PC 3D-4-Gowinnt: Spiel in einer (2/88) lntogralo: Programm zur Berechnung Gotriergut-Vorwaltung : lndizierte (10/87) 3D-Version in Basic2 und grafischen Darstellung des (Basic2, Datei 6/87) Dlskotton-Utilities: Aus (Basic2, Datoiauswahl: Dateien mit Cursor- unserer Serie lntegrals von Funktionen 8/88) über Disketten unter MS-DOS. Auch 2D-Funktiononplot: Der PC (Basic2, 1 tasten auswählen 1/87) Tuöo-Patch: Eine kleine Veränderung (Basic2, Nichtprogrammierer kommen in den zeichnet Funktionen 7 /87 | macht Turbo-Pascal T€xtvoraöoitung : Programmiert Genuß dieser hilfreichen Programme, 3.01 zum Basic-Listor: Das List-Programm in Basic2 (11l87) dasiesowohlals lauffähiges Programm universellen Editor (8/88) als auch im Sourcecode auf der Dis- des Schneider-Magazins. -
Analysis of Existing Dynamic Software Updating Techniques for Safe and Secure Industrial Control Systems
I. Mugarza, et al., Int. J. of Safety and Security Eng., Vol. 8, No. 1 (2018) 121–131 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DYNAMIC SOFTWARE UPDATING TECHNIQUES FOR SAFE AND SECURE INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS IMANOL MUGARZA1, JORGE PARRA1 & EDUARDO JACOB2 1 IK4-Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Dependable Embedded Systems Area. 2 Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. ABSTRACT Higher interconnectivity among devices, machines, the cloud and humans is envisioned in the actual trend of automation, also known as Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). These industrial control systems, which may require high availability and/or safety related capabilities, are no longer isolated from the corporate environment or Internet. Software updates will be needed during the product life cycle, due to the long service life, the increasing number of security related vulnerabilities discovered on these industrial control systems and the high interconnectivity desired in IIoT. These updates aim at fixing all these security weaknesses, bugs and vulnerabilities that could appear, while the required safety integrity levels are ensured. Security-related concerns have just been addressed by the safety engineering community, because of the increasing number of cyber-attacks against safety-critical systems, such as Stuxnet. Moreover, system shut-downs caused by software updates could not be plausible when high availability is required. Typically, in order to perform the software update, the whole industrial process or the production is halted, so that the software upgrade is safely applied. However, this scenario might not be applied in critical infrastructures, such as nuclear or hydro- electrical power plants, where these production and service interruptions are not acceptable from the business and service point of view. -
Scalability of Microkernel-Based Systems
Scalability of Microkernel-Based Systems Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER INGENIERWISSENSCHAFTEN von der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Informatik der Universitat¨ Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) genehmigte DISSERTATION von Volkmar Uhlig aus Dresden Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 30.05.2005 Hauptreferent: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Gerhard Goos Universitat¨ Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) Korreferent: Prof. Dr. sc. tech. (ETH) Gernot Heiser University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Karlsruhe: 15.06.2005 i Abstract Microkernel-based systems divide the operating system functionality into individ- ual and isolated components. The system components are subject to application- class protection and isolation. This structuring method has a number of benefits, such as fault isolation between system components, safe extensibility, co-existence of different policies, and isolation between mutually distrusting components. How- ever, such strict isolation limits the information flow between subsystems including information that is essential for performance and scalability in multiprocessor sys- tems. Semantically richer kernel abstractions scale at the cost of generality and mini- mality–two desired properties of a microkernel. I propose an architecture that al- lows for dynamic adjustment of scalability-relevant parameters in a general, flex- ible, and safe manner. I introduce isolation boundaries for microkernel resources and the system processors. The boundaries are controlled at user-level. Operating system components and applications can transform their semantic information into three basic parameters relevant for scalability: the involved processors (depending on their relation and interconnect), degree of concurrency, and groups of resources. I developed a set of mechanisms that allow a kernel to: 1. efficiently track processors on a per-resource basis with support for very large number of processors, 2. -
MTS Volume 1, for Example, Introduces the User to MTS and Describes in General the MTS Operating System, While MTS Volume 10 Deals Exclusively with BASIC
M T S The Michigan Terminal System The Michigan Terminal System Volume 1 Reference R1001 November 1991 University of Michigan Information Technology Division Consulting and Support Services DISCLAIMER The MTS manuals are intended to represent the current state of the Michigan Terminal System (MTS), but because the system is constantly being developed, extended, and refined, sections of this volume will become obsolete. The user should refer to the Information Technology Digest and other ITD documentation for the latest information about changes to MTS. Copyright 1991 by the Regents of the University of Michigan. Copying is permitted for nonprofit, educational use provided that (1) each reproduction is done without alteration and (2) the volume reference and date of publication are included. 2 CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Preface to Volume 1 .................................................................................................................................. 11 A Brief Overview of MTS .......................................................................................................................... 13 History .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Access to the System ........................................................................................................................... -
CS 1550: Introduction to Operating Systems
Operating Systems Lecture1 - Introduction Golestan University Hossein Momeni [email protected] Outline What is an operating system? Operating systems history Operating system concepts System calls Operating system structure User interface to the operating system Anatomy of a system call 2 Operating Systems Course- By: Hossein Momeni Samples of Operating Systems IBSYS (IBM 7090) MACH OS/360 (IBM 360) Apollo DOMAIN TSS/360 (360 mod 67) Unix (System V & BSD) Michigan Terminal System Apple Mac (v. 1– v. 9) CP/CMS & VM 370 MS-DOS MULTICS (GE 645) Windows NT, 2000, XP, 7 Alto (Xerox PARC) Novell Netware Pilot (Xerox STAR) CP/M Linux IRIX FreeBSD Solaris PalmOS MVS PocketPC VxWorks VxWorks 3 Operating Systems Course- By: Hossein Momeni Samples of Operating Systems (continue…) 4 Operating Systems Course- By: Hossein Momeni What is an Operating System? An Operating System is a program that acts as an intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. It is an extended machine Hides the messy details which must be performed Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use It is a resource manager Each program gets time with the resource Each program gets space on the resource 5 Operating Systems Course- By: Hossein Momeni Static View of System Components User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 … User n Compiler Editor Database Calculator WP Operating System Hardware 6 Operating Systems Course- By: Hossein Momeni Dynamic View of System Components 7 Operating Systems Course- By: Hossein Momeni -