Roman Cultural Questions for History IV- Nōmen: DEADLY STRUGGLES within the ROMAN REPUBLIC Read pp. 26-29

1. (a) Who was Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus?

(b) When did he die?

(c) How did was he killed?

2. Give a translation for populus Rōmānus?

3. In what did the wealthy upper class invest during the 2nd century BC?

4. What happened to the peasants as a result? Give two results:

5. Who are the populārēs?

6. How did the populārēs gain political strength?

7. Who are the optimātēs? 8. How did the populārēs and the optimātēs differ from each other?

9. What cause did the Gracchi brothers champion or support? 10. Describe the bill that Tiberius Gracchus got passed in the popular assembly…which raised the anger of the optimātēs:

11. What happened when King Attalus III of Pergamum died?

12. What did Tiberius Gracchus then instigate, again raising the ire of the optimātēs?

13. How did the optimātēs react when Tiberius Gracchus was running unopposed for re-election?

14. Who was elected tribune 10 years later (323 BC)? 15. What two things did Gaius Gracchus expand?

16. How did Gaius Gracchus change the court system and what were the effects? KEY TERMS: Attalus III of Pergamum, cognōmen, equitēs, Gaius Gracchus, Gaius Marius, Gnaeus Pompeius, Jugurtha, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Tullius Cicero, novus homō, optimātēs, Pompeius Magnus, populārēs, populus Rōmānus, proscription, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, tribune, 17. Who were the equitēs and why are the mentioned here?

18. What radical concept did Gaius Gracchus want to extend to other Italian cities?

19. Why was martial law declared?

20. What does “martial” mean or from what word(s) does “martial” derive?

21. How did Gaius Gracchus die?

22. Who was the next important populāris elected consul in 107 BC?

23. Gaius Marius was a novus homō. Explain this term:

24. How did Marius innovatively recruit troops?

25. Where and over what king did Marius lead a successful campaign in 105 BC?

26. Who were the Cimbri and the Teutones, where did they live and what was the fate?

27. How did the Senate balk when Marius returned victorious to Rome?

28. How did Marius’ soldiers react to the decision of the Senate?

29. How can the next few years in Rome be described?

30. What happened in 87 BC?

31. What happened in 86 BC?

32. How/When did Lucius Cornelius Sulla become a rival to Marius? 33. What were Sulla’s political leanings?

34. What was Sulla elected in 88 BC, two years before the death of Marius?

35. What else happened in 88 BC in Pontus?

36. Why didn’t Sulla get the generalship vs. Mithridates, even though the Senate gave him the command?

37. How did Sulla respond to this snub by Marius and the popular assembly? List 4 things

38. What was Marius’ temporary triumph?

39. When Sulla returned, what type of government did he set up?

40. Explain the term “proscription” (not to be confused with “perscription”):

41. Why was there a cash reward given out by Sulla?

42. What special title did the Senate give to Sulla and why?

43. What were some up Sulla’s reforms?

44. When and where did Sulla peacefully die?

45. Gnaeus Pompeius is more famously known as

46. What were Pompey’s political leanings, to the populārēs or optimātēs?

47. How did Pompey help Sulla in 83 BC?

48. What does the cognōmen Magnus mean?

49. Why did the Senate send Pompey Magnus to Spain in 77 BC?

50. Upon returning to Italy, what group (and how many) did Pompey’s forces cut off?

51. Who was Spartacus?

52. What was wrong with Pompey claiming the victory over Spartacus and his slave army?

53. What office did Marcus Licinius Crassus and Pompey share in 71 BC?

54. Which of Sulla’s reforms did Pompey and Crassus repeal?

55. What did a tribune propose in 67 BC?

56. How long did it take Pompey to rid the Mediterranean Sea of pirates?

57. What proposals did Cicero support on behalf of Pompey?

58. What happened from 66-62 BC?