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Effi cacy of micro-fi nancing women's activities in Côte d'Ivoire Evidence from rural areas and HIV/AIDS-affected women Namizata Binaté Fofana Efficacy of micro-financing women’s activities in Côte d’Ivoire Evidence from rural areas and HIV/AIDS- affected women Namizata Binaté Fofana Thesis committee Thesis supervisors Prof. dr. G.Antonides Professor of Economics of Consumers and Households Wageningen University Prof. dr. A. Niehof Professor of Sociology of Consumers and Households Wageningen University Thesis co-supervisor Dr. J.A.C. van Ophem Associate Professor, Economics of Consumers and Households Group Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. I.P. van Staveren, Erasmus University Rotterdam Dr. ir. B.B. Bock, Wageningen University Prof. dr. M.P. Pradhan, Free University and University of Amsterdam Prof. dr. ir. A.J. Oskam, Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of Mansholt Graduate School of Social Sciences Efficacy of micro-financing women’s activities in Côte d’Ivoire Evidence from rural areas and HIV/AIDS- affected women Namizata Binaté Fofana Thesis Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 11 June 2010 at 1:30 p.m. in the Aula. Namizata Binaté Fofana (2010) Efficacy of micro-financing women’s activities in Côte d’Ivoire: Evidence from rural areas and HIV/AIDS-affected women PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL. (2010) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN: 978-90-8585-428-9 ISBN: 978-90-8686-125-5 This work is dedicated to my parents, husband and children Acknowledgements This thesis was a long and sometimes hard journey. It would not have been possible without the financial, technical and moral support, experiences and guidance of many people and institutions. I am sincerely grateful to the AWLAE (African Women Leaders in Agriculture and Environment) program through the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS) who gave me the scholarship to complete this PhD study. Many thanks to AWLAE management team in Wageningen, Nairobi and Winrock International. I am thankful to Abidjan-Cocody University, the faculty of economic sciences and management and the Ivorian economic and social research center (CIRES) for the study leave granted to me to study abroad. I would like to show my great appreciation to my academic promotor Prof. Gerrit Antonides and co-promotors Prof. Anke Niehof and Johan van Ophem for their willingness to supervise this thesis. Thank you all for making yourselves available to read the various versions of the manuscript and to give me critical comments without which it would not be possible to complete this thesis. Gerrit, it was an honor to have you as my promoter. Many thanks for your timely presence and professional advice you provided me with whenever needed. I really appreciate your patience, hard work and encouragement source of motivation. I am indebted to you Anke for your wisdom and unfailing support especially during the hard time I passed through at the beginning of my work. Thank you for believing in my abilities to get through. I am grateful for devoting your invaluable time to check my English. Special thanks to Johan for your enthusiasm and assistance, and for the Dutch translation of the summary. I am also sincerely grateful to Prof. Henk Folmer who was my promotor during the first two years of my thesis. Thank you for your cooperation and advices. My thanks go to Lisa Price for your guidance and academic support. Thank you Hedy for your administrative assistance and kindness. My special thanks go to other staff members of the Economics of consumers and Households Group (ECH) of Wageningen University for providing me a pleasant working place. I appreciated the coffee breaks we share together. Thank you Prof. Wim Heijman and Pierre Van Mouche. My special word goes to Annelies Coppelmans for your unfailing help and support since the first time I came to this group. I will always treasure your friendship and kindness. I am sincerely grateful to Margaret van Wissen and Dinie Verbeek for formatting my thesis and making it ready for printing. I appreciate your courage and kindness. I am thankful to my former and current colleagues of ECH group; in particular I appreciated the company of my office mate and friend Leonie Cramer who offered me a real peaceful working environment. Romanus, I acknowledge the good working time we shared. Efficacy of micro-financing women’s activities in Côte d’Ivoire 7 I want to thank my AWLAE fellows, some of whom completed their thesis before me. Doris, Faith Nguthi, Carolyne Nombo, Monica Karuhanga, Lydia Ndirangu, Kidist Gebreselasie and Hirut Bekele, you have been a source of inspiration and hope. Thank you Gaynor, Corrie, Regina for the support. Ekaete, Mariam, Susy, Joyce, Rose, Stephanie, I thank you all for your help, encouragement, and the unforgettable time and various dishes we have had together. I am thankful to Fatimata for your friendship and sisterhood. I will always treasure the great experiences we share during my stay at Wageningen. Aifa, I want to express my sincere gratitude to you. Thank you for your companionship and sisterhood during all the time we have been in Wageningen. Being your office mate and later your house mate gave me the opportunity to be much closed to you. I will keep in memory your simplicity and kindness. Many thanks for your tremendous support in difficulties and for the fantastic things we shared in the company of baby Awa at the Van Uvenweg. Awa, now I agree with you saying: 'Tata, no work'. You have always lightened my days after the stressful PhD working days. To my colleagues from other group with whom I interacted, I will acknowledge your support, encouragement and kindness. Marian Koster, I have learnt from you that when you sit down and write another paragraph, you come up with your manuscript. You are a kind lady. Special thank to Merina for your valuable help. Nahid, I really enjoyed the short but treasured experiences, laughter and Bangladeshi dishes we shared at the Van Uvenweg. I am also indebted to my colleagues of CIRES and University. Thank you Diarra, Sylla Kalilou for taking over my teaching duties. Abi, I appreciate your sisterhood, support and encouragement. I want to extend my sincere and deepest gratitude to all individuals who helped me during my fieldwork. I acknowledge the hospitality of the king of Abengourou Nana Boa Kouassi III. I am grateful to the Regional Director Mr Kablan, and the staff of ANADER (National Agency for Rural development) Abengourou for providing me with technical and logistic support. I also thank my research assistant and the enumerators for conducting data collection. I appreciate the valuable help and cooperation of the staff members of COOPEC and CMEC. I am indebted to the women of Aprompron, Ebilassokro, Zaranou, Sankadiokro and Amélékia, the members of CERAB, for your cooperation. Special thanks to Yaya for your precious assistance in data entry. I particularly acknowledge your courage and kindness. Thank you Essy Jean for the drawing of the cover of this thesis. I am thankful to Celine and Ehouman for your hospitality and friendship. My stay in Wageningen gave me the opportunity to interact with many other people to whom I want to express my thankfulness. I am grateful to Riet van de Westeringh who introduces my first steps in Wageningen. I sincerely thank Frank and Wilma Cortenback, for being my host family and providing me with some spare-time, nice memories and laughter. I learnt from you a lot on Dutch life style. Thanks to you Nana and Koda for your kindness and moral support. I will always treasure the 8 Efficacy of micro-financing women’s activities in Côte d’Ivoire valuable time we shared. Special thanks to Oumi Khairy Ndiaye for your sisterhood. I would like to express my gratitude to my fellow citizen living in the Netherlands for your brotherhood and for the pleasant time we shared. Special thanks to Assane, Abou for the unfailing support and encouragement. I am deeply indebted to my family and relatives. To my late father who would have been proud of his daughter for this achievement, I want to express my sincere gratitude. Many thanks go to my beloved mother and mother-in-law for your blessing and prayers. I am grateful to my brothers and sisters for your support and encouragement and for looking after our sick mother since the last two years. I am also indebted to all members of my community in Abidjan Cocody Angré. I want to express my deeply and sincere gratitude to my beloved husband Hamed. Know that this work is your own success. This thesis would not be completed without your entire support, encouragement and love. You have been a source of motivation for me during my PhD period at Wageningen. Thank you for all the sacrifices you did to look after and to bear a motherly responsibility to our children. To my daughter Hindy and my sons Aziz and Madjid, I want to apologize for not being with you when you needed my presence. Thank you for your love and patience. Despite missing me, you continued working hard to always be the best at school. I will just say: You are my pride and joy. Finally I would like to thank all people who were not mentioned and who directly or indirectly contributed to the success of this thesis.

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